1.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)hier.7 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93 33.\" $FreeBSD$ 34.\" 35.Dd June 5, 1993 36.Dt HIER 7 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm hier 40.Nd layout of filesystems 41.Sh DESCRIPTION 42A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy. 43.Bl -tag -width "/stand/" 44.It Pa / 45root directory of the filesystem 46.It Pa /bin/ 47user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 48.It Pa /boot/ 49programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap 50.Pp 51.Bl -tag -width defaults/ -compact 52.It Pa defaults/ 53default bootstrapping configuration files; see 54.Xr loader.conf 5 55.It Pa kernel/ 56pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory 57at boot time). 58.It Pa modules/ 59third-part loadable kernel modules; 60see 61.Xr kldstat 8 62.El 63.It Pa /cdrom/ 64default mount point for CD-ROM drives 65(created by 66.Xr sysinstall 8 ) 67.It Pa /compat/ 68normally a link to 69.Pa /usr/compat . 70If not, then the 71.Pa /usr/compat 72comments apply 73(created by 74.Xr sysinstall 8 ) 75.It Pa /dev/ 76block and character device files 77.Pp 78.Bl -tag -width MAKEDEV -compact 79.It Pa MAKEDEV 80script for creating device files; 81see 82.Xr MAKEDEV 8 83.It Pa fd/ 84file descriptor files; 85see 86.Xr \&fd 4 87.El 88.It Pa /dist/ 89mount point used by 90.Xr sysinstall 8 91.It Pa /etc/ 92system configuration files and scripts 93.Pp 94.Bl -tag -width "disklabels/" -compact 95.It Pa defaults/ 96default system configuration files; 97see 98.Xr rc 8 99.It Pa gnats/ 100gnats configuration files; 101see 102.Xr send-pr 1 103.It Pa isdn/ 104isdn4bsd configuration files; 105see 106.Xr isdnd 8 107.It Pa kerberosIV/ 108configuration files for kerberos version IV; 109see 110.Xr kerberos 1 111.It Pa localtime 112local timezone information; 113see 114.Xr ctime 3 115.It Pa mail/ 116Sendmail control files 117.It Pa mtree/ 118mtree configuration files; 119see 120.Xr mtree 8 121.It Pa namedb/ 122named configuration files; 123see 124.Xr named 8 125.It Pa periodic/ 126scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via 127.Xr cron 8 ; 128see 129.Xr periodic 8 130.It Pa ppp/ 131ppp configuration files; 132see 133.Xr ppp 8 134.It Pa ssl/ 135OpenSSL configuration files 136.It Pa uucp/ 137uucp configuration files; 138see 139.Xr uucp 1 140.El 141.It Pa /mnt/ 142empty directory commonly used by 143system administrators as a temporary mount point 144.It Pa /proc/ 145process file system; 146see 147.Xr procfs 5 , 148.Xr mount_procfs 8 149.It Pa /root/ 150root's HOME directory 151.It Pa /sbin/ 152system programs and administration utilities 153fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments 154.It Pa /stand/ 155programs used in a standalone environment 156.It Pa /tmp/ 157temporary files 158.It Pa /usr/ 159contains the majority of user utilities and applications 160.Pp 161.Bl -tag -width "libdata/" -compact 162.It Pa bin/ 163common utilities, programming tools, and applications 164.It Pa compat/ 165files needed to support binary compatability with other operating systems, 166such as Linux 167(created by 168.Xr sysinstall 8 ) 169.It Pa games/ 170useful and semi-frivolous programs 171.It Pa include/ 172standard C include files 173.Pp 174.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 175.It Pa arpa/ 176C include files for Internet service protocols 177.It Pa cam/ 178C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer 179.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 180.It scsi/ 181The SCSI device on top of CAM 182.El 183.It Pa dev/ 184C include files for programming various 185.Fx 186devices 187.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 188.It Pa ic/ 189Various header files describing driver- and bus-independent 190hardware circuits 191.It Pa ppbus/ 192The parallel port bus; 193see 194.Xr ppbus 4 195.It Pa usb/ 196The USB subsystem 197.It Pa wi/ 198The 199.Xr wi 4 200WaveLAN driver 201.El 202.It Pa fs/ 203.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 204.It Pa fdescfs/ 205per-process file descriptors file system 206.It Pa fifofs/ 207.St -p1003.1 208FIFOs file system 209.It Pa msdosfs/ 210MS-DOS file system 211.It Pa ntfs/ 212NTFS file system 213.It Pa nullfs/ 214loopback file system 215.It Pa nwfs/ 216NetWare file system 217.It Pa portalfs/ 218portal file system 219.It Pa procfs/ 220process file system 221.It Pa smbfs/ 222SMB/CIFS filesystem 223.It Pa umapfs/ 224alternate uid/gid mappings file system 225.It Pa unionfs 226union file system 227.El 228.It Pa g++/ 229GNU C++ include files 230.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 231.It Pa std/ 232GNU C++ libstdc++ include files 233.El 234.It Pa isc/ 235ISC utility library libisc include files 236.It Pa isofs/ 237.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 238.It Pa cd9660/ 239iso9660 filesystem 240.El 241.It Pa kerberosIV/ 242C include files for kerberos authentication package; 243see 244.Xr kerberos 1 245.It Pa machine/ 246machine-specific C include files 247.It Pa net/ 248misc network C include files 249.It Pa netatalk/ 250Appletalk protocol 251.It Pa netatm/ 252ATM include files; 253see 254.Xr atm 8 255.It Pa netinet/ 256C include files for Internet standard protocols; 257see 258.Xr inet 4 259.It Pa netinet6/ 260C include files for Internet protocol version 6; 261see 262.Xr inet6 4 263.It Pa netipx/ 264IPX/SPX protocol stacks 265.It Pa netkey/ 266kernel key-management service 267.It Pa netns/ 268Xerox NS protocols 269.It Pa netsmb/ 270SMB/CIFS requester 271.It Pa netnatm/ 272NATM include files; 273see 274.Xr natm 4 275.It Pa nfs/ 276C include files for NFS (Network File System) 277.It Pa objc/ 278Objective C include files 279.It Pa openssl/ 280OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers 281.It Pa pccard/ 282PC-CARD controllers 283.It Pa posix4/ 284POSIX real-time extensions includes; 285see 286.Xr p1003_1b 9 287.It Pa protocols/ 288C include files for Berkeley service protocols 289.It Pa readline/ 290get a line from a user, with editing; 291see 292.Xr readline 3 293.It Pa rpc/ 294remote procedure calls; 295see 296.Xr rpc 3 297.It Pa rpcsvc/ 298definition of RPC service structures; see 299.Xr rpc 3 300.It Pa security/ 301PAM; see 302.Xr pam 8 303.It Pa sys/ 304system C include files (kernel data structures) 305.\" .It Pa tcl/ 306.\" Tcl language; 307.\" see 308.\" .Xr Tcl n 309.\" .Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 310.\" .It Pa generic/ 311.\" ??? 312.\" .It Pa unix/ 313.\" ??? 314.\" .El 315.It Pa ufs/ 316C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) 317.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 318.It Pa ffs/ 319Fast filesystem 320.It Pa ufs/ 321UFS filesystem 322.El 323.It Pa vm/ 324virtual memory; 325see 326.Xr vmstat 8 327.El 328.Pp 329.It Pa lib/ 330archive libraries 331.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 332.It Pa aout/ 333a.out archive libraries 334.It Pa compat/ 335shared libraries for compatibility 336.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 337.It Pa aout/ 338a.out backward compatibility libraries 339.El 340.El 341.Pp 342.It Pa libdata/ 343misc. utility data files 344.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 345.It Pa doscmd/ 346files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts, etc.); 347see 348.Xr doscmd 1 349.Bl -tag -width 6n -compact 350.It Pa fonts/ 351fonts used by doscmd 352.El 353.It Pa gcc/ 354??? 355.It Pa ldscripts/ 356linker scripts; 357see 358.Xr ld 1 359.It Pa lint/ 360various prebuilt lint libraries; 361see 362.Xr lint 1 363.It Pa msdosfs/ 364Character set conversion tables 365.It Pa perl/ 366.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 367.It Pa 5.00503/ 368contains Perl modules for Perl version 5.00503; 369see 370.Xr perl 1 371.El 372.It Pa stallion/ 373holds the download firmware images 374.El 375.Pp 376.It Pa libexec/ 377system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) 378.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 379.It Pa aout/ 380utilities to manipulate a.out executables 381.It Pa elf/ 382utilities to manipulate ELF executables 383.It Pa lpr/ 384utilities and filters for LP print system; 385see 386.Xr lpr 1 387.It Pa sm.bin/ 388restricted shell for sendmail; 389see 390.Xr smrsh 8 391.It Pa uucp/ 392uucp utilities; 393see 394.Xr uucp 1 395.El 396.Pp 397.It Pa local/ 398local executables, libraries, etc. 399Also used as the default destination for the 400.Fx 401ports framework. 402Within local/, the general layout sketched out by 403.Xr hier 7 404for /usr 405should be used. Exceptions are the man directory (directly under local/ 406rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/), 407and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc). 408.It Pa obj/ 409architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree 410.It Pa ports/ 411The 412.Fx 413ports collection (optional). 414.It Pa sbin/ 415system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) 416.It Pa share/ 417architecture-independent files 418.Pp 419.Bl -tag -width "calendar/" -compact 420.It Pa calendar/ 421a variety of pre-fab calendar files; 422see 423.Xr calendar 1 424.It Pa dict/ 425word lists; 426see 427.Xr look 1 428.Pp 429.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 430.It Pa words 431common words 432.It Pa web2 433words from Webster's 2nd International 434.It Pa papers/ 435reference databases; 436see 437.Xr refer 1 438.It Pa special/ 439custom word lists; 440see 441.Xr spell 1 442.El 443.Pp 444.It Pa doc/ 445miscellaneous documentation; 446source for most of the printed 447.Bx 448manuals (available 449from the 450.Tn USENIX 451association) 452.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 453.It Pa FAQ/ 454Frequently Asked Questions 455.It Pa IPv6/ 456implementation notes for IPv6 457.It Pa bind/ 458documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Domain) 459.It Pa es/ 460Spanish translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 461.It Pa handbook/ 462.Fx 463Handbook 464.It Pa ja/ 465Japanese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 466.It Pa ncurses/ 467HTML documents pertaining to ncurses; 468see 469.Xr ncurses 3X 470.It Pa ntp/ 471HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol 472.It Pa papers/ 473UNIX Papers 474.It Pa psd/ 475UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents 476.It Pa ru/ 477Russian translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 478.It Pa smm/ 479UNIX System Manager's Manual 480.It Pa tutorials/ 481.Fx 482tutorials 483.It Pa usd/ 484UNIX User's Supplementary Documents 485.It Pa zh/ 486Chinese translations of documents in /usr/share/doc 487.El 488.Pp 489.It Pa examples/ 490various examples for users and programmers 491.It Pa games/ 492ASCII text files used by various games 493.It Pa groff_font/ 494device description file for device name 495.It Pa info/ 496GNU Info hypertext system 497.It Pa isdn/ 498ISDN 499.It Pa libg++/ 500libg++'s genclass prototype/template class files 501.It Pa locale/ 502localization files; 503see 504.Xr setlocale 3 505.It Pa man/ 506manual pages 507.It Pa me/ 508macros for use with the me macro package; 509see 510.Xr me 7 511.It Pa misc/ 512misc system-wide ASCII text files 513.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 514.It Pa fonts/ 515??? 516.It Pa pcvtfonts/ 517pcvt fonts; 518see 519.Xr pcvt 4 520.It Pa termcap 521terminal characteristics database; 522see 523.Xr termcap 5 524.El 525.It Pa mk/ 526templates for make; 527see 528.Xr make 1 529.It Pa nls/ 530national language support files; 531see 532.Xr mklocale 1 533.It Pa pcvt/ 534pcvt documentation and etc examples; 535see 536.Xr pcvt 4 537.It Pa perl/ 538perl library files; 539see 540.Xr perl 1 541.It Pa sendmail/ 542sendmail configuration files; 543see 544.Xr sendmail 8 545.It Pa skel/ 546example . (dot) files for new accounts 547.It Pa syscons/ 548files used by syscons; 549see 550.Xr syscons 4 551.Bl -tag -width "scrnmaps/xx" -compact 552.It Pa fonts/ 553console fonts; 554see 555.Xr vidcontrol 1 556and 557.Xr vidfont 1 558.It Pa keymaps/ 559console keyboard maps; 560see 561.Xr kbdcontrol 1 562and 563.Xr kbdmap 1 564.It Pa scrnmaps/ 565console screen maps 566.El 567.It Pa tabset/ 568tab description files for a variety of terminals; used in 569the termcap file; 570see 571.Xr termcap 5 572.It Pa tmac/ 573text processing macros; 574see 575.Xr nroff 1 576and 577.Xr troff 1 578.It Pa vi/ 579localization support and utilities for 580.Xr vi 1 581.It Pa zoneinfo/ 582timezone configuration information; 583see 584.Xr tzfile 5 585.El 586.It Pa src/ 587.Bx , 588third-party, and/or local source files 589.Pp 590.Bl -tag -width "kerberosIV/" -compact 591.It Pa bin/ 592source code for files in /bin 593.It Pa contrib/ 594source code for contributed software 595.It Pa crypto/ 596source code for contributed cryptography software 597.It Pa etc/ 598source code for files in /etc 599.It Pa games/ 600source code for files in /usr/games 601.It Pa gnu/ 602Utilities covered by the GNU General Public License 603.It Pa include/ 604source code for files in /usr/include 605.It Pa kerberosIV/ 606source code for kerberos version IV 607.It Pa lib/ 608source code for files in /usr/lib 609.It Pa libexec/ 610source code for files in /usr/libexec 611.It Pa release/ 612files required to produce a 613.Fx 614release 615.It Pa sbin/ 616source code for files in /sbin 617.It Pa secure/ 618build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto 619.It Pa share/ 620source for files in /usr/share 621.It Pa sys/ 622kernel source code 623.It Pa tools/ 624tools used for maintenance and testing of 625.Fx 626.It Pa usr.bin/ 627source code for files in /usr/bin 628.It Pa usr.sbin/ 629source code for files in /usr/sbin 630.El 631.Pp 632.It Pa X11R6/ 633X11R6 distribution executables, libraries, etc (optional). 634.Bl -tag -width "include/" -compact 635.It Pa bin/ 636X11R6 binaries (servers, utilities, local packages/ports). 637.It Pa etc/ 638X11R6 configuration files and scripts. 639.It Pa include/ 640X11R6 include files. 641.It Pa lib/ 642X11R6 libraries. 643.It Pa man/ 644X11R6 manual pages. 645.It Pa share/ 646architecture-independent files. 647.El 648.El 649.It Pa /var/ 650multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files 651.Pp 652.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 653.It Pa account/ 654system accounting files 655.Pp 656.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 657.It Pa acct 658execution accounting file; 659see 660.Xr acct 5 661.El 662.Pp 663.It Pa at/ 664timed command scheduling files; 665see 666.Xr \&at 1 667.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 668.It Pa jobs/ 669directory containing job files 670.It Pa spool/ 671directory containing output spool files 672.El 673.Pp 674.It Pa backups/ 675misc. backup files 676.It Pa crash/ 677default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see 678.Xr crash 8 679and 680.Xr savecore 8 681.It Pa cron/ 682files used by cron; 683see 684.Xr cron 8 685.Bl -tag -width "preserve/" -compact 686.It Pa tabs/ 687crontab files; 688see 689.Xr crontab 5 690.El 691.Pp 692.It Pa db/ 693misc. automatically generated system-specific database files 694.It Pa games/ 695misc. game status and score files 696.It Pa log/ 697misc. system log files 698.Pp 699.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 700.It Pa wtmp 701login/logout log; 702see 703.Xr wtmp 5 704.El 705.Pp 706.It Pa mail/ 707user mailbox files 708.It Pa preserve/ 709temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death 710of an editor; 711see 712.Xr \&ex 1 713.It Pa msgs/ 714system messages database; 715see 716.Xr msgs 1 717.It Pa quotas/ 718filesystem quota information files 719.It Pa run/ 720system information files describing various info about 721system since it was booted 722.Pp 723.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 724.It Pa utmp 725database of current users; 726see 727.Xr utmp 5 728.El 729.Pp 730.It Pa rwho/ 731rwho data files; 732see 733.Xr rwhod 8 , 734.Xr rwho 1 , 735and 736.Xr ruptime 1 737.It Pa spool/ 738misc. printer and mail system spooling directories 739.Pp 740.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 741.It Pa ftp/ 742commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root directory 743.It Pa mqueue/ 744undelivered mail queue; 745see 746.Xr sendmail 8 747.It Pa output/ 748line printer spooling directories 749.It Pa uucp/ 750uucp spool directory 751.It Pa uucppublic/ 752commonly ~uucp; public uucp temporary directory 753.El 754.Pp 755.It Pa tmp/ 756temporary files that are kept between system reboots 757.Bl -tag -width Fl -compact 758.It Pa vi.recover/ 759the directory where recovery files are stored 760.El 761.It Pa yp/ 762the NIS maps 763.El 764.El 765.Sh SEE ALSO 766.Xr apropos 1 , 767.Xr find 1 , 768.Xr finger 1 , 769.Xr grep 1 , 770.Xr ls 1 , 771.Xr whatis 1 , 772.Xr whereis 1 , 773.Xr which 1 , 774.Xr fsck 8 775.Sh HISTORY 776A 777.Nm 778manual page appeared in 779.At v7 . 780