1.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1989, 1991, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 13.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 14.\" without specific prior written permission. 15.\" 16.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 17.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 18.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 19.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 20.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 21.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 22.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 23.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 24.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 25.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 26.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 27.\" 28.Dd November 19, 2024 29.Dt MOUNT 8 30.Os 31.Sh NAME 32.Nm mount 33.Nd mount file systems 34.Sh SYNOPSIS 35.Nm 36.Op Fl -libxo 37.Op Fl adflpruvw 38.Op Fl F Ar fstab 39.Op Fl o Ar options 40.Op Fl t Oo Cm no Oc Ns Cm Ar type Ns Op Cm , Ns Ar type ... 41.Nm 42.Op Fl -libxo 43.Op Fl dfpruvw 44.Ar special | node 45.Nm 46.Op Fl -libxo 47.Op Fl dfpruvw 48.Op Fl o Ar options 49.Op Fl t Oo Cm no Oc Ns Cm Ar type Ns Op Cm , Ns Ar type ... 50.Ar special node 51.Sh DESCRIPTION 52The 53.Nm 54utility calls the 55.Xr nmount 2 56system call to prepare and graft a 57.Ar special 58device or the remote node (rhost:path) on to the file system tree at the point 59.Ar node . 60If either 61.Ar special 62or 63.Ar node 64are not provided, the appropriate information is taken from the 65.Xr fstab 5 66file. 67.Pp 68The system maintains a list of currently mounted file systems. 69If no arguments are given to 70.Nm , 71this list is printed. 72.Pp 73The options are as follows: 74.Bl -tag -width indent 75.It Fl -libxo 76Generate output via 77.Xr libxo 3 78in a selection of different human and machine readable formats. 79See 80.Xr xo_parse_args 3 81for details on command line arguments. 82.It Fl a 83All the file systems described in 84.Xr fstab 5 85are mounted. 86Exceptions are those marked as 87.Dq Li noauto , 88those marked as 89.Dq Li late 90(unless the 91.Fl l 92option was specified), 93those excluded by the 94.Fl t 95flag (see below), or if they are already mounted (except the 96root file system which is always remounted to preserve 97traditional single user mode behavior). 98.It Fl d 99Causes everything to be done except for the actual system call. 100This option is useful in conjunction with the 101.Fl v 102flag to 103determine what the 104.Nm 105command is trying to do. 106.It Fl F Ar fstab 107Specify the 108.Pa fstab 109file to use. 110.It Fl f 111Forces the revocation of write access when trying to downgrade 112a file system mount status from read-write to read-only. 113Also 114forces the R/W mount of an unclean file system (dangerous; use with 115caution). 116.It Fl L 117When used in conjunction with the 118.Fl a 119option, mount 120.Em only 121those file systems which are marked as 122.Dq Li late . 123.It Fl l 124When used in conjunction with the 125.Fl a 126option, also mount those file systems which are marked as 127.Dq Li late . 128.It Fl n 129For compatibility with some other implementations, this flag is 130currently a no-op. 131.It Fl o 132Options are specified with a 133.Fl o 134flag followed by a comma separated string of options. 135In case of conflicting options being specified, the rightmost option 136takes effect. 137The following options are available: 138.Bl -tag -width indent 139.It Cm acls 140Enable POSIX.1e Access Control Lists, or ACLs, which can be customized via the 141.Xr setfacl 1 142and 143.Xr getfacl 1 144commands. 145This flag is mutually exclusive with 146.Cm nfsv4acls 147flag. 148.It Cm async 149All I/O to the file system should be done asynchronously. 150This is a 151.Em dangerous 152flag to set, since it does not guarantee that the file system structure 153on the disk will remain consistent. 154For this reason, the 155.Cm async 156flag should be used sparingly, and only when some data recovery 157mechanism is present. 158.It Cm atime 159Update the file access time when reading from a file. 160This is the default. 161.It Cm automounted 162This flag indicates that the file system was mounted by 163.Xr automountd 8 . 164Automounted file systems are automatically unmounted by 165.Xr autounmountd 8 . 166.It Cm autoro 167Mount the file system read-write. 168If that fails with an error that suggests that the media could be read-only, 169then automatically try to mount the file system read-only. 170.It Cm current 171When used with the 172.Fl u 173flag, this is the same as specifying the options currently in effect for 174the mounted file system. 175.It Cm emptydir 176Require that the mount point directory be empty. 177.It Cm force 178The same as 179.Fl f ; 180forces the revocation of write access when trying to downgrade 181a file system mount status from read-write to read-only. 182Also 183forces the R/W mount of an unclean file system (dangerous; use with caution). 184.It Cm fstab 185When used with the 186.Fl u 187flag, this is the same as specifying all the options listed in the 188.Xr fstab 5 189file for the file system. 190.It Cm late 191This file system should be skipped when 192.Nm 193is run with the 194.Fl a 195flag but without the 196.Fl l 197flag. 198.It Cm mountprog Ns = Ns Aq Ar program 199Force 200.Nm 201to use the specified program to mount the file system, instead of calling 202.Xr nmount 2 203directly. 204For example: 205.Bd -literal 206mount -t foofs -o mountprog=/mydir/fooprog /dev/cd0 /mnt 207.Ed 208.It Cm multilabel 209Enable multi-label Mandatory Access Control, or MAC, on the specified file 210system. 211If the file system supports multilabel operation, individual labels will 212be maintained for each object in the file system, rather than using a 213single label for all objects. 214An alternative to the 215.Fl l 216flag in 217.Xr tunefs 8 . 218See 219.Xr mac 4 220for more information, which cause the multilabel mount flag to be set 221automatically at mount-time. 222.It Cm nfsv4acls 223Enable NFSv4 ACLs, which can be customized via the 224.Xr setfacl 1 225and 226.Xr getfacl 1 227commands. 228This flag is mutually exclusive with 229.Cm acls 230flag. 231.It Cm noasync 232Metadata I/O should be done synchronously, while data I/O should be done 233asynchronously. 234This is the default. 235.It Cm noatime 236Do not update the file access time when reading from a file. 237This option 238is useful on file systems where there are large numbers of files and 239performance is more critical than updating the file access time (which is 240rarely ever important). 241This option is currently only supported on local file systems. 242.It Cm noauto 243This file system should be skipped when 244.Nm 245is run with the 246.Fl a 247flag. 248.It Cm noclusterr 249Disable read clustering. 250.It Cm noclusterw 251Disable write clustering. 252.It Cm nocover 253Do not mount if the requested mount point is already 254the root of a mount point. 255.It Cm noexec 256Do not allow execution of any binaries on the mounted file system. 257This option is useful for a server that has file systems containing 258binaries for architectures other than its own. 259Note: This option was not designed as a security feature and no 260guarantee is made that it will prevent malicious code execution; for 261example, it is still possible to execute scripts which reside on a 262.Cm noexec 263mounted partition. 264.It Cm nosuid 265Do not allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier bits to take effect. 266Note: this option is worthless if a public available suid or sgid 267wrapper is installed on your system. 268It is set automatically when the user does not have super-user privileges. 269.It Cm nosymfollow 270Do not follow symlinks 271on the mounted file system. 272.It Cm ro 273The same as 274.Fl r ; 275mount the file system read-only (even the super-user may not write it). 276.It Cm snapshot 277Take a snapshot of the specified filesystem. 278When this option is used, all other options are ignored. 279The 280.Fl u 281flag is required with this option. 282.Pp 283Snapshot files must be created in the file system that is being 284snapshotted. 285You may create up to 20 snapshots per file system. 286Active snapshots are recorded in the superblock, so they persist across unmount 287and remount operations and across system reboots. 288When you are done with a snapshot, it can be removed with the 289.Xr rm 1 290command. 291Snapshots may be removed in any order, however you may not get back all the 292space contained in the snapshot as another snapshot may claim some of the blocks 293that it is releasing. 294Note that the schg flag is set on snapshots to ensure that not even the root 295user can write to them. 296The unlink command makes an exception for snapshot files in that it allows them 297to be removed even though they have the schg flag set, so it is not necessary to 298clear the schg flag before removing a snapshot file. 299.Pp 300Once you have taken a snapshot, there are three interesting things that you can 301do with it: 302.Pp 303.Bl -enum -compact 304.It 305Run 306.Xr fsck 8 307on the snapshot file. 308Assuming that the file system was clean when it was mounted, you should always 309get a clean (and unchanging) result from running fsck on the snapshot. 310This is essentially what the background fsck process does. 311.Pp 312.It 313Run 314.Xr dump 8 315on the snapshot. 316You will get a dump that is consistent with the file system as of the timestamp 317of the snapshot. 318.Pp 319.It 320Mount the snapshot as a frozen image of the file system. 321To mount the snapshot 322.Pa /var/snapshot/snap1 : 323.Bd -literal 324mdconfig -a -t vnode -f /var/snapshot/snap1 -u 4 325mount -r /dev/md4 /mnt 326.Ed 327.Pp 328You can now cruise around your frozen 329.Pa /var 330file system at 331.Pa /mnt . 332Everything will be in the same state that it was at the time the snapshot was 333taken. 334The one exception is that any earlier snapshots will appear as zero length 335files. 336When you are done with the mounted snapshot: 337.Bd -literal 338umount /mnt 339mdconfig -d -u 4 340.Ed 341.El 342.It Cm suiddir 343A directory on the mounted file system will respond to the SUID bit 344being set, by setting the owner of any new files to be the same 345as the owner of the directory. 346New directories will inherit the bit from their parents. 347Execute bits are removed from 348the file, and it will not be given to root. 349.Pp 350This feature is designed for use on fileservers serving PC users via 351ftp, SAMBA, or netatalk. 352It provides security holes for shell users and as 353such should not be used on shell machines, especially on home directories. 354This option requires the SUIDDIR 355option in the kernel to work. 356Only UFS file systems support this option. 357See 358.Xr chmod 2 359for more information. 360.It Cm sync 361All I/O to the file system should be done synchronously. 362.It Cm update 363The same as 364.Fl u ; 365indicate that the status of an already mounted file system should be changed. 366.It Cm union 367Causes the namespace at the mount point to appear as the union 368of the mounted file system root and the existing directory. 369Lookups will be done in the mounted file system first. 370If those operations fail due to a non-existent file the underlying 371directory is then accessed. 372All creates are done in the mounted file system. 373.It Cm untrusted 374The file system is untrusted and the kernel should use more 375extensive checks on the file-system's metadata before using it. 376This option is intended to be used when mounting file systems 377from untrusted media such as USB memory sticks or other 378externally-provided media. 379.El 380.Pp 381Any additional options specific to a file system type that is not 382one of the internally known types (see the 383.Fl t 384option) may be passed as a comma separated list; these options are 385distinguished by a leading 386.Dq \&- 387(dash). 388For example, the 389.Nm 390command: 391.Bd -literal -offset indent 392mount -t cd9660 -o -e /dev/cd0 /cdrom 393.Ed 394.Pp 395causes 396.Nm 397to execute the equivalent of: 398.Bd -literal -offset indent 399/sbin/mount_cd9660 -e /dev/cd0 /cdrom 400.Ed 401.Pp 402Options that take a value are specified using the -option=value syntax: 403.Bd -literal -offset indent 404mount -t msdosfs -o -u=fred,-g=wheel /dev/da0s1 /mnt 405.Ed 406.Pp 407is equivalent to 408.Bd -literal -offset indent 409/sbin/mount_msdosfs -u fred -g wheel /dev/da0s1 /mnt 410.Ed 411.Pp 412Additional options specific to file system types 413which are not internally known 414(see the description of the 415.Fl t 416option below) 417may be described in the manual pages for the associated 418.Pa /sbin/mount_ Ns Sy XXX 419utilities. 420.It Fl p 421Print mount information in 422.Xr fstab 5 423format. 424Implies also the 425.Fl v 426option. 427.It Fl r 428The file system is to be mounted read-only. 429Mount the file system read-only (even the super-user may not write it). 430The same as the 431.Cm ro 432argument to the 433.Fl o 434option. 435.It Fl t Oo Cm no Oc Ns Cm Ar type Ns Op Cm , Ns Ar type ... 436The argument following the 437.Fl t 438is used to indicate the file system type. 439The type 440.Cm ufs 441is the default. 442The 443.Fl t 444option can be used 445to indicate that the actions should only be taken on 446file systems of the specified type. 447More than one type may be specified in a comma separated list. 448The list of file system types can be prefixed with 449.Cm no 450to specify the file system types for which action should 451.Em not 452be taken. 453For example, the 454.Nm 455command: 456.Bd -literal -offset indent 457mount -a -t nonfs,nullfs 458.Ed 459.Pp 460mounts all file systems except those of type NFS and NULLFS. 461.Pp 462The default behavior of 463.Nm 464is to pass the 465.Fl t 466option directly to the 467.Xr nmount 2 468system call in the 469.Li fstype 470option. 471.Pp 472However, for the following file system types: 473.Cm cd9660 , 474.Cm mfs , 475.Cm msdosfs , 476.Cm nfs , 477.Cm nullfs , 478.Cm smbfs , 479.Cm udf , 480and 481.Cm unionfs 482.Nm 483will not call 484.Xr nmount 2 485directly and will instead attempt to execute a program in 486.Pa /sbin/mount_ Ns Ar type 487where 488.Ar type 489is replaced by the file system type name. 490For example, 491.Cm nfs 492file systems are mounted by the program 493.Pa /sbin/mount_nfs . 494.Pp 495Most file systems will be dynamically loaded by the kernel 496if not already present, and if the kernel module is available. 497.It Fl u 498The 499.Fl u 500flag indicates that the status of an already mounted file 501system should be changed. 502Any of the options discussed above (the 503.Fl o 504option) 505may be changed; 506also a file system can be changed from read-only to read-write 507or vice versa. 508An attempt to change from read-write to read-only will fail if any 509files on the file system are currently open for writing unless the 510.Fl f 511flag is also specified. 512The set of options is determined by applying the options specified 513in the argument to 514.Fl o 515and finally applying the 516.Fl r 517or 518.Fl w 519option. 520.It Fl v 521Verbose mode. 522If the 523.Fl v 524is used alone, show all file systems, including those that were mounted with the 525.Dv MNT_IGNORE 526flag and show additional information about each file system (including fsid 527when run by root). 528.It Fl w 529The file system object is to be read and write. 530.El 531.Sh ENVIRONMENT 532.Bl -tag -width ".Ev PATH_FSTAB" 533.It Ev PATH_FSTAB 534If the environment variable 535.Ev PATH_FSTAB 536is set, all operations are performed against the specified file. 537.Ev PATH_FSTAB 538will not be honored if the process environment or memory address space is 539considered 540.Dq tainted . 541(See 542.Xr issetugid 2 543for more information.) 544.El 545.Sh FILES 546.Bl -tag -width /etc/fstab -compact 547.It Pa /etc/fstab 548file system table 549.El 550.Sh DIAGNOSTICS 551Various, most of them are self-explanatory. 552.Pp 553.Dl XXXXX file system is not available 554.Pp 555The kernel does not support the respective file system type. 556Note that 557support for a particular file system might be provided either on a static 558(kernel compile-time), or dynamic basis (loaded as a kernel module by 559.Xr kldload 8 ) . 560.Sh SEE ALSO 561.Xr getfacl 1 , 562.Xr setfacl 1 , 563.Xr nmount 2 , 564.Xr acl 3 , 565.Xr getmntinfo 3 , 566.Xr libxo 3 , 567.Xr xo_parse_args 3 , 568.Xr cd9660 4 , 569.Xr devfs 4 , 570.Xr ext2fs 4 , 571.Xr ffs 4 , 572.Xr mac 4 , 573.Xr procfs 4 , 574.Xr tarfs 4 , 575.Xr tmpfs 4 , 576.Xr fstab 5 , 577.Xr automount 8 , 578.Xr fstyp 8 , 579.Xr kldload 8 , 580.Xr mount_cd9660 8 , 581.Xr mount_msdosfs 8 , 582.Xr mount_nfs 8 , 583.Xr mount_nullfs 8 , 584.Xr mount_smbfs 8 , 585.Xr mount_udf 8 , 586.Xr mount_unionfs 8 , 587.Xr quotacheck 8 , 588.Xr umount 8 , 589.Xr zfs 8 , 590.Xr zpool 8 591.Sh HISTORY 592A 593.Nm 594utility appeared in 595.At v1 . 596.Sh CAVEATS 597After a successful 598.Nm , 599the permissions on the original mount point determine if 600.Pa ..\& 601is accessible from the mounted file system. 602The minimum permissions for 603the mount point for traversal across the mount point in both 604directions to be possible for all users is 0111 (execute for all). 605.Pp 606Use of the 607.Nm 608is preferred over the use of the file system specific 609.Pa mount_ Ns Sy XXX 610commands. 611In particular, 612.Xr mountd 8 613gets a 614.Dv SIGHUP 615signal (that causes an update of the export list) 616only when the file system is mounted via 617.Nm . 618.Sh BUGS 619It is possible for a corrupted file system to cause a crash. 620.Pp 621The 622.Fl p 623option will not list 624.Cm userquota 625or 626.Cm groupquota 627items from 628.Xr fstab 5 629because they are not true mount options and are not information returned by 630.Xr getmntinfo 3 . 631At boot 632.Xr quotacheck 8 , 633processes these items. 634