1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 13.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 14.\" without specific prior written permission. 15.\" 16.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 17.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 18.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 19.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 20.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 21.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 22.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 23.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 24.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 25.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 26.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 27.\" 28.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 29.\" $FreeBSD$ 30.\" 31.Dd April 25, 2017 32.Dt HIER 7 33.Os 34.Sh NAME 35.Nm hier 36.Nd layout of file systems 37.Sh DESCRIPTION 38A sketch of the file system hierarchy. 39.Bl -tag -width "/libexec/" 40.It Pa / 41root directory of the file system 42.It Pa /bin/ 43user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 44.It Pa /boot/ 45programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 46.Pp 47.Bl -tag -width "defaults/" -compact 48.It Pa defaults/ 49default bootstrapping configuration files; see 50.Xr loader.conf 5 51.It Pa dtb/ 52Compiled flattened device tree (FDT) files; see 53.Xr fdt 4 54and 55.Xr dtc 1 56.It Pa firmware/ 57loadable kernel modules containing binary firmware for hardware that needs 58firmware downloaded to it to function 59.It Pa kernel/ 60pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 61at boot time) and kernel modules 62.It Pa modules/ 63third-party loadable kernel modules; 64see 65.Xr kldstat 8 66.It Pa zfs/ 67.Xr zfs 8 68zpool cache files 69.El 70.It Pa /cdrom/ 71default mount point for CD-ROM drives 72.It Pa /compat/ 73normally a link to 74.Pa /usr/compat . 75If not, then the 76.Pa /usr/compat 77comments apply 78.It Pa /dev/ 79device special files managed by 80.Xr devfs 5 81.Pp 82.Bl -tag -width "net/" -compact 83.It Pa fd/ 84file descriptor files; 85see 86.Xr \&fd 4 87.El 88.It Pa /etc/ 89system configuration files and scripts 90.Pp 91.Bl -tag -width "bluetooth/" -compact 92.It Pa defaults/ 93default system configuration files; 94see 95.Xr rc 8 96.It Pa bluetooth/ 97bluetooth configuration files 98.It Pa localtime 99local timezone information; 100see 101.Xr ctime 3 102.It Pa mail/ 103Sendmail control files 104.It Pa mtree/ 105mtree configuration files; 106see 107.Xr mtree 8 108.It Pa pam.d/ 109configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) 110library 111.It Pa periodic/ 112scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 113.Xr cron 8 ; 114see 115.Xr periodic 8 116.It Pa rc.d/ 117system and daemon startup/control scripts; 118see 119.Xr rc 8 120.It Pa security/ 121OpenBSM audit configuration files; 122see 123.Xr audit 8 124.It Pa ppp/ 125ppp configuration files; 126see 127.Xr ppp 8 128.It Pa ssh/ 129OpenSSH configuration files; 130see 131.Xr ssh 1 132.It Pa ssl/ 133OpenSSL configuration files 134.El 135.It Pa /lib/ 136critical system libraries needed for binaries in 137.Pa /bin 138and 139.Pa /sbin 140.Pp 141.Bl -tag -width "geom/" -compact 142.It Pa geom/ 143class-specific libraries for the 144.Xr geom 8 145utility 146.El 147.It Pa /libexec/ 148critical system utilities needed for binaries in 149.Pa /bin 150and 151.Pa /sbin 152.It Pa /media/ 153contains subdirectories to be used as mount points 154for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and 155floppy disks 156.It Pa /mnt/ 157empty directory commonly used by 158system administrators as a temporary mount point 159.It Pa /net/ 160automounted NFS shares; 161see 162.Xr auto_master 5 163.It Pa /proc/ 164process file system; 165see 166.Xr procfs 5 167.It Pa /rescue/ 168statically linked programs for emergency recovery; 169see 170.Xr rescue 8 171.It Pa /root/ 172root's HOME directory 173.It Pa /sbin/ 174system programs and administration utilities 175fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 176.It Pa /tmp/ 177temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 178.It Pa /usr/ 179contains the majority of user utilities and applications 180.Pp 181.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 182.It Pa bin/ 183common utilities, programming tools, and applications 184.It Pa compat/ 185files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems, 186such as Linux 187.It Pa include/ 188standard C include files 189.Pp 190.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact 191.It Pa arpa/ 192C include files for Internet service protocols 193.It Pa bsnmp/ 194C include files for the SNMP daemon 195.It Pa c++/ 196C++ include files 197.It Pa cam/ 198C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 199.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact 200.It Pa scsi/ 201SCSI device on top of CAM 202.El 203.It Pa dev/ 204C include files for programming various 205.Fx 206devices 207.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact 208.It Pa ic/ 209various header files describing driver- and bus-independent 210hardware circuits 211.It Pa ofw/ 212Open Firmware support 213.It Pa pbio/ 2148255 PPI cards; 215see 216.Xr pbio 4 217.It Pa ppbus/ 218parallel port bus; 219see 220.Xr ppbus 4 221.It Pa usb/ 222USB subsystem 223.It Pa wi/ 224.Xr wi 4 225WaveLAN driver 226.El 227.It Pa fs/ 228.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact 229.It Pa fdescfs/ 230per-process file descriptors file system 231.It Pa msdosfs/ 232MS-DOS file system 233.It Pa nfs/ 234C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2, 3 and 4 235.It Pa nullfs/ 236loopback file system 237.It Pa procfs/ 238process file system 239.It Pa smbfs/ 240SMB/CIFS file system 241.It Pa udf/ 242UDF file system 243.It Pa unionfs 244union file system 245.El 246.It Pa geom/ 247GEOM framework 248.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact 249.It Pa concat/ 250CONCAT GEOM class 251.It Pa gate/ 252GATE GEOM class 253.It Pa mirror/ 254MIRROR GEOM class 255.It Pa nop/ 256NOP GEOM class 257.It Pa raid3/ 258RAID3 GEOM class 259.It Pa stripe/ 260STRIPE GEOM class 261.El 262.Pp 263.It Pa libmilter/ 264C include files for libmilter, 265the 266.Xr sendmail 8 267mail filter API 268.It Pa machine/ 269machine-specific C include files 270.It Pa net/ 271miscellaneous network C include files 272.Bl -tag -width "altq/" -compact 273.It Pa altq/ 274C include files for alternate queueing 275.El 276.It Pa net80211/ 277C include files for 802.11 wireless networking; 278see 279.Xr net80211 4 280.It Pa netinet/ 281C include files for Internet standard protocols; 282see 283.Xr inet 4 284.It Pa netinet6/ 285C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 286see 287.Xr inet6 4 288.It Pa netipsec/ 289kernel key-management service; 290see 291.Xr ipsec 4 292.It Pa netsmb/ 293SMB/CIFS requester 294.It Pa nfs/ 295C include files for NFS (Network File System) version 2 and 3 (legacy) 296.It Pa openssl/ 297OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 298.It Pa protocols/ 299C include files for Berkeley service protocols 300.It Pa readline/ 301get a line from a user, with editing; 302see 303.Xr readline 3 304.It Pa rpc/ 305remote procedure calls; 306see 307.Xr rpc 3 308.It Pa rpcsvc/ 309definition of RPC service structures; see 310.Xr rpc 3 311.It Pa security/ 312PAM; see 313.Xr pam 8 314.It Pa sys/ 315system C include files (kernel data structures) 316.\" .It Pa tcl/ 317.\" Tcl language; 318.\" see 319.\" .Xr Tcl n 320.\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact 321.\" .It Pa generic/ 322.\" ??? 323.\" .It Pa unix/ 324.\" ??? 325.\" .El 326.It Pa ufs/ 327C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 328.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact 329.It Pa ffs/ 330Fast file system 331.It Pa ufs/ 332UFS file system 333.El 334.It Pa vm/ 335virtual memory; 336see 337.Xr vmstat 8 338.El 339.Pp 340.It Pa lib/ 341shared and archive 342.Xr ar 1 Ns -type 343libraries 344.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 345.It Pa aout/ 346a.out archive libraries 347.It Pa compat/ 348shared libraries for compatibility 349.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 350.It Pa aout/ 351a.out backward compatibility libraries 352.El 353.It Pa debug/ 354standalone debug data for the kernel and base system libraries and binaries 355.It Pa dtrace/ 356DTrace library scripts 357.It Pa engines/ 358OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynamically loadable engines 359.El 360.Pp 361.It Pa libdata/ 362miscellaneous utility data files 363.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 364.It Pa gcc/ 365.Xr gcc 1 366configuration data 367.It Pa ldscripts/ 368linker scripts; 369see 370.Xr ld 1 371.It Pa lint/ 372various prebuilt lint libraries; 373see 374.Xr lint 1 375.El 376.Pp 377.It Pa libexec/ 378system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 379.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 380.It Pa aout/ 381utilities to manipulate a.out executables 382.It Pa elf/ 383utilities to manipulate ELF executables 384.It Pa lpr/ 385utilities and filters for LP print system; 386see 387.Xr lpr 1 388.It Pa sendmail/ 389the 390.Xr sendmail 8 391binary; 392see 393.Xr mailwrapper 8 394.It Pa sm.bin/ 395restricted shell for 396.Xr sendmail 8 ; 397see 398.Xr smrsh 8 399.El 400.Pp 401.It Pa local/ 402local executables, libraries, etc. 403Also used as the default destination for the 404.Xr ports 7 405framework. 406Within 407.Pa local/ , 408the general layout sketched out by 409.Nm 410for 411.Pa /usr 412should be used. 413Exceptions are the 414.Pa man 415directory 416.Po directly under 417.Pa local/ 418rather than under 419.Pa local/share/ Ns Pc , 420ports documentation 421.Po in 422.Pa share/doc/<port>/ Ns Pc , 423and 424.Pa /usr/local/etc 425.Po mimics 426.Pa /etc Ns Pc . 427.It Pa obj/ 428architecture-specific target tree produced by building the 429.Pa /usr/src 430tree 431.It Pa ports/ 432.Xr ports 7 , 433the 434.Fx 435ports collection. 436.It Pa sbin/ 437system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 438.It Pa share/ 439architecture-independent files 440.Pp 441.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 442.It Pa calendar/ 443a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 444see 445.Xr calendar 1 446.It Pa dict/ 447word lists; 448see 449.Xr look 1 450.Pp 451.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 452.It Pa freebsd 453.Fx Ns -specific 454terms, proper names, and jargon 455.It Pa web2 456words from Webster's 2nd International 457.El 458.Pp 459.It Pa doc/ 460miscellaneous documentation; 461source for most of the printed 462.Bx 463manuals (available 464from the 465.Tn USENIX 466association) 467.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 468.It Pa FAQ/ 469Frequently Asked Questions 470.It Pa IPv6/ 471implementation notes for IPv6 472.It Pa bind/ 473documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain) 474.It Pa es/ 475Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 476.It Pa handbook/ 477.Fx 478Handbook 479.It Pa ja/ 480Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 481.It Pa legal/ 482License files for vendor supplied firmwares 483.It Pa ncurses/ 484HTML documents pertaining to ncurses; 485see 486.Xr ncurses 3 487.It Pa ntp/ 488HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol 489.It Pa papers/ 490UNIX Papers 491.It Pa psd/ 492UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents 493.It Pa ru/ 494Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 495.It Pa smm/ 496UNIX System Manager's Manual 497.It Pa tutorials/ 498.Fx 499tutorials 500.It Pa usd/ 501UNIX User's Supplementary Documents 502.It Pa zh/ 503Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 504.El 505.Pp 506.It Pa examples/ 507various examples for users and programmers 508.It Pa firmware/ 509firmware images loaded by userland programs 510.It Pa games/ 511ASCII text files used by various games 512.It Pa groff_font/ 513device description file for device name 514.It Pa keys/ 515known trusted and revoked keys. 516.Bl -tag -width "pkg/" -compact 517.It Pa pkg/ 518fingerprints for 519.Xr pkg 7 520and 521.Xr pkg 8 522.El 523.Pp 524.It Pa locale/ 525localization files; 526see 527.Xr setlocale 3 528.It Pa man/ 529manual pages 530.It Pa me/ 531macros for use with the me macro package; 532see 533.Xr me 7 534.It Pa misc/ 535miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files 536.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 537.It Pa fonts/ 538??? 539.It Pa termcap 540terminal characteristics database; 541see 542.Xr termcap 5 543.El 544.It Pa mk/ 545templates for make; 546see 547.Xr make 1 548.It Pa nls/ 549national language support files; 550see 551.Xr mklocale 1 552.It Pa security/ 553data files for security policies such as 554.Xr mac_lomac 4 555.It Pa sendmail/ 556.Xr sendmail 8 557configuration files 558.It Pa skel/ 559example 560.Pa .\& 561(dot) files for new accounts 562.It Pa snmp/ 563MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon. 564.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 565.It Pa defs/ 566tree definition files for use with 567.Xr gensnmptree 1 568.It Pa mibs/ 569MIB files 570.El 571.It Pa syscons/ 572files used by syscons; 573see 574.Xr syscons 4 575.Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/" -compact 576.It Pa fonts/ 577console fonts; 578see 579.Xr vidcontrol 1 580and 581.Xr vidfont 1 582.It Pa keymaps/ 583console keyboard maps; 584see 585.Xr kbdcontrol 1 586and 587.Xr kbdmap 1 588.It Pa scrnmaps/ 589console screen maps 590.El 591.It Pa tabset/ 592tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 593the termcap file; 594see 595.Xr termcap 5 596.It Pa tmac/ 597text processing macros; 598see 599.Xr nroff 1 600and 601.Xr troff 1 602.It Pa vi/ 603localization support and utilities for 604.Xr vi 1 605.It Pa vt/ 606files used by vt; 607see 608.Xr vt 4 609.Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/" -compact 610.It Pa fonts/ 611console fonts; 612see 613.Xr vidcontrol 1 614and 615.Xr vidfont 1 616.It Pa keymaps/ 617console keyboard maps; 618see 619.Xr kbdcontrol 1 620and 621.Xr kbdmap 1 622.\" .It Pa scrnmaps/ 623.\" console screen maps 624.El 625.It Pa zoneinfo/ 626timezone configuration information; 627see 628.Xr tzfile 5 629.El 630.It Pa src/ 631.Bx , 632third-party, and/or local source files 633.Pp 634.Bl -tag -width "kerberos5/" -compact 635.It Pa bin/ 636source code for files in /bin 637.It Pa cddl/ 638utilities covered by the Common Development and Distribution License 639.It Pa contrib/ 640source code for contributed software 641.It Pa crypto/ 642source code for contributed cryptography software 643.It Pa etc/ 644source code for files in 645.Pa /etc 646.It Pa gnu/ 647utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 648.It Pa include/ 649source code for files in 650.Pa /usr/include 651.It Pa kerberos5/ 652build infrastructure for kerberos version 5 653.It Pa lib/ 654source code for files in 655.Pa /lib 656and 657.Pa /usr/lib 658.It Pa libexec/ 659source code for files in 660.Pa /usr/libexec 661.It Pa release/ 662files required to produce a 663.Fx 664release 665.It Pa rescue/ 666source code for files in 667.Pa /rescue 668.It Pa sbin/ 669source code for files in 670.Pa /sbin 671.It Pa secure/ 672build directory for files in 673.Pa /usr/src/crypto 674.It Pa share/ 675source for files in 676.Pa /usr/share 677.It Pa sys/ 678kernel source code 679.Bl -tag -width ".Pa opencrypto/" -compact 680.It Pa amd64/ 681AMD64 architecture support 682.It Pa arm/ 683ARM architecture support 684.It Pa arm64/ 685ARMv8 architecture support 686.It Pa boot/ 687bootloader code 688.It Pa cam/ 689.Xr cam 4 690and 691.Xr ctl 4 692.It Pa cddl/ 693CDDL-licensed optional sources, including ZFS 694and DTrace 695.It Pa ddb/ 696.Xr ddb 4 697.It Pa fs/ 698most filesystems 699.It Pa dev/ 700device drivers 701.It Pa geom/ 702.Xr geom 4 703.It Pa i386/ 704i386 (32 bit) architecture support 705.It Pa kern/ 706main part of the kernel 707.It Pa mips/ 708MIPS architecture support 709.It Pa net80211/ 710.Xr net80211 4 711.It Pa netgraph/ 712.Xr netgraph 4 713.It Pa netinet/ 714.Xr inet 4 715.It Pa netinet6/ 716.Xr inet6 4 717.It Pa netipsec/ 718.Xr ipsec 4 719.It Pa netpfil/ 720.Xr ipfw 4 721and 722.Xr pf 4 723.It Pa opencrypto/ 724.Xr crypto 7 725.It Pa powerpc/ 726PowerPC/POWER architecture support 727.It Pa riscv/ 728RISC-V architecture support 729.It Pa security/ 730.Xr audit 4 731and 732.Xr mac 4 733.It Pa sparc64/ 734SPARC64 architecture support 735.It Pa sys/ 736kernel headers 737.It Pa ufs/ 738Unix File System 739.It Pa x86/ 740code shared by AMD64 and i386 architectures 741.El 742.It Pa targets/ 743support for experimental DIRDEPS_BUILD 744.It Pa tests/ 745source code for files in 746.Pa /usr/tests 747.It Pa tools/ 748tools used for maintenance and testing of 749.Fx 750.It Pa usr.bin/ 751source code for files in 752.Pa /usr/bin 753.It Pa usr.sbin/ 754source code for files in 755.Pa /usr/sbin 756.El 757.Pp 758.It Pa tests/ 759The 760.Fx 761test suite. 762See 763.Xr tests 7 764for more details. 765.El 766.It Pa /var/ 767multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 768.Pp 769.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 770.It Pa account/ 771system accounting files 772.Pp 773.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 774.It Pa acct 775execution accounting file; 776see 777.Xr acct 5 778.El 779.Pp 780.It Pa at/ 781timed command scheduling files; 782see 783.Xr \&at 1 784.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 785.It Pa jobs/ 786directory containing job files 787.It Pa spool/ 788directory containing output spool files 789.El 790.Pp 791.It Pa backups/ 792miscellaneous backup files 793.It Pa cache/ 794miscellaneous cached files 795.Bl -tag -width "pkg/" -compact 796.It Pa pkg/ 797cached packages for 798.Xr pkg 8 799.El 800.Pp 801.It Pa crash/ 802default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 803.Xr crash 8 804and 805.Xr savecore 8 806.It Pa cron/ 807files used by cron; 808see 809.Xr cron 8 810.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 811.It Pa tabs/ 812crontab files; 813see 814.Xr crontab 5 815.El 816.Pp 817.It Pa db/ 818miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files 819.It Pa empty/ 820empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory. 821Used for instance by 822.Xr sshd 8 823for privilege separation. 824.It Pa games/ 825miscellaneous game status and score files 826.It Pa heimdal/ 827kerberos server databases; see 828.Xr kdc 8 829.It Pa log/ 830miscellaneous system log files 831.Pp 832.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 833.It Pa utx.lastlogin 834last login log; 835see 836.Xr getutxent 3 837.It Pa utx.log 838login/logout log; 839see 840.Xr getutxent 3 841.El 842.Pp 843.It Pa mail/ 844user mailbox files 845.It Pa msgs/ 846system messages database; 847see 848.Xr msgs 1 849.It Pa preserve/ 850temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 851of an editor; 852see 853.Xr \&ex 1 854.It Pa quotas/ 855file system quota information files 856.It Pa run/ 857system information files describing various info about 858system since it was booted 859.Pp 860.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 861.It Pa ppp/ 862writable by the 863.Dq network 864group for command connection sockets; see 865.Xr ppp 8 866.It Pa utx.active 867database of current users; 868see 869.Xr getutxent 3 870.El 871.Pp 872.It Pa rwho/ 873rwho data files; 874see 875.Xr rwhod 8 , 876.Xr rwho 1 , 877and 878.Xr ruptime 1 879.It Pa spool/ 880miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling directories 881.Pp 882.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 883.It Pa clientmqueue/ 884undelivered submission mail queue; 885see 886.Xr sendmail 8 887.It Pa ftp/ 888commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory 889.It Pa mqueue/ 890undelivered mail queue; 891see 892.Xr sendmail 8 893.It Pa output/ 894line printer spooling directories 895.El 896.Pp 897.It Pa tmp/ 898temporary files that are kept between system reboots 899.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 900.It Pa vi.recover/ 901the directory where recovery files are stored 902.El 903.It Pa yp/ 904the NIS maps 905.El 906.El 907.Sh NOTES 908This manual page documents the default 909.Fx 910file system layout, but 911the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 912administrator's discretion. 913A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 914this document. 915.Sh SEE ALSO 916.Xr apropos 1 , 917.Xr find 1 , 918.Xr finger 1 , 919.Xr grep 1 , 920.Xr ls 1 , 921.Xr whatis 1 , 922.Xr whereis 1 , 923.Xr which 1 , 924.Xr fd 4 , 925.Xr devfs 5 , 926.Xr fsck 8 927.Sh HISTORY 928A 929.Nm 930manual page appeared in 931.At v7 . 932