1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD$ 34.\" 35.Dd June 5, 1993 36.Dt HIER 7 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm hier 40.Nd layout of file systems 41.Sh DESCRIPTION 42A sketch of the file system hierarchy. 43.Bl -tag -width "/stand/" 44.It Pa / 45root directory of the file system 46.It Pa /bin/ 47user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 48.It Pa /boot/ 49programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 50.Pp 51.Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact 52.It Pa defaults/ 53default bootstrapping configuration files; see 54.Xr loader.conf 5 55.It Pa kernel/ 56pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 57at boot time). 58.It Pa modules/ 59third-party loadable kernel modules; 60see 61.Xr kldstat 8 62.El 63.It Pa /cdrom/ 64default mount point for CD-ROM drives 65(created by 66.Xr sysinstall 8 ) 67.It Pa /compat/ 68normally a link to 69.Pa /usr/compat . 70If not, then the 71.Pa /usr/compat 72comments apply 73(created by 74.Xr sysinstall 8 ) 75.It Pa /dev/ 76block and character device files 77.Pp 78.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 79.It Pa MAKEDEV 80script for creating device files; 81see 82.Xr MAKEDEV 8 83.It Pa fd/ 84file descriptor files; 85see 86.Xr \&fd 4 87.El 88.It Pa /dist/ 89mount point used by 90.Xr sysinstall 8 91.It Pa /etc/ 92system configuration files and scripts 93.Pp 94.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact 95.It Pa defaults/ 96default system configuration files; 97see 98.Xr rc 8 99.It Pa gnats/ 100gnats configuration files; 101see 102.Xr send-pr 1 103.It Pa isdn/ 104isdn4bsd configuration files; 105see 106.Xr isdnd 8 107.It Pa kerberosIV/ 108configuration files for kerberos version IV; 109see 110.Xr kerberos 1 111.It Pa localtime 112local timezone information; 113see 114.Xr ctime 3 115.It Pa mail/ 116Sendmail control files 117.It Pa mtree/ 118mtree configuration files; 119see 120.Xr mtree 8 121.It Pa namedb/ 122named configuration files; 123see 124.Xr named 8 125.It Pa pam.d/ 126configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) 127library; 128see 129.Xr pam 8 130.It Pa periodic/ 131scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 132.Xr cron 8 ; 133see 134.Xr periodic 8 135.It Pa ppp/ 136ppp configuration files; 137see 138.Xr ppp 8 139.It Pa ssl/ 140OpenSSL configuration files 141.El 142.It Pa /mnt/ 143empty directory commonly used by 144system administrators as a temporary mount point 145.It Pa /proc/ 146process file system; 147see 148.Xr procfs 5 , 149.Xr mount_procfs 8 150.It Pa /root/ 151root's HOME directory 152.It Pa /sbin/ 153system programs and administration utilities 154fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 155.It Pa /stand/ 156programs used in a standalone environment 157.It Pa /tmp/ 158temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots 159.It Pa /usr/ 160contains the majority of user utilities and applications 161.Pp 162.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 163.It Pa bin/ 164common utilities, programming tools, and applications 165.It Pa compat/ 166files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems, 167such as Linux 168(created by 169.Xr sysinstall 8 ) 170.It Pa games/ 171useful and semi-frivolous programs 172.It Pa include/ 173standard C include files 174.Pp 175.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 176.It Pa arpa/ 177C include files for Internet service protocols 178.It Pa cam/ 179C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 180.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 181.It Pa scsi/ 182The SCSI device on top of CAM 183.El 184.It Pa dev/ 185C include files for programming various 186.Fx 187devices 188.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 189.It Pa ic/ 190Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent 191hardware circuits 192.It Pa ofw/ 193OpenFirmware support 194.It Pa ppbus/ 195The parallel port bus; 196see 197.Xr ppbus 4 198.It Pa usb/ 199The USB subsystem 200.It Pa wi/ 201The 202.Xr wi 4 203WaveLAN driver 204.El 205.It Pa fs/ 206.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 207.It Pa fdescfs/ 208per-process file descriptors file system 209.It Pa fifofs/ 210.St -p1003.1 211FIFOs file system 212.It Pa msdosfs/ 213MS-DOS file system 214.It Pa ntfs/ 215NTFS file system 216.It Pa nullfs/ 217loopback file system 218.It Pa nwfs/ 219NetWare file system 220.It Pa portalfs/ 221portal file system 222.It Pa procfs/ 223process file system 224.It Pa smbfs/ 225SMB/CIFS file system 226.It Pa umapfs/ 227alternate uid/gid mappings file system 228.It Pa unionfs 229union file system 230.El 231.It Pa g++/ 232GNU C++ include files 233.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 234.It Pa std/ 235GNU C++ libstdc++ include files 236.El 237.It Pa isc/ 238ISC utility library libisc include files 239.It Pa isofs/ 240.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 241.It Pa cd9660/ 242iso9660 file system 243.El 244.It Pa kerberosIV/ 245C include files for kerberos authentication package; 246see 247.Xr kerberos 1 248.It Pa libmilter/ 249C include files for libmilter, 250the 251.Xr sendmail 8 252mail filter API 253.It Pa machine/ 254machine-specific C include files 255.It Pa net/ 256misc network C include files 257.It Pa netatalk/ 258Appletalk protocol 259.It Pa netatm/ 260ATM include files; 261see 262.Xr atm 8 263.It Pa netinet/ 264C include files for Internet standard protocols; 265see 266.Xr inet 4 267.It Pa netinet6/ 268C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 269see 270.Xr inet6 4 271.It Pa netipx/ 272IPX/SPX protocol stacks 273.It Pa netkey/ 274kernel key-management service 275.It Pa netnatm/ 276NATM include files; 277see 278.Xr natm 4 279.It Pa netns/ 280Xerox NS protocols 281.It Pa netsmb/ 282SMB/CIFS requester 283.It Pa nfs/ 284C include files for NFS (Network File System) 285.It Pa objc/ 286Objective C include files 287.It Pa openssl/ 288OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 289.It Pa pccard/ 290PC-CARD controllers 291.It Pa posix4/ 292POSIX real-time extensions includes; 293see 294.Xr p1003_1b 9 295.It Pa protocols/ 296C include files for Berkeley service protocols 297.It Pa readline/ 298get a line from a user, with editing; 299see 300.Xr readline 3 301.It Pa rpc/ 302remote procedure calls; 303see 304.Xr rpc 3 305.It Pa rpcsvc/ 306definition of RPC service structures; see 307.Xr rpc 3 308.It Pa security/ 309PAM; see 310.Xr pam 8 311.It Pa sys/ 312system C include files (kernel data structures) 313.\" .It Pa tcl/ 314.\" Tcl language; 315.\" see 316.\" .Xr Tcl n 317.\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 318.\" .It Pa generic/ 319.\" ??? 320.\" .It Pa unix/ 321.\" ??? 322.\" .El 323.It Pa ufs/ 324C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 325.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 326.It Pa ffs/ 327Fast file system 328.It Pa ufs/ 329UFS file system 330.El 331.It Pa vm/ 332virtual memory; 333see 334.Xr vmstat 8 335.El 336.Pp 337.It Pa lib/ 338archive libraries 339.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 340.It Pa aout/ 341a.out archive libraries 342.It Pa compat/ 343shared libraries for compatibility 344.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 345.It Pa aout/ 346a.out backward compatibility libraries 347.El 348.El 349.Pp 350.It Pa libdata/ 351misc. utility data files 352.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 353.It Pa doscmd/ 354files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); 355see 356.Xr doscmd 1 357.Bl -tag -width 6n -compact 358.It Pa fonts/ 359fonts used by doscmd 360.El 361.It Pa gcc/ 362??? 363.It Pa ldscripts/ 364linker scripts; 365see 366.Xr ld 1 367.It Pa lint/ 368various prebuilt lint libraries; 369see 370.Xr lint 1 371.It Pa msdosfs/ 372Character set conversion tables 373.It Pa stallion/ 374firmware images for Stallion serial controllers; see 375.Xr stl 4 376.El 377.Pp 378.It Pa libexec/ 379system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 380.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 381.It Pa aout/ 382utilities to manipulate a.out executables 383.It Pa elf/ 384utilities to manipulate ELF executables 385.It Pa lpr/ 386utilities and filters for LP print system; 387see 388.Xr lpr 1 389.It Pa sendmail/ 390the 391.Xr sendmail 8 392binary; 393see 394.Xr mailwrapper 8 395.It Pa sm.bin/ 396restricted shell for 397.Xr sendmail 8 ; 398see 399.Xr smrsh 8 400.El 401.Pp 402.It Pa local/ 403local executables, libraries, etc. 404Also used as the default destination for the 405.Fx 406ports framework. 407Within local/, the general layout sketched out by 408.Nm 409for /usr 410should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/ 411rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/), 412and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc). 413.It Pa obj/ 414architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree 415.It Pa ports/ 416The 417.Fx 418ports collection (optional). 419.It Pa sbin/ 420system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 421.It Pa share/ 422architecture-independent files 423.Pp 424.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 425.It Pa calendar/ 426a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 427see 428.Xr calendar 1 429.It Pa dict/ 430word lists; 431see 432.Xr look 1 433.Pp 434.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 435.It Pa freebsd 436.Fx Ns -specific 437terms, proper names, and jargon 438.It Pa words 439common words 440.It Pa web2 441words from Webster's 2nd International 442.It Pa papers/ 443reference databases; 444see 445.Xr refer 1 446.El 447.Pp 448.It Pa doc/ 449miscellaneous documentation; 450source for most of the printed 451.Bx 452manuals (available 453from the 454.Tn USENIX 455association) 456.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 457.It Pa FAQ/ 458Frequently Asked Questions 459.It Pa IPv6/ 460implementation notes for IPv6 461.It Pa bind/ 462documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain) 463.It Pa es/ 464Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 465.It Pa handbook/ 466.Fx 467Handbook 468.It Pa ja/ 469Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 470.It Pa ncurses/ 471HTML documents pertaining to ncurses; 472see 473.Xr ncurses 3X 474.It Pa ntp/ 475HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol 476.It Pa papers/ 477UNIX Papers 478.It Pa psd/ 479UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents 480.It Pa ru/ 481Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 482.It Pa smm/ 483UNIX System Manager's Manual 484.It Pa tutorials/ 485.Fx 486tutorials 487.It Pa usd/ 488UNIX User's Supplementary Documents 489.It Pa zh/ 490Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 491.El 492.Pp 493.It Pa examples/ 494various examples for users and programmers 495.It Pa games/ 496ASCII text files used by various games 497.It Pa groff_font/ 498device description file for device name 499.It Pa info/ 500GNU Info hypertext system 501.It Pa isdn/ 502ISDN 503.It Pa locale/ 504localization files; 505see 506.Xr setlocale 3 507.It Pa man/ 508manual pages 509.It Pa me/ 510macros for use with the me macro package; 511see 512.Xr me 7 513.It Pa misc/ 514misc system-wide ASCII text files 515.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 516.It Pa fonts/ 517??? 518.It Pa pcvtfonts/ 519pcvt fonts; 520see 521.Xr pcvt 4 522.It Pa termcap 523terminal characteristics database; 524see 525.Xr termcap 5 526.El 527.It Pa mk/ 528templates for make; 529see 530.Xr make 1 531.It Pa nls/ 532national language support files; 533see 534.Xr mklocale 1 535.It Pa pcvt/ 536pcvt documentation and etc examples; 537see 538.Xr pcvt 4 539.It Pa sendmail/ 540.Xr sendmail 8 541configuration files 542.It Pa skel/ 543example . (dot) files for new accounts 544.It Pa syscons/ 545files used by syscons; 546see 547.Xr syscons 4 548.Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact 549.It Pa fonts/ 550console fonts; 551see 552.Xr vidcontrol 1 553and 554.Xr vidfont 1 555.It Pa keymaps/ 556console keyboard maps; 557see 558.Xr kbdcontrol 1 559and 560.Xr kbdmap 1 561.It Pa scrnmaps/ 562console screen maps 563.El 564.It Pa tabset/ 565tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 566the termcap file; 567see 568.Xr termcap 5 569.It Pa tmac/ 570text processing macros; 571see 572.Xr nroff 1 573and 574.Xr troff 1 575.It Pa vi/ 576localization support and utilities for 577.Xr vi 1 578.It Pa zoneinfo/ 579timezone configuration information; 580see 581.Xr tzfile 5 582.El 583.It Pa src/ 584.Bx , 585third-party, and/or local source files 586.Pp 587.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 588.It Pa bin/ 589source code for files in /bin 590.It Pa contrib/ 591source code for contributed software 592.It Pa crypto/ 593source code for contributed cryptography software 594.It Pa etc/ 595source code for files in /etc 596.It Pa games/ 597source code for files in /usr/games 598.It Pa gnu/ 599Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 600.It Pa include/ 601source code for files in /usr/include 602.It Pa kerberosIV/ 603source code for kerberos version IV 604.It Pa lib/ 605source code for files in /usr/lib 606.It Pa libexec/ 607source code for files in /usr/libexec 608.It Pa release/ 609files required to produce a 610.Fx 611release 612.It Pa sbin/ 613source code for files in /sbin 614.It Pa secure/ 615build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto 616.It Pa share/ 617source for files in /usr/share 618.It Pa sys/ 619kernel source code 620.It Pa tools/ 621tools used for maintenance and testing of 622.Fx 623.It Pa usr.bin/ 624source code for files in /usr/bin 625.It Pa usr.sbin/ 626source code for files in /usr/sbin 627.El 628.Pp 629.It Pa X11R6/ 630X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional). 631.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 632.It Pa bin/ 633X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports). 634.It Pa etc/ 635X11R6 configuration files and scripts. 636.It Pa include/ 637X11R6 include files. 638.It Pa lib/ 639X11R6 libraries. 640.It Pa man/ 641X11R6 manual pages. 642.It Pa share/ 643architecture-independent files. 644.El 645.El 646.It Pa /var/ 647multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 648.Pp 649.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 650.It Pa account/ 651system accounting files 652.Pp 653.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 654.It Pa acct 655execution accounting file; 656see 657.Xr acct 5 658.El 659.Pp 660.It Pa at/ 661timed command scheduling files; 662see 663.Xr \&at 1 664.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 665.It Pa jobs/ 666directory containing job files 667.It Pa spool/ 668directory containing output spool files 669.El 670.Pp 671.It Pa backups/ 672misc. backup files 673.It Pa crash/ 674default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 675.Xr crash 8 676and 677.Xr savecore 8 678.It Pa cron/ 679files used by cron; 680see 681.Xr cron 8 682.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 683.It Pa tabs/ 684crontab files; 685see 686.Xr crontab 5 687.El 688.Pp 689.It Pa db/ 690misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 691.It Pa empty/ 692empty directory used by 693.Xr sshd 8 694for privilege separation 695.It Pa games/ 696misc. game status and score files 697.It Pa heimdal/ 698kerberos server databases; see 699.Xr kdc 8 700.It Pa log/ 701misc. system log files 702.Pp 703.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 704.It Pa wtmp 705login/logout log; 706see 707.Xr wtmp 5 708.El 709.Pp 710.It Pa mail/ 711user mailbox files 712.It Pa msgs/ 713system messages database; 714see 715.Xr msgs 1 716.It Pa preserve/ 717temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 718of an editor; 719see 720.Xr \&ex 1 721.It Pa quotas/ 722file system quota information files 723.It Pa run/ 724system information files describing various info about 725system since it was booted 726.Pp 727.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 728.It Pa named/ 729writable by the 730.Dq bind 731user; see 732.Xr named 8 733.It Pa ppp/ 734writable by the 735.Dq network 736group for command connection sockets; see 737.Xr ppp 8 738.It Pa utmp 739database of current users; 740see 741.Xr utmp 5 742.El 743.Pp 744.It Pa rwho/ 745rwho data files; 746see 747.Xr rwhod 8 , 748.Xr rwho 1 , 749and 750.Xr ruptime 1 751.It Pa spool/ 752misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 753.Pp 754.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 755.It Pa clientmqueue/ 756undelivered submission mail queue; 757see 758.Xr sendmail 8 759.It Pa ftp/ 760commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory 761.It Pa mqueue/ 762undelivered mail queue; 763see 764.Xr sendmail 8 765.It Pa output/ 766line printer spooling directories 767.El 768.Pp 769.It Pa tmp/ 770temporary files that are kept between system reboots 771.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 772.It Pa vi.recover/ 773the directory where recovery files are stored 774.El 775.It Pa yp/ 776the NIS maps 777.El 778.El 779.Sh NOTES 780This manual page documents the default 781.Fx 782file system layout, but 783the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system 784administrator's discretion. 785A well-maintained installation will include a customized version of 786this document. 787.Sh SEE ALSO 788.Xr apropos 1 , 789.Xr find 1 , 790.Xr finger 1 , 791.Xr grep 1 , 792.Xr ls 1 , 793.Xr whatis 1 , 794.Xr whereis 1 , 795.Xr which 1 , 796.Xr fsck 8 797.Sh HISTORY 798A 799.Nm 800manual page appeared in 801.At v7 . 802