xref: /freebsd/crypto/openssl/apps/enc.c (revision 7029da5c36f2d3cf6bb6c81bf551229f416399e8)
1 /*
2  * Copyright 1995-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
3  *
4  * Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
5  * this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
6  * in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at
7  * https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html
8  */
9 
10 #include <stdio.h>
11 #include <stdlib.h>
12 #include <string.h>
13 #include <limits.h>
14 #include "apps.h"
15 #include "progs.h"
16 #include <openssl/bio.h>
17 #include <openssl/err.h>
18 #include <openssl/evp.h>
19 #include <openssl/objects.h>
20 #include <openssl/x509.h>
21 #include <openssl/rand.h>
22 #include <openssl/pem.h>
23 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_COMP
24 # include <openssl/comp.h>
25 #endif
26 #include <ctype.h>
27 
28 #undef SIZE
29 #undef BSIZE
30 #define SIZE    (512)
31 #define BSIZE   (8*1024)
32 
33 static int set_hex(const char *in, unsigned char *out, int size);
34 static void show_ciphers(const OBJ_NAME *name, void *bio_);
35 
36 struct doall_enc_ciphers {
37     BIO *bio;
38     int n;
39 };
40 
41 typedef enum OPTION_choice {
42     OPT_ERR = -1, OPT_EOF = 0, OPT_HELP,
43     OPT_LIST,
44     OPT_E, OPT_IN, OPT_OUT, OPT_PASS, OPT_ENGINE, OPT_D, OPT_P, OPT_V,
45     OPT_NOPAD, OPT_SALT, OPT_NOSALT, OPT_DEBUG, OPT_UPPER_P, OPT_UPPER_A,
46     OPT_A, OPT_Z, OPT_BUFSIZE, OPT_K, OPT_KFILE, OPT_UPPER_K, OPT_NONE,
47     OPT_UPPER_S, OPT_IV, OPT_MD, OPT_ITER, OPT_PBKDF2, OPT_CIPHER,
48     OPT_R_ENUM
49 } OPTION_CHOICE;
50 
51 const OPTIONS enc_options[] = {
52     {"help", OPT_HELP, '-', "Display this summary"},
53     {"ciphers", OPT_LIST, '-', "List ciphers"},
54     {"in", OPT_IN, '<', "Input file"},
55     {"out", OPT_OUT, '>', "Output file"},
56     {"pass", OPT_PASS, 's', "Passphrase source"},
57     {"e", OPT_E, '-', "Encrypt"},
58     {"d", OPT_D, '-', "Decrypt"},
59     {"p", OPT_P, '-', "Print the iv/key"},
60     {"P", OPT_UPPER_P, '-', "Print the iv/key and exit"},
61     {"v", OPT_V, '-', "Verbose output"},
62     {"nopad", OPT_NOPAD, '-', "Disable standard block padding"},
63     {"salt", OPT_SALT, '-', "Use salt in the KDF (default)"},
64     {"nosalt", OPT_NOSALT, '-', "Do not use salt in the KDF"},
65     {"debug", OPT_DEBUG, '-', "Print debug info"},
66     {"a", OPT_A, '-', "Base64 encode/decode, depending on encryption flag"},
67     {"base64", OPT_A, '-', "Same as option -a"},
68     {"A", OPT_UPPER_A, '-',
69      "Used with -[base64|a] to specify base64 buffer as a single line"},
70     {"bufsize", OPT_BUFSIZE, 's', "Buffer size"},
71     {"k", OPT_K, 's', "Passphrase"},
72     {"kfile", OPT_KFILE, '<', "Read passphrase from file"},
73     {"K", OPT_UPPER_K, 's', "Raw key, in hex"},
74     {"S", OPT_UPPER_S, 's', "Salt, in hex"},
75     {"iv", OPT_IV, 's', "IV in hex"},
76     {"md", OPT_MD, 's', "Use specified digest to create a key from the passphrase"},
77     {"iter", OPT_ITER, 'p', "Specify the iteration count and force use of PBKDF2"},
78     {"pbkdf2", OPT_PBKDF2, '-', "Use password-based key derivation function 2"},
79     {"none", OPT_NONE, '-', "Don't encrypt"},
80     {"", OPT_CIPHER, '-', "Any supported cipher"},
81     OPT_R_OPTIONS,
82 #ifdef ZLIB
83     {"z", OPT_Z, '-', "Use zlib as the 'encryption'"},
84 #endif
85 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE
86     {"engine", OPT_ENGINE, 's', "Use engine, possibly a hardware device"},
87 #endif
88     {NULL}
89 };
90 
91 int enc_main(int argc, char **argv)
92 {
93     static char buf[128];
94     static const char magic[] = "Salted__";
95     ENGINE *e = NULL;
96     BIO *in = NULL, *out = NULL, *b64 = NULL, *benc = NULL, *rbio =
97         NULL, *wbio = NULL;
98     EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx = NULL;
99     const EVP_CIPHER *cipher = NULL, *c;
100     const EVP_MD *dgst = NULL;
101     char *hkey = NULL, *hiv = NULL, *hsalt = NULL, *p;
102     char *infile = NULL, *outfile = NULL, *prog;
103     char *str = NULL, *passarg = NULL, *pass = NULL, *strbuf = NULL;
104     char mbuf[sizeof(magic) - 1];
105     OPTION_CHOICE o;
106     int bsize = BSIZE, verbose = 0, debug = 0, olb64 = 0, nosalt = 0;
107     int enc = 1, printkey = 0, i, k;
108     int base64 = 0, informat = FORMAT_BINARY, outformat = FORMAT_BINARY;
109     int ret = 1, inl, nopad = 0;
110     unsigned char key[EVP_MAX_KEY_LENGTH], iv[EVP_MAX_IV_LENGTH];
111     unsigned char *buff = NULL, salt[PKCS5_SALT_LEN];
112     int pbkdf2 = 0;
113     int iter = 0;
114     long n;
115     struct doall_enc_ciphers dec;
116 #ifdef ZLIB
117     int do_zlib = 0;
118     BIO *bzl = NULL;
119 #endif
120 
121     /* first check the program name */
122     prog = opt_progname(argv[0]);
123     if (strcmp(prog, "base64") == 0) {
124         base64 = 1;
125 #ifdef ZLIB
126     } else if (strcmp(prog, "zlib") == 0) {
127         do_zlib = 1;
128 #endif
129     } else {
130         cipher = EVP_get_cipherbyname(prog);
131         if (cipher == NULL && strcmp(prog, "enc") != 0) {
132             BIO_printf(bio_err, "%s is not a known cipher\n", prog);
133             goto end;
134         }
135     }
136 
137     prog = opt_init(argc, argv, enc_options);
138     while ((o = opt_next()) != OPT_EOF) {
139         switch (o) {
140         case OPT_EOF:
141         case OPT_ERR:
142  opthelp:
143             BIO_printf(bio_err, "%s: Use -help for summary.\n", prog);
144             goto end;
145         case OPT_HELP:
146             opt_help(enc_options);
147             ret = 0;
148             goto end;
149         case OPT_LIST:
150             BIO_printf(bio_out, "Supported ciphers:\n");
151             dec.bio = bio_out;
152             dec.n = 0;
153             OBJ_NAME_do_all_sorted(OBJ_NAME_TYPE_CIPHER_METH,
154                                    show_ciphers, &dec);
155             BIO_printf(bio_out, "\n");
156             ret = 0;
157             goto end;
158         case OPT_E:
159             enc = 1;
160             break;
161         case OPT_IN:
162             infile = opt_arg();
163             break;
164         case OPT_OUT:
165             outfile = opt_arg();
166             break;
167         case OPT_PASS:
168             passarg = opt_arg();
169             break;
170         case OPT_ENGINE:
171             e = setup_engine(opt_arg(), 0);
172             break;
173         case OPT_D:
174             enc = 0;
175             break;
176         case OPT_P:
177             printkey = 1;
178             break;
179         case OPT_V:
180             verbose = 1;
181             break;
182         case OPT_NOPAD:
183             nopad = 1;
184             break;
185         case OPT_SALT:
186             nosalt = 0;
187             break;
188         case OPT_NOSALT:
189             nosalt = 1;
190             break;
191         case OPT_DEBUG:
192             debug = 1;
193             break;
194         case OPT_UPPER_P:
195             printkey = 2;
196             break;
197         case OPT_UPPER_A:
198             olb64 = 1;
199             break;
200         case OPT_A:
201             base64 = 1;
202             break;
203         case OPT_Z:
204 #ifdef ZLIB
205             do_zlib = 1;
206 #endif
207             break;
208         case OPT_BUFSIZE:
209             p = opt_arg();
210             i = (int)strlen(p) - 1;
211             k = i >= 1 && p[i] == 'k';
212             if (k)
213                 p[i] = '\0';
214             if (!opt_long(opt_arg(), &n)
215                     || n < 0 || (k && n >= LONG_MAX / 1024))
216                 goto opthelp;
217             if (k)
218                 n *= 1024;
219             bsize = (int)n;
220             break;
221         case OPT_K:
222             str = opt_arg();
223             break;
224         case OPT_KFILE:
225             in = bio_open_default(opt_arg(), 'r', FORMAT_TEXT);
226             if (in == NULL)
227                 goto opthelp;
228             i = BIO_gets(in, buf, sizeof(buf));
229             BIO_free(in);
230             in = NULL;
231             if (i <= 0) {
232                 BIO_printf(bio_err,
233                            "%s Can't read key from %s\n", prog, opt_arg());
234                 goto opthelp;
235             }
236             while (--i > 0 && (buf[i] == '\r' || buf[i] == '\n'))
237                 buf[i] = '\0';
238             if (i <= 0) {
239                 BIO_printf(bio_err, "%s: zero length password\n", prog);
240                 goto opthelp;
241             }
242             str = buf;
243             break;
244         case OPT_UPPER_K:
245             hkey = opt_arg();
246             break;
247         case OPT_UPPER_S:
248             hsalt = opt_arg();
249             break;
250         case OPT_IV:
251             hiv = opt_arg();
252             break;
253         case OPT_MD:
254             if (!opt_md(opt_arg(), &dgst))
255                 goto opthelp;
256             break;
257         case OPT_CIPHER:
258             if (!opt_cipher(opt_unknown(), &c))
259                 goto opthelp;
260             cipher = c;
261             break;
262         case OPT_ITER:
263             if (!opt_int(opt_arg(), &iter))
264                 goto opthelp;
265             pbkdf2 = 1;
266             break;
267         case OPT_PBKDF2:
268             pbkdf2 = 1;
269             if (iter == 0)    /* do not overwrite a chosen value */
270                 iter = 10000;
271             break;
272         case OPT_NONE:
273             cipher = NULL;
274             break;
275         case OPT_R_CASES:
276             if (!opt_rand(o))
277                 goto end;
278             break;
279         }
280     }
281     if (opt_num_rest() != 0) {
282         BIO_printf(bio_err, "Extra arguments given.\n");
283         goto opthelp;
284     }
285 
286     if (cipher && EVP_CIPHER_flags(cipher) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER) {
287         BIO_printf(bio_err, "%s: AEAD ciphers not supported\n", prog);
288         goto end;
289     }
290 
291     if (cipher && (EVP_CIPHER_mode(cipher) == EVP_CIPH_XTS_MODE)) {
292         BIO_printf(bio_err, "%s XTS ciphers not supported\n", prog);
293         goto end;
294     }
295 
296     if (dgst == NULL)
297         dgst = EVP_sha256();
298 
299     if (iter == 0)
300         iter = 1;
301 
302     /* It must be large enough for a base64 encoded line */
303     if (base64 && bsize < 80)
304         bsize = 80;
305     if (verbose)
306         BIO_printf(bio_err, "bufsize=%d\n", bsize);
307 
308 #ifdef ZLIB
309     if (!do_zlib)
310 #endif
311         if (base64) {
312             if (enc)
313                 outformat = FORMAT_BASE64;
314             else
315                 informat = FORMAT_BASE64;
316         }
317 
318     strbuf = app_malloc(SIZE, "strbuf");
319     buff = app_malloc(EVP_ENCODE_LENGTH(bsize), "evp buffer");
320 
321     if (infile == NULL) {
322         in = dup_bio_in(informat);
323     } else {
324         in = bio_open_default(infile, 'r', informat);
325     }
326     if (in == NULL)
327         goto end;
328 
329     if (str == NULL && passarg != NULL) {
330         if (!app_passwd(passarg, NULL, &pass, NULL)) {
331             BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error getting password\n");
332             goto end;
333         }
334         str = pass;
335     }
336 
337     if ((str == NULL) && (cipher != NULL) && (hkey == NULL)) {
338         if (1) {
339 #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_UI_CONSOLE
340             for (;;) {
341                 char prompt[200];
342 
343                 BIO_snprintf(prompt, sizeof(prompt), "enter %s %s password:",
344                         OBJ_nid2ln(EVP_CIPHER_nid(cipher)),
345                         (enc) ? "encryption" : "decryption");
346                 strbuf[0] = '\0';
347                 i = EVP_read_pw_string((char *)strbuf, SIZE, prompt, enc);
348                 if (i == 0) {
349                     if (strbuf[0] == '\0') {
350                         ret = 1;
351                         goto end;
352                     }
353                     str = strbuf;
354                     break;
355                 }
356                 if (i < 0) {
357                     BIO_printf(bio_err, "bad password read\n");
358                     goto end;
359                 }
360             }
361         } else {
362 #endif
363             BIO_printf(bio_err, "password required\n");
364             goto end;
365         }
366     }
367 
368     out = bio_open_default(outfile, 'w', outformat);
369     if (out == NULL)
370         goto end;
371 
372     if (debug) {
373         BIO_set_callback(in, BIO_debug_callback);
374         BIO_set_callback(out, BIO_debug_callback);
375         BIO_set_callback_arg(in, (char *)bio_err);
376         BIO_set_callback_arg(out, (char *)bio_err);
377     }
378 
379     rbio = in;
380     wbio = out;
381 
382 #ifdef ZLIB
383     if (do_zlib) {
384         if ((bzl = BIO_new(BIO_f_zlib())) == NULL)
385             goto end;
386         if (debug) {
387             BIO_set_callback(bzl, BIO_debug_callback);
388             BIO_set_callback_arg(bzl, (char *)bio_err);
389         }
390         if (enc)
391             wbio = BIO_push(bzl, wbio);
392         else
393             rbio = BIO_push(bzl, rbio);
394     }
395 #endif
396 
397     if (base64) {
398         if ((b64 = BIO_new(BIO_f_base64())) == NULL)
399             goto end;
400         if (debug) {
401             BIO_set_callback(b64, BIO_debug_callback);
402             BIO_set_callback_arg(b64, (char *)bio_err);
403         }
404         if (olb64)
405             BIO_set_flags(b64, BIO_FLAGS_BASE64_NO_NL);
406         if (enc)
407             wbio = BIO_push(b64, wbio);
408         else
409             rbio = BIO_push(b64, rbio);
410     }
411 
412     if (cipher != NULL) {
413         /*
414          * Note that str is NULL if a key was passed on the command line, so
415          * we get no salt in that case. Is this a bug?
416          */
417         if (str != NULL) {
418             /*
419              * Salt handling: if encrypting generate a salt and write to
420              * output BIO. If decrypting read salt from input BIO.
421              */
422             unsigned char *sptr;
423             size_t str_len = strlen(str);
424 
425             if (nosalt) {
426                 sptr = NULL;
427             } else {
428                 if (enc) {
429                     if (hsalt) {
430                         if (!set_hex(hsalt, salt, sizeof(salt))) {
431                             BIO_printf(bio_err, "invalid hex salt value\n");
432                             goto end;
433                         }
434                     } else if (RAND_bytes(salt, sizeof(salt)) <= 0) {
435                         goto end;
436                     }
437                     /*
438                      * If -P option then don't bother writing
439                      */
440                     if ((printkey != 2)
441                         && (BIO_write(wbio, magic,
442                                       sizeof(magic) - 1) != sizeof(magic) - 1
443                             || BIO_write(wbio,
444                                          (char *)salt,
445                                          sizeof(salt)) != sizeof(salt))) {
446                         BIO_printf(bio_err, "error writing output file\n");
447                         goto end;
448                     }
449                 } else if (BIO_read(rbio, mbuf, sizeof(mbuf)) != sizeof(mbuf)
450                            || BIO_read(rbio,
451                                        (unsigned char *)salt,
452                                        sizeof(salt)) != sizeof(salt)) {
453                     BIO_printf(bio_err, "error reading input file\n");
454                     goto end;
455                 } else if (memcmp(mbuf, magic, sizeof(magic) - 1)) {
456                     BIO_printf(bio_err, "bad magic number\n");
457                     goto end;
458                 }
459                 sptr = salt;
460             }
461 
462             if (pbkdf2 == 1) {
463                 /*
464                 * derive key and default iv
465                 * concatenated into a temporary buffer
466                 */
467                 unsigned char tmpkeyiv[EVP_MAX_KEY_LENGTH + EVP_MAX_IV_LENGTH];
468                 int iklen = EVP_CIPHER_key_length(cipher);
469                 int ivlen = EVP_CIPHER_iv_length(cipher);
470                 /* not needed if HASH_UPDATE() is fixed : */
471                 int islen = (sptr != NULL ? sizeof(salt) : 0);
472                 if (!PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC(str, str_len, sptr, islen,
473                                        iter, dgst, iklen+ivlen, tmpkeyiv)) {
474                     BIO_printf(bio_err, "PKCS5_PBKDF2_HMAC failed\n");
475                     goto end;
476                 }
477                 /* split and move data back to global buffer */
478                 memcpy(key, tmpkeyiv, iklen);
479                 memcpy(iv, tmpkeyiv+iklen, ivlen);
480             } else {
481                 BIO_printf(bio_err, "*** WARNING : "
482                                     "deprecated key derivation used.\n"
483                                     "Using -iter or -pbkdf2 would be better.\n");
484                 if (!EVP_BytesToKey(cipher, dgst, sptr,
485                                     (unsigned char *)str, str_len,
486                                     1, key, iv)) {
487                     BIO_printf(bio_err, "EVP_BytesToKey failed\n");
488                     goto end;
489                 }
490             }
491             /*
492              * zero the complete buffer or the string passed from the command
493              * line.
494              */
495             if (str == strbuf)
496                 OPENSSL_cleanse(str, SIZE);
497             else
498                 OPENSSL_cleanse(str, str_len);
499         }
500         if (hiv != NULL) {
501             int siz = EVP_CIPHER_iv_length(cipher);
502             if (siz == 0) {
503                 BIO_printf(bio_err, "warning: iv not used by this cipher\n");
504             } else if (!set_hex(hiv, iv, siz)) {
505                 BIO_printf(bio_err, "invalid hex iv value\n");
506                 goto end;
507             }
508         }
509         if ((hiv == NULL) && (str == NULL)
510             && EVP_CIPHER_iv_length(cipher) != 0) {
511             /*
512              * No IV was explicitly set and no IV was generated.
513              * Hence the IV is undefined, making correct decryption impossible.
514              */
515             BIO_printf(bio_err, "iv undefined\n");
516             goto end;
517         }
518         if (hkey != NULL) {
519             if (!set_hex(hkey, key, EVP_CIPHER_key_length(cipher))) {
520                 BIO_printf(bio_err, "invalid hex key value\n");
521                 goto end;
522             }
523             /* wiping secret data as we no longer need it */
524             OPENSSL_cleanse(hkey, strlen(hkey));
525         }
526 
527         if ((benc = BIO_new(BIO_f_cipher())) == NULL)
528             goto end;
529 
530         /*
531          * Since we may be changing parameters work on the encryption context
532          * rather than calling BIO_set_cipher().
533          */
534 
535         BIO_get_cipher_ctx(benc, &ctx);
536 
537         if (!EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, cipher, NULL, NULL, NULL, enc)) {
538             BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error setting cipher %s\n",
539                        EVP_CIPHER_name(cipher));
540             ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
541             goto end;
542         }
543 
544         if (nopad)
545             EVP_CIPHER_CTX_set_padding(ctx, 0);
546 
547         if (!EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, key, iv, enc)) {
548             BIO_printf(bio_err, "Error setting cipher %s\n",
549                        EVP_CIPHER_name(cipher));
550             ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
551             goto end;
552         }
553 
554         if (debug) {
555             BIO_set_callback(benc, BIO_debug_callback);
556             BIO_set_callback_arg(benc, (char *)bio_err);
557         }
558 
559         if (printkey) {
560             if (!nosalt) {
561                 printf("salt=");
562                 for (i = 0; i < (int)sizeof(salt); i++)
563                     printf("%02X", salt[i]);
564                 printf("\n");
565             }
566             if (EVP_CIPHER_key_length(cipher) > 0) {
567                 printf("key=");
568                 for (i = 0; i < EVP_CIPHER_key_length(cipher); i++)
569                     printf("%02X", key[i]);
570                 printf("\n");
571             }
572             if (EVP_CIPHER_iv_length(cipher) > 0) {
573                 printf("iv =");
574                 for (i = 0; i < EVP_CIPHER_iv_length(cipher); i++)
575                     printf("%02X", iv[i]);
576                 printf("\n");
577             }
578             if (printkey == 2) {
579                 ret = 0;
580                 goto end;
581             }
582         }
583     }
584 
585     /* Only encrypt/decrypt as we write the file */
586     if (benc != NULL)
587         wbio = BIO_push(benc, wbio);
588 
589     while (BIO_pending(rbio) || !BIO_eof(rbio)) {
590         inl = BIO_read(rbio, (char *)buff, bsize);
591         if (inl <= 0)
592             break;
593         if (BIO_write(wbio, (char *)buff, inl) != inl) {
594             BIO_printf(bio_err, "error writing output file\n");
595             goto end;
596         }
597     }
598     if (!BIO_flush(wbio)) {
599         BIO_printf(bio_err, "bad decrypt\n");
600         goto end;
601     }
602 
603     ret = 0;
604     if (verbose) {
605         BIO_printf(bio_err, "bytes read   : %8ju\n", BIO_number_read(in));
606         BIO_printf(bio_err, "bytes written: %8ju\n", BIO_number_written(out));
607     }
608  end:
609     ERR_print_errors(bio_err);
610     OPENSSL_free(strbuf);
611     OPENSSL_free(buff);
612     BIO_free(in);
613     BIO_free_all(out);
614     BIO_free(benc);
615     BIO_free(b64);
616 #ifdef ZLIB
617     BIO_free(bzl);
618 #endif
619     release_engine(e);
620     OPENSSL_free(pass);
621     return ret;
622 }
623 
624 static void show_ciphers(const OBJ_NAME *name, void *arg)
625 {
626     struct doall_enc_ciphers *dec = (struct doall_enc_ciphers *)arg;
627     const EVP_CIPHER *cipher;
628 
629     if (!islower((unsigned char)*name->name))
630         return;
631 
632     /* Filter out ciphers that we cannot use */
633     cipher = EVP_get_cipherbyname(name->name);
634     if (cipher == NULL ||
635             (EVP_CIPHER_flags(cipher) & EVP_CIPH_FLAG_AEAD_CIPHER) != 0 ||
636             EVP_CIPHER_mode(cipher) == EVP_CIPH_XTS_MODE)
637         return;
638 
639     BIO_printf(dec->bio, "-%-25s", name->name);
640     if (++dec->n == 3) {
641         BIO_printf(dec->bio, "\n");
642         dec->n = 0;
643     } else
644         BIO_printf(dec->bio, " ");
645 }
646 
647 static int set_hex(const char *in, unsigned char *out, int size)
648 {
649     int i, n;
650     unsigned char j;
651 
652     i = size * 2;
653     n = strlen(in);
654     if (n > i) {
655         BIO_printf(bio_err, "hex string is too long, ignoring excess\n");
656         n = i; /* ignore exceeding part */
657     } else if (n < i) {
658         BIO_printf(bio_err, "hex string is too short, padding with zero bytes to length\n");
659     }
660 
661     memset(out, 0, size);
662     for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
663         j = (unsigned char)*in++;
664         if (!isxdigit(j)) {
665             BIO_printf(bio_err, "non-hex digit\n");
666             return 0;
667         }
668         j = (unsigned char)OPENSSL_hexchar2int(j);
669         if (i & 1)
670             out[i / 2] |= j;
671         else
672             out[i / 2] = (j << 4);
673     }
674     return 1;
675 }
676