xref: /freebsd/sbin/ifconfig/ifconfig.8 (revision 6dced2c6358e467ac1dccd99f6f648d4f71957a8)

.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1991, 1993
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
.\"    without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.Dd November 08, 2023
.Dt IFCONFIG 8
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm ifconfig
.Nd configure network interface parameters
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm
.Op Fl j Ar jail
.Op Fl kLmn
.Op Fl f Ar type Ns Cm \&: Ns Ar format
.Ar interface
.Op Cm create
.Oo
.Ar address_family
.Oo
.Ar address
.Op Ar dest_address
.Oc
.Oc
.Op Ar parameters
.Nm
.Op Fl j Ar jail
.Ar interface
.Cm destroy
.Nm
.Op Fl j Ar jail
.Fl a
.Op Fl dkLmuv
.Op Fl f Ar type Ns Cm \&: Ns Ar format
.Op Fl G Ar groupname
.Op Fl g Ar groupname
.Op Ar address_family
.Nm
.Fl C
.Nm
.Op Fl j Ar jail
.Fl g Ar groupname
.Nm
.Op Fl j Ar jail
.Fl l
.Op Fl du
.Op Fl g Ar groupname
.Op Ar address_family
.Nm
.Op Fl j Ar jail
.Op Fl dkLmuv
.Op Fl f Ar type Ns Cm \&: Ns Ar format
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
utility is used to assign an address
to a network interface and/or configure
network interface parameters.
The
.Nm
utility must be used at boot time to define the network address
of each interface present on a machine; it may also be used at
a later time to redefine an interface's address
or other operating parameters.
.Pp
The following options are available:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Fl a
Display information about all interfaces in the system.
.Pp
The
.Fl a
flag may be used instead of the
.Ar interface
argument.
.It Fl C
List all the interface cloners available on the system,
with no additional information.
Use of this flag is mutually exclusive with all other flags and commands.
.It Fl d
Display only the interfaces that are down.
.It Fl f Xo
.Ar type Ns Cm \&: Ns Ar format Ns
.Op Cm \&, Ns Ar type Ns Cm \&: Ns Ar format Ar ...
.Xc
Control the output format of
.Nm .
The format is specified as a comma-separated list of
.Ar type Ns Cm \&: Ns Ar format
pairs
.Po see the
.Sx EXAMPLES
section for more information
.Pc .
.Pp
The output format can also be specified via the
.Ev IFCONFIG_FORMAT
environment variable.
The
.Fl f
flag can be supplied multiple times.
.Pp
The
.Ar type Ns s
and their associated
.Ar format
strings are:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ether
.It Cm addr
Adjust the display of inet and inet6 addresses:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width default -compact
.It Cm default
Default format,
.Cm numeric
.It Cm fqdn
Fully qualified domain names
.Pq FQDN
.It Cm host
Unqualified hostnames
.It Cm numeric
Numeric format
.El
.It Cm ether
Adjust the display of link-level ethernet (MAC) addresses:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width default -compact
.It Cm colon
Separate address segments with a colon
.It Cm dash
Separate address segments with a dash
.It Cm dotted
Dotted notation, for example:
.Ql 5254.0015.4a3b
.It Cm default
Default format,
.Cm colon
.El
.It Cm inet
Adjust the display of inet address subnet masks:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width default -compact
.It Cm cidr
CIDR notation, for example:
.Ql 203.0.113.224/26
.It Cm default
Default format,
.Cm hex
.It Cm dotted
Dotted quad notation, for example:
.Ql 255.255.255.192
.It Cm hex
Hexadecimal format, for example:
.Ql 0xffffffc0
.El
.It Cm inet6
Adjust the display of inet6 address prefixes (subnet masks):
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width default -compact
.It Cm cidr
CIDR notation, for example:
.Ql ::1/128
or
.Ql fe80::1%lo0/64
.It Cm default
Default format,
.Cm numeric
.It Cm numeric
Integer format, for example:
.Ql prefixlen 64
.El
.El
.It Fl G Ar groupname
Exclude members of the specified
.Ar groupname
from the output.
.Ar groupname .
.Pp
Only one option
.Fl G
should be specified as later override previous ones
.Ar groupname
may contain shell patterns in which case it should be quoted.
.Pp
Setting
.Ar groupname
to
.Cm all
selects all interfaces.
.It Fl g Ar groupname
Limit the output to the members of the specified
.Ar groupname .
.Pp
If
.Fl g
is specified before other significant flags like, e.g.,
.Fl a ,
.Fl l ,
or
.Fl C ,
then
.Nm
lists names of interfaces belonging to
.Ar groupname .
Any other flags and arguments are ignored in this case.
.Pp
Only one option
.Fl g
should be specified as later override previous ones
.Ar groupname
may contain shell patterns in which case it should be quoted.
.Pp
Setting
.Ar groupname
to
.Cm all
selects all interfaces.
.It Fl j Ar jail
Perform the actions inside the
.Ar jail .
.Pp
The
.Cm ifconfig
will first attach to the
.Ar jail
(by jail id or jail name) before performing the effects.
.Pp
This allow network interfaces of
.Ar jail
to be configured even if the
.Cm ifconfig
binary is not available in
.Ar jail .
.It Fl k
Print keying information for the
.Ar interface ,
if available.
.Pp
For example, the values of 802.11 WEP keys and
.Xr carp 4
passphrases will be printed, if accessible to the current user.
.Pp
This information is not printed by default, as it may be considered
sensitive.
.It Fl L
Display address lifetime for IPv6 addresses as time offset string.
.It Fl l
List all available interfaces on the system,
with no other additional information.
.Pp
If an
.Ar address_family
is specified, only interfaces of that type will be listed.
.Pp
If the
.Ar address_family
is set to
.Cm ether ,
then
.Fl l
will exclude loopback interfaces from the list of Ethernet interfaces.
This is a special case, because all the other synonyms of the
.Cm link
address family will include loopback interfaces in the list.
.Pp
Use of this flag is mutually exclusive
with all other flags and commands, except for
.Fl d ,
.Fl g ,
and
.Fl u .
.It Fl m
Display the capability list and all
of the supported media for the specified interface.
.It Fl n
Disable automatic loading of network interface drivers.
.Pp
By default if the network interface driver is not present in the kernel
then
.Nm
will attempt to load it.
.It Fl u
Display only the interfaces that are up.
.It Fl v
Get more verbose status for an interface.
.It Ar address
For the inet family,
the address is either a host name present in the host name data
base,
.Xr hosts 5 ,
or an IPv4 address expressed in the Internet standard
.Dq dot notation .
.Pp
It is also possible to use the CIDR notation (also known as the
slash notation) to include the netmask.
That is, one can specify an address like
.Li 192.168.0.1/16 .
.Pp
For the
.Cm inet6
family, it is also possible to specify the prefix length using the slash
notation, like
.Li ::1/128 .
See the
.Cm prefixlen
parameter below for more information.
.Pp
The link-level
.Pq Cm link
address
is specified as a series of colon-separated hex digits.
This can be used to, for example,
set a new MAC address on an Ethernet interface, though the
mechanism used is not Ethernet specific.
.Pp
Use the
.Cm random
keyword to set a randomly generated MAC address.
A randomly-generated MAC address might be the same as one already in use
in the network.
Such duplications are extremely unlikely.
.Pp
If the interface is already
up when the link-level address is modified,
it will be briefly brought down and
then brought back up again in order to ensure that the receive
filter in the underlying Ethernet hardware is properly reprogrammed.
.It Ar address_family
Specify the
address family
which affects interpretation of the remaining parameters.
Since an interface can receive transmissions in differing protocols
with different naming schemes, specifying the address family is recommended.
The address or protocol families currently
supported are:
.Bl -tag
.It Cm ether
Synonymous with
.Cm link
.Po with some exceptions, see
.Fl l
.Pc .
.It Cm inet
Default, if available.
.It Cm inet6
.It Cm link
Default, if
.Cm inet
is not available.
.It Cm lladdr
Synonymous with
.Cm link .
.El
.It Ar dest_address
Specify the address of the correspondent on the other end
of a point to point link.
.It Ar interface
This
parameter is a string of the form
.Dq name unit ,
for example,
.Dq Li em0 .
.El
.Pp
The
.Nm
utility displays the current configuration for a network interface
when no optional parameters are supplied.
If a protocol family is specified,
.Nm
will report only the details specific to that protocol family.
.Pp
When no arguments are given,
.Fl a
is implied.
.Pp
Only the super-user may modify the configuration of a network interface.
.Sh PARAMETERS
The following
.Ar parameter Ns s
may be set with
.Nm :
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Cm add
Another name for the
.Cm alias
parameter.
Introduced for compatibility
with
.Bsx .
.It Cm alias
Establish an additional network address for this interface.
This is sometimes useful when changing network numbers, and
one wishes to accept packets addressed to the old interface.
If the address is on the same subnet as the first network address
for this interface, a non-conflicting netmask must be given.
Usually
.Li 0xffffffff
is most appropriate.
.It Fl alias
Remove the network address specified.
This would be used if you incorrectly specified an alias, or it
was no longer needed.
If you have incorrectly set an NS address having the side effect
of specifying the host portion, removing all NS addresses will
allow you to respecify the host portion.
.It Cm anycast
(Inet6 only.)
Specify that the address configured is an anycast address.
Based on the current specification,
only routers may configure anycast addresses.
Anycast address will not be used as source address of any of outgoing
IPv6 packets.
.It Cm arp
Enable the use of the Address Resolution Protocol
.Pq Xr arp 4
in mapping
between network level addresses and link level addresses (default).
This is currently implemented for mapping between Internet Protocol addresses
and IEEE 802 48-bit MAC addresses (Ethernet addresses).
.It Fl arp
Disable the use of the Address Resolution Protocol
.Pq Xr arp 4 .
.It Cm staticarp
If the Address Resolution Protocol is enabled,
the host will only reply to requests for its addresses,
and will never send any requests.
.It Fl staticarp
If the Address Resolution Protocol is enabled,
the host will perform normally,
sending out requests and listening for replies.
.It Cm stickyarp
Enable the so-called sticky ARP mode for the interface.
If this option is enabled on the given interface, any resolved address is
marked as a static one and never expires. This may be used to increase
security of the network by preventing ARP spoofing or to reduce latency for
high-performance Ethernet networks where the time needed for ARP resolution is
too high. Please note that a similar feature is also provided for bridges. See
the sticky option in the
.Sx Bridge Interface Parameters
section. Enabling this
option may impact techniques which rely on ARP expiration/overwriting feature
such as load-balancers or high-availabity solutions such as
.Xr carp 4 .
.It Fl stickyarp
Disable the so-called sticky ARP mode for the interface (default).
Resolved addresses will expire normally respecting the kernel ARP
configuration.
.It Cm broadcast
(Inet only.)
Specify the address to use to represent broadcasts to the
network.
The default broadcast address is the address with a host part of all 1's.
.It Cm debug
Enable driver dependent debugging code; usually, this turns on
extra console error logging.
.It Fl debug
Disable driver dependent debugging code.
.It Cm promisc
Put interface into permanently promiscuous mode.
.It Fl promisc
Disable permanently promiscuous mode.
.It Cm delete
Another name for the
.Fl alias
parameter.
.It Cm description Ar value , Cm descr Ar value
Specify a description of the interface.
This can be used to label interfaces in situations where they may
otherwise be difficult to distinguish.
.It Cm -description , Cm -descr
Clear the interface description.
.It Cm down
Mark an interface
.Dq down .
When an interface is marked
.Dq down ,
the system will not attempt to
transmit messages through that interface.
If possible, the interface will be reset to disable reception as well.
This action does not automatically disable routes using the interface.
.It Cm group Ar groupname
Assign the interface to a
.Dq group .
The
.Ar groupname
may not be longer than 15 characters and must not end in a digit.
Any interface can be in multiple groups.
.Pp
Cloned interfaces are members of their interface family group by default.
For example, a VLAN interface such as
.Em vlan10
is a member of the VLAN interface family group,
.Em vlan .
.It Cm -group Ar groupname
Remove the interface from the given
.Dq group .
.It Cm eui64
(Inet6 only.)
Fill interface index
(lowermost 64bit of an IPv6 address)
automatically.
.It Cm fib Ar fib_number
Specify interface FIB.
A FIB
.Ar fib_number
is assigned to all frames or packets received on that interface.
The FIB is not inherited, e.g., vlans or other sub-interfaces will use
the default FIB (0) irrespective of the parent interface's FIB.
The kernel needs to be tuned to support more than the default FIB
using the
.Va ROUTETABLES
kernel configuration option, or the
.Va net.fibs
tunable.
.It Cm tunnelfib Ar fib_number
Specify tunnel FIB.
A FIB
.Ar fib_number
is assigned to all packets encapsulated by tunnel interface, e.g.,
.Xr gif 4 ,
.Xr gre 4
and
.Xr vxlan 4 .
.It Cm maclabel Ar label
If Mandatory Access Control support is enabled in the kernel,
set the MAC label to
.Ar label .
.\" (see
.\" .Xr maclabel 7 ) .
.It Cm media Ar type
If the driver supports the media selection system, set the media type
of the interface to
.Ar type .
Some interfaces support the mutually exclusive use of one of several
different physical media connectors.
For example, a 10Mbit/s Ethernet
interface might support the use of either AUI
or twisted pair connectors.
Setting the media type to
.Cm 10base5/AUI
would change the currently active connector to the AUI port.
Setting it to
.Cm 10baseT/UTP
would activate twisted pair.
Refer to the interfaces' driver
specific documentation or man page for a complete list of the
available types.
.It Cm mediaopt Ar opts
If the driver supports the media selection system, set the specified
media options on the interface.
The
.Ar opts
argument
is a comma delimited list of options to apply to the interface.
Refer to the interfaces' driver specific man page for a complete
list of available options.
.It Fl mediaopt Ar opts
If the driver supports the media selection system, disable the
specified media options on the interface.
.It Cm mode Ar mode
If the driver supports the media selection system, set the specified
operating mode on the interface to
.Ar mode .
For IEEE 802.11 wireless interfaces that support multiple operating modes
this directive is used to select between 802.11a
.Pq Cm 11a ,
802.11b
.Pq Cm 11b ,
and 802.11g
.Pq Cm 11g
operating modes.
.It Cm txrtlmt
Set if the driver supports TX rate limiting.
.It Cm inst Ar minst , Cm instance Ar minst
Set the media instance to
.Ar minst .
This is useful for devices which have multiple physical layer interfaces
.Pq PHYs .
.It Cm name Ar name
Set the interface name to
.Ar name .
.It Cm rxcsum , txcsum , rxcsum6 , txcsum6
If the driver supports user-configurable checksum offloading,
enable receive (or transmit) checksum offloading on the interface.
The feature can be turned on selectively per protocol family.
Use
.Cm rxcsum6 , txcsum6
for
.Xr ip6 4
or
.Cm rxcsum , txcsum
otherwise.
Some drivers may not be able to enable these flags independently
of each other, so setting one may also set the other.
The driver will offload as much checksum work as it can reliably
support, the exact level of offloading varies between drivers.
.It Fl rxcsum , txcsum , rxcsum6 , txcsum6
If the driver supports user-configurable checksum offloading,
disable receive (or transmit) checksum offloading on the interface.
The feature can be turned off selectively per protocol family.
Use
.Fl rxcsum6 , txcsum6
for
.Xr ip6 4
or
.Fl rxcsum , txcsum
otherwise.
These settings may not always be independent of each other.
.It Cm tso
If the driver supports
.Xr tcp 4
segmentation offloading, enable TSO on the interface.
Some drivers may not be able to support TSO for
.Xr ip 4
and
.Xr ip6 4
packets, so they may enable only one of them.
.It Fl tso
If the driver supports
.Xr tcp 4
segmentation offloading, disable TSO on the interface.
It will always disable TSO for
.Xr ip 4
and
.Xr ip6 4 .
.It Cm tso6 , tso4
If the driver supports
.Xr tcp 4
segmentation offloading for
.Xr ip6 4
or
.Xr ip 4
use one of these to selectively enabled it only for one protocol family.
.It Fl tso6 , tso4
If the driver supports
.Xr tcp 4
segmentation offloading for
.Xr ip6 4
or
.Xr ip 4
use one of these to selectively disable it only for one protocol family.
.It Cm lro
If the driver supports
.Xr tcp 4
large receive offloading, enable LRO on the interface.
.It Fl lro
If the driver supports
.Xr tcp 4
large receive offloading, disable LRO on the interface.
.It Cm txtls
Transmit TLS offload encrypts Transport Layer Security (TLS) records and
segments the encrypted record into one or more
.Xr tcp 4
segments over either
.Xr ip 4
or
.Xr ip6 4 .
If the driver supports transmit TLS offload,
enable transmit TLS offload on the interface.
Some drivers may not be able to support transmit TLS offload for
.Xr ip 4
and
.Xr ip6 4
packets, so they may enable only one of them.
.It Fl txtls
If the driver supports transmit TLS offload,
disable transmit TLS offload on the interface.
It will always disable TLS for
.Xr ip 4
and
.Xr ip6 4 .
.It Cm txtlsrtlmt
Enable use of rate limiting (packet pacing) for TLS offload.
.It Fl txtlsrtlmt
Disable use of rate limiting for TLS offload.
.It Cm mextpg
If the driver supports extended multi-page
.Xr mbuf 9
buffers, enable them on the interface.
.It Fl mextpg
If the driver supports extended multi-page
.Xr mbuf 9
biffers, disable them on the interface.
.It Cm wol , wol_ucast , wol_mcast , wol_magic
Enable Wake On Lan (WOL) support, if available.
WOL is a facility whereby a machine in a low power state may be woken
in response to a received packet.
There are three types of packets that may wake a system:
ucast (directed solely to the machine's mac address),
mcast (directed to a broadcast or multicast address),
or
magic
.Po unicast or multicast frames with a
.Dq magic contents
.Pc .
Not all devices support WOL, those that do indicate the mechanisms
they support in their capabilities.
.Cm wol
is a synonym for enabling all available WOL mechanisms.
To disable WOL use
.Fl wol .
.It Cm vlanmtu , vlanhwtag , vlanhwfilter , vlanhwcsum , vlanhwtso
If the driver offers user-configurable VLAN support, enable
reception of extended frames, tag processing in hardware,
frame filtering in hardware, checksum offloading, or TSO on VLAN,
respectively.
Note that this must be configured on a physical interface associated with
.Xr vlan 4 ,
not on a
.Xr vlan 4
interface itself.
.It Fl vlanmtu , vlanhwtag , vlanhwfilter , vlanhwcsum , vlanhwtso
If the driver offers user-configurable VLAN support, disable
reception of extended frames, tag processing in hardware,
frame filtering in hardware, checksum offloading, or TSO on VLAN,
respectively.
.It Cm vxlanhwcsum , vxlanhwtso
If the driver offers user-configurable VXLAN support, enable inner checksum
offloading (receive and transmit) or TSO on VXLAN, respectively.
Note that this must be configured on a physical interface associated with
.Xr vxlan 4 ,
not on a
.Xr vxlan 4
interface itself.
The physical interface is either the interface specified as the vxlandev
or the interface hosting the vxlanlocal address.
The driver will offload as much checksum work and TSO as it can reliably
support, the exact level of offloading may vary between drivers.
.It Fl vxlanhwcsum , vxlanhwtso
If the driver offers user-configurable VXLAN support, disable checksum
offloading (receive and transmit) or TSO on VXLAN, respectively.
.It Cm vnet Ar jail
Move the interface to the
.Xr jail 8 ,
specified by name or JID.
If the jail has a virtual network stack, the interface will disappear
from the current environment and become visible to the jail.
.It Fl vnet Ar jail
Reclaim the interface from the
.Xr jail 8 ,
specified by name or JID.
If the jail has a virtual network stack, the interface will disappear
from the jail, and become visible to the current network environment.
.It Cm polling
Turn on
.Xr polling 4
feature and disable interrupts on the interface, if driver supports
this mode.
.It Fl polling
Turn off
.Xr polling 4
feature and enable interrupt mode on the interface.
.It Cm create
Create the specified network pseudo-device.
If the interface is given without a unit number, try to create a new
device with an arbitrary unit number.
If creation of an arbitrary device is successful, the new device name is
printed to standard output unless the interface is renamed or destroyed
in the same
.Nm
invocation.
.It Cm destroy
Destroy the specified network pseudo-device.
.It Cm plumb
Another name for the
.Cm create
parameter.
Included for Solaris compatibility.
.It Cm unplumb
Another name for the
.Cm destroy
parameter.
Included for Solaris compatibility.
.It Cm metric Ar n
Set the routing metric of the interface to
.Ar n ,
default 0.
The routing metric is used by the routing protocol
.Pq Xr routed 8 .
Higher metrics have the effect of making a route
less favorable; metrics are counted as additional hops
to the destination network or host.
.It Cm mtu Ar n
Set the maximum transmission unit of the interface to
.Ar n ,
default is interface specific.
The MTU is used to limit the size of packets that are transmitted on an
interface.
Not all interfaces support setting the MTU, and some interfaces have
range restrictions.
.It Cm netmask Ar mask
.\" (Inet and ISO.)
(Inet only.)
Specify how much of the address to reserve for subdividing
networks into sub-networks.
The mask includes the network part of the local address
and the subnet part, which is taken from the host field of the address.
The mask can be specified as a single hexadecimal number
with a leading
.Ql 0x ,
with a dot-notation Internet address,
or with a pseudo-network name listed in the network table
.Xr networks 5 .
The mask contains 1's for the bit positions in the 32-bit address
which are to be used for the network and subnet parts,
and 0's for the host part.
The mask should contain at least the standard network portion,
and the subnet field should be contiguous with the network
portion.
.Pp
The netmask can also be specified in CIDR notation after the address.
See the
.Ar address
option above for more information.
.It Cm prefixlen Ar len
(Inet6 only.)
Specify that
.Ar len
bits are reserved for subdividing networks into sub-networks.
The
.Ar len
must be integer, and for syntactical reason it must be between 0 to 128.
It is almost always 64 under the current IPv6 assignment rule.
If the parameter is omitted, 64 is used.
.Pp
The prefix can also be specified using the slash notation after the address.
See the
.Ar address
option above for more information.
.It Cm remove
Another name for the
.Fl alias
parameter.
Introduced for compatibility
with
.Bsx .
.Sm off
.It Cm link Op Cm 0 No - Cm 2
.Sm on
Enable special processing of the link level of the interface.
These three options are interface specific in actual effect, however,
they are in general used to select special modes of operation.
An example
of this is to enable SLIP compression, or to select the connector type
for some Ethernet cards.
Refer to the man page for the specific driver
for more information.
.Sm off
.It Fl link Op Cm 0 No - Cm 2
.Sm on
Disable special processing at the link level with the specified interface.
.It Cm monitor
Put the interface in monitor mode.
No packets are transmitted, and received packets are discarded after
.Xr bpf 4
processing.
.It Fl monitor
Take the interface out of monitor mode.
.It Cm pcp Ar priority_code_point
Priority code point
.Pq Dv PCP
is an 3-bit field which refers to the IEEE 802.1p
class of service and maps to the frame priority level.
.It Fl pcp
Stop tagging packets on the interface w/ the priority code point.
.It Cm up
Mark an interface
.Dq up .
This may be used to enable an interface after an
.Dq Nm Cm down .
It happens automatically when setting the first address on an interface.
If the interface was reset when previously marked down,
the hardware will be re-initialized.
.El
.Ss ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol Parameters
The following parameters are for ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol.
Note that the address family keyword
.Dq Li inet6
is needed for them:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Cm accept_rtadv
Set a flag to enable accepting ICMPv6 Router Advertisement messages.
The
.Xr sysctl 8
variable
.Va net.inet6.ip6.accept_rtadv
controls whether this flag is set by default or not.
.It Cm -accept_rtadv
Clear a flag
.Cm accept_rtadv .
.It Cm no_radr
Set a flag to control whether routers from which the system accepts
Router Advertisement messages will be added to the Default Router List
or not.
When the
.Cm accept_rtadv
flag is disabled, this flag has no effect.
The
.Xr sysctl 8
variable
.Va net.inet6.ip6.no_radr
controls whether this flag is set by default or not.
.It Cm -no_radr
Clear a flag
.Cm no_radr .
.It Cm auto_linklocal
Set a flag to perform automatic link-local address configuration when
the interface becomes available.
The
.Xr sysctl 8
variable
.Va net.inet6.ip6.auto_linklocal
controls whether this flag is set by default or not.
.It Cm -auto_linklocal
Clear a flag
.Cm auto_linklocal .
.It Cm defaultif
Set the specified interface as the default route when there is no
default router.
.It Cm -defaultif
Clear a flag
.Cm defaultif .
.It Cm ifdisabled
Set a flag to disable all of IPv6 network communications on the
specified interface.
Note that if there are already configured IPv6
addresses on that interface, all of them are marked as
.Dq tentative
and DAD will be performed when this flag is cleared.
.It Cm -ifdisabled
Clear a flag
.Cm ifdisabled .
When this flag is cleared and
.Cm auto_linklocal
flag is enabled, automatic configuration of a link-local address is
performed.
.It Cm nud
Set a flag to enable Neighbor Unreachability Detection.
.It Cm -nud
Clear a flag
.Cm nud .
.It Cm no_prefer_iface
Set a flag to not honor rule 5 of source address selection in RFC 3484.
In practice this means the address on the outgoing interface will not be
preferred, effectively yielding the decision to the address selection
policy table, configurable with
.Xr ip6addrctl 8 .
.It Cm -no_prefer_iface
Clear a flag
.Cm no_prefer_iface .
.It Cm no_dad
Set a flag to disable Duplicate Address Detection.
.It Cm -no_dad
Clear a flag
.Cm no_dad .
.El
.Ss IPv6 Parameters
The following parameters are specific for IPv6 addresses.
Note that the address family keyword
.Dq Li inet6
is needed for them:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Cm autoconf
Set the IPv6 autoconfigured address bit.
.It Fl autoconf
Clear the IPv6 autoconfigured address bit.
.It Cm deprecated
Set the IPv6 deprecated address bit.
.It Fl deprecated
Clear the IPv6 deprecated address bit.
.It Cm pltime Ar n
Set preferred lifetime for the address.
.It Cm prefer_source
Set a flag to prefer address as a candidate of the source address for
outgoing packets.
.It Cm -prefer_source
Clear a flag
.Cm prefer_source .
.It Cm vltime Ar n
Set valid lifetime for the address.
.El
.Ss IEEE 802.11 Wireless Interfaces Cloning Parameters
The following parameters are specific to cloning
IEEE 802.11 wireless interfaces with the
.Cm create
request:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Cm wlandev Ar device
Use
.Ar device
as the parent for the cloned device.
.It Cm wlanmode Ar mode
Specify the operating mode for this cloned device.
.Ar mode
is one of
.Cm sta ,
.Cm ahdemo
(or
.Cm adhoc-demo ) ,
.Cm ibss
(or
.Cm adhoc ) ,
.Cm ap
(or
.Cm hostap ) ,
.Cm wds ,
.Cm tdma ,
.Cm mesh ,
and
.Cm monitor .
The operating mode of a cloned interface cannot be changed.
The
.Cm tdma
mode is actually implemented as an
.Cm adhoc-demo
interface with special properties.
.It Cm wlanbssid Ar bssid
The 802.11 mac address to use for the bssid.
This must be specified at create time for a legacy
.Cm wds
device.
.It Cm wlanaddr Ar address
The local mac address.
If this is not specified then a mac address will automatically be assigned
to the cloned device.
Typically this address is the same as the address of the parent device
but if the
.Cm bssid
parameter is specified then the driver will craft a unique address for
the device (if supported).
.It Cm wdslegacy
Mark a
.Cm wds
device as operating in
.Dq legacy mode .
Legacy
.Cm wds
devices have a fixed peer relationship and do not, for example, roam
if their peer stops communicating.
For completeness a Dynamic WDS (DWDS) interface may marked as
.Fl wdslegacy .
.It Cm bssid
Request a unique local mac address for the cloned device.
This is only possible if the device supports multiple mac addresses.
To force use of the parent's mac address use
.Fl bssid .
.It Cm beacons
Mark the cloned interface as depending on hardware support to
track received beacons.
To have beacons tracked in software use
.Fl beacons .
For
.Cm hostap
mode
.Fl beacons
can also be used to indicate no beacons should
be transmitted; this can be useful when creating a WDS configuration but
.Cm wds
interfaces can only be created as companions to an access point.
.El
.Ss Cloned IEEE 802.11 Wireless Interface Parameters
The following parameters are specific to IEEE 802.11 wireless interfaces
cloned with a
.Cm create
operation:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Cm ampdu
Enable sending and receiving AMPDU frames when using 802.11n (default).
The 802.11n specification states a compliant station must be capable
of receiving AMPDU frames but transmission is optional.
Use
.Fl ampdu
to disable all use of AMPDU with 802.11n.
For testing and/or to work around interoperability problems one can use
.Cm ampdutx
and
.Cm ampdurx
to control use of AMPDU in one direction.
.It Cm ampdudensity Ar density
Set the AMPDU density parameter used when operating with 802.11n.
This parameter controls the inter-packet gap for AMPDU frames.
The sending device normally controls this setting but a receiving station
may request wider gaps.
Legal values for
.Ar density
are 0, .25, .5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 (microseconds).
A value of
.Cm -
is treated the same as 0.
.It Cm ampdulimit Ar limit
Set the limit on packet size for receiving AMPDU frames when operating
with 802.11n.
Legal values for
.Ar limit
are 8192, 16384, 32768, and 65536 but one can also specify
just the unique prefix: 8, 16, 32, 64.
Note the sender may limit the size of AMPDU frames to be less
than the maximum specified by the receiving station.
.It Cm amsdu
Enable sending and receiving AMSDU frames when using 802.11n.
By default AMSDU is received but not transmitted.
Use
.Fl amsdu
to disable all use of AMSDU with 802.11n.
For testing and/or to work around interoperability problems one can use
.Cm amsdutx
and
.Cm amsdurx
to control use of AMSDU in one direction.
.It Cm amsdulimit Ar limit
Set the limit on packet size for sending and receiving AMSDU frames
when operating with 802.11n.
Legal values for
.Ar limit
are 7935 and 3839 (bytes).
Note the sender may limit the size of AMSDU frames to be less
than the maximum specified by the receiving station.
Note also that devices are not required to support the 7935 limit,
only 3839 is required by the specification and the larger value
may require more memory to be dedicated to support functionality
that is rarely used.
.It Cm apbridge
When operating as an access point, pass packets between
wireless clients directly (default).
To instead let them pass up through the
system and be forwarded using some other mechanism, use
.Fl apbridge .
Disabling the internal bridging
is useful when traffic is to be processed with
packet filtering.
.It Cm authmode Ar mode
Set the desired authentication mode in infrastructure mode.
Not all adapters support all modes.
The set of
valid modes is
.Cm none , open , shared
(shared key),
.Cm 8021x
(IEEE 802.1x),
and
.Cm wpa
(IEEE WPA/WPA2/802.11i).
The
.Cm 8021x
and
.Cm wpa
modes are only useful when using an authentication service
(a supplicant for client operation or an authenticator when
operating as an access point).
Modes are case insensitive.
.It Cm bgscan
Enable background scanning when operating as a station.
Background scanning is a technique whereby a station associated to
an access point will temporarily leave the channel to scan for
neighboring stations.
This allows a station to maintain a cache of nearby access points
so that roaming between access points can be done without
a lengthy scan operation.
Background scanning is done only when a station is not busy and
any outbound traffic will cancel a scan operation.
Background scanning should never cause packets to be lost though
there may be some small latency if outbound traffic interrupts a
scan operation.
By default background scanning is enabled if the device is capable.
To disable background scanning, use
.Fl bgscan .
Background scanning is controlled by the
.Cm bgscanidle
and
.Cm bgscanintvl
parameters.
Background scanning must be enabled for roaming; this is an artifact
of the current implementation and may not be required in the future.
.It Cm bgscanidle Ar idletime
Set the minimum time a station must be idle (not transmitting or
receiving frames) before a background scan is initiated.
The
.Ar idletime
parameter is specified in milliseconds.
By default a station must be idle at least 250 milliseconds before
a background scan is initiated.
The idle time may not be set to less than 100 milliseconds.
.It Cm bgscanintvl Ar interval
Set the interval at which background scanning is attempted.
The
.Ar interval
parameter is specified in seconds.
By default a background scan is considered every 300 seconds (5 minutes).
The
.Ar interval
may not be set to less than 15 seconds.
.It Cm bintval Ar interval
Set the interval at which beacon frames are sent when operating in
ad-hoc or ap mode.
The
.Ar interval
parameter is specified in TU's (1024 usecs).
By default beacon frames are transmitted every 100 TU's.
.It Cm bmissthreshold Ar count
Set the number of consecutive missed beacons at which the station
will attempt to roam (i.e., search for a new access point).
The
.Ar count
parameter must be in the range 1 to 255; though the
upper bound may be reduced according to device capabilities.
The default threshold is 7 consecutive missed beacons; but
this may be overridden by the device driver.
Another name for the
.Cm bmissthreshold
parameter is
.Cm bmiss .
.It Cm bssid Ar address
Specify the MAC address of the access point to use when operating
as a station in a BSS network.
This overrides any automatic selection done by the system.
To disable a previously selected access point, supply
.Cm any , none ,
or
.Cm -
for the address.
This option is useful when more than one access point uses the same SSID.
Another name for the
.Cm bssid
parameter is
.Cm ap .
.It Cm burst
Enable packet bursting.
Packet bursting is a transmission technique whereby the wireless
medium is acquired once to send multiple frames and the interframe
spacing is reduced.
This technique can significantly increase throughput by reducing
transmission overhead.
Packet bursting is supported by the 802.11e QoS specification
and some devices that do not support QoS may still be capable.
By default packet bursting is enabled if a device is capable
of doing it.
To disable packet bursting, use
.Fl burst .
.It Cm chanlist Ar channels
Set the desired channels to use when scanning for access
points, neighbors in an IBSS network, or looking for unoccupied
channels when operating as an access point.
The set of channels is specified as a comma-separated list with
each element in the list representing either a single channel number or a range
of the form
.Dq Li a-b .
Channel numbers must be in the range 1 to 255 and be permissible
according to the operating characteristics of the device.
.It Cm channel Ar number
Set a single desired channel.
Channels range from 1 to 255, but the exact selection available
depends on the region your adaptor was manufactured for.
Setting
the channel to
.Cm any ,
or
.Dq Cm -
will clear any desired channel and, if the device is marked up,
force a scan for a channel to operate on.
Alternatively the frequency, in megahertz, may be specified
instead of the channel number.
.Pp
When there are several ways to use a channel the channel
number/frequency may be appended with attributes to clarify.
For example, if a device is capable of operating on channel 6
with 802.11n and 802.11g then one can specify that g-only use
should be used by specifying
.Cm 6:g .
Similarly the channel width can be specified by appending it
with
.Dq Cm \&/ ;
e.g.,
.Cm 6/40
specifies a 40MHz wide channel.
These attributes can be combined as in:
.Cm 6:ht/40 .
.Pp
The full set of flags specified following a
.Dq Cm \&:
are:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -compact
.It Cm a
802.11a
.It Cm b
802.11b
.It Cm d
Atheros Dynamic Turbo mode
.It Cm g
802.11g
.It Cm h
Same as
.Cm n
.It Cm n
802.11n aka HT
.It Cm s
Atheros Static Turbo mode
.It Cm t
Atheros Dynamic Turbo mode, or appended to
.Cm st
and
.Cm dt
.El
.Pp
The full set of channel widths following a
.Cm \&/
are:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -compact
.It Cm 5
5MHz aka quarter-rate channel
.It Cm 10
10MHz aka half-rate channel
.It Cm 20
20MHz mostly for use in specifying
.Cm ht20
.It Cm 40
40MHz mostly for use in specifying
.Cm ht40
.El
.Pp
In addition,
a 40MHz HT channel specification may include the location
of the extension channel by appending
.Dq Cm \&+
or
.Dq Cm \&-
for above and below,
respectively; e.g.,
.Cm 2437:ht/40+
specifies 40MHz wide HT operation
with the center channel at frequency 2437 and the extension channel above.
.It Cm country Ar name
Set the country code to use in calculating the regulatory constraints
for operation.
In particular the set of available channels, how the wireless device
will operation on the channels, and the maximum transmit power that
can be used on a channel are defined by this setting.
Country/Region codes are specified as a 2-character abbreviation
defined by ISO 3166 or using a longer, but possibly ambiguous, spelling;
e.g., "ES" and "Spain".
The set of country codes are taken from
.Pa /etc/regdomain.xml
and can also
be viewed with the
.Cm list countries
request.
Note that not all devices support changing the country code from a default
setting; typically stored in EEPROM.
See also
.Cm regdomain ,
.Cm indoor ,
.Cm outdoor ,
and
.Cm anywhere .
.It Cm dfs
Enable Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) as specified in 802.11h.
DFS embodies several facilities including detection of overlapping
radar signals, dynamic transmit power control, and channel selection
according to a least-congested criteria.
DFS support is mandatory for some 5GHz frequencies in certain
locales (e.g., ETSI).
By default DFS is enabled according to the regulatory definitions
specified in
.Pa /etc/regdomain.xml
and the current country code, regdomain,
and channel.
Note the underlying device (and driver) must support radar detection
for full DFS support to work.
To be fully compliant with the local regulatory agency frequencies that
require DFS should not be used unless it is fully supported.
Use
.Fl dfs
to disable this functionality for testing.
.It Cm dotd
Enable support for the 802.11d specification (default).
When this support is enabled in station mode, beacon frames that advertise
a country code different than the currently configured country code will
cause an event to be dispatched to user applications.
This event can be used by the station to adopt that country code and
operate according to the associated regulatory constraints.
When operating as an access point with 802.11d enabled the beacon and
probe response frames transmitted will advertise the current regulatory
domain settings.
To disable 802.11d use
.Fl dotd .
.It Cm doth
Enable 802.11h support including spectrum management.
When 802.11h is enabled beacon and probe response frames will have
the SpectrumMgt bit set in the capabilities field and
country and power constraint information elements will be present.
802.11h support also includes handling Channel Switch Announcements (CSA)
which are a mechanism to coordinate channel changes by an access point.
By default 802.11h is enabled if the device is capable.
To disable 802.11h use
.Fl doth .
.It Cm deftxkey Ar index
Set the default key to use for transmission.
Typically this is only set when using WEP encryption.
Note that you must set a default transmit key
for the system to know which key to use in encrypting outbound traffic.
The
.Cm weptxkey
is an alias for this request; it is provided for backwards compatibility.
.It Cm dtimperiod Ar period
Set the
DTIM
period for transmitting buffered multicast data frames when
operating in ap mode.
The
.Ar period
specifies the number of beacon intervals between DTIM
and must be in the range 1 to 15.
By default DTIM is 1 (i.e., DTIM occurs at each beacon).
.It Cm quiet
Enable the use of quiet IE.
Hostap will use this to silence other
stations to reduce interference for radar detection when
operating on 5GHz frequency and doth support is enabled.
Use
.Fl quiet
to disable this functionality.
.It Cm quiet_period Ar period
Set the QUIET
.Ar period
to the number of beacon intervals between the start of regularly
scheduled quiet intervals defined by Quiet element.
.It Cm quiet_count Ar count
Set the QUIET
.Ar count
to the number of TBTTs until the beacon interval during which the
next quiet interval shall start.
A value of 1 indicates the quiet
interval will start during the beacon interval starting at the next
TBTT.
A value 0 is reserved.
.It Cm quiet_offset Ar offset
Set the QUIET
.Ar offset
to the offset of the start of the quiet interval from the TBTT
specified by the Quiet count, expressed in TUs.
The value of the
.Ar offset
shall be less than one beacon interval.
.It Cm quiet_duration Ar dur
Set the QUIET
.Ar dur
to the duration of the Quiet interval, expressed in TUs.
The value should be less than beacon interval.
.It Cm dturbo
Enable the use of Atheros Dynamic Turbo mode when communicating with
another Dynamic Turbo-capable station.
Dynamic Turbo mode is an Atheros-specific mechanism by which
stations switch between normal 802.11 operation and a
.Dq boosted
mode in which a 40MHz wide channel is used for communication.
Stations using Dynamic Turbo mode operate boosted only when the
channel is free of non-dturbo stations; when a non-dturbo station
is identified on the channel all stations will automatically drop
back to normal operation.
By default, Dynamic Turbo mode is not enabled, even if the device is capable.
Note that turbo mode (dynamic or static) is only allowed on some
channels depending on the regulatory constraints; use the
.Cm list chan
command to identify the channels where turbo mode may be used.
To disable Dynamic Turbo mode use
.Fl dturbo .
.It Cm dwds
Enable Dynamic WDS (DWDS) support.
DWDS is a facility by which 4-address traffic can be carried between
stations operating in infrastructure mode.
A station first associates to an access point and authenticates using
normal procedures (e.g., WPA).
Then 4-address frames are passed to carry traffic for stations
operating on either side of the wireless link.
DWDS extends the normal WDS mechanism by leveraging existing security
protocols and eliminating static binding.
.Pp
When DWDS is enabled on an access point 4-address frames received from
an authorized station will generate a
.Dq DWDS discovery
event to user
applications.
This event should be used to create a WDS interface that is bound
to the remote station (and usually plumbed into a bridge).
Once the WDS interface is up and running 4-address traffic then logically
flows through that interface.
.Pp
When DWDS is enabled on a station, traffic with a destination address
different from the peer station are encapsulated in a 4-address frame
and transmitted to the peer.
All 4-address traffic uses the security information of the stations
(e.g., cryptographic keys).
A station is associated using 802.11n facilities may transport
4-address traffic using these same mechanisms; this depends on available
resources and capabilities of the device.
The DWDS implementation guards against layer 2 routing loops of
multicast traffic.
.It Cm ff
Enable the use of Atheros Fast Frames when communicating with
another Fast Frames-capable station.
Fast Frames are an encapsulation technique by which two 802.3
frames are transmitted in a single 802.11 frame.
This can noticeably improve throughput but requires that the
receiving station understand how to decapsulate the frame.
Fast frame use is negotiated using the Atheros 802.11 vendor-specific
protocol extension so enabling use is safe when communicating with
non-Atheros devices.
By default, use of fast frames is enabled if the device is capable.
To explicitly disable fast frames, use
.Fl ff .
.It Cm fragthreshold Ar length
Set the threshold for which transmitted frames are broken into fragments.
The
.Ar length
argument is the frame size in bytes and must be in the range 256 to 2346.
Setting
.Ar length
to
.Li 2346 ,
.Cm any ,
or
.Cm -
disables transmit fragmentation.
Not all adapters honor the fragmentation threshold.
.It Cm hidessid
When operating as an access point, do not broadcast the SSID
in beacon frames or respond to probe request frames unless
they are directed to the ap (i.e., they include the ap's SSID).
By default, the SSID is included in beacon frames and
undirected probe request frames are answered.
To re-enable the broadcast of the SSID etc., use
.Fl hidessid .
.It Cm ht
Enable use of High Throughput (HT) when using 802.11n (default).
The 802.11n specification includes mechanisms for operation
on 20MHz and 40MHz wide channels using different signalling mechanisms
than specified in 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11a.
Stations negotiate use of these facilities, termed HT20 and HT40,
when they associate.
To disable all use of 802.11n use
.Fl ht .
To disable use of HT20 (e.g., to force only HT40 use) use
.Fl ht20 .
To disable use of HT40 use
.Fl ht40 .
.Pp
HT configuration is used to
.Dq auto promote
operation
when several choices are available.
For example, if a station associates to an 11n-capable access point
it controls whether the station uses legacy operation, HT20, or HT40.
When an 11n-capable device is setup as an access point and
Auto Channel Selection is used to locate a channel to operate on,
HT configuration controls whether legacy, HT20, or HT40 operation is setup
on the selected channel.
If a fixed channel is specified for a station then HT configuration can
be given as part of the channel specification; e.g., 6:ht/20 to setup
HT20 operation on channel 6.
.It Cm htcompat
Enable use of compatibility support for pre-802.11n devices (default).
The 802.11n protocol specification went through several incompatible iterations.
Some vendors implemented 11n support to older specifications that
will not interoperate with a purely 11n-compliant station.
In particular the information elements included in management frames
for old devices are different.
When compatibility support is enabled both standard and compatible data
will be provided.
Stations that associate using the compatibility mechanisms are flagged
in
.Cm list sta .
To disable compatibility support use
.Fl htcompat .
.It Cm htprotmode Ar technique
For interfaces operating in 802.11n, use the specified
.Ar technique
for protecting HT frames in a mixed legacy/HT network.
The set of valid techniques is
.Cm off ,
and
.Cm rts
(RTS/CTS, default).
Technique names are case insensitive.
.It Cm inact
Enable inactivity processing for stations associated to an
access point (default).
When operating as an access point the 802.11 layer monitors
the activity of each associated station.
When a station is inactive for 5 minutes it will send several
.Dq probe frames
to see if the station is still present.
If no response is received then the station is deauthenticated.
Applications that prefer to handle this work can disable this
facility by using
.Fl inact .
.It Cm indoor
Set the location to use in calculating regulatory constraints.
The location is also advertised in beacon and probe response frames
when 802.11d is enabled with
.Cm dotd .
See also
.Cm outdoor ,
.Cm anywhere ,
.Cm country ,
and
.Cm regdomain .
.It Cm list active
Display the list of channels available for use taking into account
any restrictions set with the
.Cm chanlist
directive.
See the description of
.Cm list chan
for more information.
.It Cm list caps
Display the adaptor's capabilities, including the operating
modes supported.
.It Cm list chan
Display the list of channels available for use.
Channels are shown with their IEEE channel number, equivalent
frequency, and usage modes.
Channels identified as
.Ql 11g
are also usable in
.Ql 11b
mode.
Channels identified as
.Ql 11a Turbo
may be used only for Atheros' Static Turbo mode
(specified with
. Cm mediaopt turbo ) .
Channels marked with a
.Ql *
have a regulatory constraint that they be passively scanned.
This means a station is not permitted to transmit on the channel until
it identifies the channel is being used for 802.11 communication;
typically by hearing a beacon frame from an access point operating
on the channel.
.Cm list freq
is another way of requesting this information.
By default a compacted list of channels is displayed; if the
.Fl v
option is specified then all channels are shown.
.It Cm list countries
Display the set of country codes and regulatory domains that can be
used in regulatory configuration.
.It Cm list mac
Display the current MAC Access Control List state.
Each address is prefixed with a character that indicates the
current policy applied to it:
.Ql +
indicates the address is allowed access,
.Ql -
indicates the address is denied access,
.Ql *
indicates the address is present but the current policy open
(so the ACL is not consulted).
.It Cm list mesh
Displays the mesh routing table, used for forwarding packets on a mesh
network.
.It Cm list regdomain
Display the current regulatory settings including the available channels
and transmit power caps.
.It Cm list roam
Display the parameters that govern roaming operation.
.It Cm list txparam
Display the parameters that govern transmit operation.
.It Cm list txpower
Display the transmit power caps for each channel.
.It Cm list scan
Display the access points and/or ad-hoc neighbors
located in the vicinity.
This information may be updated automatically by the adapter
with a
.Cm scan
request or through background scanning.
Depending on the capabilities of the stations the following
flags (capability codes) can be included in the output:
.Bl -tag -width 3n
.It Li A
Channel agility.
.It Li B
PBCC modulation.
.It Li C
Poll request capability.
.It Li D
DSSS/OFDM capability.
.It Li E
Extended Service Set (ESS).
Indicates that the station is part of an infrastructure network
rather than an IBSS/ad-hoc network.
.It Li I
Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS).
Indicates that the station is part of an ad-hoc network
rather than an ESS network.
.It Li P
Privacy capability.
The station requires authentication and encryption
for all data frames exchanged within the BSS using cryptographic means
such as WEP, TKIP, or AES-CCMP.
.It Li R
Robust Secure Network (RSN).
.It Li S
Short Preamble.
Indicates that the network is using short preambles,
defined in 802.11b High Rate/DSSS PHY,
and utilizes a 56 bit sync field
rather than the 128 bit field used in long preamble mode.
Short preambles are used to optionally
improve throughput performance with 802.11g and 802.11b.
.It Li c
Pollable capability.
.It Li s
Short slot time capability.
Indicates that the 802.11g network is using a short slot time
because there are no legacy (802.11b) stations present.
.El
.Pp
By default interesting information elements captured from the neighboring
stations are displayed at the end of each row.
Possible elements include:
.Cm WME
(station supports WME),
.Cm WPA
(station supports WPA),
.Cm WPS
(station supports WPS),
.Cm RSN
(station supports 802.11i/RSN),
.Cm HTCAP
(station supports 802.11n/HT communication),
.Cm ATH
(station supports Atheros protocol extensions),
.Cm VEN
(station supports unknown vendor-specific extensions).
If the
.Fl v
flag is used all the information elements and their
contents will be shown.
Specifying the
.Fl v
flag also enables display of long SSIDs.
The
.Cm list ap
command is another way of requesting this information.
.It Cm list sta
When operating as an access point display the stations that are
currently associated.
When operating in ad-hoc mode display stations identified as
neighbors in the IBSS.
When operating in mesh mode display stations identified as
neighbors in the MBSS.
When operating in station mode display the access point.
Capabilities advertised by the stations are described under
the
.Cm scan
request.
The following flags can be included in the output:
.Bl -tag -width 3n
.It Li A
Authorized.
Indicates that the station is permitted to send/receive data frames.
.It Li E
Extended Rate Phy (ERP).
Indicates that the station is operating in an 802.11g network
using extended transmit rates.
.It Li H
High Throughput (HT).
Indicates that the station is using HT transmit rates.
If a
.Sq Li +
follows immediately after then the station associated
using deprecated mechanisms supported only when
.Cm htcompat
is enabled.
.It Li P
Power Save.
Indicates that the station is operating in power save mode.
.It Li Q
Quality of Service (QoS).
Indicates that the station is using QoS encapsulation for
data frame.
QoS encapsulation is enabled only when WME mode is enabled.
.It Li S
Short GI in HT 40MHz mode enabled.
If a
.Sq Li +
follows immediately after then short GI in HT 20MHz mode is enabled as well.
.It Li T
Transitional Security Network (TSN).
Indicates that the station associated using TSN; see also
.Cm tsn
below.
.It Li W
Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS).
Indicates that the station associated using WPS.
.It Li s
Short GI in HT 20MHz mode enabled.
.El
.Pp
By default information elements received from associated stations
are displayed in a short form; the
.Fl v
flag causes this information to be displayed symbolically.
.It Cm list wme
Display the current channel parameters to use when operating in WME mode.
If the
.Fl v
option is specified then both channel and BSS parameters are displayed
for each AC (first channel, then BSS).
When WME mode is enabled for an adaptor this information will be
displayed with the regular status; this command is mostly useful
for examining parameters when WME mode is disabled.
See the description of the
.Cm wme
directive for information on the various parameters.
.It Cm maxretry Ar count
Set the maximum number of tries to use in sending unicast frames.
The default setting is 6 but drivers may override this with a value
they choose.
.It Cm mcastrate Ar rate
Set the rate for transmitting multicast/broadcast frames.
Rates are specified as megabits/second in decimal; e.g.,\& 5.5 for 5.5 Mb/s.
This rate should be valid for the current operating conditions;
if an invalid rate is specified drivers are free to chose an
appropriate rate.
.It Cm mgtrate Ar rate
Set the rate for transmitting management and/or control frames.
Rates are specified as megabits/second in decimal; e.g.,\& 5.5 for 5.5 Mb/s.
.It Cm outdoor
Set the location to use in calculating regulatory constraints.
The location is also advertised in beacon and probe response frames
when 802.11d is enabled with
.Cm dotd .
See also
.Cm anywhere ,
.Cm country ,
.Cm indoor ,
and
.Cm regdomain .
.It Cm powersave
Enable powersave operation.
When operating as a client, the station will conserve power by
periodically turning off the radio and listening for
messages from the access point telling it there are packets waiting.
The station must then retrieve the packets.
Not all devices support power save operation as a client.
The 802.11 specification requires that all access points support
power save but some drivers do not.
Use
.Fl powersave
to disable powersave operation when operating as a client.
.It Cm powersavesleep Ar sleep
Set the desired max powersave sleep time in TU's (1024 usecs).
By default the max powersave sleep time is 100 TU's.
.It Cm protmode Ar technique
For interfaces operating in 802.11g, use the specified
.Ar technique
for protecting OFDM frames in a mixed 11b/11g network.
The set of valid techniques is
.Cm off , cts
(CTS to self),
and
.Cm rtscts
(RTS/CTS).
Technique names are case insensitive.
Not all devices support
.Cm cts
as a protection technique.
.It Cm pureg
When operating as an access point in 802.11g mode allow only
11g-capable stations to associate (11b-only stations are not
permitted to associate).
To allow both 11g and 11b-only stations to associate, use
.Fl pureg .
.It Cm puren
When operating as an access point in 802.11n mode allow only
HT-capable stations to associate (legacy stations are not
permitted to associate).
To allow both HT and legacy stations to associate, use
.Fl puren .
.It Cm regdomain Ar sku
Set the regulatory domain to use in calculating the regulatory constraints
for operation.
In particular the set of available channels, how the wireless device
will operation on the channels, and the maximum transmit power that
can be used on a channel are defined by this setting.
Regdomain codes (SKU's) are taken from
.Pa /etc/regdomain.xml
and can also
be viewed with the
.Cm list countries
request.
Note that not all devices support changing the regdomain from a default
setting; typically stored in EEPROM.
See also
.Cm country ,
.Cm indoor ,
.Cm outdoor ,
and
.Cm anywhere .
.It Cm rifs
Enable use of Reduced InterFrame Spacing (RIFS) when operating in 802.11n
on an HT channel.
Note that RIFS must be supported by both the station and access point
for it to be used.
To disable RIFS use
.Fl rifs .
.It Cm roam:rate Ar rate
Set the threshold for controlling roaming when operating in a BSS.
The
.Ar rate
parameter specifies the transmit rate in megabits
at which roaming should be considered.
If the current transmit rate drops below this setting and background scanning
is enabled, then the system will check if a more desirable access point is
available and switch over to it.
The current scan cache contents are used if they are considered
valid according to the
.Cm scanvalid
parameter; otherwise a background scan operation is triggered before
any selection occurs.
Each channel type has a separate rate threshold; the default values are:
12 Mb/s (11a), 2 Mb/s (11b), 2 Mb/s (11g), MCS 1 (11na, 11ng).
.It Cm roam:rssi Ar rssi
Set the threshold for controlling roaming when operating in a BSS.
The
.Ar rssi
parameter specifies the receive signal strength in dBm units
at which roaming should be considered.
If the current rssi drops below this setting and background scanning
is enabled, then the system will check if a more desirable access point is
available and switch over to it.
The current scan cache contents are used if they are considered
valid according to the
.Cm scanvalid
parameter; otherwise a background scan operation is triggered before
any selection occurs.
Each channel type has a separate rssi threshold; the default values are
all 7 dBm.
.It Cm roaming Ar mode
When operating as a station, control how the system will
behave when communication with the current access point
is broken.
The
.Ar mode
argument may be one of
.Cm device
(leave it to the hardware device to decide),
.Cm auto
(handle either in the device or the operating system\[em]as appropriate),
.Cm manual
(do nothing until explicitly instructed).
By default, the device is left to handle this if it is
capable; otherwise, the operating system will automatically
attempt to reestablish communication.
Manual mode is used by applications such as
.Xr wpa_supplicant 8
that want to control the selection of an access point.
.It Cm rtsthreshold Ar length
Set the threshold for which
transmitted frames are preceded by transmission of an
RTS
control frame.
The
.Ar length
argument
is the frame size in bytes and must be in the range 1 to 2346.
Setting
.Ar length
to
.Li 2346 ,
.Cm any ,
or
.Cm -
disables transmission of RTS frames.
Not all adapters support setting the RTS threshold.
.It Cm scan
Initiate a scan of neighboring stations, wait for it to complete, and
display all stations found.
Only the super-user can initiate a scan.
See
.Cm list scan
for information on the display.
By default a background scan is done; otherwise a foreground
scan is done and the station may roam to a different access point.
The
.Cm list scan
request can be used to show recent scan results without
initiating a new scan.
.It Cm scanvalid Ar threshold
Set the maximum time the scan cache contents are considered valid;
i.e., will be used without first triggering a scan operation to
refresh the data.
The
.Ar threshold
parameter is specified in seconds and defaults to 60 seconds.
The minimum setting for
.Ar threshold
is 10 seconds.
One should take care setting this threshold; if it is set too low
then attempts to roam to another access point may trigger unnecessary
background scan operations.
.It Cm shortgi
Enable use of Short Guard Interval when operating in 802.11n
on an HT channel.
NB: this currently enables Short GI on both HT40 and HT20 channels.
To disable Short GI use
.Fl shortgi .
.It Cm smps
Enable use of Static Spatial Multiplexing Power Save (SMPS)
when operating in 802.11n.
A station operating with Static SMPS maintains only a single
receive chain active (this can significantly reduce power consumption).
To disable SMPS use
.Fl smps .
.It Cm smpsdyn
Enable use of Dynamic Spatial Multiplexing Power Save (SMPS)
when operating in 802.11n.
A station operating with Dynamic SMPS maintains only a single
receive chain active but switches to multiple receive chains when it
receives an RTS frame (this can significantly reduce power consumption).
Note that stations cannot distinguish between RTS/CTS intended to
enable multiple receive chains and those used for other purposes.
To disable SMPS use
.Fl smps .
.It Cm ssid Ar ssid
Set the desired Service Set Identifier (aka network name).
The SSID is a string up to 32 characters
in length and may be specified as either a normal string or in
hexadecimal when preceded by
.Ql 0x .
Additionally, the SSID may be cleared by setting it to
.Ql - .
.It Cm tdmaslot Ar slot
When operating with TDMA, use the specified
.Ar slot
configuration.
The
.Ar slot
is a number between 0 and the maximum number of slots in the BSS.
Note that a station configured as slot 0 is a master and
will broadcast beacon frames advertising the BSS;
stations configured to use other slots will always
scan to locate a master before they ever transmit.
By default
.Cm tdmaslot
is set to 1.
.It Cm tdmaslotcnt Ar cnt
When operating with TDMA, setup a BSS with
.Ar cnt
slots.
The slot count may be at most 8.
The current implementation is only tested with two stations
(i.e., point to point applications).
This setting is only meaningful when a station is configured as slot 0;
other stations adopt this setting from the BSS they join.
By default
.Cm tdmaslotcnt
is set to 2.
.It Cm tdmaslotlen Ar len
When operating with TDMA, setup a BSS such that each station has a slot
.Ar len
microseconds long.
The slot length must be at least 150 microseconds (1/8 TU)
and no more than 65 milliseconds.
Note that setting too small a slot length may result in poor channel
bandwidth utilization due to factors such as timer granularity and
guard time.
This setting is only meaningful when a station is configured as slot 0;
other stations adopt this setting from the BSS they join.
By default
.Cm tdmaslotlen
is set to 10 milliseconds.
.It Cm tdmabintval Ar intval
When operating with TDMA, setup a BSS such that beacons are transmitted every
.Ar intval
superframes to synchronize the TDMA slot timing.
A superframe is defined as the number of slots times the slot length; e.g.,
a BSS with two slots of 10 milliseconds has a 20 millisecond superframe.
The beacon interval may not be zero.
A lower setting of
.Cm tdmabintval
causes the timers to be resynchronized more often; this can be help if
significant timer drift is observed.
By default
.Cm tdmabintval
is set to 5.
.It Cm tsn
When operating as an access point with WPA/802.11i allow legacy
stations to associate using static key WEP and open authentication.
To disallow legacy station use of WEP, use
.Fl tsn .
.It Cm txpower Ar power
Set the power used to transmit frames.
The
.Ar power
argument is specified in .5 dBm units.
Out of range values are truncated.
Typically only a few discrete power settings are available and
the driver will use the setting closest to the specified value.
Not all adapters support changing the transmit power.
.It Cm ucastrate Ar rate
Set a fixed rate for transmitting unicast frames.
Rates are specified as megabits/second in decimal; e.g.,\& 5.5 for 5.5 Mb/s.
This rate should be valid for the current operating conditions;
if an invalid rate is specified drivers are free to chose an
appropriate rate.
.It Cm wepmode Ar mode
Set the desired WEP mode.
Not all adapters support all modes.
The set of valid modes is
.Cm off , on ,
and
.Cm mixed .
The
.Cm mixed
mode explicitly tells the adaptor to allow association with access
points which allow both encrypted and unencrypted traffic.
On these adapters,
.Cm on
means that the access point must only allow encrypted connections.
On other adapters,
.Cm on
is generally another name for
.Cm mixed .
Modes are case insensitive.
.It Cm weptxkey Ar index
Set the WEP key to be used for transmission.
This is the same as setting the default transmission key with
.Cm deftxkey .
.It Cm wepkey Ar key Ns | Ns Ar index : Ns Ar key
Set the selected WEP key.
If an
.Ar index
is not given, key 1 is set.
A WEP key will be either 5 or 13
characters (40 or 104 bits) depending on the local network and the
capabilities of the adaptor.
It may be specified either as a plain
string or as a string of hexadecimal digits preceded by
.Ql 0x .
For maximum portability, hex keys are recommended;
the mapping of text keys to WEP encryption is usually driver-specific.
In particular, the Windows drivers do this mapping differently to
.Fx .
A key may be cleared by setting it to
.Ql - .
If WEP is supported then there are at least four keys.
Some adapters support more than four keys.
If that is the case, then the first four keys
(1-4) will be the standard temporary keys and any others will be adaptor
specific keys such as permanent keys stored in NVRAM.
.Pp
Note that you must set a default transmit key with
.Cm deftxkey
for the system to know which key to use in encrypting outbound traffic.
.It Cm wme
Enable Wireless Multimedia Extensions (WME) support, if available,
for the specified interface.
WME is a subset of the IEEE 802.11e standard to support the
efficient communication of realtime and multimedia data.
To disable WME support, use
.Fl wme .
Another name for this parameter is
.Cm wmm .
.Pp
The following parameters are meaningful only when WME support is in use.
Parameters are specified per-AC (Access Category) and
split into those that are used by a station when acting
as an access point and those for client stations in the BSS.
The latter are received from the access point and may not be changed
(at the station).
The following Access Categories are recognized:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Cm AC_BK" -compact
.It Cm AC_BE
(or
.Cm BE )
best effort delivery,
.It Cm AC_BK
(or
.Cm BK )
background traffic,
.It Cm AC_VI
(or
.Cm VI )
video traffic,
.It Cm AC_VO
(or
.Cm VO )
voice traffic.
.El
.Pp
AC parameters are case-insensitive.
Traffic classification is done in the operating system using the
vlan priority associated with data frames or the
ToS (Type of Service) indication in IP-encapsulated frames.
If neither information is present, traffic is assigned to the
Best Effort (BE) category.
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Cm ack Ar ac
Set the ACK policy for QoS transmissions by the local station;
this controls whether or not data frames transmitted by a station
require an ACK response from the receiving station.
To disable waiting for an ACK use
.Fl ack .
This parameter is applied only to the local station.
.It Cm acm Ar ac
Enable the Admission Control Mandatory (ACM) mechanism
for transmissions by the local station.
To disable the ACM use
.Fl acm .
On stations in a BSS this parameter is read-only and indicates
the setting received from the access point.
NB: ACM is not supported right now.
.It Cm aifs Ar ac Ar count
Set the Arbitration Inter Frame Spacing (AIFS)
channel access parameter to use for transmissions
by the local station.
On stations in a BSS this parameter is read-only and indicates
the setting received from the access point.
.It Cm cwmin Ar ac Ar count
Set the CWmin channel access parameter to use for transmissions
by the local station.
On stations in a BSS this parameter is read-only and indicates
the setting received from the access point.
.It Cm cwmax Ar ac Ar count
Set the CWmax channel access parameter to use for transmissions
by the local station.
On stations in a BSS this parameter is read-only and indicates
the setting received from the access point.
.It Cm txoplimit Ar ac Ar limit
Set the Transmission Opportunity Limit channel access parameter
to use for transmissions by the local station.
This parameter defines an interval of time when a WME station
has the right to initiate transmissions onto the wireless medium.
On stations in a BSS this parameter is read-only and indicates
the setting received from the access point.
.It Cm bss:aifs Ar ac Ar count
Set the AIFS channel access parameter to send to stations in a BSS.
This parameter is meaningful only when operating in ap mode.
.It Cm bss:cwmin Ar ac Ar count
Set the CWmin channel access parameter to send to stations in a BSS.
This parameter is meaningful only when operating in ap mode.
.It Cm bss:cwmax Ar ac Ar count
Set the CWmax channel access parameter to send to stations in a BSS.
This parameter is meaningful only when operating in ap mode.
.It Cm bss:txoplimit Ar ac Ar limit
Set the TxOpLimit channel access parameter to send to stations in a BSS.
This parameter is meaningful only when operating in ap mode.
.El
.It Cm wps
Enable Wireless Privacy Subscriber support.
Note that WPS support requires a WPS-capable supplicant.
To disable this function use
.Fl wps .
.El
.Ss MAC-Based Access Control List Parameters
The following parameters support an optional access control list
feature available with some adapters when operating in ap mode; see
.Xr wlan_acl 4 .
This facility allows an access point to accept/deny association
requests based on the MAC address of the station.
Note that this feature does not significantly enhance security
as MAC address spoofing is easy to do.
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Cm mac:add Ar address
Add the specified MAC address to the database.
Depending on the policy setting association requests from the
specified station will be allowed or denied.
.It Cm mac:allow
Set the ACL policy to permit association only by
stations registered in the database.
.It Cm mac:del Ar address
Delete the specified MAC address from the database.
.It Cm mac:deny
Set the ACL policy to deny association only by
stations registered in the database.
.It Cm mac:kick Ar address
Force the specified station to be deauthenticated.
This typically is done to block a station after updating the
address database.
.It Cm mac:open
Set the ACL policy to allow all stations to associate.
.It Cm mac:flush
Delete all entries in the database.
.It Cm mac:radius
Set the ACL policy to permit association only by
stations approved by a RADIUS server.
Note that this feature requires the
.Xr hostapd 8
program be configured to do the right thing
as it handles the RADIUS processing
(and marks stations as authorized).
.El
.Ss Mesh Mode Wireless Interface Parameters
The following parameters are related to a wireless interface operating in mesh
mode:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Cm meshid Ar meshid
Set the desired Mesh Identifier.
The Mesh ID is a string up to 32 characters in length.
A mesh interface must have a Mesh Identifier specified
to reach an operational state.
.It Cm meshttl Ar ttl
Set the desired
.Dq time to live
for mesh forwarded packets;
this is the number of hops a packet may be forwarded before
it is discarded.
The default setting for
.Cm meshttl
is 31.
.It Cm meshpeering
Enable or disable peering with neighbor mesh stations.
Stations must peer before any data packets can be exchanged.
By default
.Cm meshpeering
is enabled.
.It Cm meshforward
Enable or disable forwarding packets by a mesh interface.
By default
.Cm meshforward
is enabled.
.It Cm meshgate
This attribute specifies whether or not the mesh STA activates mesh gate
announcements.
By default
.Cm meshgate
is disabled.
.It Cm meshmetric Ar protocol
Set the specified
.Ar protocol
as the link metric protocol used on a mesh network.
The default protocol is called
.Ar AIRTIME .
The mesh interface will restart after changing this setting.
.It Cm meshpath Ar protocol
Set the specified
.Ar protocol
as the path selection protocol used on a mesh network.
The only available protocol at the moment is called
.Ar HWMP
(Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol).
The mesh interface will restart after changing this setting.
.It Cm hwmprootmode Ar mode
Stations on a mesh network can operate as
.Dq root nodes .
Root nodes try to find paths to all mesh nodes and advertise themselves
regularly.
When there is a root mesh node on a network, other mesh nodes can setup
paths between themselves faster because they can use the root node
to find the destination.
This path may not be the best, but on-demand
routing will eventually find the best path.
The following modes are recognized:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Cm PROACTIVE" -compact
.It Cm DISABLED
Disable root mode.
.It Cm NORMAL
Send broadcast path requests every two seconds.
Nodes on the mesh without a path to this root mesh station with try to
discover a path to us.
.It Cm PROACTIVE
Send broadcast path requests every two seconds and every node must reply
with a path reply even if it already has a path to this root mesh station.
.It Cm RANN
Send broadcast root announcement (RANN) frames.
Nodes on the mesh without a path to this root mesh station with try to
discover a path to us.
.El
By default
.Cm hwmprootmode
is set to
.Ar DISABLED .
.It Cm hwmpmaxhops Ar cnt
Set the maximum number of hops allowed in an HMWP path to
.Ar cnt .
The default setting for
.Cm hwmpmaxhops
is 31.
.El
.Ss Compatibility Parameters
The following parameters are for compatibility with other systems:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Cm nwid Ar ssid
Another name for the
.Cm ssid
parameter.
Included for
.Nx
compatibility.
.It Cm stationname Ar name
Set the name of this station.
The station name is not part of the IEEE 802.11
protocol though some interfaces support it.
As such it only
seems to be meaningful to identical or virtually identical equipment.
Setting the station name is identical in syntax to setting the SSID.
One can also use
.Cm station
for
.Bsx
compatibility.
.It Cm wep
Another way of saying
.Cm wepmode on .
Included for
.Bsx
compatibility.
.It Fl wep
Another way of saying
.Cm wepmode off .
Included for
.Bsx
compatibility.
.It Cm nwkey key
Another way of saying:
.Dq Li "wepmode on weptxkey 1 wepkey 1:key wepkey 2:- wepkey 3:- wepkey 4:-" .
Included for
.Nx
compatibility.
.It Cm nwkey Xo
.Sm off
.Ar n : k1 , k2 , k3 , k4
.Sm on
.Xc
Another way of saying
.Dq Li "wepmode on weptxkey n wepkey 1:k1 wepkey 2:k2 wepkey 3:k3 wepkey 4:k4" .
Included for
.Nx
compatibility.
.It Fl nwkey
Another way of saying
.Cm wepmode off .
Included for
.Nx
compatibility.
.El
.Ss Bridge Interface Parameters
The following parameters are specific to bridge interfaces:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Cm addm Ar interface
Add the interface named by
.Ar interface
as a member of the bridge.
The interface is put into promiscuous mode
so that it can receive every packet sent on the network.
.It Cm deletem Ar interface
Remove the interface named by
.Ar interface
from the bridge.
Promiscuous mode is disabled on the interface when
it is removed from the bridge.
.It Cm maxaddr Ar size
Set the size of the bridge address cache to
.Ar size .
The default is 2000 entries.
.It Cm timeout Ar seconds
Set the timeout of address cache entries to
.Ar seconds
seconds.
If
.Ar seconds
is zero, then address cache entries will not be expired.
The default is 1200 seconds.
.It Cm addr
Display the addresses that have been learned by the bridge.
.It Cm static Ar interface-name Ar address
Add a static entry into the address cache pointing to
.Ar interface-name .
Static entries are never aged out of the cache or re-placed, even if the
address is seen on a different interface.
.It Cm deladdr Ar address
Delete
.Ar address
from the address cache.
.It Cm flush
Delete all dynamically-learned addresses from the address cache.
.It Cm flushall
Delete all addresses, including static addresses, from the address cache.
.It Cm discover Ar interface
Mark an interface as a
.Dq discovering
interface.
When the bridge has no address cache entry
(either dynamic or static)
for the destination address of a packet,
the bridge will forward the packet to all
member interfaces marked as
.Dq discovering .
This is the default for all interfaces added to a bridge.
.It Cm -discover Ar interface
Clear the
.Dq discovering
attribute on a member interface.
For packets without the
.Dq discovering
attribute, the only packets forwarded on the interface are broadcast
or multicast packets and packets for which the destination address
is known to be on the interface's segment.
.It Cm learn Ar interface
Mark an interface as a
.Dq learning
interface.
When a packet arrives on such an interface, the source
address of the packet is entered into the address cache as being a
destination address on the interface's segment.
This is the default for all interfaces added to a bridge.
.It Cm -learn Ar interface
Clear the
.Dq learning
attribute on a member interface.
.It Cm sticky Ar interface
Mark an interface as a
.Dq sticky
interface.
Dynamically learned address entries are treated at static once entered into
the cache.
Sticky entries are never aged out of the cache or replaced, even if the
address is seen on a different interface.
.It Cm -sticky Ar interface
Clear the
.Dq sticky
attribute on a member interface.
.It Cm private Ar interface
Mark an interface as a
.Dq private
interface.
A private interface does not forward any traffic to any other port that is also
a private interface.
.It Cm -private Ar interface
Clear the
.Dq private
attribute on a member interface.
.It Cm span Ar interface
Add the interface named by
.Ar interface
as a span port on the bridge.
Span ports transmit a copy of every frame received by the bridge.
This is most useful for snooping a bridged network passively on
another host connected to one of the span ports of the bridge.
.It Cm -span Ar interface
Delete the interface named by
.Ar interface
from the list of span ports of the bridge.
.It Cm stp Ar interface
Enable Spanning Tree protocol on
.Ar interface .
The
.Xr if_bridge 4
driver has support for the IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree protocol (STP).
Spanning Tree is used to detect and remove loops in a network topology.
.It Cm -stp Ar interface
Disable Spanning Tree protocol on
.Ar interface .
This is the default for all interfaces added to a bridge.
.It Cm edge Ar interface
Set
.Ar interface
as an edge port.
An edge port connects directly to end stations cannot create bridging
loops in the network, this allows it to transition straight to forwarding.
.It Cm -edge Ar interface
Disable edge status on
.Ar interface .
.It Cm autoedge Ar interface
Allow
.Ar interface
to automatically detect edge status.
This is the default for all interfaces added to a bridge.
.It Cm -autoedge Ar interface
Disable automatic edge status on
.Ar interface .
.It Cm ptp Ar interface
Set the
.Ar interface
as a point to point link.
This is required for straight transitions to forwarding and
should be enabled on a direct link to another RSTP capable switch.
.It Cm -ptp Ar interface
Disable point to point link status on
.Ar interface .
This should be disabled for a half duplex link and for an interface
connected to a shared network segment,
like a hub or a wireless network.
.It Cm autoptp Ar interface
Automatically detect the point to point status on
.Ar interface
by checking the full duplex link status.
This is the default for interfaces added to the bridge.
.It Cm -autoptp Ar interface
Disable automatic point to point link detection on
.Ar interface .
.It Cm maxage Ar seconds
Set the time that a Spanning Tree protocol configuration is valid.
The default is 20 seconds.
The minimum is 6 seconds and the maximum is 40 seconds.
.It Cm fwddelay Ar seconds
Set the time that must pass before an interface begins forwarding
packets when Spanning Tree is enabled.
The default is 15 seconds.
The minimum is 4 seconds and the maximum is 30 seconds.
.It Cm hellotime Ar seconds
Set the time between broadcasting of Spanning Tree protocol
configuration messages.
The hello time may only be changed when operating in legacy stp mode.
The default is 2 seconds.
The minimum is 1 second and the maximum is 2 seconds.
.It Cm priority Ar value
Set the bridge priority for Spanning Tree.
The default is 32768.
The minimum is 0 and the maximum is 61440.
.It Cm proto Ar value
Set the Spanning Tree protocol.
The default is rstp.
The available options are stp and rstp.
.It Cm holdcnt Ar value
Set the transmit hold count for Spanning Tree.
This is the number of packets transmitted before being rate limited.
The default is 6.
The minimum is 1 and the maximum is 10.
.It Cm ifpriority Ar interface Ar value
Set the Spanning Tree priority of
.Ar interface
to
.Ar value .
The default is 128.
The minimum is 0 and the maximum is 240.
.It Cm ifpathcost Ar interface Ar value
Set the Spanning Tree path cost of
.Ar interface
to
.Ar value .
The default is calculated from the link speed.
To change a previously selected path cost back to automatic, set the
cost to 0.
The minimum is 1 and the maximum is 200000000.
.It Cm ifmaxaddr Ar interface Ar size
Set the maximum number of hosts allowed from an interface, packets with unknown
source addresses are dropped until an existing host cache entry expires or is
removed.
Set to 0 to disable.
.El
.Ss Link Aggregation and Link Failover Parameters
The following parameters are specific to lagg interfaces:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Cm laggtype Ar type
When creating a lagg interface the type can be specified as either
.Cm ethernet
or
.Cm infiniband .
If not specified ethernet is the default lagg type.
.It Cm laggport Ar interface
Add the interface named by
.Ar interface
as a port of the aggregation interface.
.It Cm -laggport Ar interface
Remove the interface named by
.Ar interface
from the aggregation interface.
.It Cm laggproto Ar proto
Set the aggregation protocol.
The default is
.Li failover .
The available options are
.Li failover ,
.Li lacp ,
.Li loadbalance ,
.Li roundrobin ,
.Li broadcast
and
.Li none .
.It Cm lagghash Ar option Ns Oo , Ns Ar option Oc
Set the packet layers to hash for aggregation protocols which load balance.
The default is
.Dq l2,l3,l4 .
The options can be combined using commas.
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ".Cm l2" -compact
.It Cm l2
src/dst mac address and optional vlan number.
.It Cm l3
src/dst address for IPv4 or IPv6.
.It Cm l4
src/dst port for TCP/UDP/SCTP.
.El
.It Cm -use_flowid
Enable local hash computation for RSS hash on the interface.
The
.Li loadbalance
and
.Li lacp
modes will use the RSS hash from the network card if available
to avoid computing one, this may give poor traffic distribution
if the hash is invalid or uses less of the protocol header information.
.Cm -use_flowid
disables use of RSS hash from the network card.
The default value can be set via the
.Va net.link.lagg.default_use_flowid
.Xr sysctl 8
variable.
.Li 0
means
.Dq disabled
and
.Li 1
means
.Dq enabled .
.It Cm use_flowid
Use the RSS hash from the network card if available.
.It Cm flowid_shift Ar number
Set a shift parameter for RSS local hash computation.
Hash is calculated by using flowid bits in a packet header mbuf
which are shifted by the number of this parameter.
.It Cm use_numa
Enable selection of egress ports based on the native
.Xr numa 4
domain for the packets being transmitted.
This is currently only implemented for lacp mode.
This works only on
.Xr numa 4
hardware, running a kernel compiled with the
.Xr numa 4
option, and when interfaces from multiple
.Xr numa 4
domains are ports of the aggregation interface.
.It Cm -use_numa
Disable selection of egress ports based on the native
.Xr numa 4
domain for the packets being transmitted.
.It Cm lacp_fast_timeout
Enable lacp fast-timeout on the interface.
.It Cm -lacp_fast_timeout
Disable lacp fast-timeout on the interface.
.It Cm lacp_strict
Enable lacp strict compliance on the interface.
The default value can be set via the
.Va net.link.lagg.lacp.default_strict_mode
.Xr sysctl 8
variable.
.Li 0
means
.Dq disabled
and
.Li 1
means
.Dq enabled .
.It Cm -lacp_strict
Disable lacp strict compliance on the interface.
.It Cm rr_limit Ar number
Configure a stride for an interface in round-robin mode.
The default stride is 1.
.El
.Ss Generic IP Tunnel Parameters
The following parameters apply to IP tunnel interfaces,
.Xr gif 4 :
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Cm tunnel Ar src_addr dest_addr
Configure the physical source and destination address for IP tunnel
interfaces.
The arguments
.Ar src_addr
and
.Ar dest_addr
are interpreted as the outer source/destination for the encapsulating
IPv4/IPv6 header.
.It Fl tunnel
Unconfigure the physical source and destination address for IP tunnel
interfaces previously configured with
.Cm tunnel .
.It Cm deletetunnel
Another name for the
.Fl tunnel
parameter.
.It Cm accept_rev_ethip_ver
Set a flag to accept both correct EtherIP packets and ones
with reversed version field.
Enabled by default.
This is for backward compatibility with
.Fx 6.1 ,
6.2, 6.3, 7.0, and 7.1.
.It Cm -accept_rev_ethip_ver
Clear a flag
.Cm accept_rev_ethip_ver .
.It Cm ignore_source
Set a flag to accept encapsulated packets destined to this host
independently from source address.
This may be useful for hosts, that receive encapsulated packets
from the load balancers.
.It Cm -ignore_source
Clear a flag
.Cm ignore_source .
.It Cm send_rev_ethip_ver
Set a flag to send EtherIP packets with reversed version
field intentionally.
Disabled by default.
This is for backward compatibility with
.Fx 6.1 ,
6.2, 6.3, 7.0, and 7.1.
.It Cm -send_rev_ethip_ver
Clear a flag
.Cm send_rev_ethip_ver .
.El
.Ss GRE Tunnel Parameters
The following parameters apply to GRE tunnel interfaces,
.Xr gre 4 :
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Cm tunnel Ar src_addr dest_addr
Configure the physical source and destination address for GRE tunnel
interfaces.
The arguments
.Ar src_addr
and
.Ar dest_addr
are interpreted as the outer source/destination for the encapsulating
IPv4/IPv6 header.
.It Fl tunnel
Unconfigure the physical source and destination address for GRE tunnel
interfaces previously configured with
.Cm tunnel .
.It Cm deletetunnel
Another name for the
.Fl tunnel
parameter.
.It Cm grekey Ar key
Configure the GRE key to be used for outgoing packets.
Note that
.Xr gre 4 will always accept GRE packets with invalid or absent keys.
This command will result in a four byte MTU reduction on the interface.
.El
.Ss Packet Filter State Table Sychronisation Parameters
The following parameters are specific to
.Xr pfsync 4
interfaces:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Cm syncdev Ar iface
Use the specified interface
to send and receive pfsync state synchronisation messages.
.It Fl syncdev
Stop sending pfsync state synchronisation messages over the network.
.It Cm syncpeer Ar peer_address
Set the destination address for the state synchronization messages sent.
The
.Ar peer_address
is normally the IPv4 or IPv6 address of the other host taking
part in the pfsync cluster.
.Pp
When the
.Ar peer_address
is set to a unicast IP address, the pfsync link will behave
as point-to-point rather than using multicast to broadcast the messages.
.Pp
When the
.Ar peer_address
is set to ff12::f0, the state synchronization
messages will be broadcast using multicast over IPv6.
.It Fl syncpeer
Unset the syncpeer.
Packets will then be broadcast using multicast over IPv4.
.It Cm maxupd Ar n
Set the maximum number of updates for a single state which
can be collapsed into one.
This is an 8-bit number; the default value is 128.
.It Cm defer
Defer transmission of the first packet in a state until a peer has
acknowledged that the associated state has been inserted.
.It Fl defer
Do not defer the first packet in a state.
This is the default.
.It Fl version Ar n
Configure message format for compatibility with older versions of FreeBSD.
Refer to
.Xr pfsync 4
for details.
.El
.Ss VLAN Parameters
The following parameters are specific to
.Xr vlan 4
interfaces:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Cm vlan Ar vlan_tag
Set the VLAN tag value to
.Ar vlan_tag .
This value is a 12-bit VLAN Identifier (VID) which is used to create an 802.1Q
or 802.1ad VLAN header for packets sent from the
.Xr vlan 4
interface.
Note that
.Cm vlan
and
.Cm vlandev
must both be set at the same time.
.It Cm vlanproto Ar vlan_proto
Set the VLAN encapsulation protocol to
.Ar vlan_proto .
Supported encapsulation protocols are currently:
.Bl -tag
.It Cm 802.1Q
Default.
.It Cm 802.1ad
.It Cm QinQ
Same as
.Cm 802.1ad .
.El
.It Cm vlanpcp Ar priority_code_point
Priority code point
.Pq Dv PCP
is an 3-bit field which refers to the IEEE 802.1p
class of service and maps to the frame priority level.
.Pp
Values in order of priority are:
.Cm 1
.Pq Dv Background (lowest) ,
.Cm 0
.Pq Dv Best effort (default) ,
.Cm 2
.Pq Dv Excellent effort ,
.Cm 3
.Pq Dv Critical applications ,
.Cm 4
.Pq Dv Video, < 100ms latency and jitter ,
.Cm 5
.Pq Dv Voice, < 10ms latency and jitter ,
.Cm 6
.Pq Dv Internetwork control ,
.Cm 7
.Pq Dv Network control (highest) .
.It Cm vlandev Ar iface
Associate the physical interface
.Ar iface
with a
.Xr vlan 4
interface.
Packets transmitted through the
.Xr vlan 4
interface will be
diverted to the specified physical interface
.Ar iface
with 802.1Q VLAN encapsulation.
Packets with 802.1Q encapsulation received
by the parent interface with the correct VLAN Identifier will be diverted to
the associated
.Xr vlan 4
pseudo-interface.
The
.Xr vlan 4
interface is assigned a
copy of the parent interface's flags and the parent's Ethernet address.
The
.Cm vlandev
and
.Cm vlan
must both be set at the same time.
If the
.Xr vlan 4
interface already has
a physical interface associated with it, this command will fail.
To
change the association to another physical interface, the existing
association must be cleared first.
.Pp
Note: if the hardware tagging capability
is set on the parent interface, the
.Xr vlan 4
pseudo
interface's behavior changes:
the
.Xr vlan 4
interface recognizes that the
parent interface supports insertion and extraction of VLAN tags on its
own (usually in firmware) and that it should pass packets to and from
the parent unaltered.
.It Fl vlandev Op Ar iface
If the driver is a
.Xr vlan 4
pseudo device, disassociate the parent interface from it.
This breaks the link between the
.Xr vlan 4
interface and its parent,
clears its VLAN Identifier, flags and its link address and shuts the interface
down.
The
.Ar iface
argument is useless and hence deprecated.
.El
.Ss Virtual eXtensible LAN Parameters
The following parameters are used to configure
.Xr vxlan 4
interfaces.
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Cm vxlanid Ar identifier
This value is a 24-bit VXLAN Network Identifier (VNI) that identifies the
virtual network segment membership of the interface.
.It Cm vxlanlocal Ar address
The source address used in the encapsulating IPv4/IPv6 header.
The address should already be assigned to an existing interface.
When the interface is configured in unicast mode, the listening socket
is bound to this address.
.It Cm vxlanremote Ar address
The interface can be configured in a unicast, or point-to-point, mode
to create a tunnel between two hosts.
This is the IP address of the remote end of the tunnel.
.It Cm vxlangroup Ar address
The interface can be configured in a multicast mode
to create a virtual network of hosts.
This is the IP multicast group address the interface will join.
.It Cm vxlanlocalport Ar port
The port number the interface will listen on.
The default port number is 4789.
.It Cm vxlanremoteport Ar port
The destination port number used in the encapsulating IPv4/IPv6 header.
The remote host should be listening on this port.
The default port number is 4789.
Note some other implementations, such as Linux,
do not default to the IANA assigned port,
but instead listen on port 8472.
.It Cm vxlanportrange Ar low high
The range of source ports used in the encapsulating IPv4/IPv6 header.
The port selected within the range is based on a hash of the inner frame.
A range is useful to provide entropy within the outer IP header
for more effective load balancing.
The default range is between the
.Xr sysctl 8
variables
.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.first
and
.Va net.inet.ip.portrange.last
.It Cm vxlantimeout Ar timeout
The maximum time, in seconds, before an entry in the forwarding table
is pruned.
The default is 1200 seconds (20 minutes).
.It Cm vxlanmaxaddr Ar max
The maximum number of entries in the forwarding table.
The default is 2000.
.It Cm vxlandev Ar dev
When the interface is configured in multicast mode, the
.Cm dev
interface is used to transmit IP multicast packets.
.It Cm vxlanttl Ar ttl
The TTL used in the encapsulating IPv4/IPv6 header.
The default is 64.
.It Cm vxlanlearn
The source IP address and inner source Ethernet MAC address of
received packets are used to dynamically populate the forwarding table.
When in multicast mode, an entry in the forwarding table allows the
interface to send the frame directly to the remote host instead of
broadcasting the frame to the multicast group.
This is the default.
.It Fl vxlanlearn
The forwarding table is not populated by received packets.
.It Cm vxlanflush
Delete all dynamically-learned addresses from the forwarding table.
.It Cm vxlanflushall
Delete all addresses, including static addresses, from the forwarding table.
.El
.Ss CARP Parameters
The following parameters are used to configure
.Xr carp 4
protocol on an interface:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Cm vhid Ar n
Set the virtual host ID.
This is a required setting to initiate
.Xr carp 4 .
If the virtual host ID does not exist yet, it is created and attached to the
interface, otherwise configuration of an existing vhid is adjusted.
If the
.Cm vhid
keyword is supplied along with an
.Dq inet6
or
.Dq inet
address, then this address is configured to be run under control of the
specified vhid.
Whenever a last address that refers to a particular vhid is removed from an
interface, the vhid is automatically removed from interface and destroyed.
Any other configuration parameters for the
.Xr carp 4
protocol should be supplied along with the
.Cm vhid
keyword.
Acceptable values for vhid are 1 to 255.
.It Cm advbase Ar seconds
Specifies the base of the advertisement interval in seconds.
The acceptable values are 1 to 255.
The default value is 1.
.It Cm advskew Ar interval
Specifies the skew to add to the base advertisement interval to
make one host advertise slower than another host.
It is specified in 1/256 of seconds.
The acceptable values are 1 to 254.
The default value is 0.
.It Cm pass Ar phrase
Set the authentication key to
.Ar phrase .
.It Cm state Ar state
Forcibly change state of a given vhid.
The following states are recognized:
.Cm MASTER
and
.Cm BACKUP .
.It Cm peer Ar address
Set the address to send (IPv4)
.Xr carp 4
announcements to.
.It Cm mcast
Restore the default destination address for (IPv4)
.Xr carp 4
announcements, which is 224.0.0.18.
.It Cm peer6 Ar address
Set the address to send (IPv6)
.Xr carp 4
announcements to.
.It Cm mcast6
Restore the default destination address for (IPv4)
.Xr carp 4
announcements, which is ff02::12.
.El
.Sh ENVIRONMENT
The following environment variables affect the execution of
.Nm :
.Bl -tag -width IFCONFIG_FORMAT
.It Ev IFCONFIG_FORMAT
This variable can contain a specification of the output format.
See the description of the
.Fl f
flag for more details.
.El
.Sh EXAMPLES
Assign the IPv4 address
.Li 192.0.2.10 ,
with a network mask of
.Li 255.255.255.0 ,
to the interface
.Li em0 :
.Dl # ifconfig em0 inet 192.0.2.10 netmask 255.255.255.0
.Pp
Add the IPv4 address
.Li 192.0.2.45 ,
with the CIDR network prefix
.Li /28 ,
to the interface
.Li em0 :
.Dl # ifconfig em0 inet 192.0.2.45/28 alias
.Pp
Remove the IPv4 address
.Li 192.0.2.45
from the interface
.Li em0 :
.Dl # ifconfig em0 inet 192.0.2.45 -alias
.Pp
Enable IPv6 functionality of the interface:
.Dl # ifconfig em0 inet6 -ifdisabled
.Pp
Add the IPv6 address
.Li 2001:DB8:DBDB::123/48
to the interface
.Li em0 :
.Dl # ifconfig em0 inet6 2001:db8:bdbd::123 prefixlen 48 alias
Note that lower case hexadecimal IPv6 addresses are acceptable.
.Pp
Remove the IPv6 address added in the above example,
using the
.Li /
character as shorthand for the network prefix:
.Dl # ifconfig em0 inet6 2001:db8:bdbd::123/48 -alias
.Pp
Configure a single CARP redundant address on igb0, and then switch it
to be master:
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
# ifconfig igb0 vhid 1 10.0.0.1/24 pass foobar up
# ifconfig igb0 vhid 1 state master
.Ed
.Pp
Configure the interface
.Li xl0 ,
to use 100baseTX, full duplex Ethernet media options:
.Dl # ifconfig xl0 media 100baseTX mediaopt full-duplex
.Pp
Label the em0 interface as an uplink:
.Dl # ifconfig em0 description \&"Uplink to Gigabit Switch 2\&"
.Pp
Create the software network interface
.Li gif1 :
.Dl # ifconfig gif1 create
.Pp
Destroy the software network interface
.Li gif1 :
.Dl # ifconfig gif1 destroy
.Pp
Display available wireless networks using
.Li wlan0 :
.Dl # ifconfig wlan0 list scan
.Pp
Display inet and inet6 address subnet masks in CIDR notation
.Dl # ifconfig -f inet:cidr,inet6:cidr
.Pp
Display interfaces that are up with the exception of loopback
.Dl # ifconfig -a -u -G lo
.Pp
Display a list of interface names beloning to the wlan group:
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
# ifconfig -g wlan
wlan0
wlan1
.Ed
.Pp
Display details about the interfaces belonging to the wlan group:
.Bd -literal -offset indent -compact
# ifconfig -a -g wlan
wlan0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
        ether 75:4c:61:6b:7a:73
        inet6 fe80::4c75:636a:616e:ffd8%wlan0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x3
        inet6 2001:5761:6e64:6152:6f6d:616e:fea4:ffe2 prefixlen 64 autoconf
        inet 192.168.10.5 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.10.255
        groups: wlan
        ssid "Hotspot" channel 11 (2462 MHz 11g) bssid 12:34:ff:ff:43:21
        regdomain ETSI country DE authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON
        deftxkey UNDEF AES-CCM 2:128-bit AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 30 bmiss 10
        scanvalid 60 protmode CTS wme roaming MANUAL
        parent interface: iwm0
        media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet DS/2Mbps mode 11g
        status: associated
        nd6 options=23<PERFORMNUD,ACCEPT_RTADV,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>
wlan1: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
        ether 00:50:69:6f:74:72
        groups: wlan
        ssid "" channel 2 (2417 MHz 11g)
        regdomain FCC country US authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpower 30 bmiss 7
        scanvalid 60 bgscan bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7
        roam:rate 5 protmode CTS wme bintval 0
        parent interface: rum0
        media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (autoselect)
        status: no carrier
        nd6 options=29<PERFORMNUD,IFDISABLED,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>
.Ed
.Pp
Set a randomly-generated MAC address on tap0:
.Dl # ifconfig tap0 ether random
.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
Messages indicating the specified interface does not exist, the
requested address is unknown, or the user is not privileged and
tried to alter an interface's configuration.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr netstat 1 ,
.Xr carp 4 ,
.Xr gif 4 ,
.Xr netintro 4 ,
.Xr pfsync 4 ,
.Xr polling 4 ,
.Xr vlan 4 ,
.Xr vxlan 4 ,
.Xr devd.conf 5 ,
.Xr devd 8 ,
.Xr jail 8 ,
.Xr rc 8 ,
.Xr routed 8 ,
.Xr sysctl 8
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm
utility appeared in
.Bx 4.2 .
.Sh BUGS
Basic IPv6 node operation requires a link-local address on each
interface configured for IPv6.
Normally, such an address is automatically configured by the
kernel on each interface added to the system or enabled; this behavior may
be disabled by setting per-interface flag
.Cm -auto_linklocal .
The default value of this flag is 1 and can be disabled by using the sysctl
MIB variable
.Va net.inet6.ip6.auto_linklocal .
.Pp
Do not configure IPv6 addresses with no link-local address by using
.Nm .
It can result in unexpected behaviors of the kernel.