1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD$ 34.\" 35.Dd June 5, 1993 36.Dt HIER 7 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm hier 40.Nd layout of filesystems 41.Sh DESCRIPTION 42A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 43.Bl -tag -width "/stand/" 44.It Li / 45root directory of the filesystem 46.It Li /bin/ 47user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 48.It Li /boot/ 49programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 50.Pp 51.Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact 52.It Li defaults/ 53default bootstrapping configuration files; see 54.Xr loader.conf 5 55.El 56.It Li /dev/ 57block and character device files 58.Pp 59.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 60.It Li MAKEDEV 61script for creating device files; 62see 63.Xr MAKEDEV 8 64.It Li fd/ 65file descriptor files; 66see 67.Xr \&fd 4 68.El 69.It Li /etc/ 70system configuration files and scripts 71.Pp 72.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact 73.It Li defaults/ 74default system configuration files; 75see 76.Xr rc 8 77.It Li gnats/ 78gnats configuration files; 79see 80.Xr send-pr 1 81.It Li isdn/ 82isdn4bsd configuration files; 83see 84.Xr isdnd 8 85.It Li kerberosIV/ 86configuration files for the kerberos version IV; 87see 88.Xr kerberos 1 89.It Li localtime 90local timezone information; 91see 92.Xr ctime 3 93.It Li mail/ 94spam-filtering information 95.It Li mtree/ 96mtree configuration files; 97see 98.Xr mtree 8 99.It Li namedb/ 100named configuration files; 101see 102.Xr named 8 103.It Li periodic/ 104scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 105.Xr cron 8 ; 106see 107.Xr periodic 8 108.It Li ppp/ 109.Xr ppp 8 110ppp configuration files; 111see 112.Xr ppp 8 113.It Li uucp/ 114uucp configuration files; 115see 116.Xr uucp 1 117.El 118.It Li /kernel 119pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 120at boot time). 121.It Li /modules/ 122loadable kernel modules; 123see 124.Xr kldstat 8 125.It Li /mnt/ 126empty directory commonly used by 127system administrators as a temporary mount point 128.It Li /proc/ 129process file system; 130see 131.Xr procfs 5 , 132.Xr mount_procfs 8 133.It Li /root/ 134root's HOME directory 135.It Li /sbin/ 136system programs and administration utilities 137fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 138.It Li /stand/ 139programs used in a standalone environment 140.It Li /tmp/ 141temporary files, usually a 142.Xr mfs 8 143memory-based filesystem (the contents 144of /tmp are usually NOT preserved across a system reboot) 145.It Li /usr/ 146contains the majority of user utilities and applications 147.Pp 148.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 149.It Li bin/ 150common utilities, programming tools, and applications 151.It Li games/ 152useful and semi-frivolous programs 153.It Li include/ 154standard C include files 155.Pp 156.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 157.It Li arpa/ 158C include files for Internet service protocols 159.It Li g++/ 160GNU C++ include files 161.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 162.It Li std/ 163GNU C++ libstdc++ include files 164.El 165.It Li isofs/ 166.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 167.It Li cd9660/ 168iso9660 filesystem 169.El 170.It Li kerberosIV/ 171C include files for kerberos authentication package; 172see 173.Xr kerberos 1 174.It Li machine/ 175machine specific C include files 176.It Li msdosfs/ 177MS-DOS file system 178.It Li net/ 179misc network C include files 180.It Li netatalk/ 181Appletalk protocol 182.It Li netatm/ 183ATM include files; 184see 185.Xr atm 8 186.It Li netinet/ 187C include files for Internet standard protocols; 188see 189.Xr inet 4 190.It Li netinet6/ 191C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 192see 193.Xr inet6 4 194.It Li netipx/ 195IPX/SPX protocol stacks 196.It Li netkey/ 197kernel key-management service 198.It Li netns/ 199Xerox NS protocols 200.It Li nfs/ 201C include files for NFS (Network File System) 202.It Li objc/ 203Objective C include files 204.It Li pccard/ 205PC-CARD controllers 206.It Li posix4/ 207POSIX real-time extensions includes; 208see 209.Xr p1003_1b 9 210.It Li protocols/ 211C include files for Berkeley service protocols 212.It Li readline/ 213get a line from a user with editing; 214see 215.Xr readline 3 216.It Li rpc/ 217remote procedure calls; 218see 219.Xr rpc 3 220.It Li rpcsvc/ 221defintion of RPC service structures; see 222.Xr rpc 3 . 223.It Li security/ 224PAM; see 225.Xr pam 8 226.It Li ss/ 227MIT SIPB 228.Sq subsystem 229library, part of Kerberos IV. 230.It Li sys/ 231system C include files (kernel data structures) 232.\" .It Li tcl/ 233.\" Tcl language; 234.\" see 235.\" .Xr Tcl n 236.\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 237.\" .It Li generic/ 238.\" ??? 239.\" .It Li unix/ 240.\" ??? 241.\" .El 242.It Li ufs/ 243C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 244.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 245.It Li ffs/ 246Fast filesystem 247.It Li mfs/ 248memory file system; 249see 250.Xr mount_mfs 8 251.It Li ufs/ 252UFS filesystem 253.El 254.It Li vm/ 255virtual memory; 256see 257.Xr vmstat 8 258.El 259.Pp 260.It Li lib/ 261archive libraries 262.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 263.It Li compat/ 264shared libraries for compatibility 265.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 266.It Li aout/ 267a.out backward compatibility libraries 268.El 269.El 270.Pp 271.It Li libdata/ 272misc. utility data files 273.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 274.It Li gcc/ 275??? 276.It Li lint/ 277various prebuilt lint libraries; 278see 279.Xr lint 1 280.It Li msdosfs/ 281Chatacter set conversion tables 282.It Li perl/ 283.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 284.It Li 5.00503/ 285contains Perl modules for Perl version 5.00503; 286see 287.Xr perl 1 288.El 289.It Li stallion/ 290holding the download firmware images 291.It Li tcl 292???; 293see 294.Xr Tcl n 295.El 296.Pp 297.It Li libexec/ 298system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 299.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 300.It Li aout/ 301utilities to manipulate a.out executables. 302.It Li elf/ 303utilities to manipulate ELF executables. 304.It Li lpr/ 305utilities and filters for LP print system; 306see 307.Xr lpr 1 308.It Li sm.bin/ 309restricted shell for sendmail; 310see 311.Xr smrsh 8 312.It Li uucp/ 313uucp utilities; 314see 315.Xr uucp 1 316.El 317.Pp 318.It Li local/ 319local executables, libraries, etc. 320.br 321Also used as the default destination for the 322.Tn FreeBSD 323ports framework. 324Within local/, the general layout sketched out by 325.Xr hier 7 326for /usr 327should be used. Exceptions are the man directory is directly under local/ 328rather than under local/share/. Ports documentation is in share/doc/<port>/ 329.It Li mdec/ 330boot programs; 331see 332.Xr disklabel 8 333.It Li obj/ 334architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree 335.It Li ports 336The 337.Tn FreeBSD 338ports collection (optional). 339.It Li sbin/ 340system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 341.It Li share/ 342architecture-independent files 343.Pp 344.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 345.It Li calendar/ 346a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 347see 348.Xr calendar 1 349.It Li dict/ 350word lists; 351see 352.Xr look 1 353.Pp 354.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 355.It Li words 356common words 357.It Li web2 358words from Webster's 2nd International 359.It Li papers/ 360reference databases; 361see 362.Xr refer 1 363.It Li special/ 364custom word lists; 365see 366.Xr spell 1 367.El 368.Pp 369.It Li doc/ 370misc documentation; 371src for most of the printed 372.Bx 373manuals (available 374from the 375.Tn USENIX 376association) 377.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 378.It Li FAQ/ 379Frequently Asked Questions 380.It Li handbook/ 381.Tn FreeBSD 382Handbook 383.It Li papers/ 384UNIX Papers 385.It Li psd/ 386UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents 387.It Li smm/ 388UNIX System Manager's Manual 389.It Li usd/ 390UNIX User's Supplementary Documents 391.El 392.Pp 393.It Li examples/ 394various examples for users and programmers 395.It Li games/ 396ASCII text files used by various games 397.It Li groff_font/ 398device description file for device name 399.It Li info/ 400GNU Info hypertext system 401.It Li isdn/ 402ISDN 403.It Li libg++/ 404libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 405.It Li locale/ 406internationalization files; 407see 408.Xr setlocale 3 409.It Li man/ 410manual pages 411.It Li me/ 412macros for use with the me macro package 413.It Li misc/ 414misc system-wide ASCII text files 415.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 416.It Li fonts/ 417??? 418.It Li pcvtfonts/ 419pcvt fonts; 420see 421.Xr pcvt 4 422.It Li termcap 423terminal characteristics database; 424see 425.Xr termcap 5 426.El 427.It Li mk/ 428templates for make; 429see 430.Xr make 1 431.It Li nls/ 432national language support files; 433see 434.Xr mklocale 1 435.It Li pcvt/ 436pcvt documentation and etc examples; 437see 438.Xr pcvt 4 439.It Li perl/ 440perl library files; 441see 442.Xr perl 1 443.It Li skel/ 444example . (dot) files for new accounts 445.It Li syscons/ 446console staff; 447see 448.Xr syscons 4 449.Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact 450.It Li fonts/ 451console fonts; 452see 453.Xr vidcontrol 1 454and 455.Xr vidfont 1 456.It Li keymaps/ 457console keyboard maps; 458see 459.Xr kbdcontrol 1 460and 461.Xr kbdmap 1 462.It Li scrnmaps/ 463console screen maps 464.El 465.It Li tabset/ 466tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 467the termcap file; 468see 469.Xr termcap 5 470.It Li tmac/ 471text processing macros; 472see 473.Xr nroff 1 474and 475.Xr troff 1 476.It Li vi/ 477localization support and utilities for 478.Xr vi 1 . 479.It Li zoneinfo/ 480timezone configuration information; 481see 482.Xr tzfile 5 483.El 484.It Li src/ 485BSD and/or local source files 486.Pp 487.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 488.It Li bin/ 489src for files in /bin 490.It Li contrib/ 491src for file from contributed software 492.It Li crypto 493DES 494.It Li etc/ 495src for files in /etc 496.It Li games/ 497src for files in /usr/games 498.It Li gnu/ 499Utilities covered by the GNU Public License 500.It Li include/ 501src for files in /usr/include 502.It Li kerberosIV/ 503src for kerberos version IV 504.It Li lib/ 505src for files in /usr/lib 506.It Li libexec/ 507src for files in /usr/libexec 508.It Li release/ 509files required to produce a 510.Tn FreeBSD 511release 512.It Li sbin/ 513src for files in /sbin 514.It Li secure 515FreeSec sources 516.It Li share/ 517src for files in /usr/share 518.It Li sys/ 519kernel src files 520.It Li tools/ 521tools used for maintaince and testing of FreeBSD 522.It Li usr.bin/ 523src for files in /usr/bin 524.It Li usr.sbin/ 525src for files in /usr/sbin 526.El 527.Pp 528.It Li X11R6/ 529X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional). 530.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 531.It Li bin/ 532X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports). 533.It Li etc/ 534X11R6 configuration files and scripts. 535.It Li include/ 536X11R6 include files. 537.It Li lib/ 538X11R6 libraries. 539.It Li man/ 540X11R6 manual pages. 541.It Li share/ 542architecture independant files. 543.El 544.El 545.It Li /var/ 546multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 547.Pp 548.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 549.It Li account/ 550system accounting files 551.Pp 552.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 553.It Li acct 554execution accounting file; 555see 556.Xr acct 5 557.El 558.Pp 559.It Li at/ 560timed command scheduling files; 561see 562.Xr \&at 1 563.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 564.It Li jobs/ 565directory containing job files 566.It Li spool/ 567directory containing output spool files 568.El 569.Pp 570.It Li backups/ 571misc. backup files 572.It Li crash/ 573default drectory to store kernel crash dumps; see 574.Xr crash 8 575and 576.Xr savecore 8 . 577.It Li cron/ 578.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 579.It Li log 580cron log files; 581see 582.Xr cron 8 583.It Li tabs/ 584crontab files; 585see 586.Xr crontab 5 587.El 588.Pp 589.It Li db/ 590misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 591.It Li games/ 592misc. game status and score files 593.It Li log/ 594misc. system log files 595.Pp 596.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 597.It Li wtmp 598login/logout log; 599see 600.Xr wtmp 5 601.El 602.Pp 603.It Li mail/ 604user mailbox files 605.It Li preserve/ 606temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 607of an editor; 608see 609.Xr \&ex 1 610.It Li msgs/ 611system messages database; 612see 613.Xr msgs 1 614.It Li quotas/ 615filesystem quota information files 616.It Li run/ 617system information files describing various info about 618system since it was booted 619.Pp 620.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 621.It Li utmp 622database of current users; 623see 624.Xr utmp 5 625.El 626.Pp 627.It Li rwho/ 628rwho data files; 629see 630.Xr rwhod 8 , 631.Xr rwho 1 , 632and 633.Xr ruptime 1 634.It Li spool/ 635misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 636.Pp 637.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 638.It Li ftp/ 639commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory 640.It Li mqueue/ 641undelivered mail queue; 642see 643.Xr sendmail 8 644.It Li output/ 645line printer spooling directories 646.It Li secretmail/ 647secretmail spool directory; 648see 649.Xr xget 1 650.It Li uucp/ 651uucp spool directory 652.It Li uucppublic/ 653commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory 654.El 655.Pp 656.It Li tmp/ 657temporary files that are kept between system reboots 658.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 659.It Li vi.recover/ 660the directory where recovery files are stored 661.El 662.It Li yp 663the NIS maps 664.El 665.El 666.Sh SEE ALSO 667.Xr apropos 1 , 668.Xr find 1 , 669.Xr finger 1 , 670.Xr grep 1 , 671.Xr ls 1 , 672.Xr whatis 1 , 673.Xr whereis 1 , 674.Xr which 1 , 675.Xr fsck 8 676.Sh HISTORY 677A 678.Nm hier 679manual page appeared in 680.At v7 . 681