1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD$ 34.\" 35.Dd June 5, 1993 36.Dt HIER 7 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm hier 40.Nd layout of file systems 41.Sh DESCRIPTION 42A sketch of the file system hierarchy. 43.Bl -tag -width "/stand/" 44.It Pa / 45root directory of the file system 46.It Pa /bin/ 47user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 48.It Pa /boot/ 49programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 50.Pp 51.Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact 52.It Pa defaults/ 53default bootstrapping configuration files; see 54.Xr loader.conf 5 55.It Pa kernel/ 56pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 57at boot time). 58.It Pa modules/ 59third-party loadable kernel modules; 60see 61.Xr kldstat 8 62.El 63.It Pa /cdrom/ 64default mount point for CD-ROM drives 65(created by 66.Xr sysinstall 8 ) 67.It Pa /compat/ 68normally a link to 69.Pa /usr/compat . 70If not, then the 71.Pa /usr/compat 72comments apply 73(created by 74.Xr sysinstall 8 ) 75.It Pa /dev/ 76block and character device files 77.Pp 78.Bl -tag -width ".Pa fd/" -compact 79.It Pa fd/ 80file descriptor files; 81see 82.Xr \&fd 4 83.El 84.It Pa /dist/ 85mount point used by 86.Xr sysinstall 8 87.It Pa /etc/ 88system configuration files and scripts 89.Pp 90.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact 91.It Pa defaults/ 92default system configuration files; 93see 94.Xr rc 8 95.It Pa gnats/ 96gnats configuration files; 97see 98.Xr send-pr 1 99.It Pa isdn/ 100isdn4bsd configuration files; 101see 102.Xr isdnd 8 103.It Pa localtime 104local timezone information; 105see 106.Xr ctime 3 107.It Pa mail/ 108Sendmail control files 109.It Pa mtree/ 110mtree configuration files; 111see 112.Xr mtree 8 113.It Pa namedb/ 114named configuration files; 115see 116.Xr named 8 117.It Pa pam.d/ 118configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) 119library; 120see 121.Xr pam 8 122.It Pa periodic/ 123scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 124.Xr cron 8 ; 125see 126.Xr periodic 8 127.It Pa ppp/ 128ppp configuration files; 129see 130.Xr ppp 8 131.It Pa ssl/ 132OpenSSL configuration files 133.El 134.It Pa /mnt/ 135empty directory commonly used by 136system administrators as a temporary mount point 137.It Pa /proc/ 138process file system; 139see 140.Xr procfs 5 , 141.Xr mount_procfs 8 142.It Pa /root/ 143root's HOME directory 144.It Pa /sbin/ 145system programs and administration utilities 146fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 147.It Pa /stand/ 148programs used in a standalone environment 149.It Pa /tmp/ 150temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 151.It Pa /usr/ 152contains the majority of user utilities and applications 153.Pp 154.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 155.It Pa bin/ 156common utilities, programming tools, and applications 157.It Pa compat/ 158files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems, 159such as Linux 160(created by 161.Xr sysinstall 8 ) 162.It Pa games/ 163useful and semi-frivolous programs 164.It Pa include/ 165standard C include files 166.Pp 167.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact 168.It Pa arpa/ 169C include files for Internet service protocols 170.It Pa cam/ 171C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 172.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact 173.It Pa scsi/ 174The SCSI device on top of CAM 175.El 176.It Pa dev/ 177C include files for programming various 178.Fx 179devices 180.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact 181.It Pa ic/ 182Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent 183hardware circuits 184.It Pa ofw/ 185OpenFirmware support 186.It Pa ppbus/ 187The parallel port bus; 188see 189.Xr ppbus 4 190.It Pa usb/ 191The USB subsystem 192.It Pa utopia/ 193Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces; 194see 195.Xr utopia 4 196.It Pa wi/ 197The 198.Xr wi 4 199WaveLAN driver 200.El 201.It Pa fs/ 202.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact 203.It Pa fdescfs/ 204per-process file descriptors file system 205.It Pa fifofs/ 206.St -p1003.1 207FIFOs file system 208.It Pa msdosfs/ 209MS-DOS file system 210.It Pa ntfs/ 211NTFS file system 212.It Pa nullfs/ 213loopback file system 214.It Pa nwfs/ 215NetWare file system 216.It Pa portalfs/ 217portal file system 218.It Pa procfs/ 219process file system 220.It Pa smbfs/ 221SMB/CIFS file system 222.It Pa umapfs/ 223alternate uid/gid mappings file system 224.It Pa unionfs 225union file system 226.El 227.It Pa g++/ 228GNU C++ include files 229.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact 230.It Pa std/ 231GNU C++ libstdc++ include files 232.El 233.It Pa isc/ 234ISC utility library libisc include files 235.It Pa isofs/ 236.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact 237.It Pa cd9660/ 238iso9660 file system 239.El 240.It Pa libmilter/ 241C include files for libmilter, 242the 243.Xr sendmail 8 244mail filter API 245.It Pa machine/ 246machine-specific C include files 247.It Pa net/ 248misc network C include files 249.It Pa netatalk/ 250Appletalk protocol 251.It Pa netatm/ 252ATM include files; 253see 254.Xr atm 8 255.It Pa netinet/ 256C include files for Internet standard protocols; 257see 258.Xr inet 4 259.It Pa netinet6/ 260C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 261see 262.Xr inet6 4 263.It Pa netipx/ 264IPX/SPX protocol stacks 265.It Pa netkey/ 266kernel key-management service 267.It Pa netnatm/ 268NATM include files; 269see 270.Xr natm 4 271.It Pa netsmb/ 272SMB/CIFS requester 273.It Pa nfs/ 274C include files for NFS (Network File System) 275.It Pa objc/ 276Objective C include files 277.It Pa openssl/ 278OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 279.It Pa pccard/ 280PC-CARD controllers 281.It Pa posix4/ 282POSIX real-time extensions includes; 283see 284.Xr p1003_1b 9 285.It Pa protocols/ 286C include files for Berkeley service protocols 287.It Pa readline/ 288get a line from a user, with editing; 289see 290.Xr readline 3 291.It Pa rpc/ 292remote procedure calls; 293see 294.Xr rpc 3 295.It Pa rpcsvc/ 296definition of RPC service structures; see 297.Xr rpc 3 298.It Pa security/ 299PAM; see 300.Xr pam 8 301.It Pa sys/ 302system C include files (kernel data structures) 303.\" .It Pa tcl/ 304.\" Tcl language; 305.\" see 306.\" .Xr Tcl n 307.\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact 308.\" .It Pa generic/ 309.\" ??? 310.\" .It Pa unix/ 311.\" ??? 312.\" .El 313.It Pa ufs/ 314C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 315.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact 316.It Pa ffs/ 317Fast file system 318.It Pa ufs/ 319UFS file system 320.El 321.It Pa vm/ 322virtual memory; 323see 324.Xr vmstat 8 325.El 326.Pp 327.It Pa lib/ 328archive libraries 329.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 330.It Pa aout/ 331a.out archive libraries 332.It Pa compat/ 333shared libraries for compatibility 334.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 335.It Pa aout/ 336a.out backward compatibility libraries 337.El 338.El 339.Pp 340.It Pa libdata/ 341misc. utility data files 342.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 343.It Pa doscmd/ 344files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); 345see 346.Xr doscmd 1 347.Bl -tag -width 6n -compact 348.It Pa fonts/ 349fonts used by doscmd 350.El 351.It Pa gcc/ 352??? 353.It Pa ldscripts/ 354linker scripts; 355see 356.Xr ld 1 357.It Pa lint/ 358various prebuilt lint libraries; 359see 360.Xr lint 1 361.It Pa msdosfs/ 362Character set conversion tables 363.It Pa stallion/ 364firmware images for Stallion serial controllers; see 365.Xr stl 4 366.El 367.Pp 368.It Pa libexec/ 369system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 370.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 371.It Pa aout/ 372utilities to manipulate a.out executables 373.It Pa elf/ 374utilities to manipulate ELF executables 375.It Pa lpr/ 376utilities and filters for LP print system; 377see 378.Xr lpr 1 379.It Pa sendmail/ 380the 381.Xr sendmail 8 382binary; 383see 384.Xr mailwrapper 8 385.It Pa sm.bin/ 386restricted shell for 387.Xr sendmail 8 ; 388see 389.Xr smrsh 8 390.El 391.Pp 392.It Pa local/ 393local executables, libraries, etc. 394Also used as the default destination for the 395.Fx 396ports framework. 397Within local/, the general layout sketched out by 398.Nm 399for /usr 400should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/ 401rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/), 402and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc). 403.It Pa obj/ 404architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree 405.It Pa ports/ 406The 407.Fx 408ports collection (optional). 409.It Pa sbin/ 410system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 411.It Pa share/ 412architecture-independent files 413.Pp 414.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 415.It Pa calendar/ 416a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 417see 418.Xr calendar 1 419.It Pa dict/ 420word lists; 421see 422.Xr look 1 423.Pp 424.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 425.It Pa freebsd 426.Fx Ns -specific 427terms, proper names, and jargon 428.It Pa words 429common words 430.It Pa web2 431words from Webster's 2nd International 432.It Pa papers/ 433reference databases; 434see 435.Xr refer 1 436.El 437.Pp 438.It Pa doc/ 439miscellaneous documentation; 440source for most of the printed 441.Bx 442manuals (available 443from the 444.Tn USENIX 445association) 446.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 447.It Pa FAQ/ 448Frequently Asked Questions 449.It Pa IPv6/ 450implementation notes for IPv6 451.It Pa bind/ 452documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain) 453.It Pa es/ 454Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 455.It Pa handbook/ 456.Fx 457Handbook 458.It Pa ja/ 459Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 460.It Pa ncurses/ 461HTML documents pertaining to ncurses; 462see 463.Xr ncurses 3X 464.It Pa ntp/ 465HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol 466.It Pa papers/ 467UNIX Papers 468.It Pa psd/ 469UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents 470.It Pa ru/ 471Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 472.It Pa smm/ 473UNIX System Manager's Manual 474.It Pa tutorials/ 475.Fx 476tutorials 477.It Pa usd/ 478UNIX User's Supplementary Documents 479.It Pa zh/ 480Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 481.El 482.Pp 483.It Pa examples/ 484various examples for users and programmers 485.It Pa games/ 486ASCII text files used by various games 487.It Pa groff_font/ 488device description file for device name 489.It Pa info/ 490GNU Info hypertext system 491.It Pa isdn/ 492ISDN 493.It Pa locale/ 494localization files; 495see 496.Xr setlocale 3 497.It Pa man/ 498manual pages 499.It Pa me/ 500macros for use with the me macro package; 501see 502.Xr me 7 503.It Pa misc/ 504misc system-wide ASCII text files 505.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 506.It Pa fonts/ 507??? 508.It Pa pcvtfonts/ 509pcvt fonts; 510see 511.Xr pcvt 4 512.It Pa termcap 513terminal characteristics database; 514see 515.Xr termcap 5 516.El 517.It Pa mk/ 518templates for make; 519see 520.Xr make 1 521.It Pa nls/ 522national language support files; 523see 524.Xr mklocale 1 525.It Pa pcvt/ 526pcvt documentation and etc examples; 527see 528.Xr pcvt 4 529.It Pa sendmail/ 530.Xr sendmail 8 531configuration files 532.It Pa skel/ 533example . (dot) files for new accounts 534.It Pa syscons/ 535files used by syscons; 536see 537.Xr syscons 4 538.Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact 539.It Pa fonts/ 540console fonts; 541see 542.Xr vidcontrol 1 543and 544.Xr vidfont 1 545.It Pa keymaps/ 546console keyboard maps; 547see 548.Xr kbdcontrol 1 549and 550.Xr kbdmap 1 551.It Pa scrnmaps/ 552console screen maps 553.El 554.It Pa tabset/ 555tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 556the termcap file; 557see 558.Xr termcap 5 559.It Pa tmac/ 560text processing macros; 561see 562.Xr nroff 1 563and 564.Xr troff 1 565.It Pa vi/ 566localization support and utilities for 567.Xr vi 1 568.It Pa zoneinfo/ 569timezone configuration information; 570see 571.Xr tzfile 5 572.El 573.It Pa src/ 574.Bx , 575third-party, and/or local source files 576.Pp 577.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact 578.It Pa bin/ 579source code for files in /bin 580.It Pa contrib/ 581source code for contributed software 582.It Pa crypto/ 583source code for contributed cryptography software 584.It Pa etc/ 585source code for files in /etc 586.It Pa games/ 587source code for files in /usr/games 588.It Pa gnu/ 589Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 590.It Pa include/ 591source code for files in /usr/include 592.It Pa kerberos5/ 593build infrastructure for kerberos version 5 594.It Pa lib/ 595source code for files in /usr/lib 596.It Pa libexec/ 597source code for files in /usr/libexec 598.It Pa release/ 599files required to produce a 600.Fx 601release 602.It Pa sbin/ 603source code for files in /sbin 604.It Pa secure/ 605build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto 606.It Pa share/ 607source for files in /usr/share 608.It Pa sys/ 609kernel source code 610.It Pa tools/ 611tools used for maintenance and testing of 612.Fx 613.It Pa usr.bin/ 614source code for files in /usr/bin 615.It Pa usr.sbin/ 616source code for files in /usr/sbin 617.El 618.Pp 619.It Pa X11R6/ 620X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional). 621.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 622.It Pa bin/ 623X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports). 624.It Pa etc/ 625X11R6 configuration files and scripts. 626.It Pa include/ 627X11R6 include files. 628.It Pa lib/ 629X11R6 libraries. 630.It Pa man/ 631X11R6 manual pages. 632.It Pa share/ 633architecture-independent files. 634.El 635.El 636.It Pa /var/ 637multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 638.Pp 639.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 640.It Pa account/ 641system accounting files 642.Pp 643.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 644.It Pa acct 645execution accounting file; 646see 647.Xr acct 5 648.El 649.Pp 650.It Pa at/ 651timed command scheduling files; 652see 653.Xr \&at 1 654.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 655.It Pa jobs/ 656directory containing job files 657.It Pa spool/ 658directory containing output spool files 659.El 660.Pp 661.It Pa backups/ 662misc. backup files 663.It Pa crash/ 664default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 665.Xr crash 8 666and 667.Xr savecore 8 668.It Pa cron/ 669files used by cron; 670see 671.Xr cron 8 672.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 673.It Pa tabs/ 674crontab files; 675see 676.Xr crontab 5 677.El 678.Pp 679.It Pa db/ 680misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 681.It Pa empty/ 682empty directory used by 683.Xr sshd 8 684for privilege separation 685.It Pa games/ 686misc. game status and score files 687.It Pa heimdal/ 688kerberos server databases; see 689.Xr kdc 8 690.It Pa log/ 691misc. system log files 692.Pp 693.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 694.It Pa wtmp 695login/logout log; 696see 697.Xr wtmp 5 698.El 699.Pp 700.It Pa mail/ 701user mailbox files 702.It Pa msgs/ 703system messages database; 704see 705.Xr msgs 1 706.It Pa preserve/ 707temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 708of an editor; 709see 710.Xr \&ex 1 711.It Pa quotas/ 712file system quota information files 713.It Pa run/ 714system information files describing various info about 715system since it was booted 716.Pp 717.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 718.It Pa named/ 719writable by the 720.Dq bind 721user; see 722.Xr named 8 723.It Pa ppp/ 724writable by the 725.Dq network 726group for command connection sockets; see 727.Xr ppp 8 728.It Pa utmp 729database of current users; 730see 731.Xr utmp 5 732.El 733.Pp 734.It Pa rwho/ 735rwho data files; 736see 737.Xr rwhod 8 , 738.Xr rwho 1 , 739and 740.Xr ruptime 1 741.It Pa spool/ 742misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 743.Pp 744.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 745.It Pa clientmqueue/ 746undelivered submission mail queue; 747see 748.Xr sendmail 8 749.It Pa ftp/ 750commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory 751.It Pa mqueue/ 752undelivered mail queue; 753see 754.Xr sendmail 8 755.It Pa output/ 756line printer spooling directories 757.El 758.Pp 759.It Pa tmp/ 760temporary files that are kept between system reboots 761.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 762.It Pa vi.recover/ 763the directory where recovery files are stored 764.El 765.It Pa yp/ 766the NIS maps 767.El 768.El 769.Sh NOTES 770This manual page documents the default 771.Fx 772file system layout, but 773the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 774administrator's discretion. 775A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 776this document. 777.Sh SEE ALSO 778.Xr apropos 1 , 779.Xr find 1 , 780.Xr finger 1 , 781.Xr grep 1 , 782.Xr ls 1 , 783.Xr whatis 1 , 784.Xr whereis 1 , 785.Xr which 1 , 786.Xr fsck 8 787.Sh HISTORY 788A 789.Nm 790manual page appeared in 791.At v7 . 792