1.\" Copyright (c) 1985, 1991, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)restore.8 8.4 (Berkeley) 5/1/95 33.\" $Id: restore.8,v 1.9 1997/02/22 14:33:08 peter Exp $ 34.\" 35.Dd May 1, 1995 36.Dt RESTORE 8 37.Os BSD 4 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm restore 40.Nd "restore files or file systems from backups made with dump" 41.Sh SYNOPSIS 42.Nm restore 43.Fl i 44.Op Fl chmvy 45.Op Fl b Ar blocksize 46.Op Fl f Ar file 47.Op Fl s Ar fileno 48.Nm restore 49.Fl R 50.Op Fl cvy 51.Op Fl b Ar blocksize 52.Op Fl f Ar file 53.Op Fl s Ar fileno 54.Nm restore 55.Fl r 56.Op Fl cvy 57.Op Fl b Ar blocksize 58.Op Fl f Ar file 59.Op Fl s Ar fileno 60.Nm restore 61.Fl t 62.Op Fl chvy 63.Op Fl b Ar blocksize 64.Op Fl f Ar file 65.Op Fl s Ar fileno 66.Op file ... 67.Nm restore 68.Fl x 69.Op Fl chmvy 70.Op Fl b Ar blocksize 71.Op Fl f Ar file 72.Op Fl s Ar fileno 73.Op file ... 74.Pp 75.in -\\n(iSu 76(The 77.Bx 4.3 78option syntax is implemented for backward compatibility, but 79is not documented here.) 80.Sh DESCRIPTION 81The 82.Nm restore 83command performs the inverse function of 84.Xr dump 8 . 85A full backup of a file system may be restored and 86subsequent incremental backups layered on top of it. 87Single files and 88directory subtrees may be restored from full or partial 89backups. 90.Nm Restore 91works across a network; 92to do this see the 93.Fl f 94flag described below. 95Other arguments to the command are file or directory 96names specifying the files that are to be restored. 97Unless the 98.Fl h 99flag is specified (see below), 100the appearance of a directory name refers to 101the files and (recursively) subdirectories of that directory. 102.Pp 103Exactly one of the following flags is required: 104.Bl -tag -width Ds 105.It Fl i 106This mode allows interactive restoration of files from a dump. 107After reading in the directory information from the dump, 108.Nm restore 109provides a shell like interface that allows the user to move 110around the directory tree selecting files to be extracted. 111The available commands are given below; 112for those commands that require an argument, 113the default is the current directory. 114.Bl -tag -width Fl 115.It Ic add Op Ar arg 116The current directory or specified argument is added to the list of 117files to be extracted. 118If a directory is specified, then it and all its descendents are 119added to the extraction list 120(unless the 121.Fl h 122flag is specified on the command line). 123Files that are on the extraction list are prepended with a ``*'' 124when they are listed by 125.Ic ls . 126.It Ic \&cd Ar arg 127Change the current working directory to the specified argument. 128.It Ic delete Op Ar arg 129The current directory or specified argument is deleted from the list of 130files to be extracted. 131If a directory is specified, then it and all its descendents are 132deleted from the extraction list 133(unless the 134.Fl h 135flag is specified on the command line). 136The most expedient way to extract most of the files from a directory 137is to add the directory to the extraction list and then delete 138those files that are not needed. 139.It Ic extract 140All the files that are on the extraction list are extracted 141from the dump. 142.Nm Restore 143will ask which volume the user wishes to mount. 144The fastest way to extract a few files is to 145start with the last volume, and work towards the first volume. 146.It Ic help 147List a summary of the available commands. 148.It Ic \&ls Op Ar arg 149List the current or specified directory. 150Entries that are directories are appended with a ``/''. 151Entries that have been marked for extraction are prepended with a ``*''. 152If the verbose 153flag is set the inode number of each entry is also listed. 154.It Ic pwd 155Print the full pathname of the current working directory. 156.It Ic quit 157Restore immediately exits, 158even if the extraction list is not empty. 159.It Ic setmodes 160All the directories that have been added to the extraction list 161have their owner, modes, and times set; 162nothing is extracted from the dump. 163This is useful for cleaning up after a restore has been prematurely aborted. 164.It Ic verbose 165The sense of the 166.Fl v 167flag is toggled. 168When set, the verbose flag causes the 169.Ic ls 170command to list the inode numbers of all entries. 171It also causes 172.Nm restore 173to print out information about each file as it is extracted. 174.El 175.It Fl R 176.Nm Restore 177requests a particular tape of a multi volume set on which to restart 178a full restore 179(see the 180.Fl r 181flag below). 182This is useful if the restore has been interrupted. 183.It Fl r 184Restore (rebuild a file system). 185The target file system should be made pristine with 186.Xr newfs 8 , 187mounted and the user 188.Xr cd Ns 'd 189into the pristine file system 190before starting the restoration of the initial level 0 backup. If the 191level 0 restores successfully, the 192.Fl r 193flag may be used to restore 194any necessary incremental backups on top of the level 0. 195The 196.Fl r 197flag precludes an interactive file extraction and can be 198detrimental to one's health if not used carefully (not to mention 199the disk). An example: 200.Bd -literal -offset indent 201newfs /dev/rrp0g eagle 202mount /dev/rp0g /mnt 203cd /mnt 204 205restore rf /dev/rst8 206.Ed 207.Pp 208Note that 209.Nm restore 210leaves a file 211.Pa restoresymtable 212in the root directory to pass information between incremental 213restore passes. 214This file should be removed when the last incremental has been 215restored. 216.Pp 217.Nm Restore , 218in conjunction with 219.Xr newfs 8 220and 221.Xr dump 8 , 222may be used to modify file system parameters 223such as size or block size. 224.It Fl t 225The names of the specified files are listed if they occur 226on the backup. 227If no file argument is given, 228then the root directory is listed, 229which results in the entire content of the 230backup being listed, 231unless the 232.Fl h 233flag has been specified. 234Note that the 235.Fl t 236flag replaces the function of the old 237.Xr dumpdir 8 238program. 239.ne 1i 240.It Fl x 241The named files are read from the given media. 242If a named file matches a directory whose contents 243are on the backup 244and the 245.Fl h 246flag is not specified, 247the directory is recursively extracted. 248The owner, modification time, 249and mode are restored (if possible). 250If no file argument is given, 251then the root directory is extracted, 252which results in the entire content of the 253backup being extracted, 254unless the 255.Fl h 256flag has been specified. 257.El 258.Pp 259The following additional options may be specified: 260.Bl -tag -width Ds 261.It Fl b Ar blocksize 262The number of kilobytes per dump record. 263If the 264.Fl b 265option is not specified, 266.Nm restore 267tries to determine the media block size dynamically. 268.It Fl c 269Normally, 270.Nm restore 271will try to determine dynamically whether the dump was made from an 272old (pre-4.4) or new format file sytem. The 273.Fl c 274flag disables this check, and only allows reading a dump in the old 275format. 276.It Fl f Ar file 277Read the backup from 278.Ar file ; 279.Ar file 280may be a special device file 281like 282.Pa /dev/rmt12 283(a tape drive), 284.Pa /dev/rsd1c 285(a disk drive), 286an ordinary file, 287or 288.Ql Fl 289(the standard input). 290If the name of the file is of the form 291.Dq host:file , 292or 293.Dq user@host:file , 294.Nm restore 295reads from the named file on the remote host using 296.Xr rmt 8 . 297.Pp 298.It Fl h 299Extract the actual directory, 300rather than the files that it references. 301This prevents hierarchical restoration of complete subtrees 302from the dump. 303.It Fl m 304Extract by inode numbers rather than by file name. 305This is useful if only a few files are being extracted, 306and one wants to avoid regenerating the complete pathname 307to the file. 308.It Fl s Ar fileno 309Read from the specified 310.Ar fileno 311on a multi-file tape. 312File numbering starts at 1. 313.It Fl v 314Normally 315.Nm restore 316does its work silently. 317The 318.Fl v 319(verbose) 320flag causes it to type the name of each file it treats 321preceded by its file type. 322.It Fl y 323Do not ask the user whether to abort the restore in the event of an error. 324Always try to skip over the bad block(s) and continue. 325.El 326.Sh DIAGNOSTICS 327Complaints if it gets a read error. 328If 329.Fl y 330has been specified, or the user responds 331.Ql y , 332.Nm restore 333will attempt to continue the restore. 334.Pp 335If a backup was made using more than one tape volume, 336.Nm restore 337will notify the user when it is time to mount the next volume. 338If the 339.Fl x 340or 341.Fl i 342flag has been specified, 343.Nm restore 344will also ask which volume the user wishes to mount. 345The fastest way to extract a few files is to 346start with the last volume, and work towards the first volume. 347.Pp 348There are numerous consistency checks that can be listed by 349.Nm restore . 350Most checks are self-explanatory or can ``never happen''. 351Common errors are given below. 352.Pp 353.Bl -tag -width Ds -compact 354.It Converting to new file system format. 355A dump tape created from the old file system has been loaded. 356It is automatically converted to the new file system format. 357.Pp 358.It <filename>: not found on tape 359The specified file name was listed in the tape directory, 360but was not found on the tape. 361This is caused by tape read errors while looking for the file, 362and from using a dump tape created on an active file system. 363.Pp 364.It expected next file <inumber>, got <inumber> 365A file that was not listed in the directory showed up. 366This can occur when using a dump created on an active file system. 367.Pp 368.It Incremental dump too low 369When doing incremental restore, 370a dump that was written before the previous incremental dump, 371or that has too low an incremental level has been loaded. 372.Pp 373.It Incremental dump too high 374When doing incremental restore, 375a dump that does not begin its coverage where the previous incremental 376dump left off, 377or that has too high an incremental level has been loaded. 378.Pp 379.It Tape read error while restoring <filename> 380.It Tape read error while skipping over inode <inumber> 381.It Tape read error while trying to resynchronize 382A tape (or other media) read error has occurred. 383If a file name is specified, 384then its contents are probably partially wrong. 385If an inode is being skipped or the tape is trying to resynchronize, 386then no extracted files have been corrupted, 387though files may not be found on the tape. 388.Pp 389.It resync restore, skipped <num> blocks 390After a dump read error, 391.Nm restore 392may have to resynchronize itself. 393This message lists the number of blocks that were skipped over. 394.El 395.Sh FILES 396.Bl -tag -width "./restoresymtable" -compact 397.It Pa /dev/rst0 398the default tape drive 399.It Pa /tmp/rstdir* 400file containing directories on the tape. 401.It Pa /tmp/rstmode* 402owner, mode, and time stamps for directories. 403.It Pa \&./restoresymtable 404information passed between incremental restores. 405.El 406.Sh SEE ALSO 407.Xr dump 8 , 408.Xr ft 8 , 409.Xr mount 8 , 410.Xr newfs 8 , 411.Xr rmt 8 412.Sh BUGS 413.Nm Restore 414can get confused when doing incremental restores from 415dumps that were made on active file systems. 416.Pp 417A level zero dump must be done after a full restore. 418Because restore runs in user code, 419it has no control over inode allocation; 420thus a full dump must be done to get a new set of directories 421reflecting the new inode numbering, 422even though the contents of the files is unchanged. 423.Pp 424To do a network restore, you have to run restore as root. This is due 425to the previous security history of dump and restore. (restore is 426written to be setuid root, but we are not certain all bugs are gone 427from the restore code - run setuid at your own risk.) 428.Sh HISTORY 429The 430.Nm restore 431command appeared in 432.Bx 4.2 . 433