1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD$ 34.\" 35.Dd June 5, 1993 36.Dt HIER 7 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm hier 40.Nd layout of filesystems 41.Sh DESCRIPTION 42A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 43.Bl -tag -width "/stand/" 44.It Pa / 45root directory of the filesystem 46.It Pa /bin/ 47user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 48.It Pa /boot/ 49programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 50.Pp 51.Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact 52.It Pa defaults/ 53default bootstrapping configuration files; see 54.Xr loader.conf 5 55.It Pa kernel/ 56pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 57at boot time). 58.It Pa modules/ 59third-part loadable kernel modules; 60see 61.Xr kldstat 8 62.El 63.It Pa /dev/ 64block and character device files 65.Pp 66.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 67.It Pa MAKEDEV 68script for creating device files; 69see 70.Xr MAKEDEV 8 71.It Pa fd/ 72file descriptor files; 73see 74.Xr \&fd 4 75.El 76.It Pa /etc/ 77system configuration files and scripts 78.Pp 79.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact 80.It Pa defaults/ 81default system configuration files; 82see 83.Xr rc 8 84.It Pa gnats/ 85gnats configuration files; 86see 87.Xr send-pr 1 88.It Pa isdn/ 89isdn4bsd configuration files; 90see 91.Xr isdnd 8 92.It Pa kerberosIV/ 93configuration files for the kerberos version IV; 94see 95.Xr kerberos 1 96.It Pa localtime 97local timezone information; 98see 99.Xr ctime 3 100.It Pa mail/ 101spam-filtering information 102.It Pa mtree/ 103mtree configuration files; 104see 105.Xr mtree 8 106.It Pa namedb/ 107named configuration files; 108see 109.Xr named 8 110.It Pa periodic/ 111scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 112.Xr cron 8 ; 113see 114.Xr periodic 8 115.It Pa ppp/ 116ppp configuration files; 117see 118.Xr ppp 8 119.It Pa ssl/ 120OpenSSL configuration files 121.It Pa uucp/ 122uucp configuration files; 123see 124.Xr uucp 1 125.El 126.It Pa /mnt/ 127empty directory commonly used by 128system administrators as a temporary mount point 129.It Pa /proc/ 130process file system; 131see 132.Xr procfs 5 , 133.Xr mount_procfs 8 134.It Pa /root/ 135root's HOME directory 136.It Pa /sbin/ 137system programs and administration utilities 138fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 139.It Pa /stand/ 140programs used in a standalone environment 141.It Pa /tmp/ 142temporary files 143.It Pa /usr/ 144contains the majority of user utilities and applications 145.Pp 146.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 147.It Pa bin/ 148common utilities, programming tools, and applications 149.It Pa games/ 150useful and semi-frivolous programs 151.It Pa include/ 152standard C include files 153.Pp 154.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 155.It Pa arpa/ 156C include files for Internet service protocols 157.It Pa cam/ 158C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 159.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 160.It scsi/ 161The SCSI device on top of CAM 162.El 163.It Pa dev/ 164C include files for programming various 165.Fx 166devices 167.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 168.It Pa ppbus/ 169The parallel port bus; 170see 171.Xr ppbus 4 172.It Pa usb/ 173The USB subsystem 174.El 175.It Pa g++/ 176GNU C++ include files 177.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 178.It Pa std/ 179GNU C++ libstdc++ include files 180.El 181.It Pa isc/ 182ISC utility library libisc include files 183.It Pa isofs/ 184.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 185.It Pa cd9660/ 186iso9660 filesystem 187.El 188.It Pa kerberosIV/ 189C include files for kerberos authentication package; 190see 191.Xr kerberos 1 192.It Pa machine/ 193machine-specific C include files 194.It Pa msdosfs/ 195MS-DOS file system 196.It Pa net/ 197misc network C include files 198.It Pa netatalk/ 199Appletalk protocol 200.It Pa netatm/ 201ATM include files; 202see 203.Xr atm 8 204.It Pa netinet/ 205C include files for Internet standard protocols; 206see 207.Xr inet 4 208.It Pa netinet6/ 209C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 210see 211.Xr inet6 4 212.It Pa netipx/ 213IPX/SPX protocol stacks 214.It Pa netkey/ 215kernel key-management service 216.It Pa netns/ 217Xerox NS protocols 218.It Pa netnatm/ 219NATM include files; 220see 221.Xr natm 4 222.It Pa nfs/ 223C include files for NFS (Network File System) 224.It Pa objc/ 225Objective C include files 226.It Pa openssl/ 227OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 228.It Pa pccard/ 229PC-CARD controllers 230.It Pa posix4/ 231POSIX real-time extensions includes; 232see 233.Xr p1003_1b 9 234.It Pa protocols/ 235C include files for Berkeley service protocols 236.It Pa readline/ 237get a line from a user, with editing; 238see 239.Xr readline 3 240.It Pa rpc/ 241remote procedure calls; 242see 243.Xr rpc 3 244.It Pa rpcsvc/ 245definition of RPC service structures; see 246.Xr rpc 3 247.It Pa security/ 248PAM; see 249.Xr pam 8 250.It Pa ss/ 251MIT SIPB 252.Sq subsystem 253library, part of Kerberos IV. 254.It Pa sys/ 255system C include files (kernel data structures) 256.\" .It Pa tcl/ 257.\" Tcl language; 258.\" see 259.\" .Xr Tcl n 260.\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 261.\" .It Pa generic/ 262.\" ??? 263.\" .It Pa unix/ 264.\" ??? 265.\" .El 266.It Pa ufs/ 267C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 268.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 269.It Pa ffs/ 270Fast filesystem 271.It Pa mfs/ 272memory file system; 273see 274.Xr mount_mfs 8 275.It Pa ufs/ 276UFS filesystem 277.El 278.It Pa vm/ 279virtual memory; 280see 281.Xr vmstat 8 282.El 283.Pp 284.It Pa lib/ 285archive libraries 286.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 287.It Pa aout/ 288a.out archive libraries 289.It Pa compat/ 290shared libraries for compatibility 291.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 292.It Pa aout/ 293a.out backward compatibility libraries 294.El 295.El 296.Pp 297.It Pa libdata/ 298misc. utility data files 299.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 300.It Pa doscmd/ 301files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); 302see 303.Xr doscmd 1 304.Bl -tag -width 6n -compact 305.It Pa fonts/ 306fonts used by doscmd 307.El 308.It Pa gcc/ 309??? 310.It Pa ldscripts/ 311linker scripts; 312see 313.Xr ld 1 314.It Pa lint/ 315various prebuilt lint libraries; 316see 317.Xr lint 1 318.It Pa msdosfs/ 319Character set conversion tables 320.It Pa perl/ 321.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 322.It Pa 5.00503/ 323contains Perl modules for Perl version 5.00503; 324see 325.Xr perl 1 326.El 327.It Pa stallion/ 328holds the download firmware images 329.El 330.Pp 331.It Pa libexec/ 332system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 333.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 334.It Pa aout/ 335utilities to manipulate a.out executables 336.It Pa elf/ 337utilities to manipulate ELF executables 338.It Pa lpr/ 339utilities and filters for LP print system; 340see 341.Xr lpr 1 342.It Pa sm.bin/ 343restricted shell for sendmail; 344see 345.Xr smrsh 8 346.It Pa uucp/ 347uucp utilities; 348see 349.Xr uucp 1 350.El 351.Pp 352.It Pa local/ 353local executables, libraries, etc. 354Also used as the default destination for the 355.Fx 356ports framework. 357Within local/, the general layout sketched out by 358.Xr hier 7 359for /usr 360should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/ 361rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/), 362and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc). 363.It Pa obj/ 364architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree 365.It Pa ports/ 366The 367.Fx 368ports collection (optional). 369.It Pa sbin/ 370system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 371.It Pa share/ 372architecture-independent files 373.Pp 374.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 375.It Pa calendar/ 376a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 377see 378.Xr calendar 1 379.It Pa dict/ 380word lists; 381see 382.Xr look 1 383.Pp 384.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 385.It Pa words 386common words 387.It Pa web2 388words from Webster's 2nd International 389.It Pa papers/ 390reference databases; 391see 392.Xr refer 1 393.It Pa special/ 394custom word lists; 395see 396.Xr spell 1 397.El 398.Pp 399.It Pa doc/ 400miscellaneous documentation; 401source for most of the printed 402.Bx 403manuals (available 404from the 405.Tn USENIX 406association) 407.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 408.It Pa FAQ/ 409Frequently Asked Questions 410.It Pa IPv6/ 411implementation notes for IPv6 412.It Pa bind/ 413documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain) 414.It Pa es/ 415Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 416.It Pa handbook/ 417.Fx 418Handbook 419.It Pa ja/ 420Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 421.It Pa ncurses/ 422HTML documents pertaining to ncurses; 423see 424.Xr ncurses 3X 425.It Pa ntp/ 426HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol 427.It Pa papers/ 428UNIX Papers 429.It Pa psd/ 430UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents 431.It Pa ru/ 432Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 433.It Pa smm/ 434UNIX System Manager's Manual 435.It Pa tutorials/ 436.Fx 437tutorials 438.It Pa usd/ 439UNIX User's Supplementary Documents 440.It Pa zh/ 441Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 442.El 443.Pp 444.It Pa examples/ 445various examples for users and programmers 446.It Pa games/ 447ASCII text files used by various games 448.It Pa groff_font/ 449device description file for device name 450.It Pa info/ 451GNU Info hypertext system 452.It Pa isdn/ 453ISDN 454.It Pa libg++/ 455libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 456.It Pa locale/ 457localization files; 458see 459.Xr setlocale 3 460.It Pa man/ 461manual pages 462.It Pa me/ 463macros for use with the me macro package; 464see 465.Xr me 7 466.It Pa misc/ 467misc system-wide ASCII text files 468.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 469.It Pa fonts/ 470??? 471.It Pa pcvtfonts/ 472pcvt fonts; 473see 474.Xr pcvt 4 475.It Pa termcap 476terminal characteristics database; 477see 478.Xr termcap 5 479.El 480.It Pa mk/ 481templates for make; 482see 483.Xr make 1 484.It Pa nls/ 485national language support files; 486see 487.Xr mklocale 1 488.It Pa pcvt/ 489pcvt documentation and etc examples; 490see 491.Xr pcvt 4 492.It Pa perl/ 493perl library files; 494see 495.Xr perl 1 496.It Pa sendmail/ 497sendmail configuration files; 498see 499.Xr sendmail 8 500.It Pa skel/ 501example . (dot) files for new accounts 502.It Pa syscons/ 503files used by syscons; 504see 505.Xr syscons 4 506.Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact 507.It Pa fonts/ 508console fonts; 509see 510.Xr vidcontrol 1 511and 512.Xr vidfont 1 513.It Pa keymaps/ 514console keyboard maps; 515see 516.Xr kbdcontrol 1 517and 518.Xr kbdmap 1 519.It Pa scrnmaps/ 520console screen maps 521.El 522.It Pa tabset/ 523tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 524the termcap file; 525see 526.Xr termcap 5 527.It Pa tmac/ 528text processing macros; 529see 530.Xr nroff 1 531and 532.Xr troff 1 533.It Pa vi/ 534localization support and utilities for 535.Xr vi 1 536.It Pa zoneinfo/ 537timezone configuration information; 538see 539.Xr tzfile 5 540.El 541.It Pa src/ 542BSD, third-party, and/or local source files 543.Pp 544.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 545.It Pa bin/ 546source code for files in /bin 547.It Pa contrib/ 548source code for contributed software 549.It Pa crypto/ 550source code for contributed cryptography software 551.It Pa etc/ 552source code for files in /etc 553.It Pa games/ 554source code for files in /usr/games 555.It Pa gnu/ 556Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 557.It Pa include/ 558source code for files in /usr/include 559.It Pa kerberosIV/ 560source code for kerberos version IV 561.It Pa lib/ 562source code for files in /usr/lib 563.It Pa libexec/ 564source code for files in /usr/libexec 565.It Pa release/ 566files required to produce a 567.Fx 568release 569.It Pa sbin/ 570source code for files in /sbin 571.It Pa secure/ 572build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto 573.It Pa share/ 574source for files in /usr/share 575.It Pa sys/ 576kernel source code 577.It Pa tools/ 578tools used for maintenance and testing of 579.Fx 580.It Pa usr.bin/ 581source code for files in /usr/bin 582.It Pa usr.sbin/ 583source code for files in /usr/sbin 584.El 585.Pp 586.It Pa X11R6/ 587X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional). 588.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 589.It Pa bin/ 590X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports). 591.It Pa etc/ 592X11R6 configuration files and scripts. 593.It Pa include/ 594X11R6 include files. 595.It Pa lib/ 596X11R6 libraries. 597.It Pa man/ 598X11R6 manual pages. 599.It Pa share/ 600architecture-independent files. 601.El 602.El 603.It Pa /var/ 604multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 605.Pp 606.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 607.It Pa account/ 608system accounting files 609.Pp 610.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 611.It Pa acct 612execution accounting file; 613see 614.Xr acct 5 615.El 616.Pp 617.It Pa at/ 618timed command scheduling files; 619see 620.Xr \&at 1 621.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 622.It Pa jobs/ 623directory containing job files 624.It Pa spool/ 625directory containing output spool files 626.El 627.Pp 628.It Pa backups/ 629misc. backup files 630.It Pa crash/ 631default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 632.Xr crash 8 633and 634.Xr savecore 8 635.It Pa cron/ 636files used by cron; 637see 638.Xr cron 8 639.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 640.It Pa tabs/ 641crontab files; 642see 643.Xr crontab 5 644.El 645.Pp 646.It Pa db/ 647misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 648.It Pa games/ 649misc. game status and score files 650.It Pa log/ 651misc. system log files 652.Pp 653.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 654.It Pa wtmp 655login/logout log; 656see 657.Xr wtmp 5 658.El 659.Pp 660.It Pa mail/ 661user mailbox files 662.It Pa preserve/ 663temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 664of an editor; 665see 666.Xr \&ex 1 667.It Pa msgs/ 668system messages database; 669see 670.Xr msgs 1 671.It Pa quotas/ 672filesystem quota information files 673.It Pa run/ 674system information files describing various info about 675system since it was booted 676.Pp 677.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 678.It Pa utmp 679database of current users; 680see 681.Xr utmp 5 682.El 683.Pp 684.It Pa rwho/ 685rwho data files; 686see 687.Xr rwhod 8 , 688.Xr rwho 1 , 689and 690.Xr ruptime 1 691.It Pa spool/ 692misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 693.Pp 694.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 695.It Pa ftp/ 696commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory 697.It Pa mqueue/ 698undelivered mail queue; 699see 700.Xr sendmail 8 701.It Pa output/ 702line printer spooling directories 703.It Pa secretmail/ 704secretmail spool directory; 705see 706.Xr xget 1 707.It Pa uucp/ 708uucp spool directory 709.It Pa uucppublic/ 710commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory 711.El 712.Pp 713.It Pa tmp/ 714temporary files that are kept between system reboots 715.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 716.It Pa vi.recover/ 717the directory where recovery files are stored 718.El 719.It Pa yp/ 720the NIS maps 721.El 722.El 723.Sh SEE ALSO 724.Xr apropos 1 , 725.Xr find 1 , 726.Xr finger 1 , 727.Xr grep 1 , 728.Xr ls 1 , 729.Xr whatis 1 , 730.Xr whereis 1 , 731.Xr which 1 , 732.Xr fsck 8 733.Sh HISTORY 734A 735.Nm 736manual page appeared in 737.At v7 . 738