1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD$ 34.\" 35.Dd June 5, 1993 36.Dt HIER 7 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm hier 40.Nd layout of filesystems 41.Sh DESCRIPTION 42A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 43.Bl -tag -width "/stand/" 44.It Li / 45root directory of the filesystem 46.It Li /bin/ 47user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 48.It Li /boot/ 49programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 50.Pp 51.Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact 52.It Li defaults/ 53default bootstrapping configuration files; see 54.Xr loader.conf 5 55.El 56.It Li /dev/ 57block and character device files 58.Pp 59.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 60.It Li MAKEDEV 61script for creating device files; 62see 63.Xr MAKEDEV 8 64.It Li fd/ 65file descriptor files; 66see 67.Xr \&fd 4 68.El 69.It Li /etc/ 70system configuration files and scripts 71.Pp 72.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact 73.It Li defaults/ 74default system configuration files; 75see 76.Xr rc 8 77.It Li gnats/ 78gnats configuration files; 79see 80.Xr send-pr 1 81.It Li isdn/ 82isdn4bsd configuration files; 83see 84.Xr isdnd 8 85.It Li kerberosIV/ 86configuration files for the kerberos version IV; 87see 88.Xr kerberos 1 89.It Li localtime 90local timezone information; 91see 92.Xr ctime 3 93.It Li mail/ 94spam-filtering information 95.It Li mtree/ 96mtree configuration files; 97see 98.Xr mtree 8 99.It Li namedb/ 100named configuration files; 101see 102.Xr named 8 103.It Li periodic/ 104scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 105.Xr cron 8 ; 106see 107.Xr periodic 8 108.It Li ppp/ 109.Xr ppp 8 110ppp configuration files; 111see 112.Xr ppp 8 113.It Li uucp/ 114uucp configuration files; 115see 116.Xr uucp 1 117.El 118.It Li /kernel 119pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 120at boot time). 121.It Li /modules/ 122loadable kernel modules; 123see 124.Xr kldstat 8 125.It Li /mnt/ 126empty directory commonly used by 127system administrators as a temporary mount point 128.It Li /proc/ 129process file system; 130see 131.Xr procfs 5 , 132.Xr mount_procfs 8 133.It Li /root/ 134root's HOME directory 135.It Li /sbin/ 136system programs and administration utilities 137fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 138.It Li /stand/ 139programs used in a standalone environment 140.It Li /tmp/ 141temporary files, usually a 142.Xr mfs 8 143memory-based filesystem (the contents 144of /tmp are usually NOT preserved across a system reboot) 145.It Li /usr/ 146contains the majority of user utilities and applications 147.Pp 148.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 149.It Li bin/ 150common utilities, programming tools, and applications 151.It Li games/ 152useful and semi-frivolous programs 153.It Li include/ 154standard C include files 155.Pp 156.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 157.It Li arpa/ 158C include files for Internet service protocols 159.It Li g++/ 160GNU C++ include files 161.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 162.It Li std/ 163GNU C++ libstdc++ include files 164.El 165.It Li isofs/ 166.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 167.It Li cd9660/ 168iso9660 filesystem 169.El 170.It Li kerberosIV/ 171C include files for kerberos authentication package; 172see 173.Xr kerberos 1 174.It Li machine/ 175machine specific C include files 176.It Li msdosfs/ 177MS-DOS file system 178.It Li net/ 179misc network C include files 180.It Li netatalk/ 181Appletalk protocol 182.It Li netatm/ 183ATM include files; 184see 185.Xr atm 8 186.It Li netinet/ 187C include files for Internet standard protocols; 188see 189.Xr inet 4 190.It Li netipx/ 191IPX/SPX protocol stacks 192.It Li netkey/ 193kernel key-management service 194.It Li netns/ 195Xerox NS protocols 196.It Li nfs/ 197C include files for NFS (Network File System) 198.It Li objc/ 199Objective C include files 200.It Li pccard/ 201PC-CARD controllers 202.It Li posix4/ 203POSIX real-time extensions includes; 204see 205.Xr p1003_1b 9 206.It Li protocols/ 207C include files for Berkeley service protocols 208.It Li readline/ 209get a line from a user with editing; 210see 211.Xr readline 3 212.It Li rpc/ 213remote procedure calls; 214see 215.Xr rpc 3 216.It Li rpcsvc/ 217defintion of RPC service structures; see 218.Xr rpc 3 . 219.It Li security/ 220PAM; see 221.Xr pam 8 222.It Li ss/ 223MIT SIPB 224.Sq subsystem 225library, part of Kerberos IV. 226.It Li sys/ 227system C include files (kernel data structures) 228.\" .It Li tcl/ 229.\" Tcl language; 230.\" see 231.\" .Xr Tcl n 232.\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 233.\" .It Li generic/ 234.\" ??? 235.\" .It Li unix/ 236.\" ??? 237.\" .El 238.It Li ufs/ 239C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 240.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 241.It Li ffs/ 242Fast filesystem 243.It Li mfs/ 244memory file system; 245see 246.Xr mount_mfs 8 247.It Li ufs/ 248UFS filesystem 249.El 250.It Li vm/ 251virtual memory; 252see 253.Xr vmstat 8 254.El 255.Pp 256.It Li lib/ 257archive libraries 258.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 259.It Li compat/ 260shared libraries for compatibility 261.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 262.It Li aout/ 263a.out backward compatibility libraries 264.El 265.El 266.Pp 267.It Li libdata/ 268misc. utility data files 269.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 270.It Li gcc/ 271??? 272.It Li lint/ 273various prebuilt lint libraries; 274see 275.Xr lint 1 276.It Li msdosfs/ 277Chatacter set conversion tables 278.It Li perl/ 279.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 280.It Li 5.00503/ 281contains Perl modules for Perl version 5.00503; 282see 283.Xr perl 1 284.El 285.It Li stallion/ 286holding the download firmware images 287.It Li tcl 288???; 289see 290.Xr Tcl n 291.El 292.Pp 293.It Li libexec/ 294system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 295.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 296.It Li aout/ 297utilities to manipulate a.out executables. 298.It Li elf/ 299utilities to manipulate ELF executables. 300.It Li lpr/ 301utilities and filters for LP print system; 302see 303.Xr lpr 1 304.It Li sm.bin/ 305restricted shell for sendmail; 306see 307.Xr smrsh 8 308.It Li uucp/ 309uucp utilities; 310see 311.Xr uucp 1 312.El 313.Pp 314.It Li local/ 315local executables, libraries, etc. 316.br 317Also used as the default destination for the 318.Tn FreeBSD 319ports framework. 320Within local/, the general layout sketched out by 321.Xr hier 7 322for /usr 323should be used. Exceptions are the man directory is directly under local/ 324rather than under local/share/. Ports documentation is in share/doc/<port>/ 325.It Li mdec/ 326boot programs; 327see 328.Xr disklabel 8 329.It Li obj/ 330architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree 331.It Li ports 332The 333.Tn FreeBSD 334ports collection (optional). 335.It Li sbin/ 336system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 337.It Li share/ 338architecture-independent files 339.Pp 340.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 341.It Li calendar/ 342a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 343see 344.Xr calendar 1 345.It Li dict/ 346word lists; 347see 348.Xr look 1 349.Pp 350.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 351.It Li words 352common words 353.It Li web2 354words from Webster's 2nd International 355.It Li papers/ 356reference databases; 357see 358.Xr refer 1 359.It Li special/ 360custom word lists; 361see 362.Xr spell 1 363.El 364.Pp 365.It Li doc/ 366misc documentation; 367src for most of the printed 368.Bx 369manuals (available 370from the 371.Tn USENIX 372association) 373.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 374.It Li FAQ/ 375Frequently Asked Questions 376.It Li handbook/ 377.Tn FreeBSD 378Handbook 379.It Li papers/ 380UNIX Papers 381.It Li psd/ 382UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents 383.It Li smm/ 384UNIX System Manager's Manual 385.It Li usd/ 386UNIX User's Supplementary Documents 387.El 388.Pp 389.It Li examples/ 390various examples for users and programmers 391.It Li games/ 392ASCII text files used by various games 393.It Li groff_font/ 394device description file for device name 395.It Li info/ 396GNU Info hypertext system 397.It Li isdn/ 398ISDN 399.It Li libg++/ 400libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 401.It Li locale/ 402internationalization files; 403see 404.Xr setlocale 3 405.It Li man/ 406manual pages 407.It Li me/ 408macros for use with the me macro package 409.It Li misc/ 410misc system-wide ASCII text files 411.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 412.It Li fonts/ 413??? 414.It Li pcvtfonts/ 415pcvt fonts; 416see 417.Xr pcvt 4 418.It Li termcap 419terminal characteristics database; 420see 421.Xr termcap 5 422.El 423.It Li mk/ 424templates for make; 425see 426.Xr make 1 427.It Li nls/ 428national language support files; 429see 430.Xr mklocale 1 431.It Li pcvt/ 432pcvt documentation and etc examples; 433see 434.Xr pcvt 4 435.It Li perl/ 436perl library files; 437see 438.Xr perl 1 439.It Li skel/ 440example . (dot) files for new accounts 441.It Li syscons/ 442console staff; 443see 444.Xr syscons 4 445.Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact 446.It Li fonts/ 447console fonts; 448see 449.Xr vidcontrol 1 450and 451.Xr vidfont 1 452.It Li keymaps/ 453console keyboard maps; 454see 455.Xr kbdcontrol 1 456and 457.Xr kbdmap 1 458.It Li scrnmaps/ 459console screen maps 460.El 461.It Li tabset/ 462tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 463the termcap file; 464see 465.Xr termcap 5 466.It Li tmac/ 467text processing macros; 468see 469.Xr nroff 1 470and 471.Xr troff 1 472.It Li vi/ 473localization support and utilities for 474.Xr vi 1 . 475.It Li zoneinfo/ 476timezone configuration information; 477see 478.Xr tzfile 5 479.El 480.It Li src/ 481BSD and/or local source files 482.Pp 483.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 484.It Li bin/ 485src for files in /bin 486.It Li contrib/ 487src for file from contributed software 488.It Li crypto 489DES 490.It Li etc/ 491src for files in /etc 492.It Li games/ 493src for files in /usr/games 494.It Li gnu/ 495Utilities covered by the GNU Public License 496.It Li include/ 497src for files in /usr/include 498.It Li kerberosIV/ 499src for kerberos version IV 500.It Li lib/ 501src for files in /usr/lib 502.It Li libexec/ 503src for files in /usr/libexec 504.It Li release/ 505files required to produce a 506.Tn FreeBSD 507release 508.It Li sbin/ 509src for files in /sbin 510.It Li secure 511FreeSec sources 512.It Li share/ 513src for files in /usr/share 514.It Li sys/ 515kernel src files 516.It Li tools/ 517tools used for maintaince and testing of FreeBSD 518.It Li usr.bin/ 519src for files in /usr/bin 520.It Li usr.sbin/ 521src for files in /usr/sbin 522.El 523.Pp 524.It Li X11R6/ 525X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional). 526.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 527.It Li bin/ 528X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports). 529.It Li etc/ 530X11R6 configuration files and scripts. 531.It Li include/ 532X11R6 include files. 533.It Li lib/ 534X11R6 libraries. 535.It Li man/ 536X11R6 manual pages. 537.It Li share/ 538architecture independant files. 539.El 540.El 541.It Li /var/ 542multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 543.Pp 544.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 545.It Li account/ 546system accounting files 547.Pp 548.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 549.It Li acct 550execution accounting file; 551see 552.Xr acct 5 553.El 554.Pp 555.It Li at/ 556timed command scheduling files; 557see 558.Xr \&at 1 559.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 560.It Li jobs/ 561directory containing job files 562.It Li spool/ 563directory containing output spool files 564.El 565.Pp 566.It Li backups/ 567misc. backup files 568.It Li crash/ 569default drectory to store kernel crash dumps; see 570.Xr crash 8 571and 572.Xr savecore 8 . 573.It Li cron/ 574.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 575.It Li log 576cron log files; 577see 578.Xr cron 8 579.It Li tabs/ 580crontab files; 581see 582.Xr crontab 5 583.El 584.Pp 585.It Li db/ 586misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 587.It Li games/ 588misc. game status and score files 589.It Li log/ 590misc. system log files 591.Pp 592.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 593.It Li wtmp 594login/logout log; 595see 596.Xr wtmp 5 597.El 598.Pp 599.It Li mail/ 600user mailbox files 601.It Li preserve/ 602temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 603of an editor; 604see 605.Xr \&ex 1 606.It Li msgs/ 607system messages database; 608see 609.Xr msgs 1 610.It Li quotas/ 611filesystem quota information files 612.It Li run/ 613system information files describing various info about 614system since it was booted 615.Pp 616.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 617.It Li utmp 618database of current users; 619see 620.Xr utmp 5 621.El 622.Pp 623.It Li rwho/ 624rwho data files; 625see 626.Xr rwhod 8 , 627.Xr rwho 1 , 628and 629.Xr ruptime 1 630.It Li spool/ 631misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 632.Pp 633.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 634.It Li ftp/ 635commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory 636.It Li mqueue/ 637undelivered mail queue; 638see 639.Xr sendmail 8 640.It Li output/ 641line printer spooling directories 642.It Li secretmail/ 643secretmail spool directory; 644see 645.Xr xget 1 646.It Li uucp/ 647uucp spool directory 648.It Li uucppublic/ 649commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory 650.El 651.Pp 652.It Li tmp/ 653temporary files that are kept between system reboots 654.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 655.It Li vi.recover/ 656the directory where recovery files are stored 657.El 658.It Li yp 659the NIS maps 660.El 661.El 662.Sh SEE ALSO 663.Xr apropos 1 , 664.Xr find 1 , 665.Xr finger 1 , 666.Xr grep 1 , 667.Xr ls 1 , 668.Xr whatis 1 , 669.Xr whereis 1 , 670.Xr which 1 , 671.Xr fsck 8 672.Sh HISTORY 673A 674.Nm hier 675manual page appeared in 676.At v7 . 677