xref: /freebsd/sbin/newfs_msdos/newfs_msdos.c (revision 4d45a6738ae207e82d54b9472cdc277974cb55c2)
1 /*
2  * Copyright (c) 1998 Robert Nordier
3  * All rights reserved.
4  *
5  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
6  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
7  * are met:
8  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
9  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
10  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
11  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
12  *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
13  *    distribution.
14  *
15  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR(S) ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS
16  * OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
17  * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
18  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR(S) BE LIABLE FOR ANY
19  * DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
20  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE
21  * GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
22  * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER
23  * IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR
24  * OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN
25  * IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
26  */
27 
28 #ifndef lint
29 static const char rcsid[] =
30   "$FreeBSD$";
31 #endif /* not lint */
32 
33 #include <sys/param.h>
34 #include <sys/fdcio.h>
35 #include <sys/disk.h>
36 #include <sys/disklabel.h>
37 #include <sys/mount.h>
38 #include <sys/stat.h>
39 #include <sys/time.h>
40 
41 #include <ctype.h>
42 #include <err.h>
43 #include <errno.h>
44 #include <fcntl.h>
45 #include <inttypes.h>
46 #include <paths.h>
47 #include <signal.h>
48 #include <stdio.h>
49 #include <stdlib.h>
50 #include <string.h>
51 #include <time.h>
52 #include <unistd.h>
53 
54 #define	MAXU16	  0xffff	/* maximum unsigned 16-bit quantity */
55 #define	BPN	  4		/* bits per nibble */
56 #define	NPB	  2		/* nibbles per byte */
57 
58 #define	DOSMAGIC  0xaa55	/* DOS magic number */
59 #define	MINBPS	  512		/* minimum bytes per sector */
60 #define	MAXSPC	  128		/* maximum sectors per cluster */
61 #define	MAXNFT	  16		/* maximum number of FATs */
62 #define	DEFBLK	  4096		/* default block size */
63 #define	DEFBLK16  2048		/* default block size FAT16 */
64 #define	DEFRDE	  512		/* default root directory entries */
65 #define	RESFTE	  2		/* reserved FAT entries */
66 #define	MINCLS12  1U		/* minimum FAT12 clusters */
67 #define	MINCLS16  0xff5U	/* minimum FAT16 clusters */
68 #define	MINCLS32  0xfff5U	/* minimum FAT32 clusters */
69 #define	MAXCLS12  0xff4U	/* maximum FAT12 clusters */
70 #define	MAXCLS16  0xfff4U	/* maximum FAT16 clusters */
71 #define	MAXCLS32  0xffffff4U	/* maximum FAT32 clusters */
72 
73 #define	mincls(fat)  ((fat) == 12 ? MINCLS12 :	\
74 		      (fat) == 16 ? MINCLS16 :	\
75 				    MINCLS32)
76 
77 #define	maxcls(fat)  ((fat) == 12 ? MAXCLS12 :	\
78 		      (fat) == 16 ? MAXCLS16 :	\
79 				    MAXCLS32)
80 
81 #define	mk1(p, x)				\
82     (p) = (u_int8_t)(x)
83 
84 #define	mk2(p, x)				\
85     (p)[0] = (u_int8_t)(x),			\
86     (p)[1] = (u_int8_t)((x) >> 010)
87 
88 #define	mk4(p, x)				\
89     (p)[0] = (u_int8_t)(x),			\
90     (p)[1] = (u_int8_t)((x) >> 010),		\
91     (p)[2] = (u_int8_t)((x) >> 020),		\
92     (p)[3] = (u_int8_t)((x) >> 030)
93 
94 #define	argto1(arg, lo, msg)  argtou(arg, lo, 0xff, msg)
95 #define	argto2(arg, lo, msg)  argtou(arg, lo, 0xffff, msg)
96 #define	argto4(arg, lo, msg)  argtou(arg, lo, 0xffffffff, msg)
97 #define	argtox(arg, lo, msg)  argtou(arg, lo, UINT_MAX, msg)
98 
99 struct bs {
100     u_int8_t bsJump[3];			/* bootstrap entry point */
101     u_int8_t bsOemName[8];		/* OEM name and version */
102 } __packed;
103 
104 struct bsbpb {
105     u_int8_t bpbBytesPerSec[2];		/* bytes per sector */
106     u_int8_t bpbSecPerClust;		/* sectors per cluster */
107     u_int8_t bpbResSectors[2];		/* reserved sectors */
108     u_int8_t bpbFATs;			/* number of FATs */
109     u_int8_t bpbRootDirEnts[2];		/* root directory entries */
110     u_int8_t bpbSectors[2];		/* total sectors */
111     u_int8_t bpbMedia;			/* media descriptor */
112     u_int8_t bpbFATsecs[2];		/* sectors per FAT */
113     u_int8_t bpbSecPerTrack[2];		/* sectors per track */
114     u_int8_t bpbHeads[2];		/* drive heads */
115     u_int8_t bpbHiddenSecs[4];		/* hidden sectors */
116     u_int8_t bpbHugeSectors[4];		/* big total sectors */
117 } __packed;
118 
119 struct bsxbpb {
120     u_int8_t bpbBigFATsecs[4];		/* big sectors per FAT */
121     u_int8_t bpbExtFlags[2];		/* FAT control flags */
122     u_int8_t bpbFSVers[2];		/* file system version */
123     u_int8_t bpbRootClust[4];		/* root directory start cluster */
124     u_int8_t bpbFSInfo[2];		/* file system info sector */
125     u_int8_t bpbBackup[2];		/* backup boot sector */
126     u_int8_t bpbReserved[12];		/* reserved */
127 } __packed;
128 
129 struct bsx {
130     u_int8_t exDriveNumber;		/* drive number */
131     u_int8_t exReserved1;		/* reserved */
132     u_int8_t exBootSignature;		/* extended boot signature */
133     u_int8_t exVolumeID[4];		/* volume ID number */
134     u_int8_t exVolumeLabel[11];		/* volume label */
135     u_int8_t exFileSysType[8];		/* file system type */
136 } __packed;
137 
138 struct de {
139     u_int8_t deName[11];		/* name and extension */
140     u_int8_t deAttributes;		/* attributes */
141     u_int8_t rsvd[10];			/* reserved */
142     u_int8_t deMTime[2];		/* last-modified time */
143     u_int8_t deMDate[2];		/* last-modified date */
144     u_int8_t deStartCluster[2];		/* starting cluster */
145     u_int8_t deFileSize[4];		/* size */
146 } __packed;
147 
148 struct bpb {
149     u_int bpbBytesPerSec;		/* bytes per sector */
150     u_int bpbSecPerClust;		/* sectors per cluster */
151     u_int bpbResSectors;		/* reserved sectors */
152     u_int bpbFATs;			/* number of FATs */
153     u_int bpbRootDirEnts;		/* root directory entries */
154     u_int bpbSectors;			/* total sectors */
155     u_int bpbMedia;			/* media descriptor */
156     u_int bpbFATsecs;			/* sectors per FAT */
157     u_int bpbSecPerTrack;		/* sectors per track */
158     u_int bpbHeads;			/* drive heads */
159     u_int bpbHiddenSecs;		/* hidden sectors */
160     u_int bpbHugeSectors; 		/* big total sectors */
161     u_int bpbBigFATsecs; 		/* big sectors per FAT */
162     u_int bpbRootClust; 		/* root directory start cluster */
163     u_int bpbFSInfo; 			/* file system info sector */
164     u_int bpbBackup; 			/* backup boot sector */
165 };
166 
167 #define	BPBGAP 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
168 
169 static struct {
170     const char *name;
171     struct bpb bpb;
172 } const stdfmt[] = {
173     {"160",  {512, 1, 1, 2,  64,  320, 0xfe, 1,  8, 1, BPBGAP}},
174     {"180",  {512, 1, 1, 2,  64,  360, 0xfc, 2,  9, 1, BPBGAP}},
175     {"320",  {512, 2, 1, 2, 112,  640, 0xff, 1,  8, 2, BPBGAP}},
176     {"360",  {512, 2, 1, 2, 112,  720, 0xfd, 2,  9, 2, BPBGAP}},
177     {"640",  {512, 2, 1, 2, 112, 1280, 0xfb, 2,  8, 2, BPBGAP}},
178     {"720",  {512, 2, 1, 2, 112, 1440, 0xf9, 3,  9, 2, BPBGAP}},
179     {"1200", {512, 1, 1, 2, 224, 2400, 0xf9, 7, 15, 2, BPBGAP}},
180     {"1232", {1024,1, 1, 2, 192, 1232, 0xfe, 2,  8, 2, BPBGAP}},
181     {"1440", {512, 1, 1, 2, 224, 2880, 0xf0, 9, 18, 2, BPBGAP}},
182     {"2880", {512, 2, 1, 2, 240, 5760, 0xf0, 9, 36, 2, BPBGAP}}
183 };
184 
185 static const u_int8_t bootcode[] = {
186     0xfa,			/* cli		    */
187     0x31, 0xc0, 		/* xor	   ax,ax    */
188     0x8e, 0xd0, 		/* mov	   ss,ax    */
189     0xbc, 0x00, 0x7c,		/* mov	   sp,7c00h */
190     0xfb,			/* sti		    */
191     0x8e, 0xd8, 		/* mov	   ds,ax    */
192     0xe8, 0x00, 0x00,		/* call    $ + 3    */
193     0x5e,			/* pop	   si	    */
194     0x83, 0xc6, 0x19,		/* add	   si,+19h  */
195     0xbb, 0x07, 0x00,		/* mov	   bx,0007h */
196     0xfc,			/* cld		    */
197     0xac,			/* lodsb	    */
198     0x84, 0xc0, 		/* test    al,al    */
199     0x74, 0x06, 		/* jz	   $ + 8    */
200     0xb4, 0x0e, 		/* mov	   ah,0eh   */
201     0xcd, 0x10, 		/* int	   10h	    */
202     0xeb, 0xf5, 		/* jmp	   $ - 9    */
203     0x30, 0xe4, 		/* xor	   ah,ah    */
204     0xcd, 0x16, 		/* int	   16h	    */
205     0xcd, 0x19, 		/* int	   19h	    */
206     0x0d, 0x0a,
207     'N', 'o', 'n', '-', 's', 'y', 's', 't',
208     'e', 'm', ' ', 'd', 'i', 's', 'k',
209     0x0d, 0x0a,
210     'P', 'r', 'e', 's', 's', ' ', 'a', 'n',
211     'y', ' ', 'k', 'e', 'y', ' ', 't', 'o',
212     ' ', 'r', 'e', 'b', 'o', 'o', 't',
213     0x0d, 0x0a,
214     0
215 };
216 
217 struct msdos_options {
218     const char *bootstrap;
219     const char *volume_label;
220     const char *OEM_string;
221     const char *floppy;
222     u_int fat_type;
223     u_int volume_id;
224     u_int bytes_per_sector;
225     u_int sectors_per_fat;
226     u_int block_size;
227     u_int sectors_per_cluster;
228     u_int directory_entries;
229     u_int drive_heads;
230     u_int info_sector;
231     u_int backup_sector;
232     u_int media_descriptor;
233     u_int num_FAT;
234     u_int hidden_sectors;
235     u_int reserved_sectors;
236     u_int size;
237     u_int sectors_per_track;
238     int no_create;
239     off_t create_size;
240     off_t offset;
241     int volume_id_set;
242     int media_descriptor_set;
243     int hidden_sectors_set;
244 };
245 
246 static volatile sig_atomic_t got_siginfo;
247 static void infohandler(int);
248 
249 static void check_mounted(const char *, mode_t);
250 static void getstdfmt(const char *, struct bpb *);
251 static void getdiskinfo(int, const char *, const char *, int,
252 			struct bpb *);
253 static void print_bpb(struct bpb *);
254 static u_int ckgeom(const char *, u_int, const char *);
255 static u_int argtou(const char *, u_int, u_int, const char *);
256 static off_t argtooff(const char *, const char *);
257 static int oklabel(const char *);
258 static int mkfs_msdos(const char *, const char *, const struct msdos_options *);
259 static void mklabel(u_int8_t *, const char *);
260 static void setstr(u_int8_t *, const char *, size_t);
261 static void usage(void);
262 
263 /*
264  * Construct a FAT12, FAT16, or FAT32 file system.
265  */
266 int
267 main(int argc, char *argv[])
268 {
269     static const char opts[] = "@:NB:C:F:I:L:O:S:a:b:c:e:f:h:i:k:m:n:o:r:s:u:";
270     struct msdos_options o;
271     const char *fname, *dtype;
272     char buf[MAXPATHLEN];
273     int ch;
274 
275     memset(&o, 0, sizeof(o));
276 
277     while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, opts)) != -1)
278 	switch (ch) {
279 	case '@':
280 	    o.offset = argtooff(optarg, "offset");
281 	    break;
282 	case 'N':
283 	    o.no_create = 1;
284 	    break;
285 	case 'B':
286 	    o.bootstrap = optarg;
287 	    break;
288 	case 'C':
289 	    o.create_size = argtooff(optarg, "create size");
290 	    break;
291 	case 'F':
292 	    if (strcmp(optarg, "12") &&
293 		strcmp(optarg, "16") &&
294 		strcmp(optarg, "32"))
295 		errx(1, "%s: bad FAT type", optarg);
296 	    o.fat_type = atoi(optarg);
297 	    break;
298 	case 'I':
299 	    o.volume_id = argto4(optarg, 0, "volume ID");
300 	    o.volume_id_set = 1;
301 	    break;
302 	case 'L':
303 	    if (!oklabel(optarg))
304 		errx(1, "%s: bad volume label", optarg);
305 	    o.volume_label = optarg;
306 	    break;
307 	case 'O':
308 	    if (strlen(optarg) > 8)
309 		errx(1, "%s: bad OEM string", optarg);
310 	    o.OEM_string = optarg;
311 	    break;
312 	case 'S':
313 	    o.bytes_per_sector = argto2(optarg, 1, "bytes/sector");
314 	    break;
315 	case 'a':
316 	    o.sectors_per_fat = argto4(optarg, 1, "sectors/FAT");
317 	    break;
318 	case 'b':
319 	    o.block_size = argtox(optarg, 1, "block size");
320 	    o.sectors_per_cluster = 0;
321 	    break;
322 	case 'c':
323 	    o.sectors_per_cluster = argto1(optarg, 1, "sectors/cluster");
324 	    o.block_size = 0;
325 	    break;
326 	case 'e':
327 	    o.directory_entries = argto2(optarg, 1, "directory entries");
328 	    break;
329 	case 'f':
330 	    o.floppy = optarg;
331 	    break;
332 	case 'h':
333 	    o.drive_heads = argto2(optarg, 1, "drive heads");
334 	    break;
335 	case 'i':
336 	    o.info_sector = argto2(optarg, 1, "info sector");
337 	    break;
338 	case 'k':
339 	    o.backup_sector = argto2(optarg, 1, "backup sector");
340 	    break;
341 	case 'm':
342 	    o.media_descriptor = argto1(optarg, 0, "media descriptor");
343 	    o.media_descriptor_set = 1;
344 	    break;
345 	case 'n':
346 	    o.num_FAT = argto1(optarg, 1, "number of FATs");
347 	    break;
348 	case 'o':
349 	    o.hidden_sectors = argto4(optarg, 0, "hidden sectors");
350 	    o.hidden_sectors_set = 1;
351 	    break;
352 	case 'r':
353 	    o.reserved_sectors = argto2(optarg, 1, "reserved sectors");
354 	    break;
355 	case 's':
356 	    o.size = argto4(optarg, 1, "file system size");
357 	    break;
358 	case 'u':
359 	    o.sectors_per_track = argto2(optarg, 1, "sectors/track");
360 	    break;
361 	default:
362 	    usage();
363 	}
364     argc -= optind;
365     argv += optind;
366     if (argc < 1 || argc > 2)
367 	usage();
368     fname = *argv++;
369     if (!o.create_size && !strchr(fname, '/')) {
370 	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s%s", _PATH_DEV, fname);
371 	if (!(fname = strdup(buf)))
372 	    err(1, NULL);
373     }
374     dtype = *argv;
375     return mkfs_msdos(fname, dtype, &o);
376 }
377 
378 int mkfs_msdos(const char *fname, const char *dtype,
379     const struct msdos_options *op)
380 {
381     char buf[MAXPATHLEN];
382     struct sigaction si_sa;
383     struct stat sb;
384     struct timeval tv;
385     struct bpb bpb;
386     struct tm *tm;
387     struct bs *bs;
388     struct bsbpb *bsbpb;
389     struct bsxbpb *bsxbpb;
390     struct bsx *bsx;
391     struct de *de;
392     u_int8_t *img;
393     const char *bname;
394     ssize_t n;
395     time_t now;
396     u_int fat, bss, rds, cls, dir, lsn, x, x1, x2;
397     int fd, fd1;
398     struct msdos_options o = *op;
399 
400     if (o.create_size) {
401 	if (o.no_create)
402 	    errx(1, "create (-C) is incompatible with -N");
403 	fd = open(fname, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
404 	if (fd == -1)
405 	    errx(1, "failed to create %s", fname);
406 	if (ftruncate(fd, o.create_size))
407 	    errx(1, "failed to initialize %jd bytes", (intmax_t)o.create_size);
408     } else if ((fd = open(fname, o.no_create ? O_RDONLY : O_RDWR)) == -1)
409 	err(1, "%s", fname);
410     if (fstat(fd, &sb))
411 	err(1, "%s", fname);
412     if (o.create_size) {
413 	if (!S_ISREG(sb.st_mode))
414 	    warnx("warning, %s is not a regular file", fname);
415     } else {
416 	if (!S_ISCHR(sb.st_mode))
417 	    warnx("warning, %s is not a character device", fname);
418     }
419     if (!o.no_create)
420 	check_mounted(fname, sb.st_mode);
421     if (o.offset && o.offset != lseek(fd, o.offset, SEEK_SET))
422 	errx(1, "cannot seek to %jd", (intmax_t)o.offset);
423     memset(&bpb, 0, sizeof(bpb));
424     if (o.floppy) {
425 	getstdfmt(o.floppy, &bpb);
426 	bpb.bpbHugeSectors = bpb.bpbSectors;
427 	bpb.bpbSectors = 0;
428 	bpb.bpbBigFATsecs = bpb.bpbFATsecs;
429 	bpb.bpbFATsecs = 0;
430     }
431     if (o.drive_heads)
432 	bpb.bpbHeads = o.drive_heads;
433     if (o.sectors_per_track)
434 	bpb.bpbSecPerTrack = o.sectors_per_track;
435     if (o.bytes_per_sector)
436 	bpb.bpbBytesPerSec = o.bytes_per_sector;
437     if (o.size)
438 	bpb.bpbHugeSectors = o.size;
439     if (o.hidden_sectors_set)
440 	bpb.bpbHiddenSecs = o.hidden_sectors;
441     if (!(o.floppy || (o.drive_heads && o.sectors_per_track && o.bytes_per_sector && o.size && o.hidden_sectors_set))) {
442 	off_t delta;
443 	getdiskinfo(fd, fname, dtype, o.hidden_sectors_set, &bpb);
444 	bpb.bpbHugeSectors -= (o.offset / bpb.bpbBytesPerSec);
445 	delta = bpb.bpbHugeSectors % bpb.bpbSecPerTrack;
446 	if (delta != 0) {
447 	    warnx("trim %d sectors to adjust to a multiple of %d",
448 		(int)delta, bpb.bpbSecPerTrack);
449 	    bpb.bpbHugeSectors -= delta;
450 	}
451 	if (bpb.bpbSecPerClust == 0) {	/* set defaults */
452 	    if (bpb.bpbHugeSectors <= 6000)	/* about 3MB -> 512 bytes */
453 		bpb.bpbSecPerClust = 1;
454 	    else if (bpb.bpbHugeSectors <= (1<<17)) /* 64M -> 4k */
455 		bpb.bpbSecPerClust = 8;
456 	    else if (bpb.bpbHugeSectors <= (1<<19)) /* 256M -> 8k */
457 		bpb.bpbSecPerClust = 16;
458 	    else if (bpb.bpbHugeSectors <= (1<<21)) /* 1G -> 16k */
459 		bpb.bpbSecPerClust = 32;
460 	    else
461 		bpb.bpbSecPerClust = 64;		/* otherwise 32k */
462 	}
463     }
464     if (!powerof2(bpb.bpbBytesPerSec))
465 	errx(1, "bytes/sector (%u) is not a power of 2", bpb.bpbBytesPerSec);
466     if (bpb.bpbBytesPerSec < MINBPS)
467 	errx(1, "bytes/sector (%u) is too small; minimum is %u",
468 	     bpb.bpbBytesPerSec, MINBPS);
469     if (!(fat = o.fat_type)) {
470 	if (o.floppy)
471 	    fat = 12;
472 	else if (!o.directory_entries && (o.info_sector || o.backup_sector))
473 	    fat = 32;
474     }
475     if ((fat == 32 && o.directory_entries) || (fat != 32 && (o.info_sector || o.backup_sector)))
476 	errx(1, "-%c is not a legal FAT%s option",
477 	     fat == 32 ? 'e' : o.info_sector ? 'i' : 'k',
478 	     fat == 32 ? "32" : "12/16");
479     if (o.floppy && fat == 32)
480 	bpb.bpbRootDirEnts = 0;
481     if (o.block_size) {
482 	if (!powerof2(o.block_size))
483 	    errx(1, "block size (%u) is not a power of 2", o.block_size);
484 	if (o.block_size < bpb.bpbBytesPerSec)
485 	    errx(1, "block size (%u) is too small; minimum is %u",
486 		 o.block_size, bpb.bpbBytesPerSec);
487 	if (o.block_size > bpb.bpbBytesPerSec * MAXSPC)
488 	    errx(1, "block size (%u) is too large; maximum is %u",
489 		 o.block_size, bpb.bpbBytesPerSec * MAXSPC);
490 	bpb.bpbSecPerClust = o.block_size / bpb.bpbBytesPerSec;
491     }
492     if (o.sectors_per_cluster) {
493 	if (!powerof2(o.sectors_per_cluster))
494 	    errx(1, "sectors/cluster (%u) is not a power of 2", o.sectors_per_cluster);
495 	bpb.bpbSecPerClust = o.sectors_per_cluster;
496     }
497     if (o.reserved_sectors)
498 	bpb.bpbResSectors = o.reserved_sectors;
499     if (o.num_FAT) {
500 	if (o.num_FAT > MAXNFT)
501 	    errx(1, "number of FATs (%u) is too large; maximum is %u",
502 		 o.num_FAT, MAXNFT);
503 	bpb.bpbFATs = o.num_FAT;
504     }
505     if (o.directory_entries)
506 	bpb.bpbRootDirEnts = o.directory_entries;
507     if (o.media_descriptor_set) {
508 	if (o.media_descriptor < 0xf0)
509 	    errx(1, "illegal media descriptor (%#x)", o.media_descriptor);
510 	bpb.bpbMedia = o.media_descriptor;
511     }
512     if (o.sectors_per_fat)
513 	bpb.bpbBigFATsecs = o.sectors_per_fat;
514     if (o.info_sector)
515 	bpb.bpbFSInfo = o.info_sector;
516     if (o.backup_sector)
517 	bpb.bpbBackup = o.backup_sector;
518     bss = 1;
519     bname = NULL;
520     fd1 = -1;
521     if (o.bootstrap) {
522 	bname = o.bootstrap;
523 	if (!strchr(bname, '/')) {
524 	    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "/boot/%s", bname);
525 	    if (!(bname = strdup(buf)))
526 		err(1, NULL);
527 	}
528 	if ((fd1 = open(bname, O_RDONLY)) == -1 || fstat(fd1, &sb))
529 	    err(1, "%s", bname);
530 	if (!S_ISREG(sb.st_mode) || sb.st_size % bpb.bpbBytesPerSec ||
531 	    sb.st_size < bpb.bpbBytesPerSec ||
532 	    sb.st_size > bpb.bpbBytesPerSec * MAXU16)
533 	    errx(1, "%s: inappropriate file type or format", bname);
534 	bss = sb.st_size / bpb.bpbBytesPerSec;
535     }
536     if (!bpb.bpbFATs)
537 	bpb.bpbFATs = 2;
538     if (!fat) {
539 	if (bpb.bpbHugeSectors < (bpb.bpbResSectors ? bpb.bpbResSectors : bss) +
540 	    howmany((RESFTE + (bpb.bpbSecPerClust ? MINCLS16 : MAXCLS12 + 1)) *
541 		(bpb.bpbSecPerClust ? 16 : 12) / BPN,
542 		bpb.bpbBytesPerSec * NPB) *
543 	    bpb.bpbFATs +
544 	    howmany(bpb.bpbRootDirEnts ? bpb.bpbRootDirEnts : DEFRDE,
545 		    bpb.bpbBytesPerSec / sizeof(struct de)) +
546 	    (bpb.bpbSecPerClust ? MINCLS16 : MAXCLS12 + 1) *
547 	    (bpb.bpbSecPerClust ? bpb.bpbSecPerClust :
548 	     howmany(DEFBLK, bpb.bpbBytesPerSec)))
549 	    fat = 12;
550 	else if (bpb.bpbRootDirEnts || bpb.bpbHugeSectors <
551 		 (bpb.bpbResSectors ? bpb.bpbResSectors : bss) +
552 		 howmany((RESFTE + MAXCLS16) * 2, bpb.bpbBytesPerSec) *
553 		 bpb.bpbFATs +
554 		 howmany(DEFRDE, bpb.bpbBytesPerSec / sizeof(struct de)) +
555 		 (MAXCLS16 + 1) *
556 		 (bpb.bpbSecPerClust ? bpb.bpbSecPerClust :
557 		  howmany(8192, bpb.bpbBytesPerSec)))
558 	    fat = 16;
559 	else
560 	    fat = 32;
561     }
562     x = bss;
563     if (fat == 32) {
564 	if (!bpb.bpbFSInfo) {
565 	    if (x == MAXU16 || x == bpb.bpbBackup)
566 		errx(1, "no room for info sector");
567 	    bpb.bpbFSInfo = x;
568 	}
569 	if (bpb.bpbFSInfo != MAXU16 && x <= bpb.bpbFSInfo)
570 	    x = bpb.bpbFSInfo + 1;
571 	if (!bpb.bpbBackup) {
572 	    if (x == MAXU16)
573 		errx(1, "no room for backup sector");
574 	    bpb.bpbBackup = x;
575 	} else if (bpb.bpbBackup != MAXU16 && bpb.bpbBackup == bpb.bpbFSInfo)
576 	    errx(1, "backup sector would overwrite info sector");
577 	if (bpb.bpbBackup != MAXU16 && x <= bpb.bpbBackup)
578 	    x = bpb.bpbBackup + 1;
579     }
580     if (!bpb.bpbResSectors)
581 	bpb.bpbResSectors = fat == 32 ?
582 	    MAX(x, MAX(16384 / bpb.bpbBytesPerSec, 4)) : x;
583     else if (bpb.bpbResSectors < x)
584 	errx(1, "too few reserved sectors (need %d have %d)", x,
585 	     bpb.bpbResSectors);
586     if (fat != 32 && !bpb.bpbRootDirEnts)
587 	bpb.bpbRootDirEnts = DEFRDE;
588     rds = howmany(bpb.bpbRootDirEnts, bpb.bpbBytesPerSec / sizeof(struct de));
589     if (!bpb.bpbSecPerClust)
590 	for (bpb.bpbSecPerClust = howmany(fat == 16 ? DEFBLK16 :
591 					  DEFBLK, bpb.bpbBytesPerSec);
592 	     bpb.bpbSecPerClust < MAXSPC &&
593 	     bpb.bpbResSectors +
594 	     howmany((RESFTE + maxcls(fat)) * (fat / BPN),
595 		     bpb.bpbBytesPerSec * NPB) *
596 	     bpb.bpbFATs +
597 	     rds +
598 	     (u_int64_t) (maxcls(fat) + 1) *
599 	     bpb.bpbSecPerClust <= bpb.bpbHugeSectors;
600 	     bpb.bpbSecPerClust <<= 1)
601 	    continue;
602     if (fat != 32 && bpb.bpbBigFATsecs > MAXU16)
603 	errx(1, "too many sectors/FAT for FAT12/16");
604     x1 = bpb.bpbResSectors + rds;
605     x = bpb.bpbBigFATsecs ? bpb.bpbBigFATsecs : 1;
606     if (x1 + (u_int64_t)x * bpb.bpbFATs > bpb.bpbHugeSectors)
607 	errx(1, "meta data exceeds file system size");
608     x1 += x * bpb.bpbFATs;
609     x = (u_int64_t)(bpb.bpbHugeSectors - x1) * bpb.bpbBytesPerSec * NPB /
610 	(bpb.bpbSecPerClust * bpb.bpbBytesPerSec * NPB + fat /
611 	 BPN * bpb.bpbFATs);
612     x2 = howmany((RESFTE + MIN(x, maxcls(fat))) * (fat / BPN),
613 		 bpb.bpbBytesPerSec * NPB);
614     if (!bpb.bpbBigFATsecs) {
615 	bpb.bpbBigFATsecs = x2;
616 	x1 += (bpb.bpbBigFATsecs - 1) * bpb.bpbFATs;
617     }
618     cls = (bpb.bpbHugeSectors - x1) / bpb.bpbSecPerClust;
619     x = (u_int64_t)bpb.bpbBigFATsecs * bpb.bpbBytesPerSec * NPB / (fat / BPN) -
620 	RESFTE;
621     if (cls > x)
622 	cls = x;
623     if (bpb.bpbBigFATsecs < x2)
624 	warnx("warning: sectors/FAT limits file system to %u clusters",
625 	      cls);
626     if (cls < mincls(fat))
627 	errx(1, "%u clusters too few clusters for FAT%u, need %u", cls, fat,
628 	    mincls(fat));
629     if (cls > maxcls(fat)) {
630 	cls = maxcls(fat);
631 	bpb.bpbHugeSectors = x1 + (cls + 1) * bpb.bpbSecPerClust - 1;
632 	warnx("warning: FAT type limits file system to %u sectors",
633 	      bpb.bpbHugeSectors);
634     }
635     printf("%s: %u sector%s in %u FAT%u cluster%s "
636 	   "(%u bytes/cluster)\n", fname, cls * bpb.bpbSecPerClust,
637 	   cls * bpb.bpbSecPerClust == 1 ? "" : "s", cls, fat,
638 	   cls == 1 ? "" : "s", bpb.bpbBytesPerSec * bpb.bpbSecPerClust);
639     if (!bpb.bpbMedia)
640 	bpb.bpbMedia = !bpb.bpbHiddenSecs ? 0xf0 : 0xf8;
641     if (fat == 32)
642 	bpb.bpbRootClust = RESFTE;
643     if (bpb.bpbHiddenSecs + bpb.bpbHugeSectors <= MAXU16) {
644 	bpb.bpbSectors = bpb.bpbHugeSectors;
645 	bpb.bpbHugeSectors = 0;
646     }
647     if (fat != 32) {
648 	bpb.bpbFATsecs = bpb.bpbBigFATsecs;
649 	bpb.bpbBigFATsecs = 0;
650     }
651     print_bpb(&bpb);
652     if (!o.no_create) {
653 	gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
654 	now = tv.tv_sec;
655 	tm = localtime(&now);
656 	if (!(img = malloc(bpb.bpbBytesPerSec)))
657 	    err(1, NULL);
658 	dir = bpb.bpbResSectors + (bpb.bpbFATsecs ? bpb.bpbFATsecs :
659 				   bpb.bpbBigFATsecs) * bpb.bpbFATs;
660 	memset(&si_sa, 0, sizeof(si_sa));
661 	si_sa.sa_handler = infohandler;
662 	if (sigaction(SIGINFO, &si_sa, NULL) == -1)
663 		err(1, "sigaction SIGINFO");
664 	for (lsn = 0; lsn < dir + (fat == 32 ? bpb.bpbSecPerClust : rds); lsn++) {
665 	    if (got_siginfo) {
666 		    fprintf(stderr,"%s: writing sector %u of %u (%u%%)\n",
667 			fname, lsn,
668 			(dir + (fat == 32 ? bpb.bpbSecPerClust: rds)),
669 			(lsn * 100) / (dir +
670 			    (fat == 32 ? bpb.bpbSecPerClust: rds)));
671 		    got_siginfo = 0;
672 	    }
673 	    x = lsn;
674 	    if (o.bootstrap &&
675 		fat == 32 && bpb.bpbBackup != MAXU16 &&
676 		bss <= bpb.bpbBackup && x >= bpb.bpbBackup) {
677 		x -= bpb.bpbBackup;
678 		if (!x && lseek(fd1, o.offset, SEEK_SET))
679 		    err(1, "%s", bname);
680 	    }
681 	    if (o.bootstrap && x < bss) {
682 		if ((n = read(fd1, img, bpb.bpbBytesPerSec)) == -1)
683 		    err(1, "%s", bname);
684 		if ((unsigned)n != bpb.bpbBytesPerSec)
685 		    errx(1, "%s: can't read sector %u", bname, x);
686 	    } else
687 		memset(img, 0, bpb.bpbBytesPerSec);
688 	    if (!lsn ||
689 		(fat == 32 && bpb.bpbBackup != MAXU16 &&
690 		 lsn == bpb.bpbBackup)) {
691 		x1 = sizeof(struct bs);
692 		bsbpb = (struct bsbpb *)(img + x1);
693 		mk2(bsbpb->bpbBytesPerSec, bpb.bpbBytesPerSec);
694 		mk1(bsbpb->bpbSecPerClust, bpb.bpbSecPerClust);
695 		mk2(bsbpb->bpbResSectors, bpb.bpbResSectors);
696 		mk1(bsbpb->bpbFATs, bpb.bpbFATs);
697 		mk2(bsbpb->bpbRootDirEnts, bpb.bpbRootDirEnts);
698 		mk2(bsbpb->bpbSectors, bpb.bpbSectors);
699 		mk1(bsbpb->bpbMedia, bpb.bpbMedia);
700 		mk2(bsbpb->bpbFATsecs, bpb.bpbFATsecs);
701 		mk2(bsbpb->bpbSecPerTrack, bpb.bpbSecPerTrack);
702 		mk2(bsbpb->bpbHeads, bpb.bpbHeads);
703 		mk4(bsbpb->bpbHiddenSecs, bpb.bpbHiddenSecs);
704 		mk4(bsbpb->bpbHugeSectors, bpb.bpbHugeSectors);
705 		x1 += sizeof(struct bsbpb);
706 		if (fat == 32) {
707 		    bsxbpb = (struct bsxbpb *)(img + x1);
708 		    mk4(bsxbpb->bpbBigFATsecs, bpb.bpbBigFATsecs);
709 		    mk2(bsxbpb->bpbExtFlags, 0);
710 		    mk2(bsxbpb->bpbFSVers, 0);
711 		    mk4(bsxbpb->bpbRootClust, bpb.bpbRootClust);
712 		    mk2(bsxbpb->bpbFSInfo, bpb.bpbFSInfo);
713 		    mk2(bsxbpb->bpbBackup, bpb.bpbBackup);
714 		    x1 += sizeof(struct bsxbpb);
715 		}
716 		bsx = (struct bsx *)(img + x1);
717 		mk1(bsx->exBootSignature, 0x29);
718 		if (o.volume_id_set)
719 		    x = o.volume_id;
720 		else
721 		    x = (((u_int)(1 + tm->tm_mon) << 8 |
722 			  (u_int)tm->tm_mday) +
723 			 ((u_int)tm->tm_sec << 8 |
724 			  (u_int)(tv.tv_usec / 10))) << 16 |
725 			((u_int)(1900 + tm->tm_year) +
726 			 ((u_int)tm->tm_hour << 8 |
727 			  (u_int)tm->tm_min));
728 		mk4(bsx->exVolumeID, x);
729 		mklabel(bsx->exVolumeLabel, o.volume_label ? o.volume_label : "NO NAME");
730 		sprintf(buf, "FAT%u", fat);
731 		setstr(bsx->exFileSysType, buf, sizeof(bsx->exFileSysType));
732 		if (!o.bootstrap) {
733 		    x1 += sizeof(struct bsx);
734 		    bs = (struct bs *)img;
735 		    mk1(bs->bsJump[0], 0xeb);
736 		    mk1(bs->bsJump[1], x1 - 2);
737 		    mk1(bs->bsJump[2], 0x90);
738 		    setstr(bs->bsOemName, o.OEM_string ? o.OEM_string : "BSD4.4  ",
739 			   sizeof(bs->bsOemName));
740 		    memcpy(img + x1, bootcode, sizeof(bootcode));
741 		    mk2(img + MINBPS - 2, DOSMAGIC);
742 		}
743 	    } else if (fat == 32 && bpb.bpbFSInfo != MAXU16 &&
744 		       (lsn == bpb.bpbFSInfo ||
745 			(bpb.bpbBackup != MAXU16 &&
746 			 lsn == bpb.bpbBackup + bpb.bpbFSInfo))) {
747 		mk4(img, 0x41615252);
748 		mk4(img + MINBPS - 28, 0x61417272);
749 		mk4(img + MINBPS - 24, 0xffffffff);
750 		mk4(img + MINBPS - 20, bpb.bpbRootClust);
751 		mk2(img + MINBPS - 2, DOSMAGIC);
752 	    } else if (lsn >= bpb.bpbResSectors && lsn < dir &&
753 		       !((lsn - bpb.bpbResSectors) %
754 			 (bpb.bpbFATsecs ? bpb.bpbFATsecs :
755 			  bpb.bpbBigFATsecs))) {
756 		mk1(img[0], bpb.bpbMedia);
757 		for (x = 1; x < fat * (fat == 32 ? 3 : 2) / 8; x++)
758 		    mk1(img[x], fat == 32 && x % 4 == 3 ? 0x0f : 0xff);
759 	    } else if (lsn == dir && o.volume_label) {
760 		de = (struct de *)img;
761 		mklabel(de->deName, o.volume_label);
762 		mk1(de->deAttributes, 050);
763 		x = (u_int)tm->tm_hour << 11 |
764 		    (u_int)tm->tm_min << 5 |
765 		    (u_int)tm->tm_sec >> 1;
766 		mk2(de->deMTime, x);
767 		x = (u_int)(tm->tm_year - 80) << 9 |
768 		    (u_int)(tm->tm_mon + 1) << 5 |
769 		    (u_int)tm->tm_mday;
770 		mk2(de->deMDate, x);
771 	    }
772 	    if ((n = write(fd, img, bpb.bpbBytesPerSec)) == -1)
773 		err(1, "%s", fname);
774 	    if ((unsigned)n != bpb.bpbBytesPerSec)
775 		errx(1, "%s: can't write sector %u", fname, lsn);
776 	}
777     }
778     return 0;
779 }
780 
781 /*
782  * Exit with error if file system is mounted.
783  */
784 static void
785 check_mounted(const char *fname, mode_t mode)
786 {
787     struct statfs *mp;
788     const char *s1, *s2;
789     size_t len;
790     int n, r;
791 
792     if (!(n = getmntinfo(&mp, MNT_NOWAIT)))
793 	err(1, "getmntinfo");
794     len = strlen(_PATH_DEV);
795     s1 = fname;
796     if (!strncmp(s1, _PATH_DEV, len))
797 	s1 += len;
798     r = S_ISCHR(mode) && s1 != fname && *s1 == 'r';
799     for (; n--; mp++) {
800 	s2 = mp->f_mntfromname;
801 	if (!strncmp(s2, _PATH_DEV, len))
802 	    s2 += len;
803 	if ((r && s2 != mp->f_mntfromname && !strcmp(s1 + 1, s2)) ||
804 	    !strcmp(s1, s2))
805 	    errx(1, "%s is mounted on %s", fname, mp->f_mntonname);
806     }
807 }
808 
809 /*
810  * Get a standard format.
811  */
812 static void
813 getstdfmt(const char *fmt, struct bpb *bpb)
814 {
815     u_int x, i;
816 
817     x = sizeof(stdfmt) / sizeof(stdfmt[0]);
818     for (i = 0; i < x && strcmp(fmt, stdfmt[i].name); i++);
819     if (i == x)
820 	errx(1, "%s: unknown standard format", fmt);
821     *bpb = stdfmt[i].bpb;
822 }
823 
824 /*
825  * Get disk slice, partition, and geometry information.
826  */
827 static void
828 getdiskinfo(int fd, const char *fname, const char *dtype, __unused int oflag,
829 	    struct bpb *bpb)
830 {
831     struct disklabel *lp, dlp;
832     struct fd_type type;
833     off_t ms, hs = 0;
834 
835     lp = NULL;
836 
837     /* If the user specified a disk type, try to use that */
838     if (dtype != NULL) {
839 	lp = getdiskbyname(dtype);
840     }
841 
842     /* Maybe it's a floppy drive */
843     if (lp == NULL) {
844 	if (ioctl(fd, DIOCGMEDIASIZE, &ms) == -1) {
845 	    struct stat st;
846 
847 	    if (fstat(fd, &st))
848 		err(1, "cannot get disk size");
849 	    /* create a fake geometry for a file image */
850 	    ms = st.st_size;
851 	    dlp.d_secsize = 512;
852 	    dlp.d_nsectors = 63;
853 	    dlp.d_ntracks = 255;
854 	    dlp.d_secperunit = ms / dlp.d_secsize;
855 	    lp = &dlp;
856 	} else if (ioctl(fd, FD_GTYPE, &type) != -1) {
857 	    dlp.d_secsize = 128 << type.secsize;
858 	    dlp.d_nsectors = type.sectrac;
859 	    dlp.d_ntracks = type.heads;
860 	    dlp.d_secperunit = ms / dlp.d_secsize;
861 	    lp = &dlp;
862 	}
863     }
864 
865     /* Maybe it's a fixed drive */
866     if (lp == NULL) {
867 	if (bpb->bpbBytesPerSec)
868 	    dlp.d_secsize = bpb->bpbBytesPerSec;
869 	if (bpb->bpbBytesPerSec == 0 && ioctl(fd, DIOCGSECTORSIZE,
870 					      &dlp.d_secsize) == -1)
871 	    err(1, "cannot get sector size");
872 
873 	dlp.d_secperunit = ms / dlp.d_secsize;
874 
875 	if (bpb->bpbSecPerTrack == 0 && ioctl(fd, DIOCGFWSECTORS,
876 					      &dlp.d_nsectors) == -1) {
877 	    warn("cannot get number of sectors per track");
878 	    dlp.d_nsectors = 63;
879 	}
880 	if (bpb->bpbHeads == 0 &&
881 	    ioctl(fd, DIOCGFWHEADS, &dlp.d_ntracks) == -1) {
882 	    warn("cannot get number of heads");
883 	    if (dlp.d_secperunit <= 63*1*1024)
884 		dlp.d_ntracks = 1;
885 	    else if (dlp.d_secperunit <= 63*16*1024)
886 		dlp.d_ntracks = 16;
887 	    else
888 		dlp.d_ntracks = 255;
889 	}
890 
891 	hs = (ms / dlp.d_secsize) - dlp.d_secperunit;
892 	lp = &dlp;
893     }
894 
895     if (bpb->bpbBytesPerSec == 0)
896 	bpb->bpbBytesPerSec = ckgeom(fname, lp->d_secsize, "bytes/sector");
897     if (bpb->bpbSecPerTrack == 0)
898 	bpb->bpbSecPerTrack = ckgeom(fname, lp->d_nsectors, "sectors/track");
899     if (bpb->bpbHeads == 0)
900 	bpb->bpbHeads = ckgeom(fname, lp->d_ntracks, "drive heads");
901     if (bpb->bpbHugeSectors == 0)
902 	bpb->bpbHugeSectors = lp->d_secperunit;
903     if (bpb->bpbHiddenSecs == 0)
904 	bpb->bpbHiddenSecs = hs;
905 }
906 
907 /*
908  * Print out BPB values.
909  */
910 static void
911 print_bpb(struct bpb *bpb)
912 {
913     printf("BytesPerSec=%u SecPerClust=%u ResSectors=%u FATs=%u",
914 	   bpb->bpbBytesPerSec, bpb->bpbSecPerClust, bpb->bpbResSectors,
915 	   bpb->bpbFATs);
916     if (bpb->bpbRootDirEnts)
917 	printf(" RootDirEnts=%u", bpb->bpbRootDirEnts);
918     if (bpb->bpbSectors)
919 	printf(" Sectors=%u", bpb->bpbSectors);
920     printf(" Media=%#x", bpb->bpbMedia);
921     if (bpb->bpbFATsecs)
922 	printf(" FATsecs=%u", bpb->bpbFATsecs);
923     printf(" SecPerTrack=%u Heads=%u HiddenSecs=%u", bpb->bpbSecPerTrack,
924 	   bpb->bpbHeads, bpb->bpbHiddenSecs);
925     if (bpb->bpbHugeSectors)
926 	printf(" HugeSectors=%u", bpb->bpbHugeSectors);
927     if (!bpb->bpbFATsecs) {
928 	printf(" FATsecs=%u RootCluster=%u", bpb->bpbBigFATsecs,
929 	       bpb->bpbRootClust);
930 	printf(" FSInfo=");
931 	printf(bpb->bpbFSInfo == MAXU16 ? "%#x" : "%u", bpb->bpbFSInfo);
932 	printf(" Backup=");
933 	printf(bpb->bpbBackup == MAXU16 ? "%#x" : "%u", bpb->bpbBackup);
934     }
935     printf("\n");
936 }
937 
938 /*
939  * Check a disk geometry value.
940  */
941 static u_int
942 ckgeom(const char *fname, u_int val, const char *msg)
943 {
944     if (!val)
945 	errx(1, "%s: no default %s", fname, msg);
946     if (val > MAXU16)
947 	errx(1, "%s: illegal %s %d", fname, msg, val);
948     return val;
949 }
950 
951 /*
952  * Convert and check a numeric option argument.
953  */
954 static u_int
955 argtou(const char *arg, u_int lo, u_int hi, const char *msg)
956 {
957     char *s;
958     u_long x;
959 
960     errno = 0;
961     x = strtoul(arg, &s, 0);
962     if (errno || !*arg || *s || x < lo || x > hi)
963 	errx(1, "%s: bad %s", arg, msg);
964     return x;
965 }
966 
967 /*
968  * Same for off_t, with optional skmgpP suffix
969  */
970 static off_t
971 argtooff(const char *arg, const char *msg)
972 {
973     char *s;
974     off_t x;
975 
976     errno = 0;
977     x = strtoll(arg, &s, 0);
978     /* allow at most one extra char */
979     if (errno || x < 0 || (s[0] && s[1]) )
980 	errx(1, "%s: bad %s", arg, msg);
981     if (*s) {	/* the extra char is the multiplier */
982 	switch (*s) {
983 	default:
984 	    errx(1, "%s: bad %s", arg, msg);
985 	    /* notreached */
986 
987 	case 's':		/* sector */
988 	case 'S':
989 	    x <<= 9;		/* times 512 */
990 	    break;
991 
992 	case 'k':		/* kilobyte */
993 	case 'K':
994 	    x <<= 10;		/* times 1024 */
995 	    break;
996 
997 	case 'm':		/* megabyte */
998 	case 'M':
999 	    x <<= 20;		/* times 1024*1024 */
1000 	    break;
1001 
1002 	case 'g':		/* gigabyte */
1003 	case 'G':
1004 	    x <<= 30;		/* times 1024*1024*1024 */
1005 	    break;
1006 
1007 	case 'p':		/* partition start */
1008 	case 'P':
1009 	case 'l':		/* partition length */
1010 	case 'L':
1011 	    errx(1, "%s: not supported yet %s", arg, msg);
1012 	    /* notreached */
1013 	}
1014     }
1015     return x;
1016 }
1017 
1018 /*
1019  * Check a volume label.
1020  */
1021 static int
1022 oklabel(const char *src)
1023 {
1024     int c, i;
1025 
1026     for (i = 0; i <= 11; i++) {
1027 	c = (u_char)*src++;
1028 	if (c < ' ' + !i || strchr("\"*+,./:;<=>?[\\]|", c))
1029 	    break;
1030     }
1031     return i && !c;
1032 }
1033 
1034 /*
1035  * Make a volume label.
1036  */
1037 static void
1038 mklabel(u_int8_t *dest, const char *src)
1039 {
1040     int c, i;
1041 
1042     for (i = 0; i < 11; i++) {
1043 	c = *src ? toupper(*src++) : ' ';
1044 	*dest++ = !i && c == '\xe5' ? 5 : c;
1045     }
1046 }
1047 
1048 /*
1049  * Copy string, padding with spaces.
1050  */
1051 static void
1052 setstr(u_int8_t *dest, const char *src, size_t len)
1053 {
1054     while (len--)
1055 	*dest++ = *src ? *src++ : ' ';
1056 }
1057 
1058 /*
1059  * Print usage message.
1060  */
1061 static void
1062 usage(void)
1063 {
1064 	fprintf(stderr,
1065 	    "usage: newfs_msdos [ -options ] special [disktype]\n"
1066 	    "where the options are:\n"
1067 	    "\t-@ create file system at specified offset\n"
1068 	    "\t-B get bootstrap from file\n"
1069 	    "\t-C create image file with specified size\n"
1070 	    "\t-F FAT type (12, 16, or 32)\n"
1071 	    "\t-I volume ID\n"
1072 	    "\t-L volume label\n"
1073 	    "\t-N don't create file system: just print out parameters\n"
1074 	    "\t-O OEM string\n"
1075 	    "\t-S bytes/sector\n"
1076 	    "\t-a sectors/FAT\n"
1077 	    "\t-b block size\n"
1078 	    "\t-c sectors/cluster\n"
1079 	    "\t-e root directory entries\n"
1080 	    "\t-f standard format\n"
1081 	    "\t-h drive heads\n"
1082 	    "\t-i file system info sector\n"
1083 	    "\t-k backup boot sector\n"
1084 	    "\t-m media descriptor\n"
1085 	    "\t-n number of FATs\n"
1086 	    "\t-o hidden sectors\n"
1087 	    "\t-r reserved sectors\n"
1088 	    "\t-s file system size (sectors)\n"
1089 	    "\t-u sectors/track\n");
1090 	exit(1);
1091 }
1092 
1093 static void
1094 infohandler(int sig __unused)
1095 {
1096 
1097 	got_siginfo = 1;
1098 }
1099