xref: /freebsd/share/man/man4/ip6.4 (revision cbd30a72ca196976c1c700400ecd424baa1b9c16)
1.\"	$KAME: ip6.4,v 1.23 2005/01/11 05:56:25 itojun Exp $
2.\"	$OpenBSD: ip6.4,v 1.21 2005/01/06 03:50:46 itojun Exp $
3.\"
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31.\" $FreeBSD$
32.\"
33.Dd March 13, 2011
34.Dt IP6 4
35.Os
36.Sh NAME
37.Nm ip6
38.Nd Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) network layer
39.Sh SYNOPSIS
40.In sys/socket.h
41.In netinet/in.h
42.Ft int
43.Fn socket AF_INET6 SOCK_RAW proto
44.Sh DESCRIPTION
45The IPv6 network layer is used by the IPv6 protocol family for
46transporting data.
47IPv6 packets contain an IPv6 header that is not provided as part of the
48payload contents when passed to an application.
49IPv6 header options affect the behavior of this protocol and may be used
50by high-level protocols (such as the
51.Xr tcp 4
52and
53.Xr udp 4
54protocols) as well as directly by
55.Dq raw sockets ,
56which process IPv6 messages at a lower-level and may be useful for
57developing new protocols and special-purpose applications.
58.Ss Header
59All IPv6 packets begin with an IPv6 header.
60When data received by the kernel are passed to the application, this
61header is not included in buffer, even when raw sockets are being used.
62Likewise, when data are sent to the kernel for transmit from the
63application, the buffer is not examined for an IPv6 header:
64the kernel always constructs the header.
65To directly access IPv6 headers from received packets and specify them
66as part of the buffer passed to the kernel, link-level access
67.Po
68.Xr bpf 4 ,
69for example
70.Pc
71must instead be utilized.
72.Pp
73The header has the following definition:
74.Bd -literal -offset indent
75struct ip6_hdr {
76     union {
77          struct ip6_hdrctl {
78               uint32_t ip6_un1_flow;	/* 20 bits of flow ID */
79               uint16_t ip6_un1_plen;	/* payload length */
80               uint8_t  ip6_un1_nxt;	/* next header */
81               uint8_t  ip6_un1_hlim;	/* hop limit */
82          } ip6_un1;
83          uint8_t ip6_un2_vfc;	/* version and class */
84     } ip6_ctlun;
85     struct in6_addr ip6_src;	/* source address */
86     struct in6_addr ip6_dst;	/* destination address */
87} __packed;
88
89#define ip6_vfc		ip6_ctlun.ip6_un2_vfc
90#define ip6_flow	ip6_ctlun.ip6_un1.ip6_un1_flow
91#define ip6_plen	ip6_ctlun.ip6_un1.ip6_un1_plen
92#define ip6_nxt		ip6_ctlun.ip6_un1.ip6_un1_nxt
93#define ip6_hlim	ip6_ctlun.ip6_un1.ip6_un1_hlim
94#define ip6_hops	ip6_ctlun.ip6_un1.ip6_un1_hlim
95.Ed
96.Pp
97All fields are in network-byte order.
98Any options specified (see
99.Sx Options
100below) must also be specified in network-byte order.
101.Pp
102.Va ip6_flow
103specifies the flow ID.
104.Va ip6_plen
105specifies the payload length.
106.Va ip6_nxt
107specifies the type of the next header.
108.Va ip6_hlim
109specifies the hop limit.
110.Pp
111The top 4 bits of
112.Va ip6_vfc
113specify the class and the bottom 4 bits specify the version.
114.Pp
115.Va ip6_src
116and
117.Va ip6_dst
118specify the source and destination addresses.
119.Pp
120The IPv6 header may be followed by any number of extension headers that start
121with the following generic definition:
122.Bd -literal -offset indent
123struct ip6_ext {
124     uint8_t ip6e_nxt;
125     uint8_t ip6e_len;
126} __packed;
127.Ed
128.Ss Options
129IPv6 allows header options on packets to manipulate the behavior of the
130protocol.
131These options and other control requests are accessed with the
132.Xr getsockopt 2
133and
134.Xr setsockopt 2
135system calls at level
136.Dv IPPROTO_IPV6
137and by using ancillary data in
138.Xr recvmsg 2
139and
140.Xr sendmsg 2 .
141They can be used to access most of the fields in the IPv6 header and
142extension headers.
143.Pp
144The following socket options are supported:
145.Bl -tag -width Ds
146.\" .It Dv IPV6_OPTIONS
147.It Dv IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS Fa "int *"
148Get or set the default hop limit header field for outgoing unicast
149datagrams sent on this socket.
150.\" .It Dv IPV6_RECVOPTS Fa "int *"
151.\" Get or set the status of whether all header options will be
152.\" delivered along with the datagram when it is received.
153.\" .It Dv IPV6_RECVRETOPTS Fa "int *"
154.\" Get or set the status of whether header options will be delivered
155.\" for reply.
156.\" .It Dv IPV6_RECVDSTADDR Fa "int *"
157.\" Get or set the status of whether datagrams are received with
158.\" destination addresses.
159.\" .It Dv IPV6_ORIGDSTADDR Fa "int *"
160.\" Get or set the status of whether datagrams are received with
161.\" destination addresses and destination ports.
162.\" .It Dv IPV6_RETOPTS
163.\" Get or set IPv6 options.
164.It Dv IPV6_MULTICAST_IF Fa "u_int *"
165Get or set the interface from which multicast packets will be sent.
166For hosts with multiple interfaces, each multicast transmission is sent
167from the primary network interface.
168The interface is specified as its index as provided by
169.Xr if_nametoindex 3 .
170A value of zero specifies the default interface.
171.It Dv IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS Fa "int *"
172Get or set the default hop limit header field for outgoing multicast
173datagrams sent on this socket.
174This option controls the scope of multicast datagram transmissions.
175.Pp
176Datagrams with a hop limit of 1 are not forwarded beyond the local
177network.
178Multicast datagrams with a hop limit of zero will not be transmitted on
179any network but may be delivered locally if the sending host belongs to
180the destination group and if multicast loopback (see below) has not been
181disabled on the sending socket.
182Multicast datagrams with a hop limit greater than 1 may be forwarded to
183the other networks if a multicast router (such as
184.Xr mrouted 8 Pq Pa ports/net/mrouted )
185is attached to the local network.
186.It Dv IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP Fa "u_int *"
187Get or set the status of whether multicast datagrams will be looped back
188for local delivery when a multicast datagram is sent to a group to which
189the sending host belongs.
190.Pp
191This option improves performance for applications that may have no more
192than one instance on a single host (such as a router daemon) by
193eliminating the overhead of receiving their own transmissions.
194It should generally not be used by applications for which there may be
195more than one instance on a single host (such as a conferencing program)
196or for which the sender does not belong to the destination group
197(such as a time-querying program).
198.Pp
199A multicast datagram sent with an initial hop limit greater than 1 may
200be delivered to the sending host on a different interface from that on
201which it was sent if the host belongs to the destination group on that
202other interface.
203The multicast loopback control option has no effect on such delivery.
204.It Dv IPV6_JOIN_GROUP Fa "struct ipv6_mreq *"
205Join a multicast group.
206A host must become a member of a multicast group before it can receive
207datagrams sent to the group.
208.Bd -literal
209struct ipv6_mreq {
210	struct in6_addr	ipv6mr_multiaddr;
211	unsigned int	ipv6mr_interface;
212};
213.Ed
214.Pp
215.Va ipv6mr_interface
216may be set to zeroes to choose the default multicast interface or to the
217index of a particular multicast-capable interface if the host is
218multihomed.
219Membership is associated with a single interface; programs running on
220multihomed hosts may need to join the same group on more than one
221interface.
222.Pp
223If the multicast address is unspecified (i.e., all zeroes), messages
224from all multicast addresses will be accepted by this group.
225Note that setting to this value requires superuser privileges.
226.It Dv IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP Fa "struct ipv6_mreq *"
227Drop membership from the associated multicast group.
228Memberships are automatically dropped when the socket is closed or when
229the process exits.
230.It Dv IPV6_PORTRANGE Fa "int *"
231Get or set the allocation policy of ephemeral ports for when the kernel
232automatically binds a local address to this socket.
233The following values are available:
234.Pp
235.Bl -tag -width IPV6_PORTRANGE_DEFAULT -compact
236.It Dv IPV6_PORTRANGE_DEFAULT
237Use the regular range of non-reserved ports (varies, see
238.Xr ip 4 ) .
239.It Dv IPV6_PORTRANGE_HIGH
240Use a high range (varies, see
241.Xr ip 4 ) .
242.It Dv IPV6_PORTRANGE_LOW
243Use a low, reserved range (600\-1023, see
244.Xr ip 4 ) .
245.El
246.It Dv IPV6_PKTINFO Fa "int *"
247Get or set whether additional information about subsequent packets will
248be provided as ancillary data along with the payload in subsequent
249.Xr recvmsg 2
250calls.
251The information is stored in the following structure in the ancillary
252data returned:
253.Bd -literal
254struct in6_pktinfo {
255	struct in6_addr ipi6_addr;    /* src/dst IPv6 address */
256	unsigned int    ipi6_ifindex; /* send/recv if index */
257};
258.Ed
259.It Dv IPV6_HOPLIMIT Fa "int *"
260Get or set whether the hop limit header field from subsequent packets
261will be provided as ancillary data along with the payload in subsequent
262.Xr recvmsg 2
263calls.
264The value is stored as an
265.Vt int
266in the ancillary data returned.
267.\" .It Dv IPV6_NEXTHOP Fa "int *"
268.\" Get or set whether the address of the next hop for subsequent
269.\" packets will be provided as ancillary data along with the payload in
270.\" subsequent
271.\" .Xr recvmsg 2
272.\" calls.
273.\" The option is stored as a
274.\" .Vt sockaddr
275.\" structure in the ancillary data returned.
276.\" .Pp
277.\" This option requires superuser privileges.
278.It Dv IPV6_HOPOPTS Fa "int *"
279Get or set whether the hop-by-hop options from subsequent packets will be
280provided as ancillary data along with the payload in subsequent
281.Xr recvmsg 2
282calls.
283The option is stored in the following structure in the ancillary data
284returned:
285.Bd -literal
286struct ip6_hbh {
287	uint8_t ip6h_nxt;	/* next header */
288	uint8_t ip6h_len;	/* length in units of 8 octets */
289/* followed by options */
290} __packed;
291.Ed
292.Pp
293The
294.Fn inet6_option_space
295routine and family of routines may be used to manipulate this data.
296.Pp
297This option requires superuser privileges.
298.It Dv IPV6_DSTOPTS Fa "int *"
299Get or set whether the destination options from subsequent packets will
300be provided as ancillary data along with the payload in subsequent
301.Xr recvmsg 2
302calls.
303The option is stored in the following structure in the ancillary data
304returned:
305.Bd -literal
306struct ip6_dest {
307	uint8_t ip6d_nxt;	/* next header */
308	uint8_t ip6d_len;	/* length in units of 8 octets */
309/* followed by options */
310} __packed;
311.Ed
312.Pp
313The
314.Fn inet6_option_space
315routine and family of routines may be used to manipulate this data.
316.Pp
317This option requires superuser privileges.
318.It Dv IPV6_TCLASS Fa "int *"
319Get or set the value of the traffic class field used for outgoing datagrams
320on this socket.
321The value must be between \-1 and 255.
322A value of \-1 resets to the default value.
323.It Dv IPV6_RECVTCLASS Fa "int *"
324Get or set the status of whether the traffic class header field will be
325provided as ancillary data along with the payload in subsequent
326.Xr recvmsg 2
327calls.
328The header field is stored as a single value of type
329.Vt int .
330.It Dv IPV6_RTHDR Fa "int *"
331Get or set whether the routing header from subsequent packets will be
332provided as ancillary data along with the payload in subsequent
333.Xr recvmsg 2
334calls.
335The header is stored in the following structure in the ancillary data
336returned:
337.Bd -literal
338struct ip6_rthdr {
339	uint8_t ip6r_nxt;	/* next header */
340	uint8_t ip6r_len;	/* length in units of 8 octets */
341	uint8_t ip6r_type;	/* routing type */
342	uint8_t ip6r_segleft;	/* segments left */
343/* followed by routing-type-specific data */
344} __packed;
345.Ed
346.Pp
347The
348.Fn inet6_option_space
349routine and family of routines may be used to manipulate this data.
350.Pp
351This option requires superuser privileges.
352.It Dv IPV6_PKTOPTIONS Fa "struct cmsghdr *"
353Get or set all header options and extension headers at one time on the
354last packet sent or received on the socket.
355All options must fit within the size of an mbuf (see
356.Xr mbuf 9 ) .
357Options are specified as a series of
358.Vt cmsghdr
359structures followed by corresponding values.
360.Va cmsg_level
361is set to
362.Dv IPPROTO_IPV6 ,
363.Va cmsg_type
364to one of the other values in this list, and trailing data to the option
365value.
366When setting options, if the length
367.Va optlen
368to
369.Xr setsockopt 2
370is zero, all header options will be reset to their default values.
371Otherwise, the length should specify the size the series of control
372messages consumes.
373.Pp
374Instead of using
375.Xr sendmsg 2
376to specify option values, the ancillary data used in these calls that
377correspond to the desired header options may be directly specified as
378the control message in the series of control messages provided as the
379argument to
380.Xr setsockopt 2 .
381.It Dv IPV6_CHECKSUM Fa "int *"
382Get or set the byte offset into a packet where the 16-bit checksum is
383located.
384When set, this byte offset is where incoming packets will be expected
385to have checksums of their data stored and where outgoing packets will
386have checksums of their data computed and stored by the kernel.
387A value of \-1 specifies that no checksums will be checked on incoming
388packets and that no checksums will be computed or stored on outgoing
389packets.
390The offset of the checksum for ICMPv6 sockets cannot be relocated or
391turned off.
392.It Dv IPV6_V6ONLY Fa "int *"
393Get or set whether only IPv6 connections can be made to this socket.
394For wildcard sockets, this can restrict connections to IPv6 only.
395.\"With
396.\".Ox
397.\"IPv6 sockets are always IPv6-only, so the socket option is read-only
398.\"(not modifiable).
399.It Dv IPV6_USE_MIN_MTU Fa "int *"
400Get or set whether the minimal IPv6 maximum transmission unit (MTU) size
401will be used to avoid fragmentation from occurring for subsequent
402outgoing datagrams.
403.It Dv IPV6_AUTH_LEVEL Fa "int *"
404Get or set the
405.Xr ipsec 4
406authentication level.
407.It Dv IPV6_ESP_TRANS_LEVEL Fa "int *"
408Get or set the ESP transport level.
409.It Dv IPV6_ESP_NETWORK_LEVEL Fa "int *"
410Get or set the ESP encapsulation level.
411.It Dv IPV6_IPCOMP_LEVEL Fa "int *"
412Get or set the
413.Xr ipcomp 4
414level.
415.El
416.Pp
417The
418.Dv IPV6_PKTINFO ,
419.\" .Dv IPV6_NEXTHOP ,
420.Dv IPV6_HOPLIMIT ,
421.Dv IPV6_HOPOPTS ,
422.Dv IPV6_DSTOPTS ,
423and
424.Dv IPV6_RTHDR
425options will return ancillary data along with payload contents in subsequent
426.Xr recvmsg 2
427calls with
428.Va cmsg_level
429set to
430.Dv IPPROTO_IPV6
431and
432.Va cmsg_type
433set to respective option name value (e.g.,
434.Dv IPV6_HOPTLIMIT ) .
435These options may also be used directly as ancillary
436.Va cmsg_type
437values in
438.Xr sendmsg 2
439to set options on the packet being transmitted by the call.
440The
441.Va cmsg_level
442value must be
443.Dv IPPROTO_IPV6 .
444For these options, the ancillary data object value format is the same
445as the value returned as explained for each when received with
446.Xr recvmsg 2 .
447.Pp
448Note that using
449.Xr sendmsg 2
450to specify options on particular packets works only on UDP and raw sockets.
451To manipulate header options for packets on TCP sockets, only the socket
452options may be used.
453.Pp
454In some cases, there are multiple APIs defined for manipulating an IPv6
455header field.
456A good example is the outgoing interface for multicast datagrams, which
457can be set by the
458.Dv IPV6_MULTICAST_IF
459socket option, through the
460.Dv IPV6_PKTINFO
461option, and through the
462.Va sin6_scope_id
463field of the socket address passed to the
464.Xr sendto 2
465system call.
466.Pp
467Resolving these conflicts is implementation dependent.
468This implementation determines the value in the following way:
469options specified by using ancillary data (i.e.,
470.Xr sendmsg 2 )
471are considered first,
472options specified by using
473.Dv IPV6_PKTOPTIONS
474to set
475.Dq sticky
476options are considered second,
477options specified by using the individual, basic, and direct socket
478options (e.g.,
479.Dv IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS )
480are considered third,
481and options specified in the socket address supplied to
482.Xr sendto 2
483are the last choice.
484.Ss Multicasting
485IPv6 multicasting is supported only on
486.Dv AF_INET6
487sockets of type
488.Dv SOCK_DGRAM
489and
490.Dv SOCK_RAW ,
491and only on networks where the interface driver supports
492multicasting.
493Socket options (see above) that manipulate membership of
494multicast groups and other multicast options include
495.Dv IPV6_MULTICAST_IF ,
496.Dv IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS ,
497.Dv IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP ,
498.Dv IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP ,
499and
500.Dv IPV6_JOIN_GROUP .
501.Ss Raw Sockets
502Raw IPv6 sockets are connectionless and are normally used with the
503.Xr sendto 2
504and
505.Xr recvfrom 2
506calls, although the
507.Xr connect 2
508call may be used to fix the destination address for future outgoing
509packets so that
510.Xr send 2
511may instead be used and the
512.Xr bind 2
513call may be used to fix the source address for future outgoing
514packets instead of having the kernel choose a source address.
515.Pp
516By using
517.Xr connect 2
518or
519.Xr bind 2 ,
520raw socket input is constrained to only packets with their
521source address matching the socket destination address if
522.Xr connect 2
523was used and to packets with their destination address
524matching the socket source address if
525.Xr bind 2
526was used.
527.Pp
528If the
529.Ar proto
530argument to
531.Xr socket 2
532is zero, the default protocol
533.Pq Dv IPPROTO_RAW
534is used for outgoing packets.
535For incoming packets, protocols recognized by kernel are
536.Sy not
537passed to the application socket (e.g.,
538.Xr tcp 4
539and
540.Xr udp 4 )
541except for some ICMPv6 messages.
542The ICMPv6 messages not passed to raw sockets include echo, timestamp,
543and address mask requests.
544If
545.Ar proto
546is non-zero, only packets with this protocol will be passed to the
547socket.
548.Pp
549IPv6 fragments are also not passed to application sockets until
550they have been reassembled.
551If reception of all packets is desired, link-level access (such as
552.Xr bpf 4 )
553must be used instead.
554.Pp
555Outgoing packets automatically have an IPv6 header prepended to them
556(based on the destination address and the protocol number the socket
557was created with).
558Incoming packets are received by an application without the IPv6 header
559or any extension headers.
560.Pp
561Outgoing packets will be fragmented automatically by the kernel if they
562are too large.
563Incoming packets will be reassembled before being sent to the raw socket,
564so packet fragments or fragment headers will never be seen on a raw socket.
565.Sh EXAMPLES
566The following determines the hop limit on the next packet received:
567.Bd -literal
568struct iovec iov[2];
569u_char buf[BUFSIZ];
570struct cmsghdr *cm;
571struct msghdr m;
572int optval;
573bool found;
574u_char data[2048];
575
576/* Create socket. */
577
578(void)memset(&m, 0, sizeof(m));
579(void)memset(&iov, 0, sizeof(iov));
580
581iov[0].iov_base = data;		/* buffer for packet payload */
582iov[0].iov_len = sizeof(data);	/* expected packet length */
583
584m.msg_name = &from;		/* sockaddr_in6 of peer */
585m.msg_namelen = sizeof(from);
586m.msg_iov = iov;
587m.msg_iovlen = 1;
588m.msg_control = (caddr_t)buf;	/* buffer for control messages */
589m.msg_controllen = sizeof(buf);
590
591/*
592 * Enable the hop limit value from received packets to be
593 * returned along with the payload.
594 */
595optval = 1;
596if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_HOPLIMIT, &optval,
597    sizeof(optval)) == -1)
598	err(1, "setsockopt");
599
600found = false;
601do {
602	if (recvmsg(s, &m, 0) == -1)
603		err(1, "recvmsg");
604	for (cm = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&m); cm != NULL;
605	     cm = CMSG_NXTHDR(&m, cm)) {
606		if (cm->cmsg_level == IPPROTO_IPV6 &&
607		    cm->cmsg_type == IPV6_HOPLIMIT &&
608		    cm->cmsg_len == CMSG_LEN(sizeof(int))) {
609			found = true;
610			(void)printf("hop limit: %d\en",
611			    *(int *)CMSG_DATA(cm));
612			break;
613		}
614	}
615} while (!found);
616.Ed
617.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
618A socket operation may fail with one of the following errors returned:
619.Bl -tag -width EADDRNOTAVAILxx
620.It Bq Er EISCONN
621when trying to establish a connection on a socket which
622already has one or when trying to send a datagram with the destination
623address specified and the socket is already connected.
624.It Bq Er ENOTCONN
625when trying to send a datagram, but
626no destination address is specified, and the socket has not been
627connected.
628.It Bq Er ENOBUFS
629when the system runs out of memory for
630an internal data structure.
631.It Bq Er EADDRNOTAVAIL
632when an attempt is made to create a
633socket with a network address for which no network interface
634exists.
635.It Bq Er EACCES
636when an attempt is made to create
637a raw IPv6 socket by a non-privileged process.
638.El
639.Pp
640The following errors specific to IPv6 may occur when setting or getting
641header options:
642.Bl -tag -width EADDRNOTAVAILxx
643.It Bq Er EINVAL
644An unknown socket option name was given.
645.It Bq Er EINVAL
646An ancillary data object was improperly formed.
647.El
648.Sh SEE ALSO
649.Xr getsockopt 2 ,
650.Xr recv 2 ,
651.Xr send 2 ,
652.Xr setsockopt 2 ,
653.Xr socket 2 ,
654.\" .Xr inet6_option_space 3 ,
655.\" .Xr inet6_rthdr_space 3 ,
656.Xr if_nametoindex 3 ,
657.Xr bpf 4 ,
658.Xr icmp6 4 ,
659.Xr inet6 4 ,
660.Xr ip 4 ,
661.Xr netintro 4 ,
662.Xr tcp 4 ,
663.Xr udp 4
664.Rs
665.%A W. Stevens
666.%A M. Thomas
667.%T Advanced Sockets API for IPv6
668.%R RFC 2292
669.%D February 1998
670.Re
671.Rs
672.%A S. Deering
673.%A R. Hinden
674.%T Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification
675.%R RFC 2460
676.%D December 1998
677.Re
678.Rs
679.%A R. Gilligan
680.%A S. Thomson
681.%A J. Bound
682.%A W. Stevens
683.%T Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6
684.%R RFC 2553
685.%D March 1999
686.Re
687.Rs
688.%A W. Stevens
689.%A B. Fenner
690.%A A. Rudoff
691.%T UNIX Network Programming, third edition
692.Re
693.Sh STANDARDS
694Most of the socket options are defined in RFC 2292 or RFC 2553.
695The
696.Dv IPV6_V6ONLY
697socket option is defined in RFC 3493 Section 5.3.
698The
699.Dv IPV6_PORTRANGE
700socket option and the conflict resolution rule are not defined in the
701RFCs and should be considered implementation dependent.
702