1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $Id: hier.7,v 1.15 1997/09/13 17:52:36 wosch Exp $ 34.\" 35.Dd June 5, 1993 36.Dt HIER 7 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm hier 40.Nd layout of filesystems 41.Sh DESCRIPTION 42A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 43.Bl -tag -width "/stand/" 44.It Li / 45root directory of the filesystem 46.It Li /bin/ 47user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 48.It Li /dev/ 49block and character device files 50.Pp 51.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 52.It Li MAKEDEV 53script for creating device files; 54see 55.Xr MAKEDEV 8 56.It Li fd/ 57file descriptor files; 58see 59.Xr \&fd 4 60.El 61.It Li /etc/ 62system configuration files and scripts 63.Pp 64.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact 65.It Li gnats/ 66gnats configuration files; 67see 68.Xr send-pr 1 69.It Li kerberosIV/ 70configuration files for the kerberos version IV; 71see 72.Xr kerberos 1 73.It Li localtime 74local timezone information; 75see 76.Xr ctime 3 77.It Li mtree/ 78mtree configuration files; 79see 80.Xr mtree 8 81.It Li namedb/ 82named configuration files; 83see 84.Xr named 8 85.It Li ppp/ 86.Xr ppp 8 87ppp configuration files; 88see 89.Xr ppp 8 90.It Li skel/ 91local example . (dot) files for new accounts; 92see 93.Xr adduser 8 94.It Li uucp/ 95uucp configuration files; 96see 97.Xr uucp 1 98.El 99.It Li /kernel 100pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 101at boot time). 102.It Li /lkm/ 103loadable kernel modules; 104see 105.Xr lkm 4 106.It Li /mnt/ 107empty directory commonly used by 108system administrators as a temporary mount point 109.It Li /proc/ 110process file system; 111see 112.Xr procfs 5 , 113.Xr mount_procfs 8 114.It Li /root 115root's HOME directory 116.It Li /sbin/ 117system programs and administration utilities 118fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 119.It Li /stand/ 120programs used in a standalone environment 121.It Li /tmp/ 122temporary files, usually a 123.Xr mfs 8 124memory-based filesystem (the contents 125of /tmp are usually NOT preserved across a system reboot) 126.It Li /usr/ 127contains the majority of user utilities and applications 128.Pp 129.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 130.It Li bin/ 131common utilities, programming tools, and applications 132.It Li games/ 133useful and semi-frivolous programs 134.It Li include/ 135standard C include files 136.Pp 137.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 138.It Li arpa/ 139C include files for Internet service protocols 140.It Li g++/ 141GNU C++ include files 142.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 143.It Li std 144GNU C++ libstdc++ include files 145.El 146.It Li isofs 147.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 148.It Li cd9660 149iso9660 filesystem 150.El 151.It Li kerberosIV/ 152C include files for kerberos authentication package; 153see 154.Xr kerberos 1 155.It Li machine/ 156machine specific C include files 157.It Li msdosfs/ 158MS-DOS file system 159.It Li net/ 160misc network C include files 161.\" .It Li netimp/ 162.\" C include files for IMP protocols; 163.\" see 164.\" .Xr imp 4 165.It Li netatalk/ 166Appletalk protocol 167.It Li netinet/ 168C include files for Internet standard protocols; 169see 170.Xr inet 4 171.\" .It Li netiso/ 172.\" C include files for ISO standard protocols; 173.\" see 174.\" .Xr iso 4 175.\" .It Li netns/ 176.\" C include files for XNS standard protocols; 177.\" see 178.\" .Xr \&ns 4 179.It Li netipx/ 180IPX/SPX protocol stacks 181.It Li netkey/ 182kernel key-management service 183.It Li netns/ 184Xerox NS protocols 185.It Li nfs/ 186C include files for NFS (Network File System) 187.It Li objc/ 188??? 189.It Li pccard/ 190PC-CARD controllers 191.It Li protocols/ 192C include files for Berkeley service protocols 193.It Li readline/ 194get a line from a user with editing; 195see 196.Xr readline 3 197.It Li rpc/ 198remote procedure calls; 199see 200.Xr rpc 3 201.It Li rpcsvc/ 202??? 203.It Li ss/ 204libss ??? 205.It Li sys/ 206system C include files (kernel data structures) 207.It Li tcl/ 208Tcl language; 209see 210Xr Tcl n 211.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 212.It Li generic/ 213??? 214.It Li unix/ 215??? 216.El 217.It Li ufs/ 218C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 219.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 220.It Li ffs/ 221Fast filesystem 222.It Li lfs/ 223log filesystem; 224see 225.Xr mount_lfs 8 226.It Li mfs/ 227memory file system; 228see 229.Xr mount_mfs 8 230.It Li ufs/ 231UFS filesystem 232.El 233.It Li vm/ 234virtual memory; 235see 236.Xr vmstat 8 237.El 238.Pp 239.It Li lib/ 240archive libraries 241.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 242.It Li compat/ 243shared libraries for compatibly 244.El 245.Pp 246.It Li libdata/ 247misc. utility data files 248.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 249.It Li gcc/ 250??? 251.It Li lint/ 252various prebuilt lint libraries; 253see 254.Xr lint 1 255.It Li stallion/ 256holding the download firmware images 257.It Li tcl 258???; 259see 260.Xr Tcl n 261.El 262.Pp 263.It Li libexec/ 264system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 265.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 266.It Li lpr/ 267??? 268see 269.Xr lpr 1 270.It Li sm.bin/ 271restricted shell for sendmail; 272see 273.Xr smrsh 8 274.It Li uucp/ 275uucp utilities; 276see 277.Xr uucp 1 278.El 279.Pp 280.It Li local/ 281local executables, libraries, etc. 282.br 283Also used as the default destination for the 284.Tn FreeBSD 285ports framework. 286Within local/, the general layout sketched out by 287.Xr hier 7 288for /usr 289should be used. Exceptions are the man directory is directly under local/ 290rather than under local/share/. Ports documentation is in share/doc/<port>/ 291.It Li mdec/ 292boot programs; 293see 294.Xr disklabel 8 295.It Li obj/ 296architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree 297.It Li ports 298The 299.Tn FreeBSD 300ports collection (optional). 301.It Li sbin/ 302system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 303.It Li share/ 304architecture-independent files 305.Pp 306.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 307.It Li calendar/ 308a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 309see 310.Xr calendar 1 311.It Li dict/ 312word lists; 313see 314.Xr look 1 315.Pp 316.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 317.It Li words 318common words 319.It Li web2 320words from Webster's 2nd International 321.It Li papers/ 322reference databases; 323see 324.Xr refer 1 325.It Li special/ 326custom word lists; 327see 328.Xr spell 1 329.El 330.Pp 331.It Li doc/ 332misc documentation; 333src for most of the printed 334.Bx BSD 335manuals (available 336from the 337.Tn USENIX 338association) 339.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 340.It Li FAQ/ 341Frequently Asked Questions 342.It Li handbook/ 343.Tn FreeBSD 344Handbook 345.It Li papers/ 346UNIX Papers 347.It Li psd/ 348UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents 349.It Li smm/ 350UNIX System Manager's Manual 351.It Li usd/ 352UNIX User's Supplementary Documents 353.El 354.Pp 355.It Li examples/ 356various examples for users and programmers 357.It Li games/ 358ascii text files used by various games 359.It Li groff_font/ 360device description file for device name 361.It Li info/ 362GNU Info hypertext system 363.It Li isdn/ 364ISDN 365.It Li libg++/ 366libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 367.It Li locale/ 368internationalization files; 369see 370.Xr setlocale 3 371.It Li man/ 372manual pages 373.It Li me/ 374macros for use with the me macro package 375.It Li misc/ 376misc system-wide ascii text files 377.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 378.It Li fonts/ 379??? 380.It Li pcvtfonts/ 381???; 382see 383.Xr pcvt 4 384.It Li pkg_manage/ 385package manager help files; 386see 387.Xr pkg_manage 388.It Li termcap 389terminal characteristics database; 390see 391.Xr termcap 5 392.El 393.It Li mk/ 394templates for make; 395see 396.Xr make 1 397.It Li ms/ 398macros for use with the ms macro package 399.It Li nls/ 400national language support files; 401see 402.Xr mklocale 1 403.It Li perl/ 404perl library files; 405see 406.Xr perl 1 407.It Li sgml/ 408SGML tools files; 409see 410.Xr instant 1 411.It Li skel/ 412example . (dot) files for new accounts 413.It Li tabset/ 414tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 415the termcap file; 416see 417.Xr termcap 5 418.It Li tmac/ 419text processing macros; 420see 421.Xr nroff 1 422and 423.Xr troff 1 424.It Li zoneinfo/ 425timezone configuration information; 426see 427.Xr tzfile 5 428.El 429.It Li src/ 430BSD and/or local source files 431.Pp 432.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 433.It Li bin/ 434src for files in /bin 435.It Li contrib/ 436src for file from contributed software 437.It Li eBones 438Kerberos and DES 439.It Li etc/ 440src for files in /etc 441.It Li games/ 442src for files in /usr/games 443.It Li gnu/ 444Utilities covered by the GNU Public License 445.It Li include/ 446src for files in /usr/include 447.It Li kerberosIV/ 448src for kerberos version IV 449.It Li lib/ 450src for files in /usr/lib 451.It Li libexec/ 452src for files in /usr/libexec 453.It Li local/ 454src for files in /usr/local 455.It Li lkm 456src for files in /lkm 457.It Li release 458Files required to produce a 459.Tn FreeBSD 460release 461.It Li sbin/ 462src for files in /sbin 463.It Li secure 464DES Sources 465.It Li share/ 466src for files in /usr/share 467.It Li sys/ 468kernel src files 469.It Li usr.bin/ 470src for files in /usr/bin 471.It Li usr.sbin/ 472src for files in /usr/sbin 473.El 474.Pp 475.It Li X11R6/ 476X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional). 477.El 478.It Li /var/ 479multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 480.Pp 481.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 482.It Li account/ 483system accounting files 484.Pp 485.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 486.It Li acct 487execution accounting file; 488see 489.Xr acct 5 490.El 491.Pp 492.It Li at/ 493timed command scheduling files; 494see 495.Xr \&at 1 496.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 497.It Li jobs 498directory containing job files 499.It Li spool 500directory containing output spool files 501.El 502.Pp 503.It Li backups/ 504misc. backup files 505.It Li crash 506???; 507see 508.Xr crash 8 509.It Li cron/ 510.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 511.It Li log 512cron log files; 513see 514.Xr cron 8 515.It Li tabs 516crontab files; 517see 518.Xr crontab 5 519.El 520.Pp 521.It Li db/ 522misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 523.It Li games/ 524misc. game status and log files 525.It Li games/ 526games score files 527.It Li log/ 528misc. system log files 529.Pp 530.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 531.It Li wtmp 532login/logout log; 533see 534.Xr wtmp 5 535.El 536.Pp 537.It Li mail/ 538user mailbox files 539.It Li preserve/ 540temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 541of an editor; 542see 543.Xr \&ex 1 544.It Li msgs/ 545system messages database; 546see 547.Xr msgs 1 548.It Li quotas/ 549filesystem quota information files 550.It preserve 551??? 552.It Li run/ 553system information files describing various info about 554system since it was booted 555.Pp 556.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 557.It Li utmp 558database of current users; 559see 560.Xr utmp 5 561.El 562.Pp 563.It Li rwho/ 564rwho data files; 565see 566.Xr rwhod 8 , 567.Xr rwho 1 , 568and 569.Xr ruptime 1 570.It Li spool/ 571misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 572.Pp 573.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 574.It Li ftp/ 575commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory 576.It Li mqueue/ 577undelivered mail queue; 578see 579.Xr sendmail 8 580.It Li output/ 581line printer spooling directories 582.It Li secretmail/ 583secretmail spool directory; 584see 585.Xr xget 1 586.It Li uucp/ 587uucp spool directory 588.It Li uucppublic/ 589commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory 590.El 591.Pp 592.It Li tmp/ 593temporary files that are kept between system reboots 594.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 595.It Li vi.recover 596the directory where recovery files are stored 597.El 598.It Li yp 599the NIS maps 600.El 601.El 602.Sh SEE ALSO 603.Xr apropos 1 , 604.Xr find 1 , 605.Xr finger 1 , 606.Xr grep 1 , 607.Xr ls 1 , 608.Xr whatis 1 , 609.Xr whereis 1 , 610.Xr which 1 , 611.Xr fsck 8 612.Sh HISTORY 613A 614.Nm hier 615manual page appeared in 616.At v7 . 617