1 /* @(#)e_lgamma_r.c 1.3 95/01/18 */ 2 /* 3 * ==================================================== 4 * Copyright (C) 1993 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 * 6 * Developed at SunSoft, a Sun Microsystems, Inc. business. 7 * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this 8 * software is freely granted, provided that this notice 9 * is preserved. 10 * ==================================================== 11 */ 12 13 #include <sys/cdefs.h> 14 /* lgamma_r(x, signgamp) 15 * Reentrant version of the logarithm of the Gamma function 16 * with user provide pointer for the sign of Gamma(x). 17 * 18 * Method: 19 * 1. Argument Reduction for 0 < x <= 8 20 * Since gamma(1+s)=s*gamma(s), for x in [0,8], we may 21 * reduce x to a number in [1.5,2.5] by 22 * lgamma(1+s) = log(s) + lgamma(s) 23 * for example, 24 * lgamma(7.3) = log(6.3) + lgamma(6.3) 25 * = log(6.3*5.3) + lgamma(5.3) 26 * = log(6.3*5.3*4.3*3.3*2.3) + lgamma(2.3) 27 * 2. Polynomial approximation of lgamma around its 28 * minimum ymin=1.461632144968362245 to maintain monotonicity. 29 * On [ymin-0.23, ymin+0.27] (i.e., [1.23164,1.73163]), use 30 * Let z = x-ymin; 31 * lgamma(x) = -1.214862905358496078218 + z^2*poly(z) 32 * where 33 * poly(z) is a 14 degree polynomial. 34 * 2. Rational approximation in the primary interval [2,3] 35 * We use the following approximation: 36 * s = x-2.0; 37 * lgamma(x) = 0.5*s + s*P(s)/Q(s) 38 * with accuracy 39 * |P/Q - (lgamma(x)-0.5s)| < 2**-61.71 40 * Our algorithms are based on the following observation 41 * 42 * zeta(2)-1 2 zeta(3)-1 3 43 * lgamma(2+s) = s*(1-Euler) + --------- * s - --------- * s + ... 44 * 2 3 45 * 46 * where Euler = 0.5771... is the Euler constant, which is very 47 * close to 0.5. 48 * 49 * 3. For x>=8, we have 50 * lgamma(x)~(x-0.5)log(x)-x+0.5*log(2pi)+1/(12x)-1/(360x**3)+.... 51 * (better formula: 52 * lgamma(x)~(x-0.5)*(log(x)-1)-.5*(log(2pi)-1) + ...) 53 * Let z = 1/x, then we approximation 54 * f(z) = lgamma(x) - (x-0.5)(log(x)-1) 55 * by 56 * 3 5 11 57 * w = w0 + w1*z + w2*z + w3*z + ... + w6*z 58 * where 59 * |w - f(z)| < 2**-58.74 60 * 61 * 4. For negative x, since (G is gamma function) 62 * -x*G(-x)*G(x) = pi/sin(pi*x), 63 * we have 64 * G(x) = pi/(sin(pi*x)*(-x)*G(-x)) 65 * since G(-x) is positive, sign(G(x)) = sign(sin(pi*x)) for x<0 66 * Hence, for x<0, signgam = sign(sin(pi*x)) and 67 * lgamma(x) = log(|Gamma(x)|) 68 * = log(pi/(|x*sin(pi*x)|)) - lgamma(-x); 69 * Note: one should avoid compute pi*(-x) directly in the 70 * computation of sin(pi*(-x)). 71 * 72 * 5. Special Cases 73 * lgamma(2+s) ~ s*(1-Euler) for tiny s 74 * lgamma(1) = lgamma(2) = 0 75 * lgamma(x) ~ -log(|x|) for tiny x 76 * lgamma(0) = lgamma(neg.integer) = inf and raise divide-by-zero 77 * lgamma(inf) = inf 78 * lgamma(-inf) = inf (bug for bug compatible with C99!?) 79 */ 80 81 #include <float.h> 82 83 #include "math.h" 84 #include "math_private.h" 85 86 static const volatile double vzero = 0; 87 88 static const double 89 zero= 0.00000000000000000000e+00, 90 half= 5.00000000000000000000e-01, /* 0x3FE00000, 0x00000000 */ 91 one = 1.00000000000000000000e+00, /* 0x3FF00000, 0x00000000 */ 92 pi = 3.14159265358979311600e+00, /* 0x400921FB, 0x54442D18 */ 93 a0 = 7.72156649015328655494e-02, /* 0x3FB3C467, 0xE37DB0C8 */ 94 a1 = 3.22467033424113591611e-01, /* 0x3FD4A34C, 0xC4A60FAD */ 95 a2 = 6.73523010531292681824e-02, /* 0x3FB13E00, 0x1A5562A7 */ 96 a3 = 2.05808084325167332806e-02, /* 0x3F951322, 0xAC92547B */ 97 a4 = 7.38555086081402883957e-03, /* 0x3F7E404F, 0xB68FEFE8 */ 98 a5 = 2.89051383673415629091e-03, /* 0x3F67ADD8, 0xCCB7926B */ 99 a6 = 1.19270763183362067845e-03, /* 0x3F538A94, 0x116F3F5D */ 100 a7 = 5.10069792153511336608e-04, /* 0x3F40B6C6, 0x89B99C00 */ 101 a8 = 2.20862790713908385557e-04, /* 0x3F2CF2EC, 0xED10E54D */ 102 a9 = 1.08011567247583939954e-04, /* 0x3F1C5088, 0x987DFB07 */ 103 a10 = 2.52144565451257326939e-05, /* 0x3EFA7074, 0x428CFA52 */ 104 a11 = 4.48640949618915160150e-05, /* 0x3F07858E, 0x90A45837 */ 105 tc = 1.46163214496836224576e+00, /* 0x3FF762D8, 0x6356BE3F */ 106 tf = -1.21486290535849611461e-01, /* 0xBFBF19B9, 0xBCC38A42 */ 107 /* tt = -(tail of tf) */ 108 tt = -3.63867699703950536541e-18, /* 0xBC50C7CA, 0xA48A971F */ 109 t0 = 4.83836122723810047042e-01, /* 0x3FDEF72B, 0xC8EE38A2 */ 110 t1 = -1.47587722994593911752e-01, /* 0xBFC2E427, 0x8DC6C509 */ 111 t2 = 6.46249402391333854778e-02, /* 0x3FB08B42, 0x94D5419B */ 112 t3 = -3.27885410759859649565e-02, /* 0xBFA0C9A8, 0xDF35B713 */ 113 t4 = 1.79706750811820387126e-02, /* 0x3F9266E7, 0x970AF9EC */ 114 t5 = -1.03142241298341437450e-02, /* 0xBF851F9F, 0xBA91EC6A */ 115 t6 = 6.10053870246291332635e-03, /* 0x3F78FCE0, 0xE370E344 */ 116 t7 = -3.68452016781138256760e-03, /* 0xBF6E2EFF, 0xB3E914D7 */ 117 t8 = 2.25964780900612472250e-03, /* 0x3F6282D3, 0x2E15C915 */ 118 t9 = -1.40346469989232843813e-03, /* 0xBF56FE8E, 0xBF2D1AF1 */ 119 t10 = 8.81081882437654011382e-04, /* 0x3F4CDF0C, 0xEF61A8E9 */ 120 t11 = -5.38595305356740546715e-04, /* 0xBF41A610, 0x9C73E0EC */ 121 t12 = 3.15632070903625950361e-04, /* 0x3F34AF6D, 0x6C0EBBF7 */ 122 t13 = -3.12754168375120860518e-04, /* 0xBF347F24, 0xECC38C38 */ 123 t14 = 3.35529192635519073543e-04, /* 0x3F35FD3E, 0xE8C2D3F4 */ 124 u0 = -7.72156649015328655494e-02, /* 0xBFB3C467, 0xE37DB0C8 */ 125 u1 = 6.32827064025093366517e-01, /* 0x3FE4401E, 0x8B005DFF */ 126 u2 = 1.45492250137234768737e+00, /* 0x3FF7475C, 0xD119BD6F */ 127 u3 = 9.77717527963372745603e-01, /* 0x3FEF4976, 0x44EA8450 */ 128 u4 = 2.28963728064692451092e-01, /* 0x3FCD4EAE, 0xF6010924 */ 129 u5 = 1.33810918536787660377e-02, /* 0x3F8B678B, 0xBF2BAB09 */ 130 v1 = 2.45597793713041134822e+00, /* 0x4003A5D7, 0xC2BD619C */ 131 v2 = 2.12848976379893395361e+00, /* 0x40010725, 0xA42B18F5 */ 132 v3 = 7.69285150456672783825e-01, /* 0x3FE89DFB, 0xE45050AF */ 133 v4 = 1.04222645593369134254e-01, /* 0x3FBAAE55, 0xD6537C88 */ 134 v5 = 3.21709242282423911810e-03, /* 0x3F6A5ABB, 0x57D0CF61 */ 135 s0 = -7.72156649015328655494e-02, /* 0xBFB3C467, 0xE37DB0C8 */ 136 s1 = 2.14982415960608852501e-01, /* 0x3FCB848B, 0x36E20878 */ 137 s2 = 3.25778796408930981787e-01, /* 0x3FD4D98F, 0x4F139F59 */ 138 s3 = 1.46350472652464452805e-01, /* 0x3FC2BB9C, 0xBEE5F2F7 */ 139 s4 = 2.66422703033638609560e-02, /* 0x3F9B481C, 0x7E939961 */ 140 s5 = 1.84028451407337715652e-03, /* 0x3F5E26B6, 0x7368F239 */ 141 s6 = 3.19475326584100867617e-05, /* 0x3F00BFEC, 0xDD17E945 */ 142 r1 = 1.39200533467621045958e+00, /* 0x3FF645A7, 0x62C4AB74 */ 143 r2 = 7.21935547567138069525e-01, /* 0x3FE71A18, 0x93D3DCDC */ 144 r3 = 1.71933865632803078993e-01, /* 0x3FC601ED, 0xCCFBDF27 */ 145 r4 = 1.86459191715652901344e-02, /* 0x3F9317EA, 0x742ED475 */ 146 r5 = 7.77942496381893596434e-04, /* 0x3F497DDA, 0xCA41A95B */ 147 r6 = 7.32668430744625636189e-06, /* 0x3EDEBAF7, 0xA5B38140 */ 148 w0 = 4.18938533204672725052e-01, /* 0x3FDACFE3, 0x90C97D69 */ 149 w1 = 8.33333333333329678849e-02, /* 0x3FB55555, 0x5555553B */ 150 w2 = -2.77777777728775536470e-03, /* 0xBF66C16C, 0x16B02E5C */ 151 w3 = 7.93650558643019558500e-04, /* 0x3F4A019F, 0x98CF38B6 */ 152 w4 = -5.95187557450339963135e-04, /* 0xBF4380CB, 0x8C0FE741 */ 153 w5 = 8.36339918996282139126e-04, /* 0x3F4B67BA, 0x4CDAD5D1 */ 154 w6 = -1.63092934096575273989e-03; /* 0xBF5AB89D, 0x0B9E43E4 */ 155 156 /* 157 * Compute sin(pi*x) without actually doing the pi*x multiplication. 158 * sin_pi(x) is only called for x < 0 and |x| < 2**(p-1) where p is 159 * the precision of x. 160 */ 161 static double 162 sin_pi(double x) 163 { 164 volatile double vz; 165 double y,z; 166 int n; 167 168 y = -x; 169 170 vz = y+0x1p52; /* depend on 0 <= y < 0x1p52 */ 171 z = vz-0x1p52; /* rint(y) for the above range */ 172 if (z == y) 173 return zero; 174 175 vz = y+0x1p50; 176 GET_LOW_WORD(n,vz); /* bits for rounded y (units 0.25) */ 177 z = vz-0x1p50; /* y rounded to a multiple of 0.25 */ 178 if (z > y) { 179 z -= 0.25; /* adjust to round down */ 180 n--; 181 } 182 n &= 7; /* octant of y mod 2 */ 183 y = y - z + n * 0.25; /* y mod 2 */ 184 185 switch (n) { 186 case 0: y = __kernel_sin(pi*y,zero,0); break; 187 case 1: 188 case 2: y = __kernel_cos(pi*(0.5-y),zero); break; 189 case 3: 190 case 4: y = __kernel_sin(pi*(one-y),zero,0); break; 191 case 5: 192 case 6: y = -__kernel_cos(pi*(y-1.5),zero); break; 193 default: y = __kernel_sin(pi*(y-2.0),zero,0); break; 194 } 195 return -y; 196 } 197 198 199 double 200 lgamma_r(double x, int *signgamp) 201 { 202 double nadj,p,p1,p2,p3,q,r,t,w,y,z; 203 int32_t hx; 204 int i,ix,lx; 205 206 EXTRACT_WORDS(hx,lx,x); 207 208 /* purge +-Inf and NaNs */ 209 *signgamp = 1; 210 ix = hx&0x7fffffff; 211 if(ix>=0x7ff00000) return x*x; 212 213 /* purge +-0 and tiny arguments */ 214 *signgamp = 1-2*((uint32_t)hx>>31); 215 if(ix<0x3c700000) { /* |x|<2**-56, return -log(|x|) */ 216 if((ix|lx)==0) 217 return one/vzero; 218 return -log(fabs(x)); 219 } 220 221 /* purge negative integers and start evaluation for other x < 0 */ 222 if(hx<0) { 223 *signgamp = 1; 224 if(ix>=0x43300000) /* |x|>=2**52, must be -integer */ 225 return one/vzero; 226 t = sin_pi(x); 227 if(t==zero) return one/vzero; /* -integer */ 228 nadj = log(pi/fabs(t*x)); 229 if(t<zero) *signgamp = -1; 230 x = -x; 231 } 232 233 /* purge 1 and 2 */ 234 if((((ix-0x3ff00000)|lx)==0)||(((ix-0x40000000)|lx)==0)) r = 0; 235 /* for x < 2.0 */ 236 else if(ix<0x40000000) { 237 if(ix<=0x3feccccc) { /* lgamma(x) = lgamma(x+1)-log(x) */ 238 r = -log(x); 239 if(ix>=0x3FE76944) {y = one-x; i= 0;} 240 else if(ix>=0x3FCDA661) {y= x-(tc-one); i=1;} 241 else {y = x; i=2;} 242 } else { 243 r = zero; 244 if(ix>=0x3FFBB4C3) {y=2.0-x;i=0;} /* [1.7316,2] */ 245 else if(ix>=0x3FF3B4C4) {y=x-tc;i=1;} /* [1.23,1.73] */ 246 else {y=x-one;i=2;} 247 } 248 switch(i) { 249 case 0: 250 z = y*y; 251 p1 = a0+z*(a2+z*(a4+z*(a6+z*(a8+z*a10)))); 252 p2 = z*(a1+z*(a3+z*(a5+z*(a7+z*(a9+z*a11))))); 253 p = y*p1+p2; 254 r += p-y/2; break; 255 case 1: 256 z = y*y; 257 w = z*y; 258 p1 = t0+w*(t3+w*(t6+w*(t9 +w*t12))); /* parallel comp */ 259 p2 = t1+w*(t4+w*(t7+w*(t10+w*t13))); 260 p3 = t2+w*(t5+w*(t8+w*(t11+w*t14))); 261 p = z*p1-(tt-w*(p2+y*p3)); 262 r += tf + p; break; 263 case 2: 264 p1 = y*(u0+y*(u1+y*(u2+y*(u3+y*(u4+y*u5))))); 265 p2 = one+y*(v1+y*(v2+y*(v3+y*(v4+y*v5)))); 266 r += p1/p2-y/2; 267 } 268 } 269 /* x < 8.0 */ 270 else if(ix<0x40200000) { 271 i = x; 272 y = x-i; 273 p = y*(s0+y*(s1+y*(s2+y*(s3+y*(s4+y*(s5+y*s6)))))); 274 q = one+y*(r1+y*(r2+y*(r3+y*(r4+y*(r5+y*r6))))); 275 r = y/2+p/q; 276 z = one; /* lgamma(1+s) = log(s) + lgamma(s) */ 277 switch(i) { 278 case 7: z *= (y+6); /* FALLTHRU */ 279 case 6: z *= (y+5); /* FALLTHRU */ 280 case 5: z *= (y+4); /* FALLTHRU */ 281 case 4: z *= (y+3); /* FALLTHRU */ 282 case 3: z *= (y+2); /* FALLTHRU */ 283 r += log(z); break; 284 } 285 /* 8.0 <= x < 2**56 */ 286 } else if (ix < 0x43700000) { 287 t = log(x); 288 z = one/x; 289 y = z*z; 290 w = w0+z*(w1+y*(w2+y*(w3+y*(w4+y*(w5+y*w6))))); 291 r = (x-half)*(t-one)+w; 292 } else 293 /* 2**56 <= x <= inf */ 294 r = x*(log(x)-one); 295 if(hx<0) r = nadj - r; 296 return r; 297 } 298 299 #if (LDBL_MANT_DIG == 53) 300 __weak_reference(lgamma_r, lgammal_r); 301 #endif 302