1.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1994 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 13.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 14.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 15.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 16.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 17.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 18.\" without specific prior written permission. 19.\" 20.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 21.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 22.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 23.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 24.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 25.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 26.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 27.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 28.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 29.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 30.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 31.\" 32.\" @(#)newfs.8 8.6 (Berkeley) 5/3/95 33.\" $FreeBSD$ 34.\" 35.Dd May 18, 2002 36.Dt NEWFS 8 37.Os 38.Sh NAME 39.Nm newfs , 40.Nd construct a new UFS1/UFS2 file system 41.Sh SYNOPSIS 42.Nm 43.Op Fl NU 44.Op Fl L Ar volname 45.Op Fl O Ar filesystem-type 46.Op Fl S Ar sector-size 47.Op Fl T Ar disktype 48.Op Fl a Ar maxcontig 49.Op Fl b Ar block-size 50.Op Fl c Ar blocks-per-cylinder-group 51.Op Fl d Ar max-extent-size 52.Op Fl e Ar maxbpg 53.Op Fl f Ar frag-size 54.Op Fl g Ar avgfilesize 55.Op Fl h Ar avgfpdir 56.Op Fl i Ar bytes 57.Op Fl m Ar free-space 58.Op Fl o Ar optimization 59.Op Fl s Ar size 60.Ar special 61.Sh DESCRIPTION 62The 63.Nm 64utility is used to initialize and clear file systems before first use. 65Before running 66.Nm 67the disk must be labeled using 68.Xr disklabel 8 . 69The 70.Nm 71utility builds a file system on the specified special file. 72(We often refer to the 73.Dq special file 74as the 75.Dq disk , 76although the special file need not be a physical disk. 77In fact, it need not even be special.) 78Typically the defaults are reasonable, however 79.Nm 80has numerous options to allow the defaults to be selectively overridden. 81.Pp 82The following options define the general layout policies: 83.Bl -tag -width indent 84.It Fl L Ar volname 85Add a volume label to the new file system. 86.It Fl N 87Cause the file system parameters to be printed out 88without really creating the file system. 89.It Fl O Ar filesystem-type 90Use 1 to specify that a UFS1 format file system be built; 91use 2 to specify that a UFS2 format file system be built. 92The default is UFS1 format, but will eventually be changed to UFS2. 93.It Fl T Ar disktype 94For backward compatibility. 95.It Fl U 96Enables soft updates on the new file system. 97.It Fl a Ar maxcontig 98Specify the maximum number of contiguous blocks that will be 99laid out before forcing a rotational delay. 100The default value is 16. 101See 102.Xr tunefs 8 103for more details on how to set this option. 104.It Fl b Ar block-size 105The block size of the file system, in bytes. 106It must be a power of 2. 107The 108default size is 16384 bytes, and the smallest allowable size is 4096 bytes. 109The optimal block:fragment ratio is 8:1. 110Other ratios are possible, but are not recommended, 111and may produce poor results. 112.It Fl c Ar blocks-per-cylinder-group 113The number of blocks per cylinder group in a file system. 114The default is to compute the maximum allowed by the other parameters. 115This value is 116dependent on a number of other parameters, in particular the block size 117and the number of bytes per inode. 118.It Fl d Ar max-extent-size 119The file system may choose to store large files using extents. 120This parameter specifies the largest extent size that may be used. 121It is presently limited to its default value which is 16 times 122the file system blocksize. 123.It Fl e Ar maxbpg 124Indicate the maximum number of blocks any single file can 125allocate out of a cylinder group before it is forced to begin 126allocating blocks from another cylinder group. 127The default is about one quarter of the total blocks in a cylinder group. 128See 129.Xr tunefs 8 130for more details on how to set this option. 131.It Fl f Ar frag-size 132The fragment size of the file system in bytes. 133It must be a power of two 134ranging in value between 135.Ar blocksize Ns /8 136and 137.Ar blocksize . 138The default is 2048 bytes. 139.It Fl g Ar avgfilesize 140The expected average file size for the file system. 141.It Fl h Ar avgfpdir 142The expected average number of files per directory on the file system. 143.It Fl i Ar bytes 144Specify the density of inodes in the file system. 145The default is to create an inode for every 146.Pq 4 * Ar frag-size 147bytes of data space. 148If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should be used; 149to create more inodes a smaller number should be given. 150One inode is required for each distinct file, so this value effectively 151specifies the average file size on the file system. 152.It Fl m Ar free-space 153The percentage of space reserved from normal users; the minimum free 154space threshold. 155The default value used is 156defined by 157.Dv MINFREE 158from 159.Aq Pa ufs/ffs/fs.h , 160currently 8%. 161See 162.Xr tunefs 8 163for more details on how to set this option. 164.It Fl o Ar optimization 165.Cm ( space 166or 167.Cm time ) . 168The file system can either be instructed to try to minimize the time spent 169allocating blocks, or to try to minimize the space fragmentation on the disk. 170If the value of minfree (see above) is less than 8%, 171the default is to optimize for 172.Cm space ; 173if the value of minfree is greater than or equal to 8%, 174the default is to optimize for 175.Cm time . 176See 177.Xr tunefs 8 178for more details on how to set this option. 179.It Fl s Ar size 180The size of the file system in sectors. 181This value defaults to the size of the 182raw partition specified in 183.Ar special 184(in other words, 185.Nm 186will use the entire partition for the file system). 187.El 188.Pp 189The following options override the standard sizes for the disk geometry. 190Their default values are taken from the disk label. 191Changing these defaults is useful only when using 192.Nm 193to build a file system whose raw image will eventually be used on a 194different type of disk than the one on which it is initially created 195(for example on a write-once disk). 196Note that changing any of these values from their defaults will make 197it impossible for 198.Xr fsck 8 199to find the alternate superblocks if the standard superblock is lost. 200.Bl -tag -width indent 201.It Fl S Ar sector-size 202The size of a sector in bytes (almost never anything but 512). 203.El 204.Sh EXAMPLES 205.Dl newfs /dev/ad3s1a 206.Pp 207Creates a new ufs file system on 208.Pa ad3s1a . 209The 210.Nm 211utility will use a block size of 16384 bytes, a fragment size of 2048 bytes 212and the largest possible number of blocks per cylinders group. 213These values tend to produce better performance for most applications 214than the historical defaults 215(8192 byte block size and 1024 byte fragment size). 216This large fragment size may lead to much wasted space 217on file systems that contain many small files. 218.Sh SEE ALSO 219.Xr fdformat 1 , 220.Xr disktab 5 , 221.Xr fs 5 , 222.Xr camcontrol 8 , 223.Xr disklabel 8 , 224.Xr diskpart 8 , 225.Xr dumpfs 8 , 226.Xr fsck 8 , 227.Xr mount 8 , 228.Xr tunefs 8 , 229.Xr vinum 8 230.Rs 231.%A M. McKusick 232.%A W. Joy 233.%A S. Leffler 234.%A R. Fabry 235.%T A Fast File System for UNIX 236.%J ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2 237.%V 3 238.%P pp 181-197 239.%D August 1984 240.%O (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual) 241.Re 242.Sh HISTORY 243The 244.Nm 245utility appeared in 246.Bx 4.2 . 247