1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD$ 34.\" 35.Dd June 5, 1993 36.Dt HIER 7 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm hier 40.Nd layout of filesystems 41.Sh DESCRIPTION 42A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 43.Bl -tag -width "/stand/" 44.It Li / 45root directory of the filesystem 46.It Li /bin/ 47user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 48.It Li /boot/ 49programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 50.Pp 51.Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact 52.It Li defaults/ 53default bootstrapping configuration files; see 54.Xr loader.conf 5 55.El 56.It Li /dev/ 57block and character device files 58.Pp 59.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 60.It Li MAKEDEV 61script for creating device files; 62see 63.Xr MAKEDEV 8 64.It Li fd/ 65file descriptor files; 66see 67.Xr \&fd 4 68.El 69.It Li /etc/ 70system configuration files and scripts 71.Pp 72.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact 73.It Li defaults/ 74default system configuration files; 75see 76.Xr rc 8 77.It Li gnats/ 78gnats configuration files; 79see 80.Xr send-pr 1 81.It Li isdn/ 82isdn4bsd configuration files; 83see 84.Xr isdnd 8 85.It Li kerberosIV/ 86configuration files for the kerberos version IV; 87see 88.Xr kerberos 1 89.It Li localtime 90local timezone information; 91see 92.Xr ctime 3 93.It Li mail/ 94spam-filtering information 95.It Li mtree/ 96mtree configuration files; 97see 98.Xr mtree 8 99.It Li namedb/ 100named configuration files; 101see 102.Xr named 8 103.It Li periodic/ 104scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 105.Xr cron 8 ; 106see 107.Xr periodic 8 108.It Li ppp/ 109.Xr ppp 8 110ppp configuration files; 111see 112.Xr ppp 8 113.It Li ssl/ 114OpenSSL configuration files 115.It Li uucp/ 116uucp configuration files; 117see 118.Xr uucp 1 119.El 120.It Li /kernel 121pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 122at boot time). 123.It Li /modules/ 124loadable kernel modules; 125see 126.Xr kldstat 8 127.It Li /mnt/ 128empty directory commonly used by 129system administrators as a temporary mount point 130.It Li /proc/ 131process file system; 132see 133.Xr procfs 5 , 134.Xr mount_procfs 8 135.It Li /root/ 136root's HOME directory 137.It Li /sbin/ 138system programs and administration utilities 139fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 140.It Li /stand/ 141programs used in a standalone environment 142.It Li /tmp/ 143temporary files, usually a 144.Xr mfs 8 145memory-based filesystem (the contents 146of /tmp are usually NOT preserved across a system reboot) 147.It Li /usr/ 148contains the majority of user utilities and applications 149.Pp 150.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 151.It Li bin/ 152common utilities, programming tools, and applications 153.It Li games/ 154useful and semi-frivolous programs 155.It Li include/ 156standard C include files 157.Pp 158.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 159.It Li arpa/ 160C include files for Internet service protocols 161.It Li cam/ 162C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 163.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 164.It scsi/ 165The SCSI device on top of CAM 166.El 167.It Li dev/ 168.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 169.It usb/ 170The USB subsystem 171.El 172.It Li g++/ 173GNU C++ include files 174.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 175.It Li std/ 176GNU C++ libstdc++ include files 177.El 178.It Li isofs/ 179.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 180.It Li cd9660/ 181iso9660 filesystem 182.El 183.It Li kerberosIV/ 184C include files for kerberos authentication package; 185see 186.Xr kerberos 1 187.It Li machine/ 188machine specific C include files 189.It Li msdosfs/ 190MS-DOS file system 191.It Li net/ 192misc network C include files 193.It Li netatalk/ 194Appletalk protocol 195.It Li netatm/ 196ATM include files; 197see 198.Xr atm 8 199.It Li netinet/ 200C include files for Internet standard protocols; 201see 202.Xr inet 4 203.It Li netinet6/ 204C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 205see 206.Xr inet6 4 207.It Li netipx/ 208IPX/SPX protocol stacks 209.It Li netkey/ 210kernel key-management service 211.It Li netns/ 212Xerox NS protocols 213.It Li nfs/ 214C include files for NFS (Network File System) 215.It Li objc/ 216Objective C include files 217.It Li openssl/ 218OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 219.It Li pccard/ 220PC-CARD controllers 221.It Li posix4/ 222POSIX real-time extensions includes; 223see 224.Xr p1003_1b 9 225.It Li protocols/ 226C include files for Berkeley service protocols 227.It Li readline/ 228get a line from a user with editing; 229see 230.Xr readline 3 231.It Li rpc/ 232remote procedure calls; 233see 234.Xr rpc 3 235.It Li rpcsvc/ 236defintion of RPC service structures; see 237.Xr rpc 3 . 238.It Li security/ 239PAM; see 240.Xr pam 8 241.It Li ss/ 242MIT SIPB 243.Sq subsystem 244library, part of Kerberos IV. 245.It Li sys/ 246system C include files (kernel data structures) 247.\" .It Li tcl/ 248.\" Tcl language; 249.\" see 250.\" .Xr Tcl n 251.\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 252.\" .It Li generic/ 253.\" ??? 254.\" .It Li unix/ 255.\" ??? 256.\" .El 257.It Li ufs/ 258C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 259.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 260.It Li ffs/ 261Fast filesystem 262.It Li mfs/ 263memory file system; 264see 265.Xr mount_mfs 8 266.It Li ufs/ 267UFS filesystem 268.El 269.It Li vm/ 270virtual memory; 271see 272.Xr vmstat 8 273.El 274.Pp 275.It Li lib/ 276archive libraries 277.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 278.It Li compat/ 279shared libraries for compatibility 280.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 281.It Li aout/ 282a.out backward compatibility libraries 283.El 284.El 285.Pp 286.It Li libdata/ 287misc. utility data files 288.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 289.It Li gcc/ 290??? 291.It Li lint/ 292various prebuilt lint libraries; 293see 294.Xr lint 1 295.It Li msdosfs/ 296Chatacter set conversion tables 297.It Li perl/ 298.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 299.It Li 5.00503/ 300contains Perl modules for Perl version 5.00503; 301see 302.Xr perl 1 303.El 304.It Li stallion/ 305holding the download firmware images 306.It Li tcl 307???; 308see 309.Xr Tcl n 310.El 311.Pp 312.It Li libexec/ 313system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 314.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 315.It Li aout/ 316utilities to manipulate a.out executables. 317.It Li elf/ 318utilities to manipulate ELF executables. 319.It Li lpr/ 320utilities and filters for LP print system; 321see 322.Xr lpr 1 323.It Li sm.bin/ 324restricted shell for sendmail; 325see 326.Xr smrsh 8 327.It Li uucp/ 328uucp utilities; 329see 330.Xr uucp 1 331.El 332.Pp 333.It Li local/ 334local executables, libraries, etc. 335.br 336Also used as the default destination for the 337.Tn FreeBSD 338ports framework. 339Within local/, the general layout sketched out by 340.Xr hier 7 341for /usr 342should be used. Exceptions are the man directory is directly under local/ 343rather than under local/share/. Ports documentation is in share/doc/<port>/ 344.It Li mdec/ 345boot programs; 346see 347.Xr disklabel 8 348.It Li obj/ 349architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree 350.It Li ports 351The 352.Tn FreeBSD 353ports collection (optional). 354.It Li sbin/ 355system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 356.It Li share/ 357architecture-independent files 358.Pp 359.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 360.It Li calendar/ 361a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 362see 363.Xr calendar 1 364.It Li dict/ 365word lists; 366see 367.Xr look 1 368.Pp 369.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 370.It Li words 371common words 372.It Li web2 373words from Webster's 2nd International 374.It Li papers/ 375reference databases; 376see 377.Xr refer 1 378.It Li special/ 379custom word lists; 380see 381.Xr spell 1 382.El 383.Pp 384.It Li doc/ 385misc documentation; 386src for most of the printed 387.Bx 388manuals (available 389from the 390.Tn USENIX 391association) 392.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 393.It Li FAQ/ 394Frequently Asked Questions 395.It Li handbook/ 396.Tn FreeBSD 397Handbook 398.It Li papers/ 399UNIX Papers 400.It Li psd/ 401UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents 402.It Li smm/ 403UNIX System Manager's Manual 404.It Li usd/ 405UNIX User's Supplementary Documents 406.El 407.Pp 408.It Li examples/ 409various examples for users and programmers 410.It Li games/ 411ASCII text files used by various games 412.It Li groff_font/ 413device description file for device name 414.It Li info/ 415GNU Info hypertext system 416.It Li isdn/ 417ISDN 418.It Li libg++/ 419libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 420.It Li locale/ 421internationalization files; 422see 423.Xr setlocale 3 424.It Li man/ 425manual pages 426.It Li me/ 427macros for use with the me macro package 428.It Li misc/ 429misc system-wide ASCII text files 430.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 431.It Li fonts/ 432??? 433.It Li pcvtfonts/ 434pcvt fonts; 435see 436.Xr pcvt 4 437.It Li termcap 438terminal characteristics database; 439see 440.Xr termcap 5 441.El 442.It Li mk/ 443templates for make; 444see 445.Xr make 1 446.It Li nls/ 447national language support files; 448see 449.Xr mklocale 1 450.It Li pcvt/ 451pcvt documentation and etc examples; 452see 453.Xr pcvt 4 454.It Li perl/ 455perl library files; 456see 457.Xr perl 1 458.It Li skel/ 459example . (dot) files for new accounts 460.It Li syscons/ 461console staff; 462see 463.Xr syscons 4 464.Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact 465.It Li fonts/ 466console fonts; 467see 468.Xr vidcontrol 1 469and 470.Xr vidfont 1 471.It Li keymaps/ 472console keyboard maps; 473see 474.Xr kbdcontrol 1 475and 476.Xr kbdmap 1 477.It Li scrnmaps/ 478console screen maps 479.El 480.It Li tabset/ 481tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 482the termcap file; 483see 484.Xr termcap 5 485.It Li tmac/ 486text processing macros; 487see 488.Xr nroff 1 489and 490.Xr troff 1 491.It Li vi/ 492localization support and utilities for 493.Xr vi 1 . 494.It Li zoneinfo/ 495timezone configuration information; 496see 497.Xr tzfile 5 498.El 499.It Li src/ 500BSD and/or local source files 501.Pp 502.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 503.It Li bin/ 504src for files in /bin 505.It Li contrib/ 506src for file from contributed software 507.It Li crypto 508DES 509.It Li etc/ 510src for files in /etc 511.It Li games/ 512src for files in /usr/games 513.It Li gnu/ 514Utilities covered by the GNU Public License 515.It Li include/ 516src for files in /usr/include 517.It Li kerberosIV/ 518src for kerberos version IV 519.It Li lib/ 520src for files in /usr/lib 521.It Li libexec/ 522src for files in /usr/libexec 523.It Li release/ 524files required to produce a 525.Tn FreeBSD 526release 527.It Li sbin/ 528src for files in /sbin 529.It Li secure 530FreeSec sources 531.It Li share/ 532src for files in /usr/share 533.It Li sys/ 534kernel src files 535.It Li tools/ 536tools used for maintaince and testing of FreeBSD 537.It Li usr.bin/ 538src for files in /usr/bin 539.It Li usr.sbin/ 540src for files in /usr/sbin 541.El 542.Pp 543.It Li X11R6/ 544X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional). 545.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 546.It Li bin/ 547X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports). 548.It Li etc/ 549X11R6 configuration files and scripts. 550.It Li include/ 551X11R6 include files. 552.It Li lib/ 553X11R6 libraries. 554.It Li man/ 555X11R6 manual pages. 556.It Li share/ 557architecture independant files. 558.El 559.El 560.It Li /var/ 561multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 562.Pp 563.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 564.It Li account/ 565system accounting files 566.Pp 567.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 568.It Li acct 569execution accounting file; 570see 571.Xr acct 5 572.El 573.Pp 574.It Li at/ 575timed command scheduling files; 576see 577.Xr \&at 1 578.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 579.It Li jobs/ 580directory containing job files 581.It Li spool/ 582directory containing output spool files 583.El 584.Pp 585.It Li backups/ 586misc. backup files 587.It Li crash/ 588default drectory to store kernel crash dumps; see 589.Xr crash 8 590and 591.Xr savecore 8 . 592.It Li cron/ 593.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 594.It Li log 595cron log files; 596see 597.Xr cron 8 598.It Li tabs/ 599crontab files; 600see 601.Xr crontab 5 602.El 603.Pp 604.It Li db/ 605misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 606.It Li games/ 607misc. game status and score files 608.It Li log/ 609misc. system log files 610.Pp 611.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 612.It Li wtmp 613login/logout log; 614see 615.Xr wtmp 5 616.El 617.Pp 618.It Li mail/ 619user mailbox files 620.It Li preserve/ 621temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 622of an editor; 623see 624.Xr \&ex 1 625.It Li msgs/ 626system messages database; 627see 628.Xr msgs 1 629.It Li quotas/ 630filesystem quota information files 631.It Li run/ 632system information files describing various info about 633system since it was booted 634.Pp 635.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 636.It Li utmp 637database of current users; 638see 639.Xr utmp 5 640.El 641.Pp 642.It Li rwho/ 643rwho data files; 644see 645.Xr rwhod 8 , 646.Xr rwho 1 , 647and 648.Xr ruptime 1 649.It Li spool/ 650misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 651.Pp 652.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 653.It Li ftp/ 654commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory 655.It Li mqueue/ 656undelivered mail queue; 657see 658.Xr sendmail 8 659.It Li output/ 660line printer spooling directories 661.It Li secretmail/ 662secretmail spool directory; 663see 664.Xr xget 1 665.It Li uucp/ 666uucp spool directory 667.It Li uucppublic/ 668commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory 669.El 670.Pp 671.It Li tmp/ 672temporary files that are kept between system reboots 673.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 674.It Li vi.recover/ 675the directory where recovery files are stored 676.El 677.It Li yp 678the NIS maps 679.El 680.El 681.Sh SEE ALSO 682.Xr apropos 1 , 683.Xr find 1 , 684.Xr finger 1 , 685.Xr grep 1 , 686.Xr ls 1 , 687.Xr whatis 1 , 688.Xr whereis 1 , 689.Xr which 1 , 690.Xr fsck 8 691.Sh HISTORY 692A 693.Nm hier 694manual page appeared in 695.At v7 . 696