xref: /freebsd/sbin/ping/ping.c (revision bc7512cc58af2e8bbe5bbf5ca0059b1daa1da897)
1 /*-
2  * SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
3  *
4  * Copyright (c) 1989, 1993
5  *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
6  *
7  * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
8  * Mike Muuss.
9  *
10  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
11  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
12  * are met:
13  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
14  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
15  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
16  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
17  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
18  * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
19  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
20  *    without specific prior written permission.
21  *
22  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
23  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
24  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
25  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
26  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
27  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
28  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
29  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
30  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
31  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
32  * SUCH DAMAGE.
33  */
34 
35 #if 0
36 #ifndef lint
37 static const char copyright[] =
38 "@(#) Copyright (c) 1989, 1993\n\
39 	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.\n";
40 #endif /* not lint */
41 
42 #ifndef lint
43 static char sccsid[] = "@(#)ping.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93";
44 #endif /* not lint */
45 #endif
46 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
47 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
48 
49 /*
50  *			P I N G . C
51  *
52  * Using the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) "ECHO" facility,
53  * measure round-trip-delays and packet loss across network paths.
54  *
55  * Author -
56  *	Mike Muuss
57  *	U. S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory
58  *	December, 1983
59  *
60  * Status -
61  *	Public Domain.  Distribution Unlimited.
62  * Bugs -
63  *	More statistics could always be gathered.
64  *	This program has to run SUID to ROOT to access the ICMP socket.
65  */
66 
67 #include <sys/param.h>		/* NB: we rely on this for <sys/types.h> */
68 #include <sys/capsicum.h>
69 #include <sys/socket.h>
70 #include <sys/sysctl.h>
71 #include <sys/time.h>
72 #include <sys/uio.h>
73 
74 #include <netinet/in.h>
75 #include <netinet/in_systm.h>
76 #include <netinet/ip.h>
77 #include <netinet/ip_icmp.h>
78 #include <netinet/ip_var.h>
79 #include <arpa/inet.h>
80 
81 #include <libcasper.h>
82 #include <casper/cap_dns.h>
83 
84 #ifdef IPSEC
85 #include <netipsec/ipsec.h>
86 #endif /*IPSEC*/
87 
88 #include <capsicum_helpers.h>
89 #include <ctype.h>
90 #include <err.h>
91 #include <errno.h>
92 #include <math.h>
93 #include <netdb.h>
94 #include <stddef.h>
95 #include <signal.h>
96 #include <stdio.h>
97 #include <stdlib.h>
98 #include <string.h>
99 #include <sysexits.h>
100 #include <time.h>
101 #include <unistd.h>
102 
103 #include "main.h"
104 #include "ping.h"
105 #include "utils.h"
106 
107 #define	INADDR_LEN	((int)sizeof(in_addr_t))
108 #define	TIMEVAL_LEN	((int)sizeof(struct tv32))
109 #define	MASK_LEN	(ICMP_MASKLEN - ICMP_MINLEN)
110 #define	TS_LEN		(ICMP_TSLEN - ICMP_MINLEN)
111 #define	DEFDATALEN	56		/* default data length */
112 #define	FLOOD_BACKOFF	20000		/* usecs to back off if F_FLOOD mode */
113 					/* runs out of buffer space */
114 #define	MAXIPLEN	(sizeof(struct ip) + MAX_IPOPTLEN)
115 #define	MAXICMPLEN	(ICMP_ADVLENMIN + MAX_IPOPTLEN)
116 #define	MAXWAIT		10000		/* max ms to wait for response */
117 #define	MAXALARM	(60 * 60)	/* max seconds for alarm timeout */
118 #define	MAXTOS		255
119 
120 #define	A(bit)		rcvd_tbl[(bit)>>3]	/* identify byte in array */
121 #define	B(bit)		(1 << ((bit) & 0x07))	/* identify bit in byte */
122 #define	SET(bit)	(A(bit) |= B(bit))
123 #define	CLR(bit)	(A(bit) &= (~B(bit)))
124 #define	TST(bit)	(A(bit) & B(bit))
125 
126 struct tv32 {
127 	int32_t tv32_sec;
128 	int32_t tv32_nsec;
129 };
130 
131 /* various options */
132 static int options;
133 #define	F_FLOOD		0x0001
134 #define	F_INTERVAL	0x0002
135 #define	F_NUMERIC	0x0004
136 #define	F_PINGFILLED	0x0008
137 #define	F_QUIET		0x0010
138 #define	F_RROUTE	0x0020
139 #define	F_SO_DEBUG	0x0040
140 #define	F_SO_DONTROUTE	0x0080
141 #define	F_VERBOSE	0x0100
142 #define	F_QUIET2	0x0200
143 #define	F_NOLOOP	0x0400
144 #define	F_MTTL		0x0800
145 #define	F_MIF		0x1000
146 #define	F_AUDIBLE	0x2000
147 #ifdef IPSEC
148 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
149 #define F_POLICY	0x4000
150 #endif /*IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC*/
151 #endif /*IPSEC*/
152 #define	F_TTL		0x8000
153 #define	F_MISSED	0x10000
154 #define	F_ONCE		0x20000
155 #define	F_HDRINCL	0x40000
156 #define	F_MASK		0x80000
157 #define	F_TIME		0x100000
158 #define	F_SWEEP		0x200000
159 #define	F_WAITTIME	0x400000
160 #define	F_IP_VLAN_PCP	0x800000
161 #define	F_DOT		0x1000000
162 
163 /*
164  * MAX_DUP_CHK is the number of bits in received table, i.e. the maximum
165  * number of received sequence numbers we can keep track of.  Change 128
166  * to 8192 for complete accuracy...
167  */
168 #define	MAX_DUP_CHK	(8 * 128)
169 static int mx_dup_ck = MAX_DUP_CHK;
170 static char rcvd_tbl[MAX_DUP_CHK / 8];
171 
172 static struct sockaddr_in whereto;	/* who to ping */
173 static int datalen = DEFDATALEN;
174 static int maxpayload;
175 static int ssend;		/* send socket file descriptor */
176 static int srecv;		/* receive socket file descriptor */
177 static u_char outpackhdr[IP_MAXPACKET], *outpack;
178 static char BBELL = '\a';	/* characters written for MISSED and AUDIBLE */
179 static char BSPACE = '\b';	/* characters written for flood */
180 static const char *DOT = ".";
181 static size_t DOTlen = 1;
182 static size_t DOTidx = 0;
183 static char *hostname;
184 static char *shostname;
185 static int ident;		/* process id to identify our packets */
186 static int uid;			/* cached uid for micro-optimization */
187 static u_char icmp_type = ICMP_ECHO;
188 static u_char icmp_type_rsp = ICMP_ECHOREPLY;
189 static int phdr_len = 0;
190 static int send_len;
191 
192 /* counters */
193 static long nmissedmax;		/* max value of ntransmitted - nreceived - 1 */
194 static long npackets;		/* max packets to transmit */
195 static long nreceived;		/* # of packets we got back */
196 static long nrepeats;		/* number of duplicates */
197 static long ntransmitted;	/* sequence # for outbound packets = #sent */
198 static long snpackets;			/* max packets to transmit in one sweep */
199 static long sntransmitted;	/* # of packets we sent in this sweep */
200 static int sweepmax;		/* max value of payload in sweep */
201 static int sweepmin = 0;	/* start value of payload in sweep */
202 static int sweepincr = 1;	/* payload increment in sweep */
203 static int interval = 1000;	/* interval between packets, ms */
204 static int waittime = MAXWAIT;	/* timeout for each packet */
205 static long nrcvtimeout = 0;	/* # of packets we got back after waittime */
206 
207 /* timing */
208 static int timing;		/* flag to do timing */
209 static double tmin = 999999999.0;	/* minimum round trip time */
210 static double tmax = 0.0;	/* maximum round trip time */
211 static double tsum = 0.0;	/* sum of all times, for doing average */
212 static double tsumsq = 0.0;	/* sum of all times squared, for std. dev. */
213 
214 /* nonzero if we've been told to finish up */
215 static volatile sig_atomic_t finish_up;
216 static volatile sig_atomic_t siginfo_p;
217 
218 static cap_channel_t *capdns;
219 
220 static void fill(char *, char *);
221 static cap_channel_t *capdns_setup(void);
222 static void check_status(void);
223 static void finish(void) __dead2;
224 static void pinger(void);
225 static char *pr_addr(struct in_addr);
226 static char *pr_ntime(n_time);
227 static void pr_icmph(struct icmp *, struct ip *, const u_char *const);
228 static void pr_iph(struct ip *);
229 static void pr_pack(char *, ssize_t, struct sockaddr_in *, struct timespec *);
230 static void pr_retip(struct ip *, const u_char *);
231 static void status(int);
232 static void stopit(int);
233 
234 int
235 ping(int argc, char *const *argv)
236 {
237 	struct sockaddr_in from, sock_in;
238 	struct in_addr ifaddr;
239 	struct timespec last, intvl;
240 	struct iovec iov;
241 	struct msghdr msg;
242 	struct sigaction si_sa;
243 	size_t sz;
244 	u_char *datap, packet[IP_MAXPACKET] __aligned(4);
245 	const char *errstr;
246 	char *ep, *source, *target, *payload;
247 	struct hostent *hp;
248 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
249 	char *policy_in, *policy_out;
250 #endif
251 	struct sockaddr_in *to;
252 	double t;
253 	u_long alarmtimeout;
254 	long long ltmp;
255 	int almost_done, ch, df, hold, i, icmp_len, mib[4], preload;
256 	int ssend_errno, srecv_errno, tos, ttl, pcp;
257 	char ctrl[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(struct timespec))];
258 	char hnamebuf[MAXHOSTNAMELEN], snamebuf[MAXHOSTNAMELEN];
259 #ifdef IP_OPTIONS
260 	char rspace[MAX_IPOPTLEN];	/* record route space */
261 #endif
262 	unsigned char loop, mttl;
263 
264 	payload = source = NULL;
265 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
266 	policy_in = policy_out = NULL;
267 #endif
268 	cap_rights_t rights;
269 
270 	options |= F_NUMERIC;
271 
272 	/*
273 	 * Do the stuff that we need root priv's for *first*, and
274 	 * then drop our setuid bit.  Save error reporting for
275 	 * after arg parsing.
276 	 *
277 	 * Historicaly ping was using one socket 's' for sending and for
278 	 * receiving. After capsicum(4) related changes we use two
279 	 * sockets. It was done for special ping use case - when user
280 	 * issue ping on multicast or broadcast address replies come
281 	 * from different addresses, not from the address we
282 	 * connect(2)'ed to, and send socket do not receive those
283 	 * packets.
284 	 */
285 	ssend = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMP);
286 	ssend_errno = errno;
287 	srecv = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMP);
288 	srecv_errno = errno;
289 
290 	if (setuid(getuid()) != 0)
291 		err(EX_NOPERM, "setuid() failed");
292 	uid = getuid();
293 
294 	if (ssend < 0) {
295 		errno = ssend_errno;
296 		err(EX_OSERR, "ssend socket");
297 	}
298 
299 	if (srecv < 0) {
300 		errno = srecv_errno;
301 		err(EX_OSERR, "srecv socket");
302 	}
303 
304 	alarmtimeout = df = preload = tos = pcp = 0;
305 
306 	outpack = outpackhdr + sizeof(struct ip);
307 	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, PING4OPTS)) != -1) {
308 		switch(ch) {
309 		case '.':
310 			options |= F_DOT;
311 			if (optarg != NULL) {
312 				DOT = optarg;
313 				DOTlen = strlen(optarg);
314 			}
315 			break;
316 		case '4':
317 			/* This option is processed in main(). */
318 			break;
319 		case 'A':
320 			options |= F_MISSED;
321 			break;
322 		case 'a':
323 			options |= F_AUDIBLE;
324 			break;
325 		case 'C':
326 			options |= F_IP_VLAN_PCP;
327 			ltmp = strtonum(optarg, -1, 7, &errstr);
328 			if (errstr != NULL)
329 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid PCP: `%s'", optarg);
330 			pcp = ltmp;
331 			break;
332 		case 'c':
333 			ltmp = strtonum(optarg, 1, LONG_MAX, &errstr);
334 			if (errstr != NULL)
335 				errx(EX_USAGE,
336 				    "invalid count of packets to transmit: `%s'",
337 				    optarg);
338 			npackets = (long)ltmp;
339 			break;
340 		case 'D':
341 			options |= F_HDRINCL;
342 			df = 1;
343 			break;
344 		case 'd':
345 			options |= F_SO_DEBUG;
346 			break;
347 		case 'f':
348 			if (uid) {
349 				errno = EPERM;
350 				err(EX_NOPERM, "-f flag");
351 			}
352 			options |= F_FLOOD;
353 			options |= F_DOT;
354 			setbuf(stdout, (char *)NULL);
355 			break;
356 		case 'G': /* Maximum packet size for ping sweep */
357 			ltmp = strtonum(optarg, 1, INT_MAX, &errstr);
358 			if (errstr != NULL) {
359 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid packet size: `%s'",
360 				    optarg);
361 			}
362 			sweepmax = (int)ltmp;
363 			if (uid != 0 && sweepmax > DEFDATALEN) {
364 				errc(EX_NOPERM, EPERM,
365 				    "packet size too large: %d > %u",
366 				    sweepmax, DEFDATALEN);
367 			}
368 			options |= F_SWEEP;
369 			break;
370 		case 'g': /* Minimum packet size for ping sweep */
371 			ltmp = strtonum(optarg, 1, INT_MAX, &errstr);
372 			if (errstr != NULL) {
373 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid packet size: `%s'",
374 				    optarg);
375 			}
376 			sweepmin = (int)ltmp;
377 			if (uid != 0 && sweepmin > DEFDATALEN) {
378 				errc(EX_NOPERM, EPERM,
379 				    "packet size too large: %d > %u",
380 				    sweepmin, DEFDATALEN);
381 			}
382 			options |= F_SWEEP;
383 			break;
384 		case 'H':
385 			options &= ~F_NUMERIC;
386 			break;
387 		case 'h': /* Packet size increment for ping sweep */
388 			ltmp = strtonum(optarg, 1, INT_MAX, &errstr);
389 			if (errstr != NULL) {
390 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid packet size: `%s'",
391 				    optarg);
392 			}
393 			sweepincr = (int)ltmp;
394 			if (uid != 0 && sweepincr > DEFDATALEN) {
395 				errc(EX_NOPERM, EPERM,
396 				    "packet size too large: %d > %u",
397 				    sweepincr, DEFDATALEN);
398 			}
399 			options |= F_SWEEP;
400 			break;
401 		case 'I':		/* multicast interface */
402 			if (inet_aton(optarg, &ifaddr) == 0)
403 				errx(EX_USAGE,
404 				    "invalid multicast interface: `%s'",
405 				    optarg);
406 			options |= F_MIF;
407 			break;
408 		case 'i':		/* wait between sending packets */
409 			t = strtod(optarg, &ep) * 1000.0;
410 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || t > (double)INT_MAX)
411 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid timing interval: `%s'",
412 				    optarg);
413 			options |= F_INTERVAL;
414 			interval = (int)t;
415 			if (uid && interval < 1000) {
416 				errno = EPERM;
417 				err(EX_NOPERM, "-i interval too short");
418 			}
419 			break;
420 		case 'L':
421 			options |= F_NOLOOP;
422 			loop = 0;
423 			break;
424 		case 'l':
425 			ltmp = strtonum(optarg, 0, INT_MAX, &errstr);
426 			if (errstr != NULL)
427 				errx(EX_USAGE,
428 				    "invalid preload value: `%s'", optarg);
429 			if (uid) {
430 				errno = EPERM;
431 				err(EX_NOPERM, "-l flag");
432 			}
433 			preload = (int)ltmp;
434 			break;
435 		case 'M':
436 			switch(optarg[0]) {
437 			case 'M':
438 			case 'm':
439 				options |= F_MASK;
440 				break;
441 			case 'T':
442 			case 't':
443 				options |= F_TIME;
444 				break;
445 			default:
446 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid message: `%c'", optarg[0]);
447 				break;
448 			}
449 			break;
450 		case 'm':		/* TTL */
451 			ltmp = strtonum(optarg, 0, MAXTTL, &errstr);
452 			if (errstr != NULL)
453 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid TTL: `%s'", optarg);
454 			ttl = (int)ltmp;
455 			options |= F_TTL;
456 			break;
457 		case 'n':
458 			options |= F_NUMERIC;
459 			break;
460 		case 'o':
461 			options |= F_ONCE;
462 			break;
463 #ifdef IPSEC
464 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
465 		case 'P':
466 			options |= F_POLICY;
467 			if (!strncmp("in", optarg, 2))
468 				policy_in = strdup(optarg);
469 			else if (!strncmp("out", optarg, 3))
470 				policy_out = strdup(optarg);
471 			else
472 				errx(1, "invalid security policy");
473 			break;
474 #endif /*IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC*/
475 #endif /*IPSEC*/
476 		case 'p':		/* fill buffer with user pattern */
477 			options |= F_PINGFILLED;
478 			payload = optarg;
479 			break;
480 		case 'Q':
481 			options |= F_QUIET2;
482 			break;
483 		case 'q':
484 			options |= F_QUIET;
485 			break;
486 		case 'R':
487 			options |= F_RROUTE;
488 			break;
489 		case 'r':
490 			options |= F_SO_DONTROUTE;
491 			break;
492 		case 'S':
493 			source = optarg;
494 			break;
495 		case 's':		/* size of packet to send */
496 			ltmp = strtonum(optarg, 0, INT_MAX, &errstr);
497 			if (errstr != NULL)
498 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid packet size: `%s'",
499 				    optarg);
500 			datalen = (int)ltmp;
501 			if (uid != 0 && datalen > DEFDATALEN) {
502 				errno = EPERM;
503 				err(EX_NOPERM,
504 				    "packet size too large: %d > %u",
505 				    datalen, DEFDATALEN);
506 			}
507 			break;
508 		case 'T':		/* multicast TTL */
509 			ltmp = strtonum(optarg, 0, MAXTTL, &errstr);
510 			if (errstr != NULL)
511 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid multicast TTL: `%s'",
512 				    optarg);
513 			mttl = (unsigned char)ltmp;
514 			options |= F_MTTL;
515 			break;
516 		case 't':
517 			alarmtimeout = strtoul(optarg, &ep, 0);
518 			if ((alarmtimeout < 1) || (alarmtimeout == ULONG_MAX))
519 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid timeout: `%s'",
520 				    optarg);
521 			if (alarmtimeout > MAXALARM)
522 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid timeout: `%s' > %d",
523 				    optarg, MAXALARM);
524 			{
525 				struct itimerval itv;
526 
527 				timerclear(&itv.it_interval);
528 				timerclear(&itv.it_value);
529 				itv.it_value.tv_sec = (time_t)alarmtimeout;
530 				if (setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &itv, NULL) != 0)
531 					err(1, "setitimer");
532 			}
533 			break;
534 		case 'v':
535 			options |= F_VERBOSE;
536 			break;
537 		case 'W':		/* wait ms for answer */
538 			t = strtod(optarg, &ep);
539 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || t > (double)INT_MAX)
540 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid timing interval: `%s'",
541 				    optarg);
542 			options |= F_WAITTIME;
543 			waittime = (int)t;
544 			break;
545 		case 'z':
546 			options |= F_HDRINCL;
547 			ltmp = strtol(optarg, &ep, 0);
548 			if (*ep || ep == optarg || ltmp > MAXTOS || ltmp < 0)
549 				errx(EX_USAGE, "invalid TOS: `%s'", optarg);
550 			tos = ltmp;
551 			break;
552 		default:
553 			usage();
554 		}
555 	}
556 
557 	if (argc - optind != 1)
558 		usage();
559 	target = argv[optind];
560 
561 	switch (options & (F_MASK|F_TIME)) {
562 	case 0: break;
563 	case F_MASK:
564 		icmp_type = ICMP_MASKREQ;
565 		icmp_type_rsp = ICMP_MASKREPLY;
566 		phdr_len = MASK_LEN;
567 		if (!(options & F_QUIET))
568 			(void)printf("ICMP_MASKREQ\n");
569 		break;
570 	case F_TIME:
571 		icmp_type = ICMP_TSTAMP;
572 		icmp_type_rsp = ICMP_TSTAMPREPLY;
573 		phdr_len = TS_LEN;
574 		if (!(options & F_QUIET))
575 			(void)printf("ICMP_TSTAMP\n");
576 		break;
577 	default:
578 		errx(EX_USAGE, "ICMP_TSTAMP and ICMP_MASKREQ are exclusive.");
579 		break;
580 	}
581 	icmp_len = sizeof(struct ip) + ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len;
582 	if (options & F_RROUTE)
583 		icmp_len += MAX_IPOPTLEN;
584 	maxpayload = IP_MAXPACKET - icmp_len;
585 	if (datalen > maxpayload)
586 		errx(EX_USAGE, "packet size too large: %d > %d", datalen,
587 		    maxpayload);
588 	send_len = icmp_len + datalen;
589 	datap = &outpack[ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len + TIMEVAL_LEN];
590 	if (options & F_PINGFILLED) {
591 		fill((char *)datap, payload);
592 	}
593 	capdns = capdns_setup();
594 	if (source) {
595 		bzero((char *)&sock_in, sizeof(sock_in));
596 		sock_in.sin_family = AF_INET;
597 		if (inet_aton(source, &sock_in.sin_addr) != 0) {
598 			shostname = source;
599 		} else {
600 			hp = cap_gethostbyname2(capdns, source, AF_INET);
601 			if (!hp)
602 				errx(EX_NOHOST, "cannot resolve %s: %s",
603 				    source, hstrerror(h_errno));
604 
605 			sock_in.sin_len = sizeof sock_in;
606 			if ((unsigned)hp->h_length > sizeof(sock_in.sin_addr) ||
607 			    hp->h_length < 0)
608 				errx(1, "gethostbyname2: illegal address");
609 			memcpy(&sock_in.sin_addr, hp->h_addr_list[0],
610 			    sizeof(sock_in.sin_addr));
611 			(void)strncpy(snamebuf, hp->h_name,
612 			    sizeof(snamebuf) - 1);
613 			snamebuf[sizeof(snamebuf) - 1] = '\0';
614 			shostname = snamebuf;
615 		}
616 		if (bind(ssend, (struct sockaddr *)&sock_in, sizeof sock_in) ==
617 		    -1)
618 			err(1, "bind");
619 	}
620 
621 	bzero(&whereto, sizeof(whereto));
622 	to = &whereto;
623 	to->sin_family = AF_INET;
624 	to->sin_len = sizeof *to;
625 	if (inet_aton(target, &to->sin_addr) != 0) {
626 		hostname = target;
627 	} else {
628 		hp = cap_gethostbyname2(capdns, target, AF_INET);
629 		if (!hp)
630 			errx(EX_NOHOST, "cannot resolve %s: %s",
631 			    target, hstrerror(h_errno));
632 
633 		if ((unsigned)hp->h_length > sizeof(to->sin_addr))
634 			errx(1, "gethostbyname2 returned an illegal address");
635 		memcpy(&to->sin_addr, hp->h_addr_list[0], sizeof to->sin_addr);
636 		(void)strncpy(hnamebuf, hp->h_name, sizeof(hnamebuf) - 1);
637 		hnamebuf[sizeof(hnamebuf) - 1] = '\0';
638 		hostname = hnamebuf;
639 	}
640 
641 	/* From now on we will use only reverse DNS lookups. */
642 #ifdef WITH_CASPER
643 	if (capdns != NULL) {
644 		const char *types[1];
645 
646 		types[0] = "ADDR2NAME";
647 		if (cap_dns_type_limit(capdns, types, 1) < 0)
648 			err(1, "unable to limit access to system.dns service");
649 	}
650 #endif
651 	if (connect(ssend, (struct sockaddr *)&whereto, sizeof(whereto)) != 0)
652 		err(1, "connect");
653 
654 	if (options & F_FLOOD && options & F_INTERVAL)
655 		errx(EX_USAGE, "-f and -i: incompatible options");
656 
657 	if (options & F_FLOOD && IN_MULTICAST(ntohl(to->sin_addr.s_addr)))
658 		errx(EX_USAGE,
659 		    "-f flag cannot be used with multicast destination");
660 	if (options & (F_MIF | F_NOLOOP | F_MTTL)
661 	    && !IN_MULTICAST(ntohl(to->sin_addr.s_addr)))
662 		errx(EX_USAGE,
663 		    "-I, -L, -T flags cannot be used with unicast destination");
664 
665 	if (datalen >= TIMEVAL_LEN)	/* can we time transfer */
666 		timing = 1;
667 
668 	if ((options & (F_PINGFILLED | F_SWEEP)) == 0)
669 		for (i = TIMEVAL_LEN; i < datalen; ++i)
670 			*datap++ = i;
671 
672 	ident = getpid() & 0xFFFF;
673 
674 	hold = 1;
675 	if (options & F_SO_DEBUG) {
676 		(void)setsockopt(ssend, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DEBUG, (char *)&hold,
677 		    sizeof(hold));
678 		(void)setsockopt(srecv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DEBUG, (char *)&hold,
679 		    sizeof(hold));
680 	}
681 	if (options & F_SO_DONTROUTE)
682 		(void)setsockopt(ssend, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DONTROUTE, (char *)&hold,
683 		    sizeof(hold));
684 	if (options & F_IP_VLAN_PCP) {
685 		(void)setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_VLAN_PCP, (char *)&pcp,
686 		    sizeof(pcp));
687 	}
688 #ifdef IPSEC
689 #ifdef IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC
690 	if (options & F_POLICY) {
691 		char *buf;
692 		if (policy_in != NULL) {
693 			buf = ipsec_set_policy(policy_in, strlen(policy_in));
694 			if (buf == NULL)
695 				errx(EX_CONFIG, "%s", ipsec_strerror());
696 			if (setsockopt(srecv, IPPROTO_IP, IP_IPSEC_POLICY,
697 					buf, ipsec_get_policylen(buf)) < 0)
698 				err(EX_CONFIG,
699 				    "ipsec policy cannot be configured");
700 			free(buf);
701 		}
702 
703 		if (policy_out != NULL) {
704 			buf = ipsec_set_policy(policy_out, strlen(policy_out));
705 			if (buf == NULL)
706 				errx(EX_CONFIG, "%s", ipsec_strerror());
707 			if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_IPSEC_POLICY,
708 					buf, ipsec_get_policylen(buf)) < 0)
709 				err(EX_CONFIG,
710 				    "ipsec policy cannot be configured");
711 			free(buf);
712 		}
713 	}
714 #endif /*IPSEC_POLICY_IPSEC*/
715 #endif /*IPSEC*/
716 
717 	if (options & F_HDRINCL) {
718 		struct ip ip;
719 
720 		memcpy(&ip, outpackhdr, sizeof(ip));
721 		if (!(options & (F_TTL | F_MTTL))) {
722 			mib[0] = CTL_NET;
723 			mib[1] = PF_INET;
724 			mib[2] = IPPROTO_IP;
725 			mib[3] = IPCTL_DEFTTL;
726 			sz = sizeof(ttl);
727 			if (sysctl(mib, 4, &ttl, &sz, NULL, 0) == -1)
728 				err(1, "sysctl(net.inet.ip.ttl)");
729 		}
730 		setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_HDRINCL, &hold, sizeof(hold));
731 		ip.ip_v = IPVERSION;
732 		ip.ip_hl = sizeof(struct ip) >> 2;
733 		ip.ip_tos = tos;
734 		ip.ip_id = 0;
735 		ip.ip_off = htons(df ? IP_DF : 0);
736 		ip.ip_ttl = ttl;
737 		ip.ip_p = IPPROTO_ICMP;
738 		ip.ip_src.s_addr = source ? sock_in.sin_addr.s_addr : INADDR_ANY;
739 		ip.ip_dst = to->sin_addr;
740 		memcpy(outpackhdr, &ip, sizeof(ip));
741         }
742 
743 	/*
744 	 * Here we enter capability mode. Further down access to global
745 	 * namespaces (e.g filesystem) is restricted (see capsicum(4)).
746 	 * We must connect(2) our socket before this point.
747 	 */
748 	caph_cache_catpages();
749 	if (caph_enter_casper() < 0)
750 		err(1, "caph_enter_casper");
751 
752 	cap_rights_init(&rights, CAP_RECV, CAP_EVENT, CAP_SETSOCKOPT);
753 	if (caph_rights_limit(srecv, &rights) < 0)
754 		err(1, "cap_rights_limit srecv");
755 	cap_rights_init(&rights, CAP_SEND, CAP_SETSOCKOPT);
756 	if (caph_rights_limit(ssend, &rights) < 0)
757 		err(1, "cap_rights_limit ssend");
758 
759 	/* record route option */
760 	if (options & F_RROUTE) {
761 #ifdef IP_OPTIONS
762 		bzero(rspace, sizeof(rspace));
763 		rspace[IPOPT_OPTVAL] = IPOPT_RR;
764 		rspace[IPOPT_OLEN] = sizeof(rspace) - 1;
765 		rspace[IPOPT_OFFSET] = IPOPT_MINOFF;
766 		rspace[sizeof(rspace) - 1] = IPOPT_EOL;
767 		if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_OPTIONS, rspace,
768 		    sizeof(rspace)) < 0)
769 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt IP_OPTIONS");
770 #else
771 		errx(EX_UNAVAILABLE,
772 		    "record route not available in this implementation");
773 #endif /* IP_OPTIONS */
774 	}
775 
776 	if (options & F_TTL) {
777 		if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL, &ttl,
778 		    sizeof(ttl)) < 0) {
779 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt IP_TTL");
780 		}
781 	}
782 	if (options & F_NOLOOP) {
783 		if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_LOOP, &loop,
784 		    sizeof(loop)) < 0) {
785 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt IP_MULTICAST_LOOP");
786 		}
787 	}
788 	if (options & F_MTTL) {
789 		if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_TTL, &mttl,
790 		    sizeof(mttl)) < 0) {
791 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt IP_MULTICAST_TTL");
792 		}
793 	}
794 	if (options & F_MIF) {
795 		if (setsockopt(ssend, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_IF, &ifaddr,
796 		    sizeof(ifaddr)) < 0) {
797 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt IP_MULTICAST_IF");
798 		}
799 	}
800 #ifdef SO_TIMESTAMP
801 	{
802 		int on = 1;
803 		int ts_clock = SO_TS_MONOTONIC;
804 		if (setsockopt(srecv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_TIMESTAMP, &on,
805 		    sizeof(on)) < 0)
806 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt SO_TIMESTAMP");
807 		if (setsockopt(srecv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_TS_CLOCK, &ts_clock,
808 		    sizeof(ts_clock)) < 0)
809 			err(EX_OSERR, "setsockopt SO_TS_CLOCK");
810 	}
811 #endif
812 	if (sweepmax) {
813 		if (sweepmin > sweepmax)
814 			errx(EX_USAGE,
815 	    "Maximum packet size must be no less than the minimum packet size");
816 
817 		if (sweepmax > maxpayload - TIMEVAL_LEN)
818 			errx(EX_USAGE, "Invalid sweep maximum");
819 
820 		if (datalen != DEFDATALEN)
821 			errx(EX_USAGE,
822 		    "Packet size and ping sweep are mutually exclusive");
823 
824 		if (npackets > 0) {
825 			snpackets = npackets;
826 			npackets = 0;
827 		} else
828 			snpackets = 1;
829 		datalen = sweepmin;
830 		send_len = icmp_len + sweepmin;
831 	}
832 	if (options & F_SWEEP && !sweepmax)
833 		errx(EX_USAGE, "Maximum sweep size must be specified");
834 
835 	/*
836 	 * When pinging the broadcast address, you can get a lot of answers.
837 	 * Doing something so evil is useful if you are trying to stress the
838 	 * ethernet, or just want to fill the arp cache to get some stuff for
839 	 * /etc/ethers.  But beware: RFC 1122 allows hosts to ignore broadcast
840 	 * or multicast pings if they wish.
841 	 */
842 
843 	/*
844 	 * XXX receive buffer needs undetermined space for mbuf overhead
845 	 * as well.
846 	 */
847 	hold = IP_MAXPACKET + 128;
848 	(void)setsockopt(srecv, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, (char *)&hold,
849 	    sizeof(hold));
850 	/* CAP_SETSOCKOPT removed */
851 	cap_rights_init(&rights, CAP_RECV, CAP_EVENT);
852 	if (caph_rights_limit(srecv, &rights) < 0)
853 		err(1, "cap_rights_limit srecv setsockopt");
854 	if (uid == 0)
855 		(void)setsockopt(ssend, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, (char *)&hold,
856 		    sizeof(hold));
857 	/* CAP_SETSOCKOPT removed */
858 	cap_rights_init(&rights, CAP_SEND);
859 	if (caph_rights_limit(ssend, &rights) < 0)
860 		err(1, "cap_rights_limit ssend setsockopt");
861 
862 	if (to->sin_family == AF_INET) {
863 		(void)printf("PING %s (%s)", hostname,
864 		    inet_ntoa(to->sin_addr));
865 		if (source)
866 			(void)printf(" from %s", shostname);
867 		if (sweepmax)
868 			(void)printf(": (%d ... %d) data bytes\n",
869 			    sweepmin, sweepmax);
870 		else
871 			(void)printf(": %d data bytes\n", datalen);
872 
873 	} else {
874 		if (sweepmax)
875 			(void)printf("PING %s: (%d ... %d) data bytes\n",
876 			    hostname, sweepmin, sweepmax);
877 		else
878 			(void)printf("PING %s: %d data bytes\n", hostname, datalen);
879 	}
880 
881 	/*
882 	 * Use sigaction() instead of signal() to get unambiguous semantics,
883 	 * in particular with SA_RESTART not set.
884 	 */
885 
886 	sigemptyset(&si_sa.sa_mask);
887 	si_sa.sa_flags = 0;
888 
889 	si_sa.sa_handler = stopit;
890 	if (sigaction(SIGINT, &si_sa, 0) == -1) {
891 		err(EX_OSERR, "sigaction SIGINT");
892 	}
893 
894 	si_sa.sa_handler = status;
895 	if (sigaction(SIGINFO, &si_sa, 0) == -1) {
896 		err(EX_OSERR, "sigaction");
897 	}
898 
899         if (alarmtimeout > 0) {
900 		si_sa.sa_handler = stopit;
901 		if (sigaction(SIGALRM, &si_sa, 0) == -1)
902 			err(EX_OSERR, "sigaction SIGALRM");
903         }
904 
905 	bzero(&msg, sizeof(msg));
906 	msg.msg_name = (caddr_t)&from;
907 	msg.msg_iov = &iov;
908 	msg.msg_iovlen = 1;
909 #ifdef SO_TIMESTAMP
910 	msg.msg_control = (caddr_t)ctrl;
911 	msg.msg_controllen = sizeof(ctrl);
912 #endif
913 	iov.iov_base = packet;
914 	iov.iov_len = IP_MAXPACKET;
915 
916 	if (preload == 0)
917 		pinger();		/* send the first ping */
918 	else {
919 		if (npackets != 0 && preload > npackets)
920 			preload = npackets;
921 		while (preload--)	/* fire off them quickies */
922 			pinger();
923 	}
924 	(void)clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &last);
925 
926 	if (options & F_FLOOD) {
927 		intvl.tv_sec = 0;
928 		intvl.tv_nsec = 10000000;
929 	} else {
930 		intvl.tv_sec = interval / 1000;
931 		intvl.tv_nsec = interval % 1000 * 1000000;
932 	}
933 
934 	almost_done = 0;
935 	while (!finish_up) {
936 		struct timespec now, timeout;
937 		fd_set rfds;
938 		int n;
939 		ssize_t cc;
940 
941 		check_status();
942 		if ((unsigned)srecv >= FD_SETSIZE)
943 			errx(EX_OSERR, "descriptor too large");
944 		FD_ZERO(&rfds);
945 		FD_SET(srecv, &rfds);
946 		(void)clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
947 		timespecadd(&last, &intvl, &timeout);
948 		timespecsub(&timeout, &now, &timeout);
949 		if (timeout.tv_sec < 0)
950 			timespecclear(&timeout);
951 		n = pselect(srecv + 1, &rfds, NULL, NULL, &timeout, NULL);
952 		if (n < 0)
953 			continue;	/* Must be EINTR. */
954 		if (n == 1) {
955 			struct timespec *tv = NULL;
956 #ifdef SO_TIMESTAMP
957 			struct cmsghdr *cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg);
958 #endif
959 			msg.msg_namelen = sizeof(from);
960 			if ((cc = recvmsg(srecv, &msg, 0)) < 0) {
961 				if (errno == EINTR)
962 					continue;
963 				warn("recvmsg");
964 				continue;
965 			}
966 #ifdef SO_TIMESTAMP
967 			if (cmsg != NULL &&
968 			    cmsg->cmsg_level == SOL_SOCKET &&
969 			    cmsg->cmsg_type == SCM_TIMESTAMP &&
970 			    cmsg->cmsg_len == CMSG_LEN(sizeof *tv)) {
971 				/* Copy to avoid alignment problems: */
972 				memcpy(&now, CMSG_DATA(cmsg), sizeof(now));
973 				tv = &now;
974 			}
975 #endif
976 			if (tv == NULL) {
977 				(void)clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
978 				tv = &now;
979 			}
980 			pr_pack((char *)packet, cc, &from, tv);
981 			if ((options & F_ONCE && nreceived) ||
982 			    (npackets && nreceived >= npackets))
983 				break;
984 		}
985 		if (n == 0 || options & F_FLOOD) {
986 			if (sweepmax && sntransmitted == snpackets) {
987 				if (datalen + sweepincr > sweepmax)
988 					break;
989 				for (i = 0; i < sweepincr; i++)
990 					*datap++ = i;
991 				datalen += sweepincr;
992 				send_len = icmp_len + datalen;
993 				sntransmitted = 0;
994 			}
995 			if (!npackets || ntransmitted < npackets)
996 				pinger();
997 			else {
998 				if (almost_done)
999 					break;
1000 				almost_done = 1;
1001 				intvl.tv_nsec = 0;
1002 				if (nreceived) {
1003 					intvl.tv_sec = 2 * tmax / 1000;
1004 					if (!intvl.tv_sec)
1005 						intvl.tv_sec = 1;
1006 				} else {
1007 					intvl.tv_sec = waittime / 1000;
1008 					intvl.tv_nsec = waittime % 1000 * 1000000;
1009 				}
1010 			}
1011 			(void)clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &last);
1012 			if (ntransmitted - nreceived - 1 > nmissedmax) {
1013 				nmissedmax = ntransmitted - nreceived - 1;
1014 				if (options & F_MISSED)
1015 					(void)write(STDOUT_FILENO, &BBELL, 1);
1016 			}
1017 		}
1018 	}
1019 	finish();
1020 	/* NOTREACHED */
1021 	exit(0);	/* Make the compiler happy */
1022 }
1023 
1024 /*
1025  * stopit --
1026  *	Set the global bit that causes the main loop to quit.
1027  * Do NOT call finish() from here, since finish() does far too much
1028  * to be called from a signal handler.
1029  */
1030 void
1031 stopit(int sig __unused)
1032 {
1033 
1034 	/*
1035 	 * When doing reverse DNS lookups, the finish_up flag might not
1036 	 * be noticed for a while.  Just exit if we get a second SIGINT.
1037 	 */
1038 	if (!(options & F_NUMERIC) && finish_up)
1039 		_exit(nreceived ? 0 : 2);
1040 	finish_up = 1;
1041 }
1042 
1043 /*
1044  * pinger --
1045  *	Compose and transmit an ICMP ECHO REQUEST packet.  The IP packet
1046  * will be added on by the kernel.  The ID field is our UNIX process ID,
1047  * and the sequence number is an ascending integer.  The first TIMEVAL_LEN
1048  * bytes of the data portion are used to hold a UNIX "timespec" struct in
1049  * host byte-order, to compute the round-trip time.
1050  */
1051 static void
1052 pinger(void)
1053 {
1054 	struct timespec now;
1055 	struct tv32 tv32;
1056 	struct icmp icp;
1057 	int cc, i;
1058 	u_char *packet;
1059 
1060 	packet = outpack;
1061 	memcpy(&icp, outpack, ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len);
1062 	icp.icmp_type = icmp_type;
1063 	icp.icmp_code = 0;
1064 	icp.icmp_cksum = 0;
1065 	icp.icmp_seq = htons(ntransmitted);
1066 	icp.icmp_id = ident;			/* ID */
1067 
1068 	CLR(ntransmitted % mx_dup_ck);
1069 
1070 	if ((options & F_TIME) || timing) {
1071 		(void)clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now);
1072 		/*
1073 		 * Truncate seconds down to 32 bits in order
1074 		 * to fit the timestamp within 8 bytes of the
1075 		 * packet. We're only concerned with
1076 		 * durations, not absolute times.
1077 		 */
1078 		tv32.tv32_sec = (uint32_t)htonl(now.tv_sec);
1079 		tv32.tv32_nsec = (uint32_t)htonl(now.tv_nsec);
1080 		if (options & F_TIME)
1081 			icp.icmp_otime = htonl((now.tv_sec % (24*60*60))
1082 				* 1000 + now.tv_nsec / 1000000);
1083 		if (timing)
1084 			bcopy((void *)&tv32,
1085 			    (void *)&outpack[ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len],
1086 			    sizeof(tv32));
1087 	}
1088 
1089 	memcpy(outpack, &icp, ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len);
1090 
1091 	cc = ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len + datalen;
1092 
1093 	/* compute ICMP checksum here */
1094 	icp.icmp_cksum = in_cksum(outpack, cc);
1095 	/* Update icmp_cksum in the raw packet data buffer. */
1096 	memcpy(outpack + offsetof(struct icmp, icmp_cksum), &icp.icmp_cksum,
1097 	    sizeof(icp.icmp_cksum));
1098 
1099 	if (options & F_HDRINCL) {
1100 		struct ip ip;
1101 
1102 		cc += sizeof(struct ip);
1103 		ip.ip_len = htons(cc);
1104 		/* Update ip_len in the raw packet data buffer. */
1105 		memcpy(outpackhdr + offsetof(struct ip, ip_len), &ip.ip_len,
1106 		    sizeof(ip.ip_len));
1107 		ip.ip_sum = in_cksum(outpackhdr, cc);
1108 		/* Update ip_sum in the raw packet data buffer. */
1109 		memcpy(outpackhdr + offsetof(struct ip, ip_sum), &ip.ip_sum,
1110 		    sizeof(ip.ip_sum));
1111 		packet = outpackhdr;
1112 	}
1113 	i = send(ssend, (char *)packet, cc, 0);
1114 	if (i < 0 || i != cc)  {
1115 		if (i < 0) {
1116 			if (options & F_FLOOD && errno == ENOBUFS) {
1117 				usleep(FLOOD_BACKOFF);
1118 				return;
1119 			}
1120 			warn("sendto");
1121 		} else {
1122 			warn("%s: partial write: %d of %d bytes",
1123 			     hostname, i, cc);
1124 		}
1125 	}
1126 	ntransmitted++;
1127 	sntransmitted++;
1128 	if (!(options & F_QUIET) && options & F_DOT)
1129 		(void)write(STDOUT_FILENO, &DOT[DOTidx++ % DOTlen], 1);
1130 }
1131 
1132 /*
1133  * pr_pack --
1134  *	Print out the packet, if it came from us.  This logic is necessary
1135  * because ALL readers of the ICMP socket get a copy of ALL ICMP packets
1136  * which arrive ('tis only fair).  This permits multiple copies of this
1137  * program to be run without having intermingled output (or statistics!).
1138  */
1139 static void
1140 pr_pack(char *buf, ssize_t cc, struct sockaddr_in *from, struct timespec *tv)
1141 {
1142 	struct in_addr ina;
1143 	u_char *cp, *dp, l;
1144 	struct icmp icp;
1145 	struct ip ip;
1146 	const u_char *icmp_data_raw;
1147 	double triptime;
1148 	int dupflag, hlen, i, j, recv_len;
1149 	uint16_t seq;
1150 	static int old_rrlen;
1151 	static char old_rr[MAX_IPOPTLEN];
1152 	struct ip oip;
1153 	u_char oip_header_len;
1154 	struct icmp oicmp;
1155 	const u_char *oicmp_raw;
1156 
1157 	/*
1158 	 * Get size of IP header of the received packet. The
1159 	 * information is contained in the lower four bits of the
1160 	 * first byte.
1161 	 */
1162 	memcpy(&l, buf, sizeof(l));
1163 	hlen = (l & 0x0f) << 2;
1164 	memcpy(&ip, buf, hlen);
1165 
1166 	/* Check the IP header */
1167 	recv_len = cc;
1168 	if (cc < hlen + ICMP_MINLEN) {
1169 		if (options & F_VERBOSE)
1170 			warn("packet too short (%zd bytes) from %s", cc,
1171 			     inet_ntoa(from->sin_addr));
1172 		return;
1173 	}
1174 
1175 #ifndef icmp_data
1176 	icmp_data_raw = buf + hlen + offsetof(struct icmp, icmp_ip);
1177 #else
1178 	icmp_data_raw = buf + hlen + offsetof(struct icmp, icmp_data);
1179 #endif
1180 
1181 	/* Now the ICMP part */
1182 	cc -= hlen;
1183 	memcpy(&icp, buf + hlen, MIN((ssize_t)sizeof(icp), cc));
1184 	if (icp.icmp_type == icmp_type_rsp) {
1185 		if (icp.icmp_id != ident)
1186 			return;			/* 'Twas not our ECHO */
1187 		++nreceived;
1188 		triptime = 0.0;
1189 		if (timing) {
1190 			struct timespec tv1;
1191 			struct tv32 tv32;
1192 			const u_char *tp;
1193 
1194 			tp = icmp_data_raw + phdr_len;
1195 
1196 			if ((size_t)(cc - ICMP_MINLEN - phdr_len) >=
1197 			    sizeof(tv1)) {
1198 				/* Copy to avoid alignment problems: */
1199 				memcpy(&tv32, tp, sizeof(tv32));
1200 				tv1.tv_sec = ntohl(tv32.tv32_sec);
1201 				tv1.tv_nsec = ntohl(tv32.tv32_nsec);
1202 				timespecsub(tv, &tv1, tv);
1203  				triptime = ((double)tv->tv_sec) * 1000.0 +
1204 				    ((double)tv->tv_nsec) / 1000000.0;
1205 				tsum += triptime;
1206 				tsumsq += triptime * triptime;
1207 				if (triptime < tmin)
1208 					tmin = triptime;
1209 				if (triptime > tmax)
1210 					tmax = triptime;
1211 			} else
1212 				timing = 0;
1213 		}
1214 
1215 		seq = ntohs(icp.icmp_seq);
1216 
1217 		if (TST(seq % mx_dup_ck)) {
1218 			++nrepeats;
1219 			--nreceived;
1220 			dupflag = 1;
1221 		} else {
1222 			SET(seq % mx_dup_ck);
1223 			dupflag = 0;
1224 		}
1225 
1226 		if (options & F_QUIET)
1227 			return;
1228 
1229 		if (options & F_WAITTIME && triptime > waittime) {
1230 			++nrcvtimeout;
1231 			return;
1232 		}
1233 
1234 		if (options & F_DOT)
1235 			(void)write(STDOUT_FILENO, &BSPACE, 1);
1236 		else {
1237 			(void)printf("%zd bytes from %s: icmp_seq=%u", cc,
1238 			    pr_addr(from->sin_addr), seq);
1239 			(void)printf(" ttl=%d", ip.ip_ttl);
1240 			if (timing)
1241 				(void)printf(" time=%.3f ms", triptime);
1242 			if (dupflag)
1243 				(void)printf(" (DUP!)");
1244 			if (options & F_AUDIBLE)
1245 				(void)write(STDOUT_FILENO, &BBELL, 1);
1246 			if (options & F_MASK) {
1247 				/* Just prentend this cast isn't ugly */
1248 				(void)printf(" mask=%s",
1249 					inet_ntoa(*(struct in_addr *)&(icp.icmp_mask)));
1250 			}
1251 			if (options & F_TIME) {
1252 				(void)printf(" tso=%s", pr_ntime(icp.icmp_otime));
1253 				(void)printf(" tsr=%s", pr_ntime(icp.icmp_rtime));
1254 				(void)printf(" tst=%s", pr_ntime(icp.icmp_ttime));
1255 			}
1256 			if (recv_len != send_len) {
1257                         	(void)printf(
1258 				     "\nwrong total length %d instead of %d",
1259 				     recv_len, send_len);
1260 			}
1261 			/* check the data */
1262 			cp = (u_char*)(buf + hlen + offsetof(struct icmp,
1263 				icmp_data) + phdr_len);
1264 			dp = &outpack[ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len];
1265 			cc -= ICMP_MINLEN + phdr_len;
1266 			i = 0;
1267 			if (timing) {   /* don't check variable timestamp */
1268 				cp += TIMEVAL_LEN;
1269 				dp += TIMEVAL_LEN;
1270 				cc -= TIMEVAL_LEN;
1271 				i += TIMEVAL_LEN;
1272 			}
1273 			for (; i < datalen && cc > 0; ++i, ++cp, ++dp, --cc) {
1274 				if (*cp != *dp) {
1275 	(void)printf("\nwrong data byte #%d should be 0x%x but was 0x%x",
1276 	    i, *dp, *cp);
1277 					(void)printf("\ncp:");
1278 					cp = (u_char*)(buf + hlen +
1279 					    offsetof(struct icmp, icmp_data));
1280 					for (i = 0; i < datalen; ++i, ++cp) {
1281 						if ((i % 16) == 8)
1282 							(void)printf("\n\t");
1283 						(void)printf("%2x ", *cp);
1284 					}
1285 					(void)printf("\ndp:");
1286 					cp = &outpack[ICMP_MINLEN];
1287 					for (i = 0; i < datalen; ++i, ++cp) {
1288 						if ((i % 16) == 8)
1289 							(void)printf("\n\t");
1290 						(void)printf("%2x ", *cp);
1291 					}
1292 					break;
1293 				}
1294 			}
1295 		}
1296 	} else {
1297 		/*
1298 		 * We've got something other than an ECHOREPLY.
1299 		 * See if it's a reply to something that we sent.
1300 		 * We can compare IP destination, protocol,
1301 		 * and ICMP type and ID.
1302 		 *
1303 		 * Only print all the error messages if we are running
1304 		 * as root to avoid leaking information not normally
1305 		 * available to those not running as root.
1306 		 */
1307 		memcpy(&oip_header_len, icmp_data_raw, sizeof(oip_header_len));
1308 		oip_header_len = (oip_header_len & 0x0f) << 2;
1309 		memcpy(&oip, icmp_data_raw, oip_header_len);
1310 		oicmp_raw = icmp_data_raw + oip_header_len;
1311 		memcpy(&oicmp, oicmp_raw, offsetof(struct icmp, icmp_id) +
1312 		    sizeof(oicmp.icmp_id));
1313 
1314 		if (((options & F_VERBOSE) && uid == 0) ||
1315 		    (!(options & F_QUIET2) &&
1316 		     (oip.ip_dst.s_addr == whereto.sin_addr.s_addr) &&
1317 		     (oip.ip_p == IPPROTO_ICMP) &&
1318 		     (oicmp.icmp_type == ICMP_ECHO) &&
1319 		     (oicmp.icmp_id == ident))) {
1320 		    (void)printf("%zd bytes from %s: ", cc,
1321 			pr_addr(from->sin_addr));
1322 		    pr_icmph(&icp, &oip, oicmp_raw);
1323 		} else
1324 		    return;
1325 	}
1326 
1327 	/* Display any IP options */
1328 	cp = (u_char *)buf + sizeof(struct ip);
1329 
1330 	for (; hlen > (int)sizeof(struct ip); --hlen, ++cp)
1331 		switch (*cp) {
1332 		case IPOPT_EOL:
1333 			hlen = 0;
1334 			break;
1335 		case IPOPT_LSRR:
1336 		case IPOPT_SSRR:
1337 			(void)printf(*cp == IPOPT_LSRR ?
1338 			    "\nLSRR: " : "\nSSRR: ");
1339 			j = cp[IPOPT_OLEN] - IPOPT_MINOFF + 1;
1340 			hlen -= 2;
1341 			cp += 2;
1342 			if (j >= INADDR_LEN &&
1343 			    j <= hlen - (int)sizeof(struct ip)) {
1344 				for (;;) {
1345 					bcopy(++cp, &ina.s_addr, INADDR_LEN);
1346 					if (ina.s_addr == 0)
1347 						(void)printf("\t0.0.0.0");
1348 					else
1349 						(void)printf("\t%s",
1350 						     pr_addr(ina));
1351 					hlen -= INADDR_LEN;
1352 					cp += INADDR_LEN - 1;
1353 					j -= INADDR_LEN;
1354 					if (j < INADDR_LEN)
1355 						break;
1356 					(void)putchar('\n');
1357 				}
1358 			} else
1359 				(void)printf("\t(truncated route)\n");
1360 			break;
1361 		case IPOPT_RR:
1362 			j = cp[IPOPT_OLEN];		/* get length */
1363 			i = cp[IPOPT_OFFSET];		/* and pointer */
1364 			hlen -= 2;
1365 			cp += 2;
1366 			if (i > j)
1367 				i = j;
1368 			i = i - IPOPT_MINOFF + 1;
1369 			if (i < 0 || i > (hlen - (int)sizeof(struct ip))) {
1370 				old_rrlen = 0;
1371 				continue;
1372 			}
1373 			if (i == old_rrlen
1374 			    && !bcmp((char *)cp, old_rr, i)
1375 			    && !(options & F_DOT)) {
1376 				(void)printf("\t(same route)");
1377 				hlen -= i;
1378 				cp += i;
1379 				break;
1380 			}
1381 			old_rrlen = i;
1382 			bcopy((char *)cp, old_rr, i);
1383 			(void)printf("\nRR: ");
1384 			if (i >= INADDR_LEN &&
1385 			    i <= hlen - (int)sizeof(struct ip)) {
1386 				for (;;) {
1387 					bcopy(++cp, &ina.s_addr, INADDR_LEN);
1388 					if (ina.s_addr == 0)
1389 						(void)printf("\t0.0.0.0");
1390 					else
1391 						(void)printf("\t%s",
1392 						     pr_addr(ina));
1393 					hlen -= INADDR_LEN;
1394 					cp += INADDR_LEN - 1;
1395 					i -= INADDR_LEN;
1396 					if (i < INADDR_LEN)
1397 						break;
1398 					(void)putchar('\n');
1399 				}
1400 			} else
1401 				(void)printf("\t(truncated route)");
1402 			break;
1403 		case IPOPT_NOP:
1404 			(void)printf("\nNOP");
1405 			break;
1406 		default:
1407 			(void)printf("\nunknown option %x", *cp);
1408 			break;
1409 		}
1410 	if (!(options & F_DOT)) {
1411 		(void)putchar('\n');
1412 		(void)fflush(stdout);
1413 	}
1414 }
1415 
1416 /*
1417  * status --
1418  *	Print out statistics when SIGINFO is received.
1419  */
1420 
1421 static void
1422 status(int sig __unused)
1423 {
1424 
1425 	siginfo_p = 1;
1426 }
1427 
1428 static void
1429 check_status(void)
1430 {
1431 
1432 	if (siginfo_p) {
1433 		siginfo_p = 0;
1434 		(void)fprintf(stderr, "\r%ld/%ld packets received (%.1f%%)",
1435 		    nreceived, ntransmitted,
1436 		    ntransmitted ? nreceived * 100.0 / ntransmitted : 0.0);
1437 		if (nreceived && timing)
1438 			(void)fprintf(stderr, " %.3f min / %.3f avg / %.3f max",
1439 			    tmin, tsum / (nreceived + nrepeats), tmax);
1440 		(void)fprintf(stderr, "\n");
1441 	}
1442 }
1443 
1444 /*
1445  * finish --
1446  *	Print out statistics, and give up.
1447  */
1448 static void
1449 finish(void)
1450 {
1451 
1452 	(void)signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
1453 	(void)signal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
1454 	(void)putchar('\n');
1455 	(void)fflush(stdout);
1456 	(void)printf("--- %s ping statistics ---\n", hostname);
1457 	(void)printf("%ld packets transmitted, ", ntransmitted);
1458 	(void)printf("%ld packets received, ", nreceived);
1459 	if (nrepeats)
1460 		(void)printf("+%ld duplicates, ", nrepeats);
1461 	if (ntransmitted) {
1462 		if (nreceived > ntransmitted)
1463 			(void)printf("-- somebody's printing up packets!");
1464 		else
1465 			(void)printf("%.1f%% packet loss",
1466 			    ((ntransmitted - nreceived) * 100.0) /
1467 			    ntransmitted);
1468 	}
1469 	if (nrcvtimeout)
1470 		(void)printf(", %ld packets out of wait time", nrcvtimeout);
1471 	(void)putchar('\n');
1472 	if (nreceived && timing) {
1473 		double n = nreceived + nrepeats;
1474 		double avg = tsum / n;
1475 		double vari = tsumsq / n - avg * avg;
1476 		(void)printf(
1477 		    "round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = %.3f/%.3f/%.3f/%.3f ms\n",
1478 		    tmin, avg, tmax, sqrt(vari));
1479 	}
1480 
1481 	if (nreceived)
1482 		exit(0);
1483 	else
1484 		exit(2);
1485 }
1486 
1487 #ifdef notdef
1488 static char *ttab[] = {
1489 	"Echo Reply",		/* ip + seq + udata */
1490 	"Dest Unreachable",	/* net, host, proto, port, frag, sr + IP */
1491 	"Source Quench",	/* IP */
1492 	"Redirect",		/* redirect type, gateway, + IP  */
1493 	"Echo",
1494 	"Time Exceeded",	/* transit, frag reassem + IP */
1495 	"Parameter Problem",	/* pointer + IP */
1496 	"Timestamp",		/* id + seq + three timestamps */
1497 	"Timestamp Reply",	/* " */
1498 	"Info Request",		/* id + sq */
1499 	"Info Reply"		/* " */
1500 };
1501 #endif
1502 
1503 /*
1504  * pr_icmph --
1505  *	Print a descriptive string about an ICMP header.
1506  */
1507 static void
1508 pr_icmph(struct icmp *icp, struct ip *oip, const u_char *const oicmp_raw)
1509 {
1510 
1511 	switch(icp->icmp_type) {
1512 	case ICMP_ECHOREPLY:
1513 		(void)printf("Echo Reply\n");
1514 		/* XXX ID + Seq + Data */
1515 		break;
1516 	case ICMP_UNREACH:
1517 		switch(icp->icmp_code) {
1518 		case ICMP_UNREACH_NET:
1519 			(void)printf("Destination Net Unreachable\n");
1520 			break;
1521 		case ICMP_UNREACH_HOST:
1522 			(void)printf("Destination Host Unreachable\n");
1523 			break;
1524 		case ICMP_UNREACH_PROTOCOL:
1525 			(void)printf("Destination Protocol Unreachable\n");
1526 			break;
1527 		case ICMP_UNREACH_PORT:
1528 			(void)printf("Destination Port Unreachable\n");
1529 			break;
1530 		case ICMP_UNREACH_NEEDFRAG:
1531 			(void)printf("frag needed and DF set (MTU %d)\n",
1532 					ntohs(icp->icmp_nextmtu));
1533 			break;
1534 		case ICMP_UNREACH_SRCFAIL:
1535 			(void)printf("Source Route Failed\n");
1536 			break;
1537 		case ICMP_UNREACH_FILTER_PROHIB:
1538 			(void)printf("Communication prohibited by filter\n");
1539 			break;
1540 		default:
1541 			(void)printf("Dest Unreachable, Bad Code: %d\n",
1542 			    icp->icmp_code);
1543 			break;
1544 		}
1545 		/* Print returned IP header information */
1546 		pr_retip(oip, oicmp_raw);
1547 		break;
1548 	case ICMP_SOURCEQUENCH:
1549 		(void)printf("Source Quench\n");
1550 		pr_retip(oip, oicmp_raw);
1551 		break;
1552 	case ICMP_REDIRECT:
1553 		switch(icp->icmp_code) {
1554 		case ICMP_REDIRECT_NET:
1555 			(void)printf("Redirect Network");
1556 			break;
1557 		case ICMP_REDIRECT_HOST:
1558 			(void)printf("Redirect Host");
1559 			break;
1560 		case ICMP_REDIRECT_TOSNET:
1561 			(void)printf("Redirect Type of Service and Network");
1562 			break;
1563 		case ICMP_REDIRECT_TOSHOST:
1564 			(void)printf("Redirect Type of Service and Host");
1565 			break;
1566 		default:
1567 			(void)printf("Redirect, Bad Code: %d", icp->icmp_code);
1568 			break;
1569 		}
1570 		(void)printf("(New addr: %s)\n", inet_ntoa(icp->icmp_gwaddr));
1571 		pr_retip(oip, oicmp_raw);
1572 		break;
1573 	case ICMP_ECHO:
1574 		(void)printf("Echo Request\n");
1575 		/* XXX ID + Seq + Data */
1576 		break;
1577 	case ICMP_TIMXCEED:
1578 		switch(icp->icmp_code) {
1579 		case ICMP_TIMXCEED_INTRANS:
1580 			(void)printf("Time to live exceeded\n");
1581 			break;
1582 		case ICMP_TIMXCEED_REASS:
1583 			(void)printf("Frag reassembly time exceeded\n");
1584 			break;
1585 		default:
1586 			(void)printf("Time exceeded, Bad Code: %d\n",
1587 			    icp->icmp_code);
1588 			break;
1589 		}
1590 		pr_retip(oip, oicmp_raw);
1591 		break;
1592 	case ICMP_PARAMPROB:
1593 		(void)printf("Parameter problem: pointer = 0x%02x\n",
1594 		    icp->icmp_hun.ih_pptr);
1595 		pr_retip(oip, oicmp_raw);
1596 		break;
1597 	case ICMP_TSTAMP:
1598 		(void)printf("Timestamp\n");
1599 		/* XXX ID + Seq + 3 timestamps */
1600 		break;
1601 	case ICMP_TSTAMPREPLY:
1602 		(void)printf("Timestamp Reply\n");
1603 		/* XXX ID + Seq + 3 timestamps */
1604 		break;
1605 	case ICMP_IREQ:
1606 		(void)printf("Information Request\n");
1607 		/* XXX ID + Seq */
1608 		break;
1609 	case ICMP_IREQREPLY:
1610 		(void)printf("Information Reply\n");
1611 		/* XXX ID + Seq */
1612 		break;
1613 	case ICMP_MASKREQ:
1614 		(void)printf("Address Mask Request\n");
1615 		break;
1616 	case ICMP_MASKREPLY:
1617 		(void)printf("Address Mask Reply\n");
1618 		break;
1619 	case ICMP_ROUTERADVERT:
1620 		(void)printf("Router Advertisement\n");
1621 		break;
1622 	case ICMP_ROUTERSOLICIT:
1623 		(void)printf("Router Solicitation\n");
1624 		break;
1625 	default:
1626 		(void)printf("Bad ICMP type: %d\n", icp->icmp_type);
1627 	}
1628 }
1629 
1630 /*
1631  * pr_iph --
1632  *	Print an IP header with options.
1633  */
1634 static void
1635 pr_iph(struct ip *ip)
1636 {
1637 	struct in_addr ina;
1638 	u_char *cp;
1639 	int hlen;
1640 
1641 	hlen = ip->ip_hl << 2;
1642 	cp = (u_char *)ip + 20;		/* point to options */
1643 
1644 	(void)printf("Vr HL TOS  Len   ID Flg  off TTL Pro  cks      Src      Dst\n");
1645 	(void)printf(" %1x  %1x  %02x %04x %04x",
1646 	    ip->ip_v, ip->ip_hl, ip->ip_tos, ntohs(ip->ip_len),
1647 	    ntohs(ip->ip_id));
1648 	(void)printf("   %1lx %04lx",
1649 	    (u_long) (ntohl(ip->ip_off) & 0xe000) >> 13,
1650 	    (u_long) ntohl(ip->ip_off) & 0x1fff);
1651 	(void)printf("  %02x  %02x %04x", ip->ip_ttl, ip->ip_p,
1652 							    ntohs(ip->ip_sum));
1653 	memcpy(&ina, &ip->ip_src.s_addr, sizeof ina);
1654 	(void)printf(" %s ", inet_ntoa(ina));
1655 	memcpy(&ina, &ip->ip_dst.s_addr, sizeof ina);
1656 	(void)printf(" %s ", inet_ntoa(ina));
1657 	/* dump any option bytes */
1658 	while (hlen-- > 20) {
1659 		(void)printf("%02x", *cp++);
1660 	}
1661 	(void)putchar('\n');
1662 }
1663 
1664 /*
1665  * pr_addr --
1666  *	Return an ascii host address as a dotted quad and optionally with
1667  * a hostname.
1668  */
1669 static char *
1670 pr_addr(struct in_addr ina)
1671 {
1672 	struct hostent *hp;
1673 	static char buf[16 + 3 + MAXHOSTNAMELEN];
1674 
1675 	if (options & F_NUMERIC)
1676 		return inet_ntoa(ina);
1677 
1678 	hp = cap_gethostbyaddr(capdns, (char *)&ina, 4, AF_INET);
1679 
1680 	if (hp == NULL)
1681 		return inet_ntoa(ina);
1682 
1683 	(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s (%s)", hp->h_name,
1684 	    inet_ntoa(ina));
1685 	return(buf);
1686 }
1687 
1688 /*
1689  * pr_retip --
1690  *	Dump some info on a returned (via ICMP) IP packet.
1691  */
1692 static void
1693 pr_retip(struct ip *ip, const u_char *cp)
1694 {
1695 	pr_iph(ip);
1696 
1697 	if (ip->ip_p == 6)
1698 		(void)printf("TCP: from port %u, to port %u (decimal)\n",
1699 		    (*cp * 256 + *(cp + 1)), (*(cp + 2) * 256 + *(cp + 3)));
1700 	else if (ip->ip_p == 17)
1701 		(void)printf("UDP: from port %u, to port %u (decimal)\n",
1702 			(*cp * 256 + *(cp + 1)), (*(cp + 2) * 256 + *(cp + 3)));
1703 }
1704 
1705 static char *
1706 pr_ntime(n_time timestamp)
1707 {
1708 	static char buf[11];
1709 	int hour, min, sec;
1710 
1711 	sec = ntohl(timestamp) / 1000;
1712 	hour = sec / 60 / 60;
1713 	min = (sec % (60 * 60)) / 60;
1714 	sec = (sec % (60 * 60)) % 60;
1715 
1716 	(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%02d:%02d:%02d", hour, min, sec);
1717 
1718 	return (buf);
1719 }
1720 
1721 static void
1722 fill(char *bp, char *patp)
1723 {
1724 	char *cp;
1725 	int pat[16];
1726 	u_int ii, jj, kk;
1727 
1728 	for (cp = patp; *cp; cp++) {
1729 		if (!isxdigit(*cp))
1730 			errx(EX_USAGE,
1731 			    "patterns must be specified as hex digits");
1732 
1733 	}
1734 	ii = sscanf(patp,
1735 	    "%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x%2x",
1736 	    &pat[0], &pat[1], &pat[2], &pat[3], &pat[4], &pat[5], &pat[6],
1737 	    &pat[7], &pat[8], &pat[9], &pat[10], &pat[11], &pat[12],
1738 	    &pat[13], &pat[14], &pat[15]);
1739 
1740 	if (ii > 0)
1741 		for (kk = 0; kk <= maxpayload - (TIMEVAL_LEN + ii); kk += ii)
1742 			for (jj = 0; jj < ii; ++jj)
1743 				bp[jj + kk] = pat[jj];
1744 	if (!(options & F_QUIET)) {
1745 		(void)printf("PATTERN: 0x");
1746 		for (jj = 0; jj < ii; ++jj)
1747 			(void)printf("%02x", bp[jj] & 0xFF);
1748 		(void)printf("\n");
1749 	}
1750 }
1751 
1752 static cap_channel_t *
1753 capdns_setup(void)
1754 {
1755 	cap_channel_t *capcas, *capdnsloc;
1756 #ifdef WITH_CASPER
1757 	const char *types[2];
1758 	int families[1];
1759 #endif
1760 	capcas = cap_init();
1761 	if (capcas == NULL)
1762 		err(1, "unable to create casper process");
1763 	capdnsloc = cap_service_open(capcas, "system.dns");
1764 	/* Casper capability no longer needed. */
1765 	cap_close(capcas);
1766 	if (capdnsloc == NULL)
1767 		err(1, "unable to open system.dns service");
1768 #ifdef WITH_CASPER
1769 	types[0] = "NAME2ADDR";
1770 	types[1] = "ADDR2NAME";
1771 	if (cap_dns_type_limit(capdnsloc, types, 2) < 0)
1772 		err(1, "unable to limit access to system.dns service");
1773 	families[0] = AF_INET;
1774 	if (cap_dns_family_limit(capdnsloc, families, 1) < 0)
1775 		err(1, "unable to limit access to system.dns service");
1776 #endif
1777 	return (capdnsloc);
1778 }
1779