1.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1994 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 13.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 14.\" without specific prior written permission. 15.\" 16.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 17.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 18.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 19.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 20.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 21.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 22.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 23.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 24.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 25.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 26.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 27.\" 28.\" @(#)newfs.8 8.6 (Berkeley) 5/3/95 29.\" $FreeBSD$ 30.\" 31.Dd May 18, 2002 32.Dt NEWFS 8 33.Os 34.Sh NAME 35.Nm newfs 36.Nd construct a new UFS1/UFS2 file system 37.Sh SYNOPSIS 38.Nm 39.Op Fl NUl 40.Op Fl L Ar volname 41.Op Fl O Ar filesystem-type 42.Op Fl S Ar sector-size 43.Op Fl T Ar disktype 44.Op Fl a Ar maxcontig 45.Op Fl b Ar block-size 46.Op Fl c Ar blocks-per-cylinder-group 47.Op Fl d Ar max-extent-size 48.Op Fl e Ar maxbpg 49.Op Fl f Ar frag-size 50.Op Fl g Ar avgfilesize 51.Op Fl h Ar avgfpdir 52.Op Fl i Ar bytes 53.Op Fl m Ar free-space 54.Op Fl o Ar optimization 55.Op Fl s Ar size 56.Ar special 57.Sh DESCRIPTION 58The 59.Nm 60utility is used to initialize and clear file systems before first use. 61Before running 62.Nm 63the disk must be labeled using 64.Xr bsdlabel 8 . 65The 66.Nm 67utility builds a file system on the specified special file. 68(We often refer to the 69.Dq special file 70as the 71.Dq disk , 72although the special file need not be a physical disk. 73In fact, it need not even be special.) 74Typically the defaults are reasonable, however 75.Nm 76has numerous options to allow the defaults to be selectively overridden. 77.Pp 78The following options define the general layout policies: 79.Bl -tag -width indent 80.It Fl L Ar volname 81Add a volume label to the new file system. 82.It Fl N 83Cause the file system parameters to be printed out 84without really creating the file system. 85.It Fl O Ar filesystem-type 86Use 1 to specify that a UFS1 format file system be built; 87use 2 to specify that a UFS2 format file system be built. 88The default format is UFS2. 89.It Fl T Ar disktype 90For backward compatibility. 91.It Fl U 92Enable soft updates on the new file system. 93.It Fl a Ar maxcontig 94Specify the maximum number of contiguous blocks that will be 95laid out before forcing a rotational delay. 96The default value is 16. 97See 98.Xr tunefs 8 99for more details on how to set this option. 100.It Fl b Ar block-size 101The block size of the file system, in bytes. 102It must be a power of 2. 103The 104default size is 16384 bytes, and the smallest allowable size is 4096 bytes. 105The optimal block:fragment ratio is 8:1. 106Other ratios are possible, but are not recommended, 107and may produce poor results. 108.It Fl c Ar blocks-per-cylinder-group 109The number of blocks per cylinder group in a file system. 110The default is to compute the maximum allowed by the other parameters. 111This value is 112dependent on a number of other parameters, in particular the block size 113and the number of bytes per inode. 114.It Fl d Ar max-extent-size 115The file system may choose to store large files using extents. 116This parameter specifies the largest extent size that may be used. 117It is presently limited to its default value which is 16 times 118the file system blocksize. 119.It Fl e Ar maxbpg 120Indicate the maximum number of blocks any single file can 121allocate out of a cylinder group before it is forced to begin 122allocating blocks from another cylinder group. 123The default is about one quarter of the total blocks in a cylinder group. 124See 125.Xr tunefs 8 126for more details on how to set this option. 127.It Fl f Ar frag-size 128The fragment size of the file system in bytes. 129It must be a power of two 130ranging in value between 131.Ar blocksize Ns /8 132and 133.Ar blocksize . 134The default is 2048 bytes. 135.It Fl g Ar avgfilesize 136The expected average file size for the file system. 137.It Fl h Ar avgfpdir 138The expected average number of files per directory on the file system. 139.It Fl i Ar bytes 140Specify the density of inodes in the file system. 141The default is to create an inode for every 142.Pq 4 * Ar frag-size 143bytes of data space. 144If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should be used; 145to create more inodes a smaller number should be given. 146One inode is required for each distinct file, so this value effectively 147specifies the average file size on the file system. 148.It Fl l 149Enable multilabel MAC on the new file system. 150.It Fl m Ar free-space 151The percentage of space reserved from normal users; the minimum free 152space threshold. 153The default value used is 154defined by 155.Dv MINFREE 156from 157.In ufs/ffs/fs.h , 158currently 8%. 159See 160.Xr tunefs 8 161for more details on how to set this option. 162.It Fl o Ar optimization 163.Cm ( space 164or 165.Cm time ) . 166The file system can either be instructed to try to minimize the time spent 167allocating blocks, or to try to minimize the space fragmentation on the disk. 168If the value of minfree (see above) is less than 8%, 169the default is to optimize for 170.Cm space ; 171if the value of minfree is greater than or equal to 8%, 172the default is to optimize for 173.Cm time . 174See 175.Xr tunefs 8 176for more details on how to set this option. 177.It Fl s Ar size 178The size of the file system in sectors. 179This value defaults to the size of the 180raw partition specified in 181.Ar special 182(in other words, 183.Nm 184will use the entire partition for the file system). 185.El 186.Pp 187The following options override the standard sizes for the disk geometry. 188Their default values are taken from the disk label. 189Changing these defaults is useful only when using 190.Nm 191to build a file system whose raw image will eventually be used on a 192different type of disk than the one on which it is initially created 193(for example on a write-once disk). 194Note that changing any of these values from their defaults will make 195it impossible for 196.Xr fsck 8 197to find the alternate superblocks if the standard superblock is lost. 198.Bl -tag -width indent 199.It Fl S Ar sector-size 200The size of a sector in bytes (almost never anything but 512). 201.El 202.Sh EXAMPLES 203.Dl newfs /dev/ad3s1a 204.Pp 205Creates a new ufs file system on 206.Pa ad3s1a . 207The 208.Nm 209utility will use a block size of 16384 bytes, a fragment size of 2048 bytes 210and the largest possible number of blocks per cylinders group. 211These values tend to produce better performance for most applications 212than the historical defaults 213(8192 byte block size and 1024 byte fragment size). 214This large fragment size may lead to much wasted space 215on file systems that contain many small files. 216.Sh SEE ALSO 217.Xr fdformat 1 , 218.Xr disktab 5 , 219.Xr fs 5 , 220.Xr bsdlabel 8 , 221.Xr camcontrol 8 , 222.Xr dumpfs 8 , 223.Xr fsck 8 , 224.Xr mount 8 , 225.Xr tunefs 8 , 226.Xr vinum 8 227.Rs 228.%A M. McKusick 229.%A W. Joy 230.%A S. Leffler 231.%A R. Fabry 232.%T A Fast File System for UNIX 233.%J ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2 234.%V 3 235.%P pp 181-197 236.%D August 1984 237.%O (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual) 238.Re 239.Sh HISTORY 240The 241.Nm 242utility appeared in 243.Bx 4.2 . 244