1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $Id: hier.7,v 1.17 1999/02/15 00:56:38 jkh Exp $ 34.\" 35.Dd June 5, 1993 36.Dt HIER 7 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm hier 40.Nd layout of filesystems 41.Sh DESCRIPTION 42A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 43.Bl -tag -width "/stand/" 44.It Li / 45root directory of the filesystem 46.It Li /bin/ 47user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 48.It Li /dev/ 49block and character device files 50.Pp 51.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 52.It Li MAKEDEV 53script for creating device files; 54see 55.Xr MAKEDEV 8 56.It Li fd/ 57file descriptor files; 58see 59.Xr \&fd 4 60.El 61.It Li /etc/ 62system configuration files and scripts 63.Pp 64.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact 65.It Li defaults/ 66default system configuration files; 67see 68.Xr rc 8 69.It Li gnats/ 70gnats configuration files; 71see 72.Xr send-pr 1 73.It Li isdn/ 74isdn4bsd configuration files; 75see 76.Xr isdnd 8 77.It Li kerberosIV/ 78configuration files for the kerberos version IV; 79see 80.Xr kerberos 1 81.It Li localtime 82local timezone information; 83see 84.Xr ctime 3 85.It Li mail/ 86spam-filtering information 87.It Li mtree/ 88mtree configuration files; 89see 90.Xr mtree 8 91.It Li namedb/ 92named configuration files; 93see 94.Xr named 8 95.It Li periodic/ 96scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 97.Xr cron 8 ; 98see 99.Xr periodic 8 100.It Li ppp/ 101.Xr ppp 8 102ppp configuration files; 103see 104.Xr ppp 8 105.It Li skel/ 106local example . (dot) files for new accounts; 107see 108.Xr adduser 8 109.It Li uucp/ 110uucp configuration files; 111see 112.Xr uucp 1 113.El 114.It Li /kernel 115pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 116at boot time). 117.It Li /modules/ 118loadable kernel modules; 119see 120.Xr kldstat 8 121.It Li /mnt/ 122empty directory commonly used by 123system administrators as a temporary mount point 124.It Li /proc/ 125process file system; 126see 127.Xr procfs 5 , 128.Xr mount_procfs 8 129.It Li /root/ 130root's HOME directory 131.It Li /sbin/ 132system programs and administration utilities 133fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 134.It Li /stand/ 135programs used in a standalone environment 136.It Li /tmp/ 137temporary files, usually a 138.Xr mfs 8 139memory-based filesystem (the contents 140of /tmp are usually NOT preserved across a system reboot) 141.It Li /usr/ 142contains the majority of user utilities and applications 143.Pp 144.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 145.It Li bin/ 146common utilities, programming tools, and applications 147.It Li games/ 148useful and semi-frivolous programs 149.It Li include/ 150standard C include files 151.Pp 152.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 153.It Li arpa/ 154C include files for Internet service protocols 155.It Li g++/ 156GNU C++ include files 157.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 158.It Li std 159GNU C++ libstdc++ include files 160.El 161.It Li isofs/ 162.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 163.It Li cd9660/ 164iso9660 filesystem 165.El 166.It Li kerberosIV/ 167C include files for kerberos authentication package; 168see 169.Xr kerberos 1 170.It Li machine/ 171machine specific C include files 172.It Li msdosfs/ 173MS-DOS file system 174.It Li net/ 175misc network C include files 176.It Li netatalk/ 177Appletalk protocol 178.It Li netinet/ 179C include files for Internet standard protocols; 180see 181.Xr inet 4 182.It Li netipx/ 183IPX/SPX protocol stacks 184.It Li netkey/ 185kernel key-management service 186.It Li netns/ 187Xerox NS protocols 188.It Li nfs/ 189C include files for NFS (Network File System) 190.It Li objc/ 191Objective C include files 192.It Li pccard/ 193PC-CARD controllers 194.It Li protocols/ 195C include files for Berkeley service protocols 196.It Li readline/ 197get a line from a user with editing; 198see 199.Xr readline 3 200.It Li rpc/ 201remote procedure calls; 202see 203.Xr rpc 3 204.It Li rpcsvc/ 205??? 206.It Li ss/ 207libss ??? 208.It Li sys/ 209system C include files (kernel data structures) 210.\" .It Li tcl/ 211.\" Tcl language; 212.\" see 213.\" .Xr Tcl n 214.\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 215.\" .It Li generic/ 216.\" ??? 217.\" .It Li unix/ 218.\" ??? 219.\" .El 220.It Li ufs/ 221C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 222.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 223.It Li ffs/ 224Fast filesystem 225.It Li lfs/ 226log filesystem; 227see 228.Xr mount_lfs 8 229.It Li mfs/ 230memory file system; 231see 232.Xr mount_mfs 8 233.It Li ufs/ 234UFS filesystem 235.El 236.It Li vm/ 237virtual memory; 238see 239.Xr vmstat 8 240.El 241.Pp 242.It Li lib/ 243archive libraries 244.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 245.It Li compat/ 246shared libraries for compatibility 247.El 248.Pp 249.It Li libdata/ 250misc. utility data files 251.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 252.It Li gcc/ 253??? 254.It Li lint/ 255various prebuilt lint libraries; 256see 257.Xr lint 1 258.It Li perl/ 259.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 260.It Li 5.00503/ 261contains Perl modules for Perl version 5.00503; 262see 263.Xr perl 1 264.El 265.It Li stallion/ 266holding the download firmware images 267.It Li tcl 268???; 269see 270.Xr Tcl n 271.El 272.Pp 273.It Li libexec/ 274system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 275.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 276.It Li lpr/ 277??? 278see 279.Xr lpr 1 280.It Li sm.bin/ 281restricted shell for sendmail; 282see 283.Xr smrsh 8 284.It Li uucp/ 285uucp utilities; 286see 287.Xr uucp 1 288.El 289.Pp 290.It Li local/ 291local executables, libraries, etc. 292.br 293Also used as the default destination for the 294.Tn FreeBSD 295ports framework. 296Within local/, the general layout sketched out by 297.Xr hier 7 298for /usr 299should be used. Exceptions are the man directory is directly under local/ 300rather than under local/share/. Ports documentation is in share/doc/<port>/ 301.It Li mdec/ 302boot programs; 303see 304.Xr disklabel 8 305.It Li obj/ 306architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree 307.It Li ports 308The 309.Tn FreeBSD 310ports collection (optional). 311.It Li sbin/ 312system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 313.It Li share/ 314architecture-independent files 315.Pp 316.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 317.It Li calendar/ 318a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 319see 320.Xr calendar 1 321.It Li dict/ 322word lists; 323see 324.Xr look 1 325.Pp 326.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 327.It Li words 328common words 329.It Li web2 330words from Webster's 2nd International 331.It Li papers/ 332reference databases; 333see 334.Xr refer 1 335.It Li special/ 336custom word lists; 337see 338.Xr spell 1 339.El 340.Pp 341.It Li doc/ 342misc documentation; 343src for most of the printed 344.Bx BSD 345manuals (available 346from the 347.Tn USENIX 348association) 349.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 350.It Li FAQ/ 351Frequently Asked Questions 352.It Li handbook/ 353.Tn FreeBSD 354Handbook 355.It Li papers/ 356UNIX Papers 357.It Li psd/ 358UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents 359.It Li smm/ 360UNIX System Manager's Manual 361.It Li usd/ 362UNIX User's Supplementary Documents 363.El 364.Pp 365.It Li examples/ 366various examples for users and programmers 367.It Li games/ 368ascii text files used by various games 369.It Li groff_font/ 370device description file for device name 371.It Li info/ 372GNU Info hypertext system 373.It Li isdn/ 374ISDN 375.It Li libg++/ 376libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 377.It Li locale/ 378internationalization files; 379see 380.Xr setlocale 3 381.It Li man/ 382manual pages 383.It Li me/ 384macros for use with the me macro package 385.It Li misc/ 386misc system-wide ascii text files 387.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 388.It Li fonts/ 389??? 390.It Li pcvtfonts/ 391pcvt fonts; 392see 393.Xr pcvt 4 394.It Li pkg_manage/ 395package manager help files; 396see 397.Xr pkg_manage 398.It Li termcap 399terminal characteristics database; 400see 401.Xr termcap 5 402.El 403.It Li mk/ 404templates for make; 405see 406.Xr make 1 407.It Li ms/ 408macros for use with the ms macro package 409.It Li nls/ 410national language support files; 411see 412.Xr mklocale 1 413.It Li perl/ 414perl library files; 415see 416.Xr perl 1 417.It Li sgml/ 418SGML tools files; 419see 420.Xr instant 1 421.It Li skel/ 422example . (dot) files for new accounts 423.It Li tabset/ 424tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 425the termcap file; 426see 427.Xr termcap 5 428.It Li tmac/ 429text processing macros; 430see 431.Xr nroff 1 432and 433.Xr troff 1 434.It Li zoneinfo/ 435timezone configuration information; 436see 437.Xr tzfile 5 438.El 439.It Li src/ 440BSD and/or local source files 441.Pp 442.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 443.It Li bin/ 444src for files in /bin 445.It Li contrib/ 446src for file from contributed software 447.It Li eBones 448Kerberos and DES 449.It Li etc/ 450src for files in /etc 451.It Li games/ 452src for files in /usr/games 453.It Li gnu/ 454Utilities covered by the GNU Public License 455.It Li include/ 456src for files in /usr/include 457.It Li kerberosIV/ 458src for kerberos version IV 459.It Li lib/ 460src for files in /usr/lib 461.It Li libexec/ 462src for files in /usr/libexec 463.It Li release/ 464Files required to produce a 465.Tn FreeBSD 466release 467.It Li sbin/ 468src for files in /sbin 469.It Li secure 470DES Sources 471.It Li share/ 472src for files in /usr/share 473.It Li sys/ 474kernel src files 475.It Li usr.bin/ 476src for files in /usr/bin 477.It Li usr.sbin/ 478src for files in /usr/sbin 479.El 480.Pp 481.It Li X11R6/ 482X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional). 483.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 484.It Li bin/ 485X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports). 486.It Li etc/ 487X11R6 configuration files and scripts. 488.It Li include/ 489X11R6 include files. 490.It Li lib/ 491X11R6 libraries. 492.It Li man/ 493X11R6 manual pages. 494.It Li share/ 495architecture independant files. 496.El 497.El 498.It Li /var/ 499multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 500.Pp 501.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 502.It Li account/ 503system accounting files 504.Pp 505.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 506.It Li acct 507execution accounting file; 508see 509.Xr acct 5 510.El 511.Pp 512.It Li at/ 513timed command scheduling files; 514see 515.Xr \&at 1 516.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 517.It Li jobs 518directory containing job files 519.It Li spool 520directory containing output spool files 521.El 522.Pp 523.It Li backups/ 524misc. backup files 525.It Li crash 526???; 527see 528.Xr crash 8 529.It Li cron/ 530.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 531.It Li log 532cron log files; 533see 534.Xr cron 8 535.It Li tabs 536crontab files; 537see 538.Xr crontab 5 539.El 540.Pp 541.It Li db/ 542misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 543.It Li games/ 544misc. game status and log files 545.It Li games/ 546games score files 547.It Li log/ 548misc. system log files 549.Pp 550.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 551.It Li wtmp 552login/logout log; 553see 554.Xr wtmp 5 555.El 556.Pp 557.It Li mail/ 558user mailbox files 559.It Li preserve/ 560temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 561of an editor; 562see 563.Xr \&ex 1 564.It Li msgs/ 565system messages database; 566see 567.Xr msgs 1 568.It Li quotas/ 569filesystem quota information files 570.It preserve 571??? 572.It Li run/ 573system information files describing various info about 574system since it was booted 575.Pp 576.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 577.It Li utmp 578database of current users; 579see 580.Xr utmp 5 581.El 582.Pp 583.It Li rwho/ 584rwho data files; 585see 586.Xr rwhod 8 , 587.Xr rwho 1 , 588and 589.Xr ruptime 1 590.It Li spool/ 591misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 592.Pp 593.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 594.It Li ftp/ 595commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory 596.It Li mqueue/ 597undelivered mail queue; 598see 599.Xr sendmail 8 600.It Li output/ 601line printer spooling directories 602.It Li secretmail/ 603secretmail spool directory; 604see 605.Xr xget 1 606.It Li uucp/ 607uucp spool directory 608.It Li uucppublic/ 609commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory 610.El 611.Pp 612.It Li tmp/ 613temporary files that are kept between system reboots 614.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 615.It Li vi.recover 616the directory where recovery files are stored 617.El 618.It Li yp 619the NIS maps 620.El 621.El 622.Sh SEE ALSO 623.Xr apropos 1 , 624.Xr find 1 , 625.Xr finger 1 , 626.Xr grep 1 , 627.Xr ls 1 , 628.Xr whatis 1 , 629.Xr whereis 1 , 630.Xr which 1 , 631.Xr fsck 8 632.Sh HISTORY 633A 634.Nm hier 635manual page appeared in 636.At v7 . 637