1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD$ 34.\" 35.Dd June 5, 1993 36.Dt HIER 7 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm hier 40.Nd layout of filesystems 41.Sh DESCRIPTION 42A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 43.Bl -tag -width "/stand/" 44.It Li / 45root directory of the filesystem 46.It Li /bin/ 47user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 48.It Li /boot/ 49programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 50.Pp 51.Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact 52.It Li defaults/ 53default bootstrapping configuration files; see 54.Xr loader.conf 5 55.It Li kernel/ 56pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 57at boot time). 58.It Li modules/ 59third-part loadable kernel modules; 60see 61.Xr kldstat 8 62.El 63.It Li /dev/ 64block and character device files 65.Pp 66.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 67.It Li MAKEDEV 68script for creating device files; 69see 70.Xr MAKEDEV 8 71.It Li fd/ 72file descriptor files; 73see 74.Xr \&fd 4 75.El 76.It Li /etc/ 77system configuration files and scripts 78.Pp 79.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact 80.It Li defaults/ 81default system configuration files; 82see 83.Xr rc 8 84.It Li gnats/ 85gnats configuration files; 86see 87.Xr send-pr 1 88.It Li isdn/ 89isdn4bsd configuration files; 90see 91.Xr isdnd 8 92.It Li kerberosIV/ 93configuration files for the kerberos version IV; 94see 95.Xr kerberos 1 96.It Li localtime 97local timezone information; 98see 99.Xr ctime 3 100.It Li mail/ 101spam-filtering information 102.It Li mtree/ 103mtree configuration files; 104see 105.Xr mtree 8 106.It Li namedb/ 107named configuration files; 108see 109.Xr named 8 110.It Li periodic/ 111scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 112.Xr cron 8 ; 113see 114.Xr periodic 8 115.It Li ppp/ 116.Xr ppp 8 117ppp configuration files; 118see 119.Xr ppp 8 120.It Li ssl/ 121OpenSSL configuration files 122.It Li uucp/ 123uucp configuration files; 124see 125.Xr uucp 1 126.El 127.It Li /mnt/ 128empty directory commonly used by 129system administrators as a temporary mount point 130.It Li /proc/ 131process file system; 132see 133.Xr procfs 5 , 134.Xr mount_procfs 8 135.It Li /root/ 136root's HOME directory 137.It Li /sbin/ 138system programs and administration utilities 139fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 140.It Li /stand/ 141programs used in a standalone environment 142.It Li /tmp/ 143temporary files, usually a 144.Xr mfs 8 145memory-based filesystem (the contents 146of /tmp are usually NOT preserved across a system reboot) 147.It Li /usr/ 148contains the majority of user utilities and applications 149.Pp 150.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 151.It Li bin/ 152common utilities, programming tools, and applications 153.It Li games/ 154useful and semi-frivolous programs 155.It Li include/ 156standard C include files 157.Pp 158.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 159.It Li arpa/ 160C include files for Internet service protocols 161.It Li cam/ 162C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 163.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 164.It scsi/ 165The SCSI device on top of CAM 166.El 167.It Li dev/ 168.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 169.It usb/ 170The USB subsystem 171.El 172.It Li g++/ 173GNU C++ include files 174.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 175.It Li std/ 176GNU C++ libstdc++ include files 177.El 178.It Li isc/ 179ISC utility library libisc include files 180.It Li isofs/ 181.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 182.It Li cd9660/ 183iso9660 filesystem 184.El 185.It Li kerberosIV/ 186C include files for kerberos authentication package; 187see 188.Xr kerberos 1 189.It Li machine/ 190machine specific C include files 191.It Li msdosfs/ 192MS-DOS file system 193.It Li net/ 194misc network C include files 195.It Li netatalk/ 196Appletalk protocol 197.It Li netatm/ 198ATM include files; 199see 200.Xr atm 8 201.It Li netinet/ 202C include files for Internet standard protocols; 203see 204.Xr inet 4 205.It Li netinet6/ 206C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 207see 208.Xr inet6 4 209.It Li netipx/ 210IPX/SPX protocol stacks 211.It Li netkey/ 212kernel key-management service 213.It Li netns/ 214Xerox NS protocols 215.It Li netnatm/ 216NATM include files; 217see 218.Xr natm 4 219.It Li nfs/ 220C include files for NFS (Network File System) 221.It Li objc/ 222Objective C include files 223.It Li openssl/ 224OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 225.It Li pccard/ 226PC-CARD controllers 227.It Li posix4/ 228POSIX real-time extensions includes; 229see 230.Xr p1003_1b 9 231.It Li protocols/ 232C include files for Berkeley service protocols 233.It Li readline/ 234get a line from a user with editing; 235see 236.Xr readline 3 237.It Li rpc/ 238remote procedure calls; 239see 240.Xr rpc 3 241.It Li rpcsvc/ 242defintion of RPC service structures; see 243.Xr rpc 3 . 244.It Li security/ 245PAM; see 246.Xr pam 8 247.It Li ss/ 248MIT SIPB 249.Sq subsystem 250library, part of Kerberos IV. 251.It Li sys/ 252system C include files (kernel data structures) 253.\" .It Li tcl/ 254.\" Tcl language; 255.\" see 256.\" .Xr Tcl n 257.\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 258.\" .It Li generic/ 259.\" ??? 260.\" .It Li unix/ 261.\" ??? 262.\" .El 263.It Li ufs/ 264C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 265.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 266.It Li ffs/ 267Fast filesystem 268.It Li mfs/ 269memory file system; 270see 271.Xr mount_mfs 8 272.It Li ufs/ 273UFS filesystem 274.El 275.It Li vm/ 276virtual memory; 277see 278.Xr vmstat 8 279.El 280.Pp 281.It Li lib/ 282archive libraries 283.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 284.It Li aout/ 285a.out archive libraries 286.It Li compat/ 287shared libraries for compatibility 288.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 289.It Li aout/ 290a.out backward compatibility libraries 291.El 292.El 293.Pp 294.It Li libdata/ 295misc. utility data files 296.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 297.It Li gcc/ 298??? 299.It Li lint/ 300various prebuilt lint libraries; 301see 302.Xr lint 1 303.It Li msdosfs/ 304Chatacter set conversion tables 305.It Li perl/ 306.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 307.It Li 5.00503/ 308contains Perl modules for Perl version 5.00503; 309see 310.Xr perl 1 311.El 312.It Li stallion/ 313holding the download firmware images 314.It Li tcl 315???; 316see 317.Xr Tcl n 318.El 319.Pp 320.It Li libexec/ 321system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 322.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 323.It Li aout/ 324utilities to manipulate a.out executables. 325.It Li elf/ 326utilities to manipulate ELF executables. 327.It Li lpr/ 328utilities and filters for LP print system; 329see 330.Xr lpr 1 331.It Li sm.bin/ 332restricted shell for sendmail; 333see 334.Xr smrsh 8 335.It Li uucp/ 336uucp utilities; 337see 338.Xr uucp 1 339.El 340.Pp 341.It Li local/ 342local executables, libraries, etc. 343Also used as the default destination for the 344.Fx 345ports framework. 346Within local/, the general layout sketched out by 347.Xr hier 7 348for /usr 349should be used. Exceptions are the man directory is directly under local/ 350rather than under local/share/. Ports documentation is in share/doc/<port>/ 351.It Li obj/ 352architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree 353.It Li ports 354The 355.Fx 356ports collection (optional). 357.It Li sbin/ 358system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 359.It Li share/ 360architecture-independent files 361.Pp 362.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 363.It Li calendar/ 364a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 365see 366.Xr calendar 1 367.It Li dict/ 368word lists; 369see 370.Xr look 1 371.Pp 372.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 373.It Li words 374common words 375.It Li web2 376words from Webster's 2nd International 377.It Li papers/ 378reference databases; 379see 380.Xr refer 1 381.It Li special/ 382custom word lists; 383see 384.Xr spell 1 385.El 386.Pp 387.It Li doc/ 388misc documentation; 389src for most of the printed 390.Bx 391manuals (available 392from the 393.Tn USENIX 394association) 395.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 396.It Li FAQ/ 397Frequently Asked Questions 398.It Li handbook/ 399.Fx 400Handbook 401.It Li papers/ 402UNIX Papers 403.It Li psd/ 404UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents 405.It Li smm/ 406UNIX System Manager's Manual 407.It Li usd/ 408UNIX User's Supplementary Documents 409.El 410.Pp 411.It Li examples/ 412various examples for users and programmers 413.It Li games/ 414ASCII text files used by various games 415.It Li groff_font/ 416device description file for device name 417.It Li info/ 418GNU Info hypertext system 419.It Li isdn/ 420ISDN 421.It Li libg++/ 422libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 423.It Li locale/ 424internationalization files; 425see 426.Xr setlocale 3 427.It Li man/ 428manual pages 429.It Li me/ 430macros for use with the me macro package 431.It Li misc/ 432misc system-wide ASCII text files 433.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 434.It Li fonts/ 435??? 436.It Li pcvtfonts/ 437pcvt fonts; 438see 439.Xr pcvt 4 440.It Li termcap 441terminal characteristics database; 442see 443.Xr termcap 5 444.El 445.It Li mk/ 446templates for make; 447see 448.Xr make 1 449.It Li nls/ 450national language support files; 451see 452.Xr mklocale 1 453.It Li pcvt/ 454pcvt documentation and etc examples; 455see 456.Xr pcvt 4 457.It Li perl/ 458perl library files; 459see 460.Xr perl 1 461.It Li sendmail/ 462sendmail configuration files; 463see 464.Xr sendmail 8 465.It Li skel/ 466example . (dot) files for new accounts 467.It Li syscons/ 468console staff; 469see 470.Xr syscons 4 471.Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact 472.It Li fonts/ 473console fonts; 474see 475.Xr vidcontrol 1 476and 477.Xr vidfont 1 478.It Li keymaps/ 479console keyboard maps; 480see 481.Xr kbdcontrol 1 482and 483.Xr kbdmap 1 484.It Li scrnmaps/ 485console screen maps 486.El 487.It Li tabset/ 488tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 489the termcap file; 490see 491.Xr termcap 5 492.It Li tmac/ 493text processing macros; 494see 495.Xr nroff 1 496and 497.Xr troff 1 498.It Li vi/ 499localization support and utilities for 500.Xr vi 1 . 501.It Li zoneinfo/ 502timezone configuration information; 503see 504.Xr tzfile 5 505.El 506.It Li src/ 507BSD and/or local source files 508.Pp 509.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 510.It Li bin/ 511src for files in /bin 512.It Li contrib/ 513src for file from contributed software 514.It Li crypto 515DES 516.It Li etc/ 517src for files in /etc 518.It Li games/ 519src for files in /usr/games 520.It Li gnu/ 521Utilities covered by the GNU Public License 522.It Li include/ 523src for files in /usr/include 524.It Li kerberosIV/ 525src for kerberos version IV 526.It Li lib/ 527src for files in /usr/lib 528.It Li libexec/ 529src for files in /usr/libexec 530.It Li release/ 531files required to produce a 532.Fx 533release 534.It Li sbin/ 535src for files in /sbin 536.It Li secure 537FreeSec sources 538.It Li share/ 539src for files in /usr/share 540.It Li sys/ 541kernel src files 542.It Li tools/ 543tools used for maintenance and testing of 544.Fx 545.It Li usr.bin/ 546src for files in /usr/bin 547.It Li usr.sbin/ 548src for files in /usr/sbin 549.El 550.Pp 551.It Li X11R6/ 552X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional). 553.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 554.It Li bin/ 555X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports). 556.It Li etc/ 557X11R6 configuration files and scripts. 558.It Li include/ 559X11R6 include files. 560.It Li lib/ 561X11R6 libraries. 562.It Li man/ 563X11R6 manual pages. 564.It Li share/ 565architecture independant files. 566.El 567.El 568.It Li /var/ 569multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 570.Pp 571.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 572.It Li account/ 573system accounting files 574.Pp 575.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 576.It Li acct 577execution accounting file; 578see 579.Xr acct 5 580.El 581.Pp 582.It Li at/ 583timed command scheduling files; 584see 585.Xr \&at 1 586.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 587.It Li jobs/ 588directory containing job files 589.It Li spool/ 590directory containing output spool files 591.El 592.Pp 593.It Li backups/ 594misc. backup files 595.It Li crash/ 596default drectory to store kernel crash dumps; see 597.Xr crash 8 598and 599.Xr savecore 8 . 600.It Li cron/ 601.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 602.It Li log 603cron log files; 604see 605.Xr cron 8 606.It Li tabs/ 607crontab files; 608see 609.Xr crontab 5 610.El 611.Pp 612.It Li db/ 613misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 614.It Li games/ 615misc. game status and score files 616.It Li log/ 617misc. system log files 618.Pp 619.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 620.It Li wtmp 621login/logout log; 622see 623.Xr wtmp 5 624.El 625.Pp 626.It Li mail/ 627user mailbox files 628.It Li preserve/ 629temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 630of an editor; 631see 632.Xr \&ex 1 633.It Li msgs/ 634system messages database; 635see 636.Xr msgs 1 637.It Li quotas/ 638filesystem quota information files 639.It Li run/ 640system information files describing various info about 641system since it was booted 642.Pp 643.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 644.It Li utmp 645database of current users; 646see 647.Xr utmp 5 648.El 649.Pp 650.It Li rwho/ 651rwho data files; 652see 653.Xr rwhod 8 , 654.Xr rwho 1 , 655and 656.Xr ruptime 1 657.It Li spool/ 658misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 659.Pp 660.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 661.It Li ftp/ 662commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory 663.It Li mqueue/ 664undelivered mail queue; 665see 666.Xr sendmail 8 667.It Li output/ 668line printer spooling directories 669.It Li secretmail/ 670secretmail spool directory; 671see 672.Xr xget 1 673.It Li uucp/ 674uucp spool directory 675.It Li uucppublic/ 676commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory 677.El 678.Pp 679.It Li tmp/ 680temporary files that are kept between system reboots 681.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 682.It Li vi.recover/ 683the directory where recovery files are stored 684.El 685.It Li yp 686the NIS maps 687.El 688.El 689.Sh SEE ALSO 690.Xr apropos 1 , 691.Xr find 1 , 692.Xr finger 1 , 693.Xr grep 1 , 694.Xr ls 1 , 695.Xr whatis 1 , 696.Xr whereis 1 , 697.Xr which 1 , 698.Xr fsck 8 699.Sh HISTORY 700A 701.Nm 702manual page appeared in 703.At v7 . 704