libc/gen/getutxent.3

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.Dd October 27, 2011
.Dt GETUTXENT 3
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm endutxent ,
.Nm getutxent ,
.Nm getutxid ,
.Nm getutxline ,
.Nm getutxuser ,
.Nm pututxline ,
.Nm setutxdb ,
.Nm setutxent
.Nd user accounting database functions
.Sh LIBRARY
.Lb libc
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.In utmpx.h
.Ft void
.Fn endutxent "void"
.Ft struct utmpx *
.Fn getutxent "void"
.Ft struct utmpx *
.Fn getutxid "const struct utmpx *id"
.Ft struct utmpx *
.Fn getutxline "const struct utmpx *line"
.Ft struct utmpx *
.Fn getutxuser "const char *user"
.Ft struct utmpx *
.Fn pututxline "const struct utmpx *utmpx"
.Ft int
.Fn setutxdb "int type" "const char *file"
.Ft void
.Fn setutxent "void"
.Sh DESCRIPTION
These functions operate on the user accounting database which stores
records of various system activities, such as user login and logouts,
but also system startups and shutdowns and modifications to the system's
clock.
The system stores these records in three databases, each having a
different purpose:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Pa /var/run/utx.active
Log of currently active user login sessions.
This file is similar to the traditional
.Pa utmp
file.
This file only contains process related entries, such as user login and
logout records.
.It Pa /var/log/utx.lastlogin
Log of last user login entries per user.
This file is similar to the traditional
.Pa lastlog
file.
This file only contains user login records for users who have at least
logged in once.
.It Pa /var/log/utx.log
Log of all entries, sorted by date of addition.
This file is similar to the traditional
.Pa wtmp
file.
This file may contain any type of record described below.
.El
.Pp
Each entry in these databases is defined by the structure
.Vt utmpx
found in the include file
.In utmpx.h :
.Bd -literal -offset indent
struct utmpx {
	short           ut_type;    /* Type of entry. */
	struct timeval  ut_tv;      /* Time entry was made. */
	char            ut_id[];    /* Record identifier. */
	pid_t           ut_pid;     /* Process ID. */
	char            ut_user[];  /* User login name. */
	char            ut_line[];  /* Device name. */
	char            ut_host[];  /* Remote hostname. */
};
.Ed
.Pp
The
.Fa ut_type
field indicates the type of the log entry, which can have one of the
following values:
.Bl -tag -width LOGIN_PROCESS
.It Dv EMPTY
No valid user accounting information.
.It Dv BOOT_TIME
Identifies time of system boot.
.It Dv SHUTDOWN_TIME
Identifies time of system shutdown.
.It Dv OLD_TIME
Identifies time when system clock changed.
.It Dv NEW_TIME
Identifies time after system clock changed.
.It Dv USER_PROCESS
Identifies a process.
.It Dv INIT_PROCESS
Identifies a process spawned by the init process.
.It Dv LOGIN_PROCESS
Identifies the session leader of a logged-in user.
.It Dv DEAD_PROCESS
Identifies a session leader who has exited.
.El
.Pp
Entries of type
.Dv INIT_PROCESS
and
.Dv LOGIN_PROCESS
are not processed by this implementation.
.Pp
Other fields inside the structure are:
.Bl -tag -width ut_user
.It Fa ut_tv
The time the event occurred.
This field is used for all types of entries, except
.Dv EMPTY .
.It Fa ut_id
An identifier that is used to refer to the entry.
This identifier can be used to remove or replace a login entry by
writing a new entry to the database containing the same value for
.Fa ut_id .
This field is only applicable to entries of type
.Dv USER_PROCESS ,
.Dv INIT_PROCESS ,
.Dv LOGIN_PROCESS
and
.Dv DEAD_PROCESS .
.It Fa ut_pid
The process identifier of the session leader of the login session.
This field is only applicable to entries of type
.Dv USER_PROCESS ,
.Dv INIT_PROCESS ,
.Dv LOGIN_PROCESS
and
.Dv DEAD_PROCESS .
.It Fa ut_user
The user login name corresponding with the login session.
This field is only applicable to entries of type
.Dv USER_PROCESS
and
.Dv INIT_PROCESS .
For
.Dv INIT_PROCESS
entries this entry typically contains the name of the login process.
.It Fa ut_line
The name of the TTY character device, without the leading
.Pa /dev/
prefix, corresponding with the device used to facilitate the user login
session.
If no TTY character device is used, this field is left blank.
This field is only applicable to entries of type
.Dv USER_PROCESS
and
.Dv LOGIN_PROCESS .
.It Fa ut_host
The network hostname of the remote system, connecting to perform a user
login.
If the user login session is not performed across a network, this field
is left blank.
This field is only applicable to entries of type
.Dv USER_PROCESS .
.El
.Pp
This implementation guarantees all inapplicable fields are discarded.
The
.Fa ut_user ,
.Fa ut_line
and
.Fa ut_host
fields of the structure returned by the library functions are also
guaranteed to be null-terminated in this implementation.
.Pp
The
.Fn getutxent
function can be used to read the next entry from the user accounting
database.
.Pp
The
.Fn getutxid
function searches for the next entry in the database of which the
behaviour is based on the
.Fa ut_type
field of
.Fa id .
If
.Fa ut_type
has a value of
.Dv BOOT_TIME ,
.Dv SHUTDOWN_TIME ,
.Dv OLD_TIME
or
.Dv NEW_TIME ,
it will return the next entry whose
.Fa ut_type
has an equal value.
If
.Fa ut_type
has a value of
.Dv USER_PROCESS ,
.Dv INIT_PROCESS ,
.Dv LOGIN_PROCESS
or
.Dv DEAD_PROCESS ,
it will return the next entry whose
.Fa ut_type
has one of the previously mentioned values and whose
.Fa ut_id
is equal.
.Pp
The
.Fn getutxline
function searches for the next entry in the database whose
.Fa ut_type
has a value of
.Dv USER_PROCESS
or
.Dv LOGIN_PROCESS
and whose
.Fa ut_line
is equal to the same field in
.Fa line .
.Pp
The
.Fn getutxuser
function searches for the next entry in the database whose
.Fa ut_type
has a value of
.Dv USER_PROCESS
and whose
.Fa ut_user
is equal to
.Fa user .
.Pp
The previously mentioned functions will automatically try to open the
user accounting database if not already done so.
The
.Fn setutxdb
and
.Fn setutxent
functions allow the database to be opened manually, causing the offset
within the user accounting database to be rewound.
The
.Fn endutxent
function closes the database.
.Pp
The
.Fn setutxent
database always opens the active sessions database.
The
.Fn setutxdb
function opens the database identified by
.Fa type ,
whose value is either
.Dv UTXDB_ACTIVE ,
.Dv UTXDB_LASTLOGIN
or
.Dv UTXDB_LOG .
It will open a custom file with filename
.Fa file
instead of the system-default if
.Fa file
is not null.
Care must be taken that when using a custom filename,
.Fa type
still has to match with the actual format, since each database may use
its own file format.
.Pp
The
.Fn pututxline
function writes record
.Fa utmpx
to the system-default user accounting databases.
The value of
.Fa ut_type
determines which databases are modified.
.Pp
Entries of type
.Dv SHUTDOWN_TIME ,
.Dv OLD_TIME
and
.Dv NEW_TIME
will only be written to
.Pa /var/log/utx.log .
.Pp
Entries of type
.Dv USER_PROCESS
will also be written to
.Pa /var/run/utx.active
and
.Pa /var/log/utx.lastlogin .
.Pp
Entries of type
.Dv DEAD_PROCESS
will only be written to
.Pa /var/log/utx.log
and
.Pa /var/run/utx.active
if a corresponding
.Dv USER_PROCESS ,
.Dv INIT_PROCESS
or
.Dv LOGIN_PROCESS
entry whose
.Fa ut_id
is equal has been found in the latter.
.Pp
In addition, entries of type
.Dv BOOT_TIME
and
.Dv SHUTDOWN_TIME
will cause all existing entries in
.Pa /var/run/utx.active
to be discarded.
.Pp
All entries whose type has not been mentioned previously, are discarded
by this implementation of
.Fn pututxline .
This implementation also ignores the value of
.Fa ut_tv .
.Sh RETURN VALUES
The
.Fn getutxent ,
.Fn getutxid ,
.Fn getutxline ,
and
.Fn getutxuser
functions return a pointer to an
.Vt utmpx
structure that matches the mentioned constraints on success or
.Dv NULL
when reaching the end-of-file or when an error occurs.
.Pp
The
.Fn pututxline
function returns a pointer to an
.Vt utmpx
structure containing a copy of the structure written to disk upon
success.
It returns
.Dv NULL
when the provided
.Vt utmpx
is invalid, or
.Fa ut_type
has a value of
.Dv DEAD_PROCESS
and an entry with an identifier with a value equal to the field
.Fa ut_id
was not found; the global variable
.Va errno
is set to indicate the error.
.Pp
The
.Fn setutxdb
function returns 0 if the user accounting database was opened
successfully.
Otherwise, -1 is returned and the global variable
.Va errno
is set to indicate the error.
.Sh ERRORS
In addition to the error conditions described in
.Xr open 2 ,
.Xr fdopen 3 ,
.Xr fopen 3 ,
.Xr fseek 3 ,
the
.Fn pututxline
function can generate the following errors:
.Bl -tag -width Er
.It Bq Er ESRCH
The value of
.Fa ut_type
is DEAD_PROCESS, and the process entry could not be found.
.It Bq Er EINVAL
The value of
.Fa ut_type
is not supported by this implementation.
.El
In addition to the error conditions described in
.Xr fopen 3 ,
the
.Fn setutxdb
function can generate the following errors:
.Bl -tag -width Er
.It Bq Er EINVAL
The
.Fa type
argument contains a value not supported by this implementation.
.It Bq Er EFTYPE
The file format is invalid.
.El
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr last 1 ,
.Xr write 1 ,
.Xr getpid 2 ,
.Xr gettimeofday 2 ,
.Xr tty 4 ,
.Xr ac 8 ,
.Xr newsyslog 8 ,
.Xr utx 8
.Sh STANDARDS
The
.Fn endutxent ,
.Fn getutxent ,
.Fn getutxid ,
.Fn getutxline
and
.Fn setutxent
functions are expected to conform to
.St -p1003.1-2008 .
.Pp
The
.Fn pututxline
function deviates from the standard by writing its records to multiple
database files, depending on its
.Fa ut_type .
This prevents the need for special utility functions to update the other
databases, such as the
.Fn updlastlogx
and
.Fn updwtmpx
functions which are available in other implementations.
It also tries to replace
.Dv DEAD_PROCESS
entries in the active sessions database when storing
.Dv USER_PROCESS
entries and no entry with the same value for
.Fa ut_id
has been found.
The standard always requires a new entry to be allocated, which could
cause an unbounded growth of the database.
.Pp
The
.Fn getutxuser
and
.Fn setutxdb
functions,
the
.Fa ut_host
field of the
.Vt utmpx
structure and
.Dv SHUTDOWN_TIME
are extensions.
.Sh HISTORY
These functions appeared in
.Fx 9.0 .
They replaced the
.In utmp.h
interface.
.Sh AUTHORS
.An \&Ed Schouten Aq Mt ed@FreeBSD.org