1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD$ 34.\" 35.Dd June 5, 1993 36.Dt HIER 7 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm hier 40.Nd layout of filesystems 41.Sh DESCRIPTION 42A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 43.Bl -tag -width "/stand/" 44.It Li / 45root directory of the filesystem 46.It Li /bin/ 47user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 48.It Li /boot/ 49programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 50.Pp 51.Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact 52.It Li defaults/ 53default bootstrapping configuration files; see 54.Xr loader.conf 5 55.El 56.It Li /dev/ 57block and character device files 58.Pp 59.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 60.It Li MAKEDEV 61script for creating device files; 62see 63.Xr MAKEDEV 8 64.It Li fd/ 65file descriptor files; 66see 67.Xr \&fd 4 68.El 69.It Li /etc/ 70system configuration files and scripts 71.Pp 72.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact 73.It Li defaults/ 74default system configuration files; 75see 76.Xr rc 8 77.It Li gnats/ 78gnats configuration files; 79see 80.Xr send-pr 1 81.It Li isdn/ 82isdn4bsd configuration files; 83see 84.Xr isdnd 8 85.It Li kerberosIV/ 86configuration files for the kerberos version IV; 87see 88.Xr kerberos 1 89.It Li localtime 90local timezone information; 91see 92.Xr ctime 3 93.It Li mail/ 94spam-filtering information 95.It Li mtree/ 96mtree configuration files; 97see 98.Xr mtree 8 99.It Li namedb/ 100named configuration files; 101see 102.Xr named 8 103.It Li periodic/ 104scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 105.Xr cron 8 ; 106see 107.Xr periodic 8 108.It Li ppp/ 109.Xr ppp 8 110ppp configuration files; 111see 112.Xr ppp 8 113.It Li ssl/ 114OpenSSL configuration files 115.It Li uucp/ 116uucp configuration files; 117see 118.Xr uucp 1 119.El 120.It Li /kernel 121pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 122at boot time). 123.It Li /modules/ 124loadable kernel modules; 125see 126.Xr kldstat 8 127.It Li /mnt/ 128empty directory commonly used by 129system administrators as a temporary mount point 130.It Li /proc/ 131process file system; 132see 133.Xr procfs 5 , 134.Xr mount_procfs 8 135.It Li /root/ 136root's HOME directory 137.It Li /sbin/ 138system programs and administration utilities 139fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 140.It Li /stand/ 141programs used in a standalone environment 142.It Li /tmp/ 143temporary files, usually a 144.Xr mfs 8 145memory-based filesystem (the contents 146of /tmp are usually NOT preserved across a system reboot) 147.It Li /usr/ 148contains the majority of user utilities and applications 149.Pp 150.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 151.It Li bin/ 152common utilities, programming tools, and applications 153.It Li games/ 154useful and semi-frivolous programs 155.It Li include/ 156standard C include files 157.Pp 158.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 159.It Li arpa/ 160C include files for Internet service protocols 161.It Li cam/ 162C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 163.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 164.It scsi/ 165The SCSI device on top of CAM 166.El 167.It Li dev/ 168.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 169.It usb/ 170The USB subsystem 171.El 172.It Li g++/ 173GNU C++ include files 174.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 175.It Li std/ 176GNU C++ libstdc++ include files 177.El 178.It Li isofs/ 179.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 180.It Li cd9660/ 181iso9660 filesystem 182.El 183.It Li kerberosIV/ 184C include files for kerberos authentication package; 185see 186.Xr kerberos 1 187.It Li machine/ 188machine specific C include files 189.It Li msdosfs/ 190MS-DOS file system 191.It Li net/ 192misc network C include files 193.It Li netatalk/ 194Appletalk protocol 195.It Li netatm/ 196ATM include files; 197see 198.Xr atm 8 199.It Li netinet/ 200C include files for Internet standard protocols; 201see 202.Xr inet 4 203.It Li netinet6/ 204C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 205see 206.Xr inet6 4 207.It Li netipx/ 208IPX/SPX protocol stacks 209.It Li netkey/ 210kernel key-management service 211.It Li netns/ 212Xerox NS protocols 213.It Li nfs/ 214C include files for NFS (Network File System) 215.It Li objc/ 216Objective C include files 217.It Li openssl/ 218OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 219.It Li pccard/ 220PC-CARD controllers 221.It Li posix4/ 222POSIX real-time extensions includes; 223see 224.Xr p1003_1b 9 225.It Li protocols/ 226C include files for Berkeley service protocols 227.It Li readline/ 228get a line from a user with editing; 229see 230.Xr readline 3 231.It Li rpc/ 232remote procedure calls; 233see 234.Xr rpc 3 235.It Li rpcsvc/ 236defintion of RPC service structures; see 237.Xr rpc 3 . 238.It Li security/ 239PAM; see 240.Xr pam 8 241.It Li ss/ 242MIT SIPB 243.Sq subsystem 244library, part of Kerberos IV. 245.It Li sys/ 246system C include files (kernel data structures) 247.\" .It Li tcl/ 248.\" Tcl language; 249.\" see 250.\" .Xr Tcl n 251.\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 252.\" .It Li generic/ 253.\" ??? 254.\" .It Li unix/ 255.\" ??? 256.\" .El 257.It Li ufs/ 258C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 259.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 260.It Li ffs/ 261Fast filesystem 262.It Li mfs/ 263memory file system; 264see 265.Xr mount_mfs 8 266.It Li ufs/ 267UFS filesystem 268.El 269.It Li vm/ 270virtual memory; 271see 272.Xr vmstat 8 273.El 274.Pp 275.It Li lib/ 276archive libraries 277.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 278.It Li aout/ 279a.out archive libraries 280.It Li compat/ 281shared libraries for compatibility 282.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 283.It Li aout/ 284a.out backward compatibility libraries 285.El 286.El 287.Pp 288.It Li libdata/ 289misc. utility data files 290.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 291.It Li gcc/ 292??? 293.It Li lint/ 294various prebuilt lint libraries; 295see 296.Xr lint 1 297.It Li msdosfs/ 298Chatacter set conversion tables 299.It Li perl/ 300.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 301.It Li 5.00503/ 302contains Perl modules for Perl version 5.00503; 303see 304.Xr perl 1 305.El 306.It Li stallion/ 307holding the download firmware images 308.It Li tcl 309???; 310see 311.Xr Tcl n 312.El 313.Pp 314.It Li libexec/ 315system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 316.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 317.It Li aout/ 318utilities to manipulate a.out executables. 319.It Li elf/ 320utilities to manipulate ELF executables. 321.It Li lpr/ 322utilities and filters for LP print system; 323see 324.Xr lpr 1 325.It Li sm.bin/ 326restricted shell for sendmail; 327see 328.Xr smrsh 8 329.It Li uucp/ 330uucp utilities; 331see 332.Xr uucp 1 333.El 334.Pp 335.It Li local/ 336local executables, libraries, etc. 337.br 338Also used as the default destination for the 339.Tn FreeBSD 340ports framework. 341Within local/, the general layout sketched out by 342.Xr hier 7 343for /usr 344should be used. Exceptions are the man directory is directly under local/ 345rather than under local/share/. Ports documentation is in share/doc/<port>/ 346.It Li obj/ 347architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree 348.It Li ports 349The 350.Tn FreeBSD 351ports collection (optional). 352.It Li sbin/ 353system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 354.It Li share/ 355architecture-independent files 356.Pp 357.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 358.It Li calendar/ 359a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 360see 361.Xr calendar 1 362.It Li dict/ 363word lists; 364see 365.Xr look 1 366.Pp 367.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 368.It Li words 369common words 370.It Li web2 371words from Webster's 2nd International 372.It Li papers/ 373reference databases; 374see 375.Xr refer 1 376.It Li special/ 377custom word lists; 378see 379.Xr spell 1 380.El 381.Pp 382.It Li doc/ 383misc documentation; 384src for most of the printed 385.Bx 386manuals (available 387from the 388.Tn USENIX 389association) 390.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 391.It Li FAQ/ 392Frequently Asked Questions 393.It Li handbook/ 394.Tn FreeBSD 395Handbook 396.It Li papers/ 397UNIX Papers 398.It Li psd/ 399UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents 400.It Li smm/ 401UNIX System Manager's Manual 402.It Li usd/ 403UNIX User's Supplementary Documents 404.El 405.Pp 406.It Li examples/ 407various examples for users and programmers 408.It Li games/ 409ASCII text files used by various games 410.It Li groff_font/ 411device description file for device name 412.It Li info/ 413GNU Info hypertext system 414.It Li isdn/ 415ISDN 416.It Li libg++/ 417libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 418.It Li locale/ 419internationalization files; 420see 421.Xr setlocale 3 422.It Li man/ 423manual pages 424.It Li me/ 425macros for use with the me macro package 426.It Li misc/ 427misc system-wide ASCII text files 428.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 429.It Li fonts/ 430??? 431.It Li pcvtfonts/ 432pcvt fonts; 433see 434.Xr pcvt 4 435.It Li termcap 436terminal characteristics database; 437see 438.Xr termcap 5 439.El 440.It Li mk/ 441templates for make; 442see 443.Xr make 1 444.It Li nls/ 445national language support files; 446see 447.Xr mklocale 1 448.It Li pcvt/ 449pcvt documentation and etc examples; 450see 451.Xr pcvt 4 452.It Li perl/ 453perl library files; 454see 455.Xr perl 1 456.It Li skel/ 457example . (dot) files for new accounts 458.It Li syscons/ 459console staff; 460see 461.Xr syscons 4 462.Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact 463.It Li fonts/ 464console fonts; 465see 466.Xr vidcontrol 1 467and 468.Xr vidfont 1 469.It Li keymaps/ 470console keyboard maps; 471see 472.Xr kbdcontrol 1 473and 474.Xr kbdmap 1 475.It Li scrnmaps/ 476console screen maps 477.El 478.It Li tabset/ 479tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 480the termcap file; 481see 482.Xr termcap 5 483.It Li tmac/ 484text processing macros; 485see 486.Xr nroff 1 487and 488.Xr troff 1 489.It Li vi/ 490localization support and utilities for 491.Xr vi 1 . 492.It Li zoneinfo/ 493timezone configuration information; 494see 495.Xr tzfile 5 496.El 497.It Li src/ 498BSD and/or local source files 499.Pp 500.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 501.It Li bin/ 502src for files in /bin 503.It Li contrib/ 504src for file from contributed software 505.It Li crypto 506DES 507.It Li etc/ 508src for files in /etc 509.It Li games/ 510src for files in /usr/games 511.It Li gnu/ 512Utilities covered by the GNU Public License 513.It Li include/ 514src for files in /usr/include 515.It Li kerberosIV/ 516src for kerberos version IV 517.It Li lib/ 518src for files in /usr/lib 519.It Li libexec/ 520src for files in /usr/libexec 521.It Li release/ 522files required to produce a 523.Tn FreeBSD 524release 525.It Li sbin/ 526src for files in /sbin 527.It Li secure 528FreeSec sources 529.It Li share/ 530src for files in /usr/share 531.It Li sys/ 532kernel src files 533.It Li tools/ 534tools used for maintaince and testing of FreeBSD 535.It Li usr.bin/ 536src for files in /usr/bin 537.It Li usr.sbin/ 538src for files in /usr/sbin 539.El 540.Pp 541.It Li X11R6/ 542X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional). 543.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 544.It Li bin/ 545X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports). 546.It Li etc/ 547X11R6 configuration files and scripts. 548.It Li include/ 549X11R6 include files. 550.It Li lib/ 551X11R6 libraries. 552.It Li man/ 553X11R6 manual pages. 554.It Li share/ 555architecture independant files. 556.El 557.El 558.It Li /var/ 559multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 560.Pp 561.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 562.It Li account/ 563system accounting files 564.Pp 565.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 566.It Li acct 567execution accounting file; 568see 569.Xr acct 5 570.El 571.Pp 572.It Li at/ 573timed command scheduling files; 574see 575.Xr \&at 1 576.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 577.It Li jobs/ 578directory containing job files 579.It Li spool/ 580directory containing output spool files 581.El 582.Pp 583.It Li backups/ 584misc. backup files 585.It Li crash/ 586default drectory to store kernel crash dumps; see 587.Xr crash 8 588and 589.Xr savecore 8 . 590.It Li cron/ 591.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 592.It Li log 593cron log files; 594see 595.Xr cron 8 596.It Li tabs/ 597crontab files; 598see 599.Xr crontab 5 600.El 601.Pp 602.It Li db/ 603misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 604.It Li games/ 605misc. game status and score files 606.It Li log/ 607misc. system log files 608.Pp 609.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 610.It Li wtmp 611login/logout log; 612see 613.Xr wtmp 5 614.El 615.Pp 616.It Li mail/ 617user mailbox files 618.It Li preserve/ 619temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 620of an editor; 621see 622.Xr \&ex 1 623.It Li msgs/ 624system messages database; 625see 626.Xr msgs 1 627.It Li quotas/ 628filesystem quota information files 629.It Li run/ 630system information files describing various info about 631system since it was booted 632.Pp 633.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 634.It Li utmp 635database of current users; 636see 637.Xr utmp 5 638.El 639.Pp 640.It Li rwho/ 641rwho data files; 642see 643.Xr rwhod 8 , 644.Xr rwho 1 , 645and 646.Xr ruptime 1 647.It Li spool/ 648misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 649.Pp 650.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 651.It Li ftp/ 652commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory 653.It Li mqueue/ 654undelivered mail queue; 655see 656.Xr sendmail 8 657.It Li output/ 658line printer spooling directories 659.It Li secretmail/ 660secretmail spool directory; 661see 662.Xr xget 1 663.It Li uucp/ 664uucp spool directory 665.It Li uucppublic/ 666commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory 667.El 668.Pp 669.It Li tmp/ 670temporary files that are kept between system reboots 671.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 672.It Li vi.recover/ 673the directory where recovery files are stored 674.El 675.It Li yp 676the NIS maps 677.El 678.El 679.Sh SEE ALSO 680.Xr apropos 1 , 681.Xr find 1 , 682.Xr finger 1 , 683.Xr grep 1 , 684.Xr ls 1 , 685.Xr whatis 1 , 686.Xr whereis 1 , 687.Xr which 1 , 688.Xr fsck 8 689.Sh HISTORY 690A 691.Nm hier 692manual page appeared in 693.At v7 . 694