1 Ex/Edit Command Summary (Version 2.0) .nr VS 11 .nr PS 9 .2C

Ex and edit are text editors, used for creating and modifying files of text on the \*U computer system. Edit is a variant of ex with features designed to make it less complicated to learn and use. In terms of command syntax and effect the editors are essentially identical, and this command summary applies to both.

The summary is meant as a quick reference for users already acquainted with edit or ex. Fuller explanations of the editors are available in the documents Edit: A Tutorial .R (a self-teaching introduction) and the Ex Reference Manual .R (the comprehensive reference source for both edit and ex). Both of these writeups are available in the Computing Services Library.

In the examples included with the summary, commands and text entered by the user are printed in boldface to distinguish them from responses printed by the computer.

The Editor Buffer

In order to perform its tasks the editor sets aside a temporary work space, called a buffer, separate from the user's permanent file. Before starting to work on an existing file the editor makes a copy of it in the buffer, leaving the original untouched. All editing changes are made to the buffer copy, which must then be written back to the permanent file in order to update the old version. The buffer disappears at the end of the editing session.

Editing: Command and Text Input Modes

.R During an editing session there are two usual modes of operation: command mode and text input mode. (This disregards, for the moment, open and visual modes, discussed below.) In command mode, the editor issues a colon prompt (:) to show that it is ready to accept and execute a command. In text input mode, on the other hand, there is no prompt and the editor merely accepts text to be added to the buffer. Text input mode is initiated by the commands append, insert, and change, and is terminated by typing a period as the first and only character on a line.

Line Numbers and Command Syntax

.R The editor keeps track of lines of text in the buffer by numbering them consecutively starting with 1 and renumbering as lines are added or deleted. At any given time the editor is positioned at one of these lines; this position is called the current line. Generally, commands that change the contents of the buffer print the new current line at the end of their execution.

Most commands can be preceded by one or two line-number addresses which indicate the lines to be affected. If one number is given the command operates on that line only; if two, on an inclusive range of lines. Commands that can take line-number prefixes also assume default prefixes if none are given. The default assumed by each command is designed to make it convenient to use in many instances without any line-number prefix. For the most part, a command used without a prefix operates on the current line, though exceptions to this rule should be noted. The print command by itself, for instance, causes one line, the current line, to be printed at the terminal.

The summary shows the number of line addresses that can be prefixed to each command as well as the defaults assumed if they are omitted. For example, (.,.) means that up to 2 line-numbers may be given, and that if none is given the command operates on the current line. (In the address prefix notation, ``.'' stands for the current line and ``$'' stands for the last line of the buffer.) If no such notation appears, no line-number prefix may be used.

Some commands take trailing information; only the more important instances of this are mentioned in the summary.

Open and Visual Modes

.R Besides command and text input modes, ex and edit provide on some CRT terminals other modes of editing, open and visual . In these modes the cursor can be moved to individual words or characters in a line. The commands then given are very different from the standard editor commands; most do not appear on the screen when typed. An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi .R provides a full discussion.

Special Characters

.R

1 . & * [ ] ~ .R To use one of the special characters as its simple graphic representation rather than with its special meaning, precede it by a backslash (\\). The backslash always has a special meaning. .1C

:1i
These lines of text will
be added prior to line 1.
.
:

:2,5j
Resulting line is printed
:

:preserve
File preserved.
:

:+2,+3p
The second and third lines
after the current line
:

quit
quit!
 
q
q!
 
Ends the editing session.
You will receive a
warning if you have changed the buffer
since last writing its contents
to the file. In this event you
must either type w to write,
or type q! to exit from
the editor without saving your changes.
 
:q
No write since last change
:q!
%
(.)read file r 
Places a copy of file in the
buffer after the specified line.
Address 0 is permissible and causes
the copy of file to be placed
at the beginning of the buffer.
The read command does not
erase any text already in the buffer.
If no line number is specified,
file is placed after the
current line.
 
:0r newfile
"newfile" 5 lines, 86 characters
\*c
recover file rec 
Retrieves a copy of the editor buffer
after a system crash, editor crash,
phone line disconnection, or
preserve command.
(.,.)substitute s 
substitute/pattern/replacement/
substitute/pattern/replacement/gc
Replaces the first occurrence of pattern
on a line
with replacement.
Including a g after the command
changes all occurrences of pattern
on the line.
The c option allows the user to
confirm each substitution before it is
made; see the manual for details.
 
:3p
Line 3 contains a misstake
:s/misstake/mistake/
Line 3 contains a mistake
\*c

.bp


Name Abbr Description Examples
undo u 
Reverses the changes made in
the buffer by the last buffer-editing
command.
Note that this example contains
a notification about the number of
lines affected.
 
:1,15d
15 lines deleted
new line number 1 is printed
:u
15 more lines in file ...
old line number 1 is printed
\*c
(1,$)write file w 
Copies data from the buffer onto
a permanent file. If no file
is named, the current filename
is used.
The file is automatically created
if it does not yet exist.
A response containing the number of
lines and characters in the file
indicates that the write
has been completed successfully.
The editor's built-in protections
against overwriting existing files
will in some circumstances
inhibit a write.
The form w! forces the
write, confirming that
an existing file is to be overwritten.
 
:w
"file7" 64 lines, 1122 characters
:w file8
"file8" File exists ...
:w! file8
"file8" 64 lines, 1122 characters
\*c
(1,$)write! file w! \^ \^


(.)z count z 
Prints a screen full of text starting
with the line indicated;
or, if count is specified,
prints that number of lines.
Variants of the z command
are described in the manual.
 
!command 
Executes the remainder of the line
after ! as a \*U command.
The buffer is unchanged by this, and
control is returned to the editor when
the execution of command is complete.
 
:!date
Fri Jun 9 12:15:11 PDT 1978
!
\*c
control-d 
Prints the next scroll of text,
normally half of a screen. See the
manual for details of the scroll
option.
(.+1)<cr> 
An address alone followed by a carriage
return causes the line to be printed.
A carriage return by itself prints the
line following the current line.
 
:<cr>
the line after the current line
\*c


/pattern/ 
Searches for the next line in which
pattern occurs and prints it.
 
:/This pattern/
This pattern next occurs here.
\*c
// 
Repeats the most recent search.
 
://
This pattern also occurs here.
\*c
?pattern? 
Searches in the reverse direction
for pattern.
 
?? 
Repeats the most recent search,
moving in the reverse direction
through the buffer.