1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD$ 34.\" 35.Dd June 5, 1993 36.Dt HIER 7 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm hier 40.Nd layout of filesystems 41.Sh DESCRIPTION 42A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 43.Bl -tag -width "/stand/" 44.It Pa / 45root directory of the filesystem 46.It Pa /bin/ 47user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 48.It Pa /boot/ 49programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 50.Pp 51.Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact 52.It Pa defaults/ 53default bootstrapping configuration files; see 54.Xr loader.conf 5 55.It Pa kernel/ 56pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 57at boot time). 58.It Pa modules/ 59third-part loadable kernel modules; 60see 61.Xr kldstat 8 62.El 63.It Pa /dev/ 64block and character device files 65.Pp 66.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 67.It Pa MAKEDEV 68script for creating device files; 69see 70.Xr MAKEDEV 8 71.It Pa fd/ 72file descriptor files; 73see 74.Xr \&fd 4 75.El 76.It Pa /etc/ 77system configuration files and scripts 78.Pp 79.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact 80.It Pa defaults/ 81default system configuration files; 82see 83.Xr rc 8 84.It Pa gnats/ 85gnats configuration files; 86see 87.Xr send-pr 1 88.It Pa isdn/ 89isdn4bsd configuration files; 90see 91.Xr isdnd 8 92.It Pa kerberosIV/ 93configuration files for the kerberos version IV; 94see 95.Xr kerberos 1 96.It Pa localtime 97local timezone information; 98see 99.Xr ctime 3 100.It Pa mail/ 101spam-filtering information 102.It Pa mtree/ 103mtree configuration files; 104see 105.Xr mtree 8 106.It Pa namedb/ 107named configuration files; 108see 109.Xr named 8 110.It Pa periodic/ 111scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 112.Xr cron 8 ; 113see 114.Xr periodic 8 115.It Pa ppp/ 116ppp configuration files; 117see 118.Xr ppp 8 119.It Pa ssl/ 120OpenSSL configuration files 121.It Pa uucp/ 122uucp configuration files; 123see 124.Xr uucp 1 125.El 126.It Pa /mnt/ 127empty directory commonly used by 128system administrators as a temporary mount point 129.It Pa /proc/ 130process file system; 131see 132.Xr procfs 5 , 133.Xr mount_procfs 8 134.It Pa /root/ 135root's HOME directory 136.It Pa /sbin/ 137system programs and administration utilities 138fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 139.It Pa /stand/ 140programs used in a standalone environment 141.It Pa /tmp/ 142temporary files 143.It Pa /usr/ 144contains the majority of user utilities and applications 145.Pp 146.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 147.It Pa bin/ 148common utilities, programming tools, and applications 149.It Pa games/ 150useful and semi-frivolous programs 151.It Pa include/ 152standard C include files 153.Pp 154.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 155.It Pa arpa/ 156C include files for Internet service protocols 157.It Pa cam/ 158C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 159.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 160.It scsi/ 161The SCSI device on top of CAM 162.El 163.It Pa dev/ 164C include files for programming various 165.Fx 166devices 167.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 168.It Pa ppbus/ 169The parallel port bus; 170see 171.Xr ppbus 4 172.It Pa usb/ 173The USB subsystem 174.El 175.It Pa fs/ 176.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 177.It Pa fdescfs/ 178per-process file descriptors file system 179.It Pa fifofs/ 180.St -p1003.1 181FIFOs file system 182.It Pa msdosfs/ 183MS-DOS file system 184.It Pa ntfs/ 185NTFS file system 186.It Pa nullfs/ 187loopback file system 188.It Pa nwfs/ 189NetWare file system 190.It Pa portalfs/ 191portal file system 192.It Pa procfs/ 193process file system 194.It Pa smbfs/ 195SMB/CIFS filesystem 196.It Pa umapfs/ 197alternate uid/gid mappings file system 198.It Pa unionfs 199union file system 200.El 201.It Pa g++/ 202GNU C++ include files 203.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 204.It Pa std/ 205GNU C++ libstdc++ include files 206.El 207.It Pa isc/ 208ISC utility library libisc include files 209.It Pa isofs/ 210.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 211.It Pa cd9660/ 212iso9660 filesystem 213.El 214.It Pa kerberosIV/ 215C include files for kerberos authentication package; 216see 217.Xr kerberos 1 218.It Pa machine/ 219machine-specific C include files 220.It Pa net/ 221misc network C include files 222.It Pa netatalk/ 223Appletalk protocol 224.It Pa netatm/ 225ATM include files; 226see 227.Xr atm 8 228.It Pa netinet/ 229C include files for Internet standard protocols; 230see 231.Xr inet 4 232.It Pa netinet6/ 233C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 234see 235.Xr inet6 4 236.It Pa netipx/ 237IPX/SPX protocol stacks 238.It Pa netkey/ 239kernel key-management service 240.It Pa netns/ 241Xerox NS protocols 242.It Pa netsmb/ 243SMB/CIFS requester 244.It Pa netnatm/ 245NATM include files; 246see 247.Xr natm 4 248.It Pa nfs/ 249C include files for NFS (Network File System) 250.It Pa objc/ 251Objective C include files 252.It Pa openssl/ 253OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 254.It Pa pccard/ 255PC-CARD controllers 256.It Pa posix4/ 257POSIX real-time extensions includes; 258see 259.Xr p1003_1b 9 260.It Pa protocols/ 261C include files for Berkeley service protocols 262.It Pa readline/ 263get a line from a user, with editing; 264see 265.Xr readline 3 266.It Pa rpc/ 267remote procedure calls; 268see 269.Xr rpc 3 270.It Pa rpcsvc/ 271definition of RPC service structures; see 272.Xr rpc 3 273.It Pa security/ 274PAM; see 275.Xr pam 8 276.It Pa ss/ 277MIT SIPB 278.Sq subsystem 279library, part of Kerberos IV. 280.It Pa sys/ 281system C include files (kernel data structures) 282.\" .It Pa tcl/ 283.\" Tcl language; 284.\" see 285.\" .Xr Tcl n 286.\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 287.\" .It Pa generic/ 288.\" ??? 289.\" .It Pa unix/ 290.\" ??? 291.\" .El 292.It Pa ufs/ 293C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 294.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 295.It Pa ffs/ 296Fast filesystem 297.It Pa mfs/ 298memory file system; 299see 300.Xr mount_mfs 8 301.It Pa ufs/ 302UFS filesystem 303.El 304.It Pa vm/ 305virtual memory; 306see 307.Xr vmstat 8 308.El 309.Pp 310.It Pa lib/ 311archive libraries 312.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 313.It Pa aout/ 314a.out archive libraries 315.It Pa compat/ 316shared libraries for compatibility 317.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 318.It Pa aout/ 319a.out backward compatibility libraries 320.El 321.El 322.Pp 323.It Pa libdata/ 324misc. utility data files 325.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 326.It Pa doscmd/ 327files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); 328see 329.Xr doscmd 1 330.Bl -tag -width 6n -compact 331.It Pa fonts/ 332fonts used by doscmd 333.El 334.It Pa gcc/ 335??? 336.It Pa ldscripts/ 337linker scripts; 338see 339.Xr ld 1 340.It Pa lint/ 341various prebuilt lint libraries; 342see 343.Xr lint 1 344.It Pa msdosfs/ 345Character set conversion tables 346.It Pa perl/ 347.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 348.It Pa 5.00503/ 349contains Perl modules for Perl version 5.00503; 350see 351.Xr perl 1 352.El 353.It Pa stallion/ 354holds the download firmware images 355.El 356.Pp 357.It Pa libexec/ 358system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 359.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 360.It Pa aout/ 361utilities to manipulate a.out executables 362.It Pa elf/ 363utilities to manipulate ELF executables 364.It Pa lpr/ 365utilities and filters for LP print system; 366see 367.Xr lpr 1 368.It Pa sm.bin/ 369restricted shell for sendmail; 370see 371.Xr smrsh 8 372.It Pa uucp/ 373uucp utilities; 374see 375.Xr uucp 1 376.El 377.Pp 378.It Pa local/ 379local executables, libraries, etc. 380Also used as the default destination for the 381.Fx 382ports framework. 383Within local/, the general layout sketched out by 384.Xr hier 7 385for /usr 386should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/ 387rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/), 388and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc). 389.It Pa obj/ 390architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree 391.It Pa ports/ 392The 393.Fx 394ports collection (optional). 395.It Pa sbin/ 396system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 397.It Pa share/ 398architecture-independent files 399.Pp 400.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 401.It Pa calendar/ 402a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 403see 404.Xr calendar 1 405.It Pa dict/ 406word lists; 407see 408.Xr look 1 409.Pp 410.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 411.It Pa words 412common words 413.It Pa web2 414words from Webster's 2nd International 415.It Pa papers/ 416reference databases; 417see 418.Xr refer 1 419.It Pa special/ 420custom word lists; 421see 422.Xr spell 1 423.El 424.Pp 425.It Pa doc/ 426miscellaneous documentation; 427source for most of the printed 428.Bx 429manuals (available 430from the 431.Tn USENIX 432association) 433.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 434.It Pa FAQ/ 435Frequently Asked Questions 436.It Pa IPv6/ 437implementation notes for IPv6 438.It Pa bind/ 439documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain) 440.It Pa es/ 441Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 442.It Pa handbook/ 443.Fx 444Handbook 445.It Pa ja/ 446Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 447.It Pa ncurses/ 448HTML documents pertaining to ncurses; 449see 450.Xr ncurses 3X 451.It Pa ntp/ 452HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol 453.It Pa papers/ 454UNIX Papers 455.It Pa psd/ 456UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents 457.It Pa ru/ 458Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 459.It Pa smm/ 460UNIX System Manager's Manual 461.It Pa tutorials/ 462.Fx 463tutorials 464.It Pa usd/ 465UNIX User's Supplementary Documents 466.It Pa zh/ 467Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 468.El 469.Pp 470.It Pa examples/ 471various examples for users and programmers 472.It Pa games/ 473ASCII text files used by various games 474.It Pa groff_font/ 475device description file for device name 476.It Pa info/ 477GNU Info hypertext system 478.It Pa isdn/ 479ISDN 480.It Pa libg++/ 481libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 482.It Pa locale/ 483localization files; 484see 485.Xr setlocale 3 486.It Pa man/ 487manual pages 488.It Pa me/ 489macros for use with the me macro package; 490see 491.Xr me 7 492.It Pa misc/ 493misc system-wide ASCII text files 494.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 495.It Pa fonts/ 496??? 497.It Pa pcvtfonts/ 498pcvt fonts; 499see 500.Xr pcvt 4 501.It Pa termcap 502terminal characteristics database; 503see 504.Xr termcap 5 505.El 506.It Pa mk/ 507templates for make; 508see 509.Xr make 1 510.It Pa nls/ 511national language support files; 512see 513.Xr mklocale 1 514.It Pa pcvt/ 515pcvt documentation and etc examples; 516see 517.Xr pcvt 4 518.It Pa perl/ 519perl library files; 520see 521.Xr perl 1 522.It Pa sendmail/ 523sendmail configuration files; 524see 525.Xr sendmail 8 526.It Pa skel/ 527example . (dot) files for new accounts 528.It Pa syscons/ 529files used by syscons; 530see 531.Xr syscons 4 532.Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact 533.It Pa fonts/ 534console fonts; 535see 536.Xr vidcontrol 1 537and 538.Xr vidfont 1 539.It Pa keymaps/ 540console keyboard maps; 541see 542.Xr kbdcontrol 1 543and 544.Xr kbdmap 1 545.It Pa scrnmaps/ 546console screen maps 547.El 548.It Pa tabset/ 549tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 550the termcap file; 551see 552.Xr termcap 5 553.It Pa tmac/ 554text processing macros; 555see 556.Xr nroff 1 557and 558.Xr troff 1 559.It Pa vi/ 560localization support and utilities for 561.Xr vi 1 562.It Pa zoneinfo/ 563timezone configuration information; 564see 565.Xr tzfile 5 566.El 567.It Pa src/ 568BSD, third-party, and/or local source files 569.Pp 570.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 571.It Pa bin/ 572source code for files in /bin 573.It Pa contrib/ 574source code for contributed software 575.It Pa crypto/ 576source code for contributed cryptography software 577.It Pa etc/ 578source code for files in /etc 579.It Pa games/ 580source code for files in /usr/games 581.It Pa gnu/ 582Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 583.It Pa include/ 584source code for files in /usr/include 585.It Pa kerberosIV/ 586source code for kerberos version IV 587.It Pa lib/ 588source code for files in /usr/lib 589.It Pa libexec/ 590source code for files in /usr/libexec 591.It Pa release/ 592files required to produce a 593.Fx 594release 595.It Pa sbin/ 596source code for files in /sbin 597.It Pa secure/ 598build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto 599.It Pa share/ 600source for files in /usr/share 601.It Pa sys/ 602kernel source code 603.It Pa tools/ 604tools used for maintenance and testing of 605.Fx 606.It Pa usr.bin/ 607source code for files in /usr/bin 608.It Pa usr.sbin/ 609source code for files in /usr/sbin 610.El 611.Pp 612.It Pa X11R6/ 613X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional). 614.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 615.It Pa bin/ 616X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports). 617.It Pa etc/ 618X11R6 configuration files and scripts. 619.It Pa include/ 620X11R6 include files. 621.It Pa lib/ 622X11R6 libraries. 623.It Pa man/ 624X11R6 manual pages. 625.It Pa share/ 626architecture-independent files. 627.El 628.El 629.It Pa /var/ 630multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 631.Pp 632.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 633.It Pa account/ 634system accounting files 635.Pp 636.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 637.It Pa acct 638execution accounting file; 639see 640.Xr acct 5 641.El 642.Pp 643.It Pa at/ 644timed command scheduling files; 645see 646.Xr \&at 1 647.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 648.It Pa jobs/ 649directory containing job files 650.It Pa spool/ 651directory containing output spool files 652.El 653.Pp 654.It Pa backups/ 655misc. backup files 656.It Pa crash/ 657default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 658.Xr crash 8 659and 660.Xr savecore 8 661.It Pa cron/ 662files used by cron; 663see 664.Xr cron 8 665.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 666.It Pa tabs/ 667crontab files; 668see 669.Xr crontab 5 670.El 671.Pp 672.It Pa db/ 673misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 674.It Pa games/ 675misc. game status and score files 676.It Pa log/ 677misc. system log files 678.Pp 679.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 680.It Pa wtmp 681login/logout log; 682see 683.Xr wtmp 5 684.El 685.Pp 686.It Pa mail/ 687user mailbox files 688.It Pa preserve/ 689temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 690of an editor; 691see 692.Xr \&ex 1 693.It Pa msgs/ 694system messages database; 695see 696.Xr msgs 1 697.It Pa quotas/ 698filesystem quota information files 699.It Pa run/ 700system information files describing various info about 701system since it was booted 702.Pp 703.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 704.It Pa utmp 705database of current users; 706see 707.Xr utmp 5 708.El 709.Pp 710.It Pa rwho/ 711rwho data files; 712see 713.Xr rwhod 8 , 714.Xr rwho 1 , 715and 716.Xr ruptime 1 717.It Pa spool/ 718misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 719.Pp 720.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 721.It Pa ftp/ 722commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory 723.It Pa mqueue/ 724undelivered mail queue; 725see 726.Xr sendmail 8 727.It Pa output/ 728line printer spooling directories 729.It Pa secretmail/ 730secretmail spool directory; 731see 732.Xr xget 1 733.It Pa uucp/ 734uucp spool directory 735.It Pa uucppublic/ 736commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory 737.El 738.Pp 739.It Pa tmp/ 740temporary files that are kept between system reboots 741.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 742.It Pa vi.recover/ 743the directory where recovery files are stored 744.El 745.It Pa yp/ 746the NIS maps 747.El 748.El 749.Sh SEE ALSO 750.Xr apropos 1 , 751.Xr find 1 , 752.Xr finger 1 , 753.Xr grep 1 , 754.Xr ls 1 , 755.Xr whatis 1 , 756.Xr whereis 1 , 757.Xr which 1 , 758.Xr fsck 8 759.Sh HISTORY 760A 761.Nm 762manual page appeared in 763.At v7 . 764