xref: /freebsd/crypto/openssh/ssh-keygen.c (revision 96190b4fef3b4a0cc3ca0606b0c4e3e69a5e6717)
1 /* $OpenBSD: ssh-keygen.c,v 1.472 2024/01/11 01:45:36 djm Exp $ */
2 /*
3  * Author: Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>
4  * Copyright (c) 1994 Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>, Espoo, Finland
5  *                    All rights reserved
6  * Identity and host key generation and maintenance.
7  *
8  * As far as I am concerned, the code I have written for this software
9  * can be used freely for any purpose.  Any derived versions of this
10  * software must be clearly marked as such, and if the derived work is
11  * incompatible with the protocol description in the RFC file, it must be
12  * called by a name other than "ssh" or "Secure Shell".
13  */
14 
15 #include "includes.h"
16 
17 #include <sys/types.h>
18 #include <sys/socket.h>
19 #include <sys/stat.h>
20 
21 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
22 #include <openssl/evp.h>
23 #include <openssl/pem.h>
24 #include "openbsd-compat/openssl-compat.h"
25 #endif
26 
27 #ifdef HAVE_STDINT_H
28 # include <stdint.h>
29 #endif
30 #include <errno.h>
31 #include <fcntl.h>
32 #include <netdb.h>
33 #ifdef HAVE_PATHS_H
34 # include <paths.h>
35 #endif
36 #include <pwd.h>
37 #include <stdarg.h>
38 #include <stdio.h>
39 #include <stdlib.h>
40 #include <string.h>
41 #include <unistd.h>
42 #include <limits.h>
43 #include <locale.h>
44 #include <time.h>
45 
46 #include "xmalloc.h"
47 #include "sshkey.h"
48 #include "authfile.h"
49 #include "sshbuf.h"
50 #include "pathnames.h"
51 #include "log.h"
52 #include "misc.h"
53 #include "match.h"
54 #include "hostfile.h"
55 #include "dns.h"
56 #include "ssh.h"
57 #include "ssh2.h"
58 #include "ssherr.h"
59 #include "ssh-pkcs11.h"
60 #include "atomicio.h"
61 #include "krl.h"
62 #include "digest.h"
63 #include "utf8.h"
64 #include "authfd.h"
65 #include "sshsig.h"
66 #include "ssh-sk.h"
67 #include "sk-api.h" /* XXX for SSH_SK_USER_PRESENCE_REQD; remove */
68 #include "cipher.h"
69 
70 #define DEFAULT_KEY_TYPE_NAME "ed25519"
71 
72 /*
73  * Default number of bits in the RSA, DSA and ECDSA keys.  These value can be
74  * overridden on the command line.
75  *
76  * These values, with the exception of DSA, provide security equivalent to at
77  * least 128 bits of security according to NIST Special Publication 800-57:
78  * Recommendation for Key Management Part 1 rev 4 section 5.6.1.
79  * For DSA it (and FIPS-186-4 section 4.2) specifies that the only size for
80  * which a 160bit hash is acceptable is 1kbit, and since ssh-dss specifies only
81  * SHA1 we limit the DSA key size 1k bits.
82  */
83 #define DEFAULT_BITS		3072
84 #define DEFAULT_BITS_DSA	1024
85 #define DEFAULT_BITS_ECDSA	256
86 
87 static int quiet = 0;
88 
89 /* Flag indicating that we just want to see the key fingerprint */
90 static int print_fingerprint = 0;
91 static int print_bubblebabble = 0;
92 
93 /* Hash algorithm to use for fingerprints. */
94 static int fingerprint_hash = SSH_FP_HASH_DEFAULT;
95 
96 /* The identity file name, given on the command line or entered by the user. */
97 static char identity_file[PATH_MAX];
98 static int have_identity = 0;
99 
100 /* This is set to the passphrase if given on the command line. */
101 static char *identity_passphrase = NULL;
102 
103 /* This is set to the new passphrase if given on the command line. */
104 static char *identity_new_passphrase = NULL;
105 
106 /* Key type when certifying */
107 static u_int cert_key_type = SSH2_CERT_TYPE_USER;
108 
109 /* "key ID" of signed key */
110 static char *cert_key_id = NULL;
111 
112 /* Comma-separated list of principal names for certifying keys */
113 static char *cert_principals = NULL;
114 
115 /* Validity period for certificates */
116 static u_int64_t cert_valid_from = 0;
117 static u_int64_t cert_valid_to = ~0ULL;
118 
119 /* Certificate options */
120 #define CERTOPT_X_FWD				(1)
121 #define CERTOPT_AGENT_FWD			(1<<1)
122 #define CERTOPT_PORT_FWD			(1<<2)
123 #define CERTOPT_PTY				(1<<3)
124 #define CERTOPT_USER_RC				(1<<4)
125 #define CERTOPT_NO_REQUIRE_USER_PRESENCE	(1<<5)
126 #define CERTOPT_REQUIRE_VERIFY			(1<<6)
127 #define CERTOPT_DEFAULT	(CERTOPT_X_FWD|CERTOPT_AGENT_FWD| \
128 			 CERTOPT_PORT_FWD|CERTOPT_PTY|CERTOPT_USER_RC)
129 static u_int32_t certflags_flags = CERTOPT_DEFAULT;
130 static char *certflags_command = NULL;
131 static char *certflags_src_addr = NULL;
132 
133 /* Arbitrary extensions specified by user */
134 struct cert_ext {
135 	char *key;
136 	char *val;
137 	int crit;
138 };
139 static struct cert_ext *cert_ext;
140 static size_t ncert_ext;
141 
142 /* Conversion to/from various formats */
143 enum {
144 	FMT_RFC4716,
145 	FMT_PKCS8,
146 	FMT_PEM
147 } convert_format = FMT_RFC4716;
148 
149 static char *key_type_name = NULL;
150 
151 /* Load key from this PKCS#11 provider */
152 static char *pkcs11provider = NULL;
153 
154 /* FIDO/U2F provider to use */
155 static char *sk_provider = NULL;
156 
157 /* Format for writing private keys */
158 static int private_key_format = SSHKEY_PRIVATE_OPENSSH;
159 
160 /* Cipher for new-format private keys */
161 static char *openssh_format_cipher = NULL;
162 
163 /* Number of KDF rounds to derive new format keys. */
164 static int rounds = 0;
165 
166 /* argv0 */
167 extern char *__progname;
168 
169 static char hostname[NI_MAXHOST];
170 
171 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
172 /* moduli.c */
173 int gen_candidates(FILE *, u_int32_t, u_int32_t, BIGNUM *);
174 int prime_test(FILE *, FILE *, u_int32_t, u_int32_t, char *, unsigned long,
175     unsigned long);
176 #endif
177 
178 static void
179 type_bits_valid(int type, const char *name, u_int32_t *bitsp)
180 {
181 	if (type == KEY_UNSPEC)
182 		fatal("unknown key type %s", key_type_name);
183 	if (*bitsp == 0) {
184 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
185 		int nid;
186 
187 		switch(type) {
188 		case KEY_DSA:
189 			*bitsp = DEFAULT_BITS_DSA;
190 			break;
191 		case KEY_ECDSA:
192 			if (name != NULL &&
193 			    (nid = sshkey_ecdsa_nid_from_name(name)) > 0)
194 				*bitsp = sshkey_curve_nid_to_bits(nid);
195 			if (*bitsp == 0)
196 				*bitsp = DEFAULT_BITS_ECDSA;
197 			break;
198 		case KEY_RSA:
199 			*bitsp = DEFAULT_BITS;
200 			break;
201 		}
202 #endif
203 	}
204 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
205 	switch (type) {
206 	case KEY_DSA:
207 		if (*bitsp != 1024)
208 			fatal("Invalid DSA key length: must be 1024 bits");
209 		break;
210 	case KEY_RSA:
211 		if (*bitsp < SSH_RSA_MINIMUM_MODULUS_SIZE)
212 			fatal("Invalid RSA key length: minimum is %d bits",
213 			    SSH_RSA_MINIMUM_MODULUS_SIZE);
214 		else if (*bitsp > OPENSSL_RSA_MAX_MODULUS_BITS)
215 			fatal("Invalid RSA key length: maximum is %d bits",
216 			    OPENSSL_RSA_MAX_MODULUS_BITS);
217 		break;
218 	case KEY_ECDSA:
219 		if (sshkey_ecdsa_bits_to_nid(*bitsp) == -1)
220 #ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_NISTP521
221 			fatal("Invalid ECDSA key length: valid lengths are "
222 			    "256, 384 or 521 bits");
223 #else
224 			fatal("Invalid ECDSA key length: valid lengths are "
225 			    "256 or 384 bits");
226 #endif
227 	}
228 #endif
229 }
230 
231 /*
232  * Checks whether a file exists and, if so, asks the user whether they wish
233  * to overwrite it.
234  * Returns nonzero if the file does not already exist or if the user agrees to
235  * overwrite, or zero otherwise.
236  */
237 static int
238 confirm_overwrite(const char *filename)
239 {
240 	char yesno[3];
241 	struct stat st;
242 
243 	if (stat(filename, &st) != 0)
244 		return 1;
245 	printf("%s already exists.\n", filename);
246 	printf("Overwrite (y/n)? ");
247 	fflush(stdout);
248 	if (fgets(yesno, sizeof(yesno), stdin) == NULL)
249 		return 0;
250 	if (yesno[0] != 'y' && yesno[0] != 'Y')
251 		return 0;
252 	return 1;
253 }
254 
255 static void
256 ask_filename(struct passwd *pw, const char *prompt)
257 {
258 	char buf[1024];
259 	char *name = NULL;
260 
261 	if (key_type_name == NULL)
262 		name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_ED25519;
263 	else {
264 		switch (sshkey_type_from_name(key_type_name)) {
265 #ifdef WITH_DSA
266 		case KEY_DSA_CERT:
267 		case KEY_DSA:
268 			name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_DSA;
269 			break;
270 #endif
271 #ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_ECC
272 		case KEY_ECDSA_CERT:
273 		case KEY_ECDSA:
274 			name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_ECDSA;
275 			break;
276 		case KEY_ECDSA_SK_CERT:
277 		case KEY_ECDSA_SK:
278 			name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_ECDSA_SK;
279 			break;
280 #endif
281 		case KEY_RSA_CERT:
282 		case KEY_RSA:
283 			name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_RSA;
284 			break;
285 		case KEY_ED25519:
286 		case KEY_ED25519_CERT:
287 			name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_ED25519;
288 			break;
289 		case KEY_ED25519_SK:
290 		case KEY_ED25519_SK_CERT:
291 			name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_ED25519_SK;
292 			break;
293 		case KEY_XMSS:
294 		case KEY_XMSS_CERT:
295 			name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_XMSS;
296 			break;
297 		default:
298 			fatal("bad key type");
299 		}
300 	}
301 	snprintf(identity_file, sizeof(identity_file),
302 	    "%s/%s", pw->pw_dir, name);
303 	printf("%s (%s): ", prompt, identity_file);
304 	fflush(stdout);
305 	if (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin) == NULL)
306 		exit(1);
307 	buf[strcspn(buf, "\n")] = '\0';
308 	if (strcmp(buf, "") != 0)
309 		strlcpy(identity_file, buf, sizeof(identity_file));
310 	have_identity = 1;
311 }
312 
313 static struct sshkey *
314 load_identity(const char *filename, char **commentp)
315 {
316 	char *pass;
317 	struct sshkey *prv;
318 	int r;
319 
320 	if (commentp != NULL)
321 		*commentp = NULL;
322 	if ((r = sshkey_load_private(filename, "", &prv, commentp)) == 0)
323 		return prv;
324 	if (r != SSH_ERR_KEY_WRONG_PASSPHRASE)
325 		fatal_r(r, "Load key \"%s\"", filename);
326 	if (identity_passphrase)
327 		pass = xstrdup(identity_passphrase);
328 	else
329 		pass = read_passphrase("Enter passphrase: ", RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
330 	r = sshkey_load_private(filename, pass, &prv, commentp);
331 	freezero(pass, strlen(pass));
332 	if (r != 0)
333 		fatal_r(r, "Load key \"%s\"", filename);
334 	return prv;
335 }
336 
337 #define SSH_COM_PUBLIC_BEGIN		"---- BEGIN SSH2 PUBLIC KEY ----"
338 #define SSH_COM_PUBLIC_END		"---- END SSH2 PUBLIC KEY ----"
339 #define SSH_COM_PRIVATE_BEGIN		"---- BEGIN SSH2 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY ----"
340 #define	SSH_COM_PRIVATE_KEY_MAGIC	0x3f6ff9eb
341 
342 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
343 static void
344 do_convert_to_ssh2(struct passwd *pw, struct sshkey *k)
345 {
346 	struct sshbuf *b;
347 	char comment[61], *b64;
348 	int r;
349 
350 	if ((b = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
351 		fatal_f("sshbuf_new failed");
352 	if ((r = sshkey_putb(k, b)) != 0)
353 		fatal_fr(r, "put key");
354 	if ((b64 = sshbuf_dtob64_string(b, 1)) == NULL)
355 		fatal_f("sshbuf_dtob64_string failed");
356 
357 	/* Comment + surrounds must fit into 72 chars (RFC 4716 sec 3.3) */
358 	snprintf(comment, sizeof(comment),
359 	    "%u-bit %s, converted by %s@%s from OpenSSH",
360 	    sshkey_size(k), sshkey_type(k),
361 	    pw->pw_name, hostname);
362 
363 	sshkey_free(k);
364 	sshbuf_free(b);
365 
366 	fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", SSH_COM_PUBLIC_BEGIN);
367 	fprintf(stdout, "Comment: \"%s\"\n%s", comment, b64);
368 	fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", SSH_COM_PUBLIC_END);
369 	free(b64);
370 	exit(0);
371 }
372 
373 static void
374 do_convert_to_pkcs8(struct sshkey *k)
375 {
376 	switch (sshkey_type_plain(k->type)) {
377 	case KEY_RSA:
378 		if (!PEM_write_RSA_PUBKEY(stdout, k->rsa))
379 			fatal("PEM_write_RSA_PUBKEY failed");
380 		break;
381 #ifdef WITH_DSA
382 	case KEY_DSA:
383 		if (!PEM_write_DSA_PUBKEY(stdout, k->dsa))
384 			fatal("PEM_write_DSA_PUBKEY failed");
385 		break;
386 #endif
387 #ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_ECC
388 	case KEY_ECDSA:
389 		if (!PEM_write_EC_PUBKEY(stdout, k->ecdsa))
390 			fatal("PEM_write_EC_PUBKEY failed");
391 		break;
392 #endif
393 	default:
394 		fatal_f("unsupported key type %s", sshkey_type(k));
395 	}
396 	exit(0);
397 }
398 
399 static void
400 do_convert_to_pem(struct sshkey *k)
401 {
402 	switch (sshkey_type_plain(k->type)) {
403 	case KEY_RSA:
404 		if (!PEM_write_RSAPublicKey(stdout, k->rsa))
405 			fatal("PEM_write_RSAPublicKey failed");
406 		break;
407 #ifdef WITH_DSA
408 	case KEY_DSA:
409 		if (!PEM_write_DSA_PUBKEY(stdout, k->dsa))
410 			fatal("PEM_write_DSA_PUBKEY failed");
411 		break;
412 #endif
413 #ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_ECC
414 	case KEY_ECDSA:
415 		if (!PEM_write_EC_PUBKEY(stdout, k->ecdsa))
416 			fatal("PEM_write_EC_PUBKEY failed");
417 		break;
418 #endif
419 	default:
420 		fatal_f("unsupported key type %s", sshkey_type(k));
421 	}
422 	exit(0);
423 }
424 
425 static void
426 do_convert_to(struct passwd *pw)
427 {
428 	struct sshkey *k;
429 	struct stat st;
430 	int r;
431 
432 	if (!have_identity)
433 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
434 	if (stat(identity_file, &st) == -1)
435 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, identity_file, strerror(errno));
436 	if ((r = sshkey_load_public(identity_file, &k, NULL)) != 0)
437 		k = load_identity(identity_file, NULL);
438 	switch (convert_format) {
439 	case FMT_RFC4716:
440 		do_convert_to_ssh2(pw, k);
441 		break;
442 	case FMT_PKCS8:
443 		do_convert_to_pkcs8(k);
444 		break;
445 	case FMT_PEM:
446 		do_convert_to_pem(k);
447 		break;
448 	default:
449 		fatal_f("unknown key format %d", convert_format);
450 	}
451 	exit(0);
452 }
453 
454 /*
455  * This is almost exactly the bignum1 encoding, but with 32 bit for length
456  * instead of 16.
457  */
458 static void
459 buffer_get_bignum_bits(struct sshbuf *b, BIGNUM *value)
460 {
461 	u_int bytes, bignum_bits;
462 	int r;
463 
464 	if ((r = sshbuf_get_u32(b, &bignum_bits)) != 0)
465 		fatal_fr(r, "parse");
466 	bytes = (bignum_bits + 7) / 8;
467 	if (sshbuf_len(b) < bytes)
468 		fatal_f("input buffer too small: need %d have %zu",
469 		    bytes, sshbuf_len(b));
470 	if (BN_bin2bn(sshbuf_ptr(b), bytes, value) == NULL)
471 		fatal_f("BN_bin2bn failed");
472 	if ((r = sshbuf_consume(b, bytes)) != 0)
473 		fatal_fr(r, "consume");
474 }
475 
476 static struct sshkey *
477 do_convert_private_ssh2(struct sshbuf *b)
478 {
479 	struct sshkey *key = NULL;
480 	char *type, *cipher;
481 	const char *alg = NULL;
482 	u_char e1, e2, e3, *sig = NULL, data[] = "abcde12345";
483 	int r, rlen, ktype;
484 	u_int magic, i1, i2, i3, i4;
485 	size_t slen;
486 	u_long e;
487 #ifdef WITH_DSA
488 	BIGNUM *dsa_p = NULL, *dsa_q = NULL, *dsa_g = NULL;
489 	BIGNUM *dsa_pub_key = NULL, *dsa_priv_key = NULL;
490 #endif
491 	BIGNUM *rsa_n = NULL, *rsa_e = NULL, *rsa_d = NULL;
492 	BIGNUM *rsa_p = NULL, *rsa_q = NULL, *rsa_iqmp = NULL;
493 
494 	if ((r = sshbuf_get_u32(b, &magic)) != 0)
495 		fatal_fr(r, "parse magic");
496 
497 	if (magic != SSH_COM_PRIVATE_KEY_MAGIC) {
498 		error("bad magic 0x%x != 0x%x", magic,
499 		    SSH_COM_PRIVATE_KEY_MAGIC);
500 		return NULL;
501 	}
502 	if ((r = sshbuf_get_u32(b, &i1)) != 0 ||
503 	    (r = sshbuf_get_cstring(b, &type, NULL)) != 0 ||
504 	    (r = sshbuf_get_cstring(b, &cipher, NULL)) != 0 ||
505 	    (r = sshbuf_get_u32(b, &i2)) != 0 ||
506 	    (r = sshbuf_get_u32(b, &i3)) != 0 ||
507 	    (r = sshbuf_get_u32(b, &i4)) != 0)
508 		fatal_fr(r, "parse");
509 	debug("ignore (%d %d %d %d)", i1, i2, i3, i4);
510 	if (strcmp(cipher, "none") != 0) {
511 		error("unsupported cipher %s", cipher);
512 		free(cipher);
513 		free(type);
514 		return NULL;
515 	}
516 	free(cipher);
517 
518 	if (strstr(type, "rsa")) {
519 		ktype = KEY_RSA;
520 #ifdef WITH_DSA
521 	} else if (strstr(type, "dsa")) {
522 		ktype = KEY_DSA;
523 #endif
524 	} else {
525 		free(type);
526 		return NULL;
527 	}
528 	if ((key = sshkey_new(ktype)) == NULL)
529 		fatal("sshkey_new failed");
530 	free(type);
531 
532 	switch (key->type) {
533 #ifdef WITH_DSA
534 	case KEY_DSA:
535 		if ((dsa_p = BN_new()) == NULL ||
536 		    (dsa_q = BN_new()) == NULL ||
537 		    (dsa_g = BN_new()) == NULL ||
538 		    (dsa_pub_key = BN_new()) == NULL ||
539 		    (dsa_priv_key = BN_new()) == NULL)
540 			fatal_f("BN_new");
541 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, dsa_p);
542 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, dsa_g);
543 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, dsa_q);
544 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, dsa_pub_key);
545 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, dsa_priv_key);
546 		if (!DSA_set0_pqg(key->dsa, dsa_p, dsa_q, dsa_g))
547 			fatal_f("DSA_set0_pqg failed");
548 		dsa_p = dsa_q = dsa_g = NULL; /* transferred */
549 		if (!DSA_set0_key(key->dsa, dsa_pub_key, dsa_priv_key))
550 			fatal_f("DSA_set0_key failed");
551 		dsa_pub_key = dsa_priv_key = NULL; /* transferred */
552 		break;
553 #endif
554 	case KEY_RSA:
555 		if ((r = sshbuf_get_u8(b, &e1)) != 0 ||
556 		    (e1 < 30 && (r = sshbuf_get_u8(b, &e2)) != 0) ||
557 		    (e1 < 30 && (r = sshbuf_get_u8(b, &e3)) != 0))
558 			fatal_fr(r, "parse RSA");
559 		e = e1;
560 		debug("e %lx", e);
561 		if (e < 30) {
562 			e <<= 8;
563 			e += e2;
564 			debug("e %lx", e);
565 			e <<= 8;
566 			e += e3;
567 			debug("e %lx", e);
568 		}
569 		if ((rsa_e = BN_new()) == NULL)
570 			fatal_f("BN_new");
571 		if (!BN_set_word(rsa_e, e)) {
572 			BN_clear_free(rsa_e);
573 			sshkey_free(key);
574 			return NULL;
575 		}
576 		if ((rsa_n = BN_new()) == NULL ||
577 		    (rsa_d = BN_new()) == NULL ||
578 		    (rsa_p = BN_new()) == NULL ||
579 		    (rsa_q = BN_new()) == NULL ||
580 		    (rsa_iqmp = BN_new()) == NULL)
581 			fatal_f("BN_new");
582 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, rsa_d);
583 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, rsa_n);
584 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, rsa_iqmp);
585 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, rsa_q);
586 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, rsa_p);
587 		if (!RSA_set0_key(key->rsa, rsa_n, rsa_e, rsa_d))
588 			fatal_f("RSA_set0_key failed");
589 		rsa_n = rsa_e = rsa_d = NULL; /* transferred */
590 		if (!RSA_set0_factors(key->rsa, rsa_p, rsa_q))
591 			fatal_f("RSA_set0_factors failed");
592 		rsa_p = rsa_q = NULL; /* transferred */
593 		if ((r = ssh_rsa_complete_crt_parameters(key, rsa_iqmp)) != 0)
594 			fatal_fr(r, "generate RSA parameters");
595 		BN_clear_free(rsa_iqmp);
596 		alg = "rsa-sha2-256";
597 		break;
598 	}
599 	rlen = sshbuf_len(b);
600 	if (rlen != 0)
601 		error_f("remaining bytes in key blob %d", rlen);
602 
603 	/* try the key */
604 	if ((r = sshkey_sign(key, &sig, &slen, data, sizeof(data),
605 	    alg, NULL, NULL, 0)) != 0)
606 		error_fr(r, "signing with converted key failed");
607 	else if ((r = sshkey_verify(key, sig, slen, data, sizeof(data),
608 	    alg, 0, NULL)) != 0)
609 		error_fr(r, "verification with converted key failed");
610 	if (r != 0) {
611 		sshkey_free(key);
612 		free(sig);
613 		return NULL;
614 	}
615 	free(sig);
616 	return key;
617 }
618 
619 static int
620 get_line(FILE *fp, char *line, size_t len)
621 {
622 	int c;
623 	size_t pos = 0;
624 
625 	line[0] = '\0';
626 	while ((c = fgetc(fp)) != EOF) {
627 		if (pos >= len - 1)
628 			fatal("input line too long.");
629 		switch (c) {
630 		case '\r':
631 			c = fgetc(fp);
632 			if (c != EOF && c != '\n' && ungetc(c, fp) == EOF)
633 				fatal("unget: %s", strerror(errno));
634 			return pos;
635 		case '\n':
636 			return pos;
637 		}
638 		line[pos++] = c;
639 		line[pos] = '\0';
640 	}
641 	/* We reached EOF */
642 	return -1;
643 }
644 
645 static void
646 do_convert_from_ssh2(struct passwd *pw, struct sshkey **k, int *private)
647 {
648 	int r, blen, escaped = 0;
649 	u_int len;
650 	char line[1024];
651 	struct sshbuf *buf;
652 	char encoded[8096];
653 	FILE *fp;
654 
655 	if ((buf = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
656 		fatal("sshbuf_new failed");
657 	if ((fp = fopen(identity_file, "r")) == NULL)
658 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, identity_file, strerror(errno));
659 	encoded[0] = '\0';
660 	while ((blen = get_line(fp, line, sizeof(line))) != -1) {
661 		if (blen > 0 && line[blen - 1] == '\\')
662 			escaped++;
663 		if (strncmp(line, "----", 4) == 0 ||
664 		    strstr(line, ": ") != NULL) {
665 			if (strstr(line, SSH_COM_PRIVATE_BEGIN) != NULL)
666 				*private = 1;
667 			if (strstr(line, " END ") != NULL) {
668 				break;
669 			}
670 			/* fprintf(stderr, "ignore: %s", line); */
671 			continue;
672 		}
673 		if (escaped) {
674 			escaped--;
675 			/* fprintf(stderr, "escaped: %s", line); */
676 			continue;
677 		}
678 		strlcat(encoded, line, sizeof(encoded));
679 	}
680 	len = strlen(encoded);
681 	if (((len % 4) == 3) &&
682 	    (encoded[len-1] == '=') &&
683 	    (encoded[len-2] == '=') &&
684 	    (encoded[len-3] == '='))
685 		encoded[len-3] = '\0';
686 	if ((r = sshbuf_b64tod(buf, encoded)) != 0)
687 		fatal_fr(r, "base64 decode");
688 	if (*private) {
689 		if ((*k = do_convert_private_ssh2(buf)) == NULL)
690 			fatal_f("private key conversion failed");
691 	} else if ((r = sshkey_fromb(buf, k)) != 0)
692 		fatal_fr(r, "parse key");
693 	sshbuf_free(buf);
694 	fclose(fp);
695 }
696 
697 static void
698 do_convert_from_pkcs8(struct sshkey **k, int *private)
699 {
700 	EVP_PKEY *pubkey;
701 	FILE *fp;
702 
703 	if ((fp = fopen(identity_file, "r")) == NULL)
704 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, identity_file, strerror(errno));
705 	if ((pubkey = PEM_read_PUBKEY(fp, NULL, NULL, NULL)) == NULL) {
706 		fatal_f("%s is not a recognised public key format",
707 		    identity_file);
708 	}
709 	fclose(fp);
710 	switch (EVP_PKEY_base_id(pubkey)) {
711 	case EVP_PKEY_RSA:
712 		if ((*k = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
713 			fatal("sshkey_new failed");
714 		(*k)->type = KEY_RSA;
715 		(*k)->rsa = EVP_PKEY_get1_RSA(pubkey);
716 		break;
717 #ifdef WITH_DSA
718 	case EVP_PKEY_DSA:
719 		if ((*k = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
720 			fatal("sshkey_new failed");
721 		(*k)->type = KEY_DSA;
722 		(*k)->dsa = EVP_PKEY_get1_DSA(pubkey);
723 		break;
724 #endif
725 #ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_ECC
726 	case EVP_PKEY_EC:
727 		if ((*k = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
728 			fatal("sshkey_new failed");
729 		(*k)->type = KEY_ECDSA;
730 		(*k)->ecdsa = EVP_PKEY_get1_EC_KEY(pubkey);
731 		(*k)->ecdsa_nid = sshkey_ecdsa_key_to_nid((*k)->ecdsa);
732 		break;
733 #endif
734 	default:
735 		fatal_f("unsupported pubkey type %d",
736 		    EVP_PKEY_base_id(pubkey));
737 	}
738 	EVP_PKEY_free(pubkey);
739 	return;
740 }
741 
742 static void
743 do_convert_from_pem(struct sshkey **k, int *private)
744 {
745 	FILE *fp;
746 	RSA *rsa;
747 
748 	if ((fp = fopen(identity_file, "r")) == NULL)
749 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, identity_file, strerror(errno));
750 	if ((rsa = PEM_read_RSAPublicKey(fp, NULL, NULL, NULL)) != NULL) {
751 		if ((*k = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
752 			fatal("sshkey_new failed");
753 		(*k)->type = KEY_RSA;
754 		(*k)->rsa = rsa;
755 		fclose(fp);
756 		return;
757 	}
758 	fatal_f("unrecognised raw private key format");
759 }
760 
761 static void
762 do_convert_from(struct passwd *pw)
763 {
764 	struct sshkey *k = NULL;
765 	int r, private = 0, ok = 0;
766 	struct stat st;
767 
768 	if (!have_identity)
769 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
770 	if (stat(identity_file, &st) == -1)
771 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, identity_file, strerror(errno));
772 
773 	switch (convert_format) {
774 	case FMT_RFC4716:
775 		do_convert_from_ssh2(pw, &k, &private);
776 		break;
777 	case FMT_PKCS8:
778 		do_convert_from_pkcs8(&k, &private);
779 		break;
780 	case FMT_PEM:
781 		do_convert_from_pem(&k, &private);
782 		break;
783 	default:
784 		fatal_f("unknown key format %d", convert_format);
785 	}
786 
787 	if (!private) {
788 		if ((r = sshkey_write(k, stdout)) == 0)
789 			ok = 1;
790 		if (ok)
791 			fprintf(stdout, "\n");
792 	} else {
793 		switch (k->type) {
794 #ifdef WITH_DSA
795 		case KEY_DSA:
796 			ok = PEM_write_DSAPrivateKey(stdout, k->dsa, NULL,
797 			    NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
798 			break;
799 #endif
800 #ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_ECC
801 		case KEY_ECDSA:
802 			ok = PEM_write_ECPrivateKey(stdout, k->ecdsa, NULL,
803 			    NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
804 			break;
805 #endif
806 		case KEY_RSA:
807 			ok = PEM_write_RSAPrivateKey(stdout, k->rsa, NULL,
808 			    NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
809 			break;
810 		default:
811 			fatal_f("unsupported key type %s", sshkey_type(k));
812 		}
813 	}
814 
815 	if (!ok)
816 		fatal("key write failed");
817 	sshkey_free(k);
818 	exit(0);
819 }
820 #endif
821 
822 static void
823 do_print_public(struct passwd *pw)
824 {
825 	struct sshkey *prv;
826 	struct stat st;
827 	int r;
828 	char *comment = NULL;
829 
830 	if (!have_identity)
831 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
832 	if (stat(identity_file, &st) == -1)
833 		fatal("%s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
834 	prv = load_identity(identity_file, &comment);
835 	if ((r = sshkey_write(prv, stdout)) != 0)
836 		fatal_fr(r, "write key");
837 	if (comment != NULL && *comment != '\0')
838 		fprintf(stdout, " %s", comment);
839 	fprintf(stdout, "\n");
840 	if (sshkey_is_sk(prv)) {
841 		debug("sk_application: \"%s\", sk_flags 0x%02x",
842 			prv->sk_application, prv->sk_flags);
843 	}
844 	sshkey_free(prv);
845 	free(comment);
846 	exit(0);
847 }
848 
849 static void
850 do_download(struct passwd *pw)
851 {
852 #ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11
853 	struct sshkey **keys = NULL;
854 	int i, nkeys;
855 	enum sshkey_fp_rep rep;
856 	int fptype;
857 	char *fp, *ra, **comments = NULL;
858 
859 	fptype = print_bubblebabble ? SSH_DIGEST_SHA1 : fingerprint_hash;
860 	rep =    print_bubblebabble ? SSH_FP_BUBBLEBABBLE : SSH_FP_DEFAULT;
861 
862 	pkcs11_init(1);
863 	nkeys = pkcs11_add_provider(pkcs11provider, NULL, &keys, &comments);
864 	if (nkeys <= 0)
865 		fatal("cannot read public key from pkcs11");
866 	for (i = 0; i < nkeys; i++) {
867 		if (print_fingerprint) {
868 			fp = sshkey_fingerprint(keys[i], fptype, rep);
869 			ra = sshkey_fingerprint(keys[i], fingerprint_hash,
870 			    SSH_FP_RANDOMART);
871 			if (fp == NULL || ra == NULL)
872 				fatal_f("sshkey_fingerprint fail");
873 			printf("%u %s %s (PKCS11 key)\n", sshkey_size(keys[i]),
874 			    fp, sshkey_type(keys[i]));
875 			if (log_level_get() >= SYSLOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE)
876 				printf("%s\n", ra);
877 			free(ra);
878 			free(fp);
879 		} else {
880 			(void) sshkey_write(keys[i], stdout); /* XXX check */
881 			fprintf(stdout, "%s%s\n",
882 			    *(comments[i]) == '\0' ? "" : " ", comments[i]);
883 		}
884 		free(comments[i]);
885 		sshkey_free(keys[i]);
886 	}
887 	free(comments);
888 	free(keys);
889 	pkcs11_terminate();
890 	exit(0);
891 #else
892 	fatal("no pkcs11 support");
893 #endif /* ENABLE_PKCS11 */
894 }
895 
896 static struct sshkey *
897 try_read_key(char **cpp)
898 {
899 	struct sshkey *ret;
900 	int r;
901 
902 	if ((ret = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
903 		fatal("sshkey_new failed");
904 	if ((r = sshkey_read(ret, cpp)) == 0)
905 		return ret;
906 	/* Not a key */
907 	sshkey_free(ret);
908 	return NULL;
909 }
910 
911 static void
912 fingerprint_one_key(const struct sshkey *public, const char *comment)
913 {
914 	char *fp = NULL, *ra = NULL;
915 	enum sshkey_fp_rep rep;
916 	int fptype;
917 
918 	fptype = print_bubblebabble ? SSH_DIGEST_SHA1 : fingerprint_hash;
919 	rep =    print_bubblebabble ? SSH_FP_BUBBLEBABBLE : SSH_FP_DEFAULT;
920 	fp = sshkey_fingerprint(public, fptype, rep);
921 	ra = sshkey_fingerprint(public, fingerprint_hash, SSH_FP_RANDOMART);
922 	if (fp == NULL || ra == NULL)
923 		fatal_f("sshkey_fingerprint failed");
924 	mprintf("%u %s %s (%s)\n", sshkey_size(public), fp,
925 	    comment ? comment : "no comment", sshkey_type(public));
926 	if (log_level_get() >= SYSLOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE)
927 		printf("%s\n", ra);
928 	free(ra);
929 	free(fp);
930 }
931 
932 static void
933 fingerprint_private(const char *path)
934 {
935 	struct stat st;
936 	char *comment = NULL;
937 	struct sshkey *privkey = NULL, *pubkey = NULL;
938 	int r;
939 
940 	if (stat(identity_file, &st) == -1)
941 		fatal("%s: %s", path, strerror(errno));
942 	if ((r = sshkey_load_public(path, &pubkey, &comment)) != 0)
943 		debug_r(r, "load public \"%s\"", path);
944 	if (pubkey == NULL || comment == NULL || *comment == '\0') {
945 		free(comment);
946 		if ((r = sshkey_load_private(path, NULL,
947 		    &privkey, &comment)) != 0)
948 			debug_r(r, "load private \"%s\"", path);
949 	}
950 	if (pubkey == NULL && privkey == NULL)
951 		fatal("%s is not a key file.", path);
952 
953 	fingerprint_one_key(pubkey == NULL ? privkey : pubkey, comment);
954 	sshkey_free(pubkey);
955 	sshkey_free(privkey);
956 	free(comment);
957 }
958 
959 static void
960 do_fingerprint(struct passwd *pw)
961 {
962 	FILE *f;
963 	struct sshkey *public = NULL;
964 	char *comment = NULL, *cp, *ep, *line = NULL;
965 	size_t linesize = 0;
966 	int i, invalid = 1;
967 	const char *path;
968 	u_long lnum = 0;
969 
970 	if (!have_identity)
971 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
972 	path = identity_file;
973 
974 	if (strcmp(identity_file, "-") == 0) {
975 		f = stdin;
976 		path = "(stdin)";
977 	} else if ((f = fopen(path, "r")) == NULL)
978 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, path, strerror(errno));
979 
980 	while (getline(&line, &linesize, f) != -1) {
981 		lnum++;
982 		cp = line;
983 		cp[strcspn(cp, "\n")] = '\0';
984 		/* Trim leading space and comments */
985 		cp = line + strspn(line, " \t");
986 		if (*cp == '#' || *cp == '\0')
987 			continue;
988 
989 		/*
990 		 * Input may be plain keys, private keys, authorized_keys
991 		 * or known_hosts.
992 		 */
993 
994 		/*
995 		 * Try private keys first. Assume a key is private if
996 		 * "SSH PRIVATE KEY" appears on the first line and we're
997 		 * not reading from stdin (XXX support private keys on stdin).
998 		 */
999 		if (lnum == 1 && strcmp(identity_file, "-") != 0 &&
1000 		    strstr(cp, "PRIVATE KEY") != NULL) {
1001 			free(line);
1002 			fclose(f);
1003 			fingerprint_private(path);
1004 			exit(0);
1005 		}
1006 
1007 		/*
1008 		 * If it's not a private key, then this must be prepared to
1009 		 * accept a public key prefixed with a hostname or options.
1010 		 * Try a bare key first, otherwise skip the leading stuff.
1011 		 */
1012 		comment = NULL;
1013 		if ((public = try_read_key(&cp)) == NULL) {
1014 			i = strtol(cp, &ep, 10);
1015 			if (i == 0 || ep == NULL ||
1016 			    (*ep != ' ' && *ep != '\t')) {
1017 				int quoted = 0;
1018 
1019 				comment = cp;
1020 				for (; *cp && (quoted || (*cp != ' ' &&
1021 				    *cp != '\t')); cp++) {
1022 					if (*cp == '\\' && cp[1] == '"')
1023 						cp++;	/* Skip both */
1024 					else if (*cp == '"')
1025 						quoted = !quoted;
1026 				}
1027 				if (!*cp)
1028 					continue;
1029 				*cp++ = '\0';
1030 			}
1031 		}
1032 		/* Retry after parsing leading hostname/key options */
1033 		if (public == NULL && (public = try_read_key(&cp)) == NULL) {
1034 			debug("%s:%lu: not a public key", path, lnum);
1035 			continue;
1036 		}
1037 
1038 		/* Find trailing comment, if any */
1039 		for (; *cp == ' ' || *cp == '\t'; cp++)
1040 			;
1041 		if (*cp != '\0' && *cp != '#')
1042 			comment = cp;
1043 
1044 		fingerprint_one_key(public, comment);
1045 		sshkey_free(public);
1046 		invalid = 0; /* One good key in the file is sufficient */
1047 	}
1048 	fclose(f);
1049 	free(line);
1050 
1051 	if (invalid)
1052 		fatal("%s is not a public key file.", path);
1053 	exit(0);
1054 }
1055 
1056 static void
1057 do_gen_all_hostkeys(struct passwd *pw)
1058 {
1059 	struct {
1060 		char *key_type;
1061 		char *key_type_display;
1062 		char *path;
1063 	} key_types[] = {
1064 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
1065 		{ "rsa", "RSA" ,_PATH_HOST_RSA_KEY_FILE },
1066 #ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_ECC
1067 		{ "ecdsa", "ECDSA",_PATH_HOST_ECDSA_KEY_FILE },
1068 #endif /* OPENSSL_HAS_ECC */
1069 #endif /* WITH_OPENSSL */
1070 		{ "ed25519", "ED25519",_PATH_HOST_ED25519_KEY_FILE },
1071 #ifdef WITH_XMSS
1072 		{ "xmss", "XMSS",_PATH_HOST_XMSS_KEY_FILE },
1073 #endif /* WITH_XMSS */
1074 		{ NULL, NULL, NULL }
1075 	};
1076 
1077 	u_int32_t bits = 0;
1078 	int first = 0;
1079 	struct stat st;
1080 	struct sshkey *private, *public;
1081 	char comment[1024], *prv_tmp, *pub_tmp, *prv_file, *pub_file;
1082 	int i, type, fd, r;
1083 
1084 	for (i = 0; key_types[i].key_type; i++) {
1085 		public = private = NULL;
1086 		prv_tmp = pub_tmp = prv_file = pub_file = NULL;
1087 
1088 		xasprintf(&prv_file, "%s%s",
1089 		    identity_file, key_types[i].path);
1090 
1091 		/* Check whether private key exists and is not zero-length */
1092 		if (stat(prv_file, &st) == 0) {
1093 			if (st.st_size != 0)
1094 				goto next;
1095 		} else if (errno != ENOENT) {
1096 			error("Could not stat %s: %s", key_types[i].path,
1097 			    strerror(errno));
1098 			goto failnext;
1099 		}
1100 
1101 		/*
1102 		 * Private key doesn't exist or is invalid; proceed with
1103 		 * key generation.
1104 		 */
1105 		xasprintf(&prv_tmp, "%s%s.XXXXXXXXXX",
1106 		    identity_file, key_types[i].path);
1107 		xasprintf(&pub_tmp, "%s%s.pub.XXXXXXXXXX",
1108 		    identity_file, key_types[i].path);
1109 		xasprintf(&pub_file, "%s%s.pub",
1110 		    identity_file, key_types[i].path);
1111 
1112 		if (first == 0) {
1113 			first = 1;
1114 			printf("%s: generating new host keys: ", __progname);
1115 		}
1116 		printf("%s ", key_types[i].key_type_display);
1117 		fflush(stdout);
1118 		type = sshkey_type_from_name(key_types[i].key_type);
1119 		if ((fd = mkstemp(prv_tmp)) == -1) {
1120 			error("Could not save your private key in %s: %s",
1121 			    prv_tmp, strerror(errno));
1122 			goto failnext;
1123 		}
1124 		(void)close(fd); /* just using mkstemp() to reserve a name */
1125 		bits = 0;
1126 		type_bits_valid(type, NULL, &bits);
1127 		if ((r = sshkey_generate(type, bits, &private)) != 0) {
1128 			error_r(r, "sshkey_generate failed");
1129 			goto failnext;
1130 		}
1131 		if ((r = sshkey_from_private(private, &public)) != 0)
1132 			fatal_fr(r, "sshkey_from_private");
1133 		snprintf(comment, sizeof comment, "%s@%s", pw->pw_name,
1134 		    hostname);
1135 		if ((r = sshkey_save_private(private, prv_tmp, "",
1136 		    comment, private_key_format, openssh_format_cipher,
1137 		    rounds)) != 0) {
1138 			error_r(r, "Saving key \"%s\" failed", prv_tmp);
1139 			goto failnext;
1140 		}
1141 		if ((fd = mkstemp(pub_tmp)) == -1) {
1142 			error("Could not save your public key in %s: %s",
1143 			    pub_tmp, strerror(errno));
1144 			goto failnext;
1145 		}
1146 		(void)fchmod(fd, 0644);
1147 		(void)close(fd);
1148 		if ((r = sshkey_save_public(public, pub_tmp, comment)) != 0) {
1149 			error_r(r, "Unable to save public key to %s",
1150 			    identity_file);
1151 			goto failnext;
1152 		}
1153 
1154 		/* Rename temporary files to their permanent locations. */
1155 		if (rename(pub_tmp, pub_file) != 0) {
1156 			error("Unable to move %s into position: %s",
1157 			    pub_file, strerror(errno));
1158 			goto failnext;
1159 		}
1160 		if (rename(prv_tmp, prv_file) != 0) {
1161 			error("Unable to move %s into position: %s",
1162 			    key_types[i].path, strerror(errno));
1163  failnext:
1164 			first = 0;
1165 			goto next;
1166 		}
1167  next:
1168 		sshkey_free(private);
1169 		sshkey_free(public);
1170 		free(prv_tmp);
1171 		free(pub_tmp);
1172 		free(prv_file);
1173 		free(pub_file);
1174 	}
1175 	if (first != 0)
1176 		printf("\n");
1177 }
1178 
1179 struct known_hosts_ctx {
1180 	const char *host;	/* Hostname searched for in find/delete case */
1181 	FILE *out;		/* Output file, stdout for find_hosts case */
1182 	int has_unhashed;	/* When hashing, original had unhashed hosts */
1183 	int found_key;		/* For find/delete, host was found */
1184 	int invalid;		/* File contained invalid items; don't delete */
1185 	int hash_hosts;		/* Hash hostnames as we go */
1186 	int find_host;		/* Search for specific hostname */
1187 	int delete_host;	/* Delete host from known_hosts */
1188 };
1189 
1190 static int
1191 known_hosts_hash(struct hostkey_foreach_line *l, void *_ctx)
1192 {
1193 	struct known_hosts_ctx *ctx = (struct known_hosts_ctx *)_ctx;
1194 	char *hashed, *cp, *hosts, *ohosts;
1195 	int has_wild = l->hosts && strcspn(l->hosts, "*?!") != strlen(l->hosts);
1196 	int was_hashed = l->hosts && l->hosts[0] == HASH_DELIM;
1197 
1198 	switch (l->status) {
1199 	case HKF_STATUS_OK:
1200 	case HKF_STATUS_MATCHED:
1201 		/*
1202 		 * Don't hash hosts already hashed, with wildcard
1203 		 * characters or a CA/revocation marker.
1204 		 */
1205 		if (was_hashed || has_wild || l->marker != MRK_NONE) {
1206 			fprintf(ctx->out, "%s\n", l->line);
1207 			if (has_wild && !ctx->find_host) {
1208 				logit("%s:%lu: ignoring host name "
1209 				    "with wildcard: %.64s", l->path,
1210 				    l->linenum, l->hosts);
1211 			}
1212 			return 0;
1213 		}
1214 		/*
1215 		 * Split any comma-separated hostnames from the host list,
1216 		 * hash and store separately.
1217 		 */
1218 		ohosts = hosts = xstrdup(l->hosts);
1219 		while ((cp = strsep(&hosts, ",")) != NULL && *cp != '\0') {
1220 			lowercase(cp);
1221 			if ((hashed = host_hash(cp, NULL, 0)) == NULL)
1222 				fatal("hash_host failed");
1223 			fprintf(ctx->out, "%s %s\n", hashed, l->rawkey);
1224 			free(hashed);
1225 			ctx->has_unhashed = 1;
1226 		}
1227 		free(ohosts);
1228 		return 0;
1229 	case HKF_STATUS_INVALID:
1230 		/* Retain invalid lines, but mark file as invalid. */
1231 		ctx->invalid = 1;
1232 		logit("%s:%lu: invalid line", l->path, l->linenum);
1233 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
1234 	default:
1235 		fprintf(ctx->out, "%s\n", l->line);
1236 		return 0;
1237 	}
1238 	/* NOTREACHED */
1239 	return -1;
1240 }
1241 
1242 static int
1243 known_hosts_find_delete(struct hostkey_foreach_line *l, void *_ctx)
1244 {
1245 	struct known_hosts_ctx *ctx = (struct known_hosts_ctx *)_ctx;
1246 	enum sshkey_fp_rep rep;
1247 	int fptype;
1248 	char *fp = NULL, *ra = NULL;
1249 
1250 	fptype = print_bubblebabble ? SSH_DIGEST_SHA1 : fingerprint_hash;
1251 	rep =    print_bubblebabble ? SSH_FP_BUBBLEBABBLE : SSH_FP_DEFAULT;
1252 
1253 	if (l->status == HKF_STATUS_MATCHED) {
1254 		if (ctx->delete_host) {
1255 			if (l->marker != MRK_NONE) {
1256 				/* Don't remove CA and revocation lines */
1257 				fprintf(ctx->out, "%s\n", l->line);
1258 			} else {
1259 				/*
1260 				 * Hostname matches and has no CA/revoke
1261 				 * marker, delete it by *not* writing the
1262 				 * line to ctx->out.
1263 				 */
1264 				ctx->found_key = 1;
1265 				if (!quiet)
1266 					printf("# Host %s found: line %lu\n",
1267 					    ctx->host, l->linenum);
1268 			}
1269 			return 0;
1270 		} else if (ctx->find_host) {
1271 			ctx->found_key = 1;
1272 			if (!quiet) {
1273 				printf("# Host %s found: line %lu %s\n",
1274 				    ctx->host,
1275 				    l->linenum, l->marker == MRK_CA ? "CA" :
1276 				    (l->marker == MRK_REVOKE ? "REVOKED" : ""));
1277 			}
1278 			if (ctx->hash_hosts)
1279 				known_hosts_hash(l, ctx);
1280 			else if (print_fingerprint) {
1281 				fp = sshkey_fingerprint(l->key, fptype, rep);
1282 				ra = sshkey_fingerprint(l->key,
1283 				    fingerprint_hash, SSH_FP_RANDOMART);
1284 				if (fp == NULL || ra == NULL)
1285 					fatal_f("sshkey_fingerprint failed");
1286 				mprintf("%s %s %s%s%s\n", ctx->host,
1287 				    sshkey_type(l->key), fp,
1288 				    l->comment[0] ? " " : "",
1289 				    l->comment);
1290 				if (log_level_get() >= SYSLOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE)
1291 					printf("%s\n", ra);
1292 				free(ra);
1293 				free(fp);
1294 			} else
1295 				fprintf(ctx->out, "%s\n", l->line);
1296 			return 0;
1297 		}
1298 	} else if (ctx->delete_host) {
1299 		/* Retain non-matching hosts when deleting */
1300 		if (l->status == HKF_STATUS_INVALID) {
1301 			ctx->invalid = 1;
1302 			logit("%s:%lu: invalid line", l->path, l->linenum);
1303 		}
1304 		fprintf(ctx->out, "%s\n", l->line);
1305 	}
1306 	return 0;
1307 }
1308 
1309 static void
1310 do_known_hosts(struct passwd *pw, const char *name, int find_host,
1311     int delete_host, int hash_hosts)
1312 {
1313 	char *cp, tmp[PATH_MAX], old[PATH_MAX];
1314 	int r, fd, oerrno, inplace = 0;
1315 	struct known_hosts_ctx ctx;
1316 	u_int foreach_options;
1317 	struct stat sb;
1318 
1319 	if (!have_identity) {
1320 		cp = tilde_expand_filename(_PATH_SSH_USER_HOSTFILE, pw->pw_uid);
1321 		if (strlcpy(identity_file, cp, sizeof(identity_file)) >=
1322 		    sizeof(identity_file))
1323 			fatal("Specified known hosts path too long");
1324 		free(cp);
1325 		have_identity = 1;
1326 	}
1327 	if (stat(identity_file, &sb) != 0)
1328 		fatal("Cannot stat %s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
1329 
1330 	memset(&ctx, 0, sizeof(ctx));
1331 	ctx.out = stdout;
1332 	ctx.host = name;
1333 	ctx.hash_hosts = hash_hosts;
1334 	ctx.find_host = find_host;
1335 	ctx.delete_host = delete_host;
1336 
1337 	/*
1338 	 * Find hosts goes to stdout, hash and deletions happen in-place
1339 	 * A corner case is ssh-keygen -HF foo, which should go to stdout
1340 	 */
1341 	if (!find_host && (hash_hosts || delete_host)) {
1342 		if (strlcpy(tmp, identity_file, sizeof(tmp)) >= sizeof(tmp) ||
1343 		    strlcat(tmp, ".XXXXXXXXXX", sizeof(tmp)) >= sizeof(tmp) ||
1344 		    strlcpy(old, identity_file, sizeof(old)) >= sizeof(old) ||
1345 		    strlcat(old, ".old", sizeof(old)) >= sizeof(old))
1346 			fatal("known_hosts path too long");
1347 		umask(077);
1348 		if ((fd = mkstemp(tmp)) == -1)
1349 			fatal("mkstemp: %s", strerror(errno));
1350 		if ((ctx.out = fdopen(fd, "w")) == NULL) {
1351 			oerrno = errno;
1352 			unlink(tmp);
1353 			fatal("fdopen: %s", strerror(oerrno));
1354 		}
1355 		(void)fchmod(fd, sb.st_mode & 0644);
1356 		inplace = 1;
1357 	}
1358 	/* XXX support identity_file == "-" for stdin */
1359 	foreach_options = find_host ? HKF_WANT_MATCH : 0;
1360 	foreach_options |= print_fingerprint ? HKF_WANT_PARSE_KEY : 0;
1361 	if ((r = hostkeys_foreach(identity_file, (find_host || !hash_hosts) ?
1362 	    known_hosts_find_delete : known_hosts_hash, &ctx, name, NULL,
1363 	    foreach_options, 0)) != 0) {
1364 		if (inplace)
1365 			unlink(tmp);
1366 		fatal_fr(r, "hostkeys_foreach");
1367 	}
1368 
1369 	if (inplace)
1370 		fclose(ctx.out);
1371 
1372 	if (ctx.invalid) {
1373 		error("%s is not a valid known_hosts file.", identity_file);
1374 		if (inplace) {
1375 			error("Not replacing existing known_hosts "
1376 			    "file because of errors");
1377 			unlink(tmp);
1378 		}
1379 		exit(1);
1380 	} else if (delete_host && !ctx.found_key) {
1381 		logit("Host %s not found in %s", name, identity_file);
1382 		if (inplace)
1383 			unlink(tmp);
1384 	} else if (inplace) {
1385 		/* Backup existing file */
1386 		if (unlink(old) == -1 && errno != ENOENT)
1387 			fatal("unlink %.100s: %s", old, strerror(errno));
1388 		if (link(identity_file, old) == -1)
1389 			fatal("link %.100s to %.100s: %s", identity_file, old,
1390 			    strerror(errno));
1391 		/* Move new one into place */
1392 		if (rename(tmp, identity_file) == -1) {
1393 			error("rename\"%s\" to \"%s\": %s", tmp, identity_file,
1394 			    strerror(errno));
1395 			unlink(tmp);
1396 			unlink(old);
1397 			exit(1);
1398 		}
1399 
1400 		printf("%s updated.\n", identity_file);
1401 		printf("Original contents retained as %s\n", old);
1402 		if (ctx.has_unhashed) {
1403 			logit("WARNING: %s contains unhashed entries", old);
1404 			logit("Delete this file to ensure privacy "
1405 			    "of hostnames");
1406 		}
1407 	}
1408 
1409 	exit (find_host && !ctx.found_key);
1410 }
1411 
1412 /*
1413  * Perform changing a passphrase.  The argument is the passwd structure
1414  * for the current user.
1415  */
1416 static void
1417 do_change_passphrase(struct passwd *pw)
1418 {
1419 	char *comment;
1420 	char *old_passphrase, *passphrase1, *passphrase2;
1421 	struct stat st;
1422 	struct sshkey *private;
1423 	int r;
1424 
1425 	if (!have_identity)
1426 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
1427 	if (stat(identity_file, &st) == -1)
1428 		fatal("%s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
1429 	/* Try to load the file with empty passphrase. */
1430 	r = sshkey_load_private(identity_file, "", &private, &comment);
1431 	if (r == SSH_ERR_KEY_WRONG_PASSPHRASE) {
1432 		if (identity_passphrase)
1433 			old_passphrase = xstrdup(identity_passphrase);
1434 		else
1435 			old_passphrase =
1436 			    read_passphrase("Enter old passphrase: ",
1437 			    RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
1438 		r = sshkey_load_private(identity_file, old_passphrase,
1439 		    &private, &comment);
1440 		freezero(old_passphrase, strlen(old_passphrase));
1441 		if (r != 0)
1442 			goto badkey;
1443 	} else if (r != 0) {
1444  badkey:
1445 		fatal_r(r, "Failed to load key %s", identity_file);
1446 	}
1447 	if (comment)
1448 		mprintf("Key has comment '%s'\n", comment);
1449 
1450 	/* Ask the new passphrase (twice). */
1451 	if (identity_new_passphrase) {
1452 		passphrase1 = xstrdup(identity_new_passphrase);
1453 		passphrase2 = NULL;
1454 	} else {
1455 		passphrase1 =
1456 			read_passphrase("Enter new passphrase (empty for no "
1457 			    "passphrase): ", RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
1458 		passphrase2 = read_passphrase("Enter same passphrase again: ",
1459 		    RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
1460 
1461 		/* Verify that they are the same. */
1462 		if (strcmp(passphrase1, passphrase2) != 0) {
1463 			explicit_bzero(passphrase1, strlen(passphrase1));
1464 			explicit_bzero(passphrase2, strlen(passphrase2));
1465 			free(passphrase1);
1466 			free(passphrase2);
1467 			printf("Pass phrases do not match.  Try again.\n");
1468 			exit(1);
1469 		}
1470 		/* Destroy the other copy. */
1471 		freezero(passphrase2, strlen(passphrase2));
1472 	}
1473 
1474 	/* Save the file using the new passphrase. */
1475 	if ((r = sshkey_save_private(private, identity_file, passphrase1,
1476 	    comment, private_key_format, openssh_format_cipher, rounds)) != 0) {
1477 		error_r(r, "Saving key \"%s\" failed", identity_file);
1478 		freezero(passphrase1, strlen(passphrase1));
1479 		sshkey_free(private);
1480 		free(comment);
1481 		exit(1);
1482 	}
1483 	/* Destroy the passphrase and the copy of the key in memory. */
1484 	freezero(passphrase1, strlen(passphrase1));
1485 	sshkey_free(private);		 /* Destroys contents */
1486 	free(comment);
1487 
1488 	printf("Your identification has been saved with the new passphrase.\n");
1489 	exit(0);
1490 }
1491 
1492 /*
1493  * Print the SSHFP RR.
1494  */
1495 static int
1496 do_print_resource_record(struct passwd *pw, char *fname, char *hname,
1497     int print_generic, char * const *opts, size_t nopts)
1498 {
1499 	struct sshkey *public;
1500 	char *comment = NULL;
1501 	struct stat st;
1502 	int r, hash = -1;
1503 	size_t i;
1504 
1505 	for (i = 0; i < nopts; i++) {
1506 		if (strncasecmp(opts[i], "hashalg=", 8) == 0) {
1507 			if ((hash = ssh_digest_alg_by_name(opts[i] + 8)) == -1)
1508 				fatal("Unsupported hash algorithm");
1509 		} else {
1510 			error("Invalid option \"%s\"", opts[i]);
1511 			return SSH_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
1512 		}
1513 	}
1514 	if (fname == NULL)
1515 		fatal_f("no filename");
1516 	if (stat(fname, &st) == -1) {
1517 		if (errno == ENOENT)
1518 			return 0;
1519 		fatal("%s: %s", fname, strerror(errno));
1520 	}
1521 	if ((r = sshkey_load_public(fname, &public, &comment)) != 0)
1522 		fatal_r(r, "Failed to read v2 public key from \"%s\"", fname);
1523 	export_dns_rr(hname, public, stdout, print_generic, hash);
1524 	sshkey_free(public);
1525 	free(comment);
1526 	return 1;
1527 }
1528 
1529 /*
1530  * Change the comment of a private key file.
1531  */
1532 static void
1533 do_change_comment(struct passwd *pw, const char *identity_comment)
1534 {
1535 	char new_comment[1024], *comment, *passphrase;
1536 	struct sshkey *private;
1537 	struct sshkey *public;
1538 	struct stat st;
1539 	int r;
1540 
1541 	if (!have_identity)
1542 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
1543 	if (stat(identity_file, &st) == -1)
1544 		fatal("%s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
1545 	if ((r = sshkey_load_private(identity_file, "",
1546 	    &private, &comment)) == 0)
1547 		passphrase = xstrdup("");
1548 	else if (r != SSH_ERR_KEY_WRONG_PASSPHRASE)
1549 		fatal_r(r, "Cannot load private key \"%s\"", identity_file);
1550 	else {
1551 		if (identity_passphrase)
1552 			passphrase = xstrdup(identity_passphrase);
1553 		else if (identity_new_passphrase)
1554 			passphrase = xstrdup(identity_new_passphrase);
1555 		else
1556 			passphrase = read_passphrase("Enter passphrase: ",
1557 			    RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
1558 		/* Try to load using the passphrase. */
1559 		if ((r = sshkey_load_private(identity_file, passphrase,
1560 		    &private, &comment)) != 0) {
1561 			freezero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
1562 			fatal_r(r, "Cannot load private key \"%s\"",
1563 			    identity_file);
1564 		}
1565 	}
1566 
1567 	if (private->type != KEY_ED25519 && private->type != KEY_XMSS &&
1568 	    private_key_format != SSHKEY_PRIVATE_OPENSSH) {
1569 		error("Comments are only supported for keys stored in "
1570 		    "the new format (-o).");
1571 		explicit_bzero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
1572 		sshkey_free(private);
1573 		exit(1);
1574 	}
1575 	if (comment)
1576 		printf("Old comment: %s\n", comment);
1577 	else
1578 		printf("No existing comment\n");
1579 
1580 	if (identity_comment) {
1581 		strlcpy(new_comment, identity_comment, sizeof(new_comment));
1582 	} else {
1583 		printf("New comment: ");
1584 		fflush(stdout);
1585 		if (!fgets(new_comment, sizeof(new_comment), stdin)) {
1586 			explicit_bzero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
1587 			sshkey_free(private);
1588 			exit(1);
1589 		}
1590 		new_comment[strcspn(new_comment, "\n")] = '\0';
1591 	}
1592 	if (comment != NULL && strcmp(comment, new_comment) == 0) {
1593 		printf("No change to comment\n");
1594 		free(passphrase);
1595 		sshkey_free(private);
1596 		free(comment);
1597 		exit(0);
1598 	}
1599 
1600 	/* Save the file using the new passphrase. */
1601 	if ((r = sshkey_save_private(private, identity_file, passphrase,
1602 	    new_comment, private_key_format, openssh_format_cipher,
1603 	    rounds)) != 0) {
1604 		error_r(r, "Saving key \"%s\" failed", identity_file);
1605 		freezero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
1606 		sshkey_free(private);
1607 		free(comment);
1608 		exit(1);
1609 	}
1610 	freezero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
1611 	if ((r = sshkey_from_private(private, &public)) != 0)
1612 		fatal_fr(r, "sshkey_from_private");
1613 	sshkey_free(private);
1614 
1615 	strlcat(identity_file, ".pub", sizeof(identity_file));
1616 	if ((r = sshkey_save_public(public, identity_file, new_comment)) != 0)
1617 		fatal_r(r, "Unable to save public key to %s", identity_file);
1618 	sshkey_free(public);
1619 	free(comment);
1620 
1621 	if (strlen(new_comment) > 0)
1622 		printf("Comment '%s' applied\n", new_comment);
1623 	else
1624 		printf("Comment removed\n");
1625 
1626 	exit(0);
1627 }
1628 
1629 static void
1630 cert_ext_add(const char *key, const char *value, int iscrit)
1631 {
1632 	cert_ext = xreallocarray(cert_ext, ncert_ext + 1, sizeof(*cert_ext));
1633 	cert_ext[ncert_ext].key = xstrdup(key);
1634 	cert_ext[ncert_ext].val = value == NULL ? NULL : xstrdup(value);
1635 	cert_ext[ncert_ext].crit = iscrit;
1636 	ncert_ext++;
1637 }
1638 
1639 /* qsort(3) comparison function for certificate extensions */
1640 static int
1641 cert_ext_cmp(const void *_a, const void *_b)
1642 {
1643 	const struct cert_ext *a = (const struct cert_ext *)_a;
1644 	const struct cert_ext *b = (const struct cert_ext *)_b;
1645 	int r;
1646 
1647 	if (a->crit != b->crit)
1648 		return (a->crit < b->crit) ? -1 : 1;
1649 	if ((r = strcmp(a->key, b->key)) != 0)
1650 		return r;
1651 	if ((a->val == NULL) != (b->val == NULL))
1652 		return (a->val == NULL) ? -1 : 1;
1653 	if (a->val != NULL && (r = strcmp(a->val, b->val)) != 0)
1654 		return r;
1655 	return 0;
1656 }
1657 
1658 #define OPTIONS_CRITICAL	1
1659 #define OPTIONS_EXTENSIONS	2
1660 static void
1661 prepare_options_buf(struct sshbuf *c, int which)
1662 {
1663 	struct sshbuf *b;
1664 	size_t i;
1665 	int r;
1666 	const struct cert_ext *ext;
1667 
1668 	if ((b = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
1669 		fatal_f("sshbuf_new failed");
1670 	sshbuf_reset(c);
1671 	for (i = 0; i < ncert_ext; i++) {
1672 		ext = &cert_ext[i];
1673 		if ((ext->crit && (which & OPTIONS_EXTENSIONS)) ||
1674 		    (!ext->crit && (which & OPTIONS_CRITICAL)))
1675 			continue;
1676 		if (ext->val == NULL) {
1677 			/* flag option */
1678 			debug3_f("%s", ext->key);
1679 			if ((r = sshbuf_put_cstring(c, ext->key)) != 0 ||
1680 			    (r = sshbuf_put_string(c, NULL, 0)) != 0)
1681 				fatal_fr(r, "prepare flag");
1682 		} else {
1683 			/* key/value option */
1684 			debug3_f("%s=%s", ext->key, ext->val);
1685 			sshbuf_reset(b);
1686 			if ((r = sshbuf_put_cstring(c, ext->key)) != 0 ||
1687 			    (r = sshbuf_put_cstring(b, ext->val)) != 0 ||
1688 			    (r = sshbuf_put_stringb(c, b)) != 0)
1689 				fatal_fr(r, "prepare k/v");
1690 		}
1691 	}
1692 	sshbuf_free(b);
1693 }
1694 
1695 static void
1696 finalise_cert_exts(void)
1697 {
1698 	/* critical options */
1699 	if (certflags_command != NULL)
1700 		cert_ext_add("force-command", certflags_command, 1);
1701 	if (certflags_src_addr != NULL)
1702 		cert_ext_add("source-address", certflags_src_addr, 1);
1703 	if ((certflags_flags & CERTOPT_REQUIRE_VERIFY) != 0)
1704 		cert_ext_add("verify-required", NULL, 1);
1705 	/* extensions */
1706 	if ((certflags_flags & CERTOPT_X_FWD) != 0)
1707 		cert_ext_add("permit-X11-forwarding", NULL, 0);
1708 	if ((certflags_flags & CERTOPT_AGENT_FWD) != 0)
1709 		cert_ext_add("permit-agent-forwarding", NULL, 0);
1710 	if ((certflags_flags & CERTOPT_PORT_FWD) != 0)
1711 		cert_ext_add("permit-port-forwarding", NULL, 0);
1712 	if ((certflags_flags & CERTOPT_PTY) != 0)
1713 		cert_ext_add("permit-pty", NULL, 0);
1714 	if ((certflags_flags & CERTOPT_USER_RC) != 0)
1715 		cert_ext_add("permit-user-rc", NULL, 0);
1716 	if ((certflags_flags & CERTOPT_NO_REQUIRE_USER_PRESENCE) != 0)
1717 		cert_ext_add("no-touch-required", NULL, 0);
1718 	/* order lexically by key */
1719 	if (ncert_ext > 0)
1720 		qsort(cert_ext, ncert_ext, sizeof(*cert_ext), cert_ext_cmp);
1721 }
1722 
1723 static struct sshkey *
1724 load_pkcs11_key(char *path)
1725 {
1726 #ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11
1727 	struct sshkey **keys = NULL, *public, *private = NULL;
1728 	int r, i, nkeys;
1729 
1730 	if ((r = sshkey_load_public(path, &public, NULL)) != 0)
1731 		fatal_r(r, "Couldn't load CA public key \"%s\"", path);
1732 
1733 	nkeys = pkcs11_add_provider(pkcs11provider, identity_passphrase,
1734 	    &keys, NULL);
1735 	debug3_f("%d keys", nkeys);
1736 	if (nkeys <= 0)
1737 		fatal("cannot read public key from pkcs11");
1738 	for (i = 0; i < nkeys; i++) {
1739 		if (sshkey_equal_public(public, keys[i])) {
1740 			private = keys[i];
1741 			continue;
1742 		}
1743 		sshkey_free(keys[i]);
1744 	}
1745 	free(keys);
1746 	sshkey_free(public);
1747 	return private;
1748 #else
1749 	fatal("no pkcs11 support");
1750 #endif /* ENABLE_PKCS11 */
1751 }
1752 
1753 /* Signer for sshkey_certify_custom that uses the agent */
1754 static int
1755 agent_signer(struct sshkey *key, u_char **sigp, size_t *lenp,
1756     const u_char *data, size_t datalen,
1757     const char *alg, const char *provider, const char *pin,
1758     u_int compat, void *ctx)
1759 {
1760 	int *agent_fdp = (int *)ctx;
1761 
1762 	return ssh_agent_sign(*agent_fdp, key, sigp, lenp,
1763 	    data, datalen, alg, compat);
1764 }
1765 
1766 static void
1767 do_ca_sign(struct passwd *pw, const char *ca_key_path, int prefer_agent,
1768     unsigned long long cert_serial, int cert_serial_autoinc,
1769     int argc, char **argv)
1770 {
1771 	int r, i, found, agent_fd = -1;
1772 	u_int n;
1773 	struct sshkey *ca, *public;
1774 	char valid[64], *otmp, *tmp, *cp, *out, *comment;
1775 	char *ca_fp = NULL, **plist = NULL, *pin = NULL;
1776 	struct ssh_identitylist *agent_ids;
1777 	size_t j;
1778 	struct notifier_ctx *notifier = NULL;
1779 
1780 #ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11
1781 	pkcs11_init(1);
1782 #endif
1783 	tmp = tilde_expand_filename(ca_key_path, pw->pw_uid);
1784 	if (pkcs11provider != NULL) {
1785 		/* If a PKCS#11 token was specified then try to use it */
1786 		if ((ca = load_pkcs11_key(tmp)) == NULL)
1787 			fatal("No PKCS#11 key matching %s found", ca_key_path);
1788 	} else if (prefer_agent) {
1789 		/*
1790 		 * Agent signature requested. Try to use agent after making
1791 		 * sure the public key specified is actually present in the
1792 		 * agent.
1793 		 */
1794 		if ((r = sshkey_load_public(tmp, &ca, NULL)) != 0)
1795 			fatal_r(r, "Cannot load CA public key %s", tmp);
1796 		if ((r = ssh_get_authentication_socket(&agent_fd)) != 0)
1797 			fatal_r(r, "Cannot use public key for CA signature");
1798 		if ((r = ssh_fetch_identitylist(agent_fd, &agent_ids)) != 0)
1799 			fatal_r(r, "Retrieve agent key list");
1800 		found = 0;
1801 		for (j = 0; j < agent_ids->nkeys; j++) {
1802 			if (sshkey_equal(ca, agent_ids->keys[j])) {
1803 				found = 1;
1804 				break;
1805 			}
1806 		}
1807 		if (!found)
1808 			fatal("CA key %s not found in agent", tmp);
1809 		ssh_free_identitylist(agent_ids);
1810 		ca->flags |= SSHKEY_FLAG_EXT;
1811 	} else {
1812 		/* CA key is assumed to be a private key on the filesystem */
1813 		ca = load_identity(tmp, NULL);
1814 		if (sshkey_is_sk(ca) &&
1815 		    (ca->sk_flags & SSH_SK_USER_VERIFICATION_REQD)) {
1816 			if ((pin = read_passphrase("Enter PIN for CA key: ",
1817 			    RP_ALLOW_STDIN)) == NULL)
1818 				fatal_f("couldn't read PIN");
1819 		}
1820 	}
1821 	free(tmp);
1822 
1823 	if (key_type_name != NULL) {
1824 		if (sshkey_type_from_name(key_type_name) != ca->type) {
1825 			fatal("CA key type %s doesn't match specified %s",
1826 			    sshkey_ssh_name(ca), key_type_name);
1827 		}
1828 	} else if (ca->type == KEY_RSA) {
1829 		/* Default to a good signature algorithm */
1830 		key_type_name = "rsa-sha2-512";
1831 	}
1832 	ca_fp = sshkey_fingerprint(ca, fingerprint_hash, SSH_FP_DEFAULT);
1833 
1834 	finalise_cert_exts();
1835 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
1836 		/* Split list of principals */
1837 		n = 0;
1838 		if (cert_principals != NULL) {
1839 			otmp = tmp = xstrdup(cert_principals);
1840 			plist = NULL;
1841 			for (; (cp = strsep(&tmp, ",")) != NULL; n++) {
1842 				plist = xreallocarray(plist, n + 1, sizeof(*plist));
1843 				if (*(plist[n] = xstrdup(cp)) == '\0')
1844 					fatal("Empty principal name");
1845 			}
1846 			free(otmp);
1847 		}
1848 		if (n > SSHKEY_CERT_MAX_PRINCIPALS)
1849 			fatal("Too many certificate principals specified");
1850 
1851 		tmp = tilde_expand_filename(argv[i], pw->pw_uid);
1852 		if ((r = sshkey_load_public(tmp, &public, &comment)) != 0)
1853 			fatal_r(r, "load pubkey \"%s\"", tmp);
1854 		if (sshkey_is_cert(public))
1855 			fatal_f("key \"%s\" type %s cannot be certified",
1856 			    tmp, sshkey_type(public));
1857 
1858 		/* Prepare certificate to sign */
1859 		if ((r = sshkey_to_certified(public)) != 0)
1860 			fatal_r(r, "Could not upgrade key %s to certificate", tmp);
1861 		public->cert->type = cert_key_type;
1862 		public->cert->serial = (u_int64_t)cert_serial;
1863 		public->cert->key_id = xstrdup(cert_key_id);
1864 		public->cert->nprincipals = n;
1865 		public->cert->principals = plist;
1866 		public->cert->valid_after = cert_valid_from;
1867 		public->cert->valid_before = cert_valid_to;
1868 		prepare_options_buf(public->cert->critical, OPTIONS_CRITICAL);
1869 		prepare_options_buf(public->cert->extensions,
1870 		    OPTIONS_EXTENSIONS);
1871 		if ((r = sshkey_from_private(ca,
1872 		    &public->cert->signature_key)) != 0)
1873 			fatal_r(r, "sshkey_from_private (ca key)");
1874 
1875 		if (agent_fd != -1 && (ca->flags & SSHKEY_FLAG_EXT) != 0) {
1876 			if ((r = sshkey_certify_custom(public, ca,
1877 			    key_type_name, sk_provider, NULL, agent_signer,
1878 			    &agent_fd)) != 0)
1879 				fatal_r(r, "Couldn't certify %s via agent", tmp);
1880 		} else {
1881 			if (sshkey_is_sk(ca) &&
1882 			    (ca->sk_flags & SSH_SK_USER_PRESENCE_REQD)) {
1883 				notifier = notify_start(0,
1884 				    "Confirm user presence for key %s %s",
1885 				    sshkey_type(ca), ca_fp);
1886 			}
1887 			r = sshkey_certify(public, ca, key_type_name,
1888 			    sk_provider, pin);
1889 			notify_complete(notifier, "User presence confirmed");
1890 			if (r != 0)
1891 				fatal_r(r, "Couldn't certify key %s", tmp);
1892 		}
1893 
1894 		if ((cp = strrchr(tmp, '.')) != NULL && strcmp(cp, ".pub") == 0)
1895 			*cp = '\0';
1896 		xasprintf(&out, "%s-cert.pub", tmp);
1897 		free(tmp);
1898 
1899 		if ((r = sshkey_save_public(public, out, comment)) != 0) {
1900 			fatal_r(r, "Unable to save public key to %s",
1901 			    identity_file);
1902 		}
1903 
1904 		if (!quiet) {
1905 			sshkey_format_cert_validity(public->cert,
1906 			    valid, sizeof(valid));
1907 			logit("Signed %s key %s: id \"%s\" serial %llu%s%s "
1908 			    "valid %s", sshkey_cert_type(public),
1909 			    out, public->cert->key_id,
1910 			    (unsigned long long)public->cert->serial,
1911 			    cert_principals != NULL ? " for " : "",
1912 			    cert_principals != NULL ? cert_principals : "",
1913 			    valid);
1914 		}
1915 
1916 		sshkey_free(public);
1917 		free(out);
1918 		if (cert_serial_autoinc)
1919 			cert_serial++;
1920 	}
1921 	if (pin != NULL)
1922 		freezero(pin, strlen(pin));
1923 	free(ca_fp);
1924 #ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11
1925 	pkcs11_terminate();
1926 #endif
1927 	exit(0);
1928 }
1929 
1930 static u_int64_t
1931 parse_relative_time(const char *s, time_t now)
1932 {
1933 	int64_t mul, secs;
1934 
1935 	mul = *s == '-' ? -1 : 1;
1936 
1937 	if ((secs = convtime(s + 1)) == -1)
1938 		fatal("Invalid relative certificate time %s", s);
1939 	if (mul == -1 && secs > now)
1940 		fatal("Certificate time %s cannot be represented", s);
1941 	return now + (u_int64_t)(secs * mul);
1942 }
1943 
1944 static void
1945 parse_hex_u64(const char *s, uint64_t *up)
1946 {
1947 	char *ep;
1948 	unsigned long long ull;
1949 
1950 	errno = 0;
1951 	ull = strtoull(s, &ep, 16);
1952 	if (*s == '\0' || *ep != '\0')
1953 		fatal("Invalid certificate time: not a number");
1954 	if (errno == ERANGE && ull == ULONG_MAX)
1955 		fatal_fr(SSH_ERR_SYSTEM_ERROR, "Invalid certificate time");
1956 	*up = (uint64_t)ull;
1957 }
1958 
1959 static void
1960 parse_cert_times(char *timespec)
1961 {
1962 	char *from, *to;
1963 	time_t now = time(NULL);
1964 	int64_t secs;
1965 
1966 	/* +timespec relative to now */
1967 	if (*timespec == '+' && strchr(timespec, ':') == NULL) {
1968 		if ((secs = convtime(timespec + 1)) == -1)
1969 			fatal("Invalid relative certificate life %s", timespec);
1970 		cert_valid_to = now + secs;
1971 		/*
1972 		 * Backdate certificate one minute to avoid problems on hosts
1973 		 * with poorly-synchronised clocks.
1974 		 */
1975 		cert_valid_from = ((now - 59)/ 60) * 60;
1976 		return;
1977 	}
1978 
1979 	/*
1980 	 * from:to, where
1981 	 * from := [+-]timespec | YYYYMMDD | YYYYMMDDHHMMSS | 0x... | "always"
1982 	 *   to := [+-]timespec | YYYYMMDD | YYYYMMDDHHMMSS | 0x... | "forever"
1983 	 */
1984 	from = xstrdup(timespec);
1985 	to = strchr(from, ':');
1986 	if (to == NULL || from == to || *(to + 1) == '\0')
1987 		fatal("Invalid certificate life specification %s", timespec);
1988 	*to++ = '\0';
1989 
1990 	if (*from == '-' || *from == '+')
1991 		cert_valid_from = parse_relative_time(from, now);
1992 	else if (strcmp(from, "always") == 0)
1993 		cert_valid_from = 0;
1994 	else if (strncmp(from, "0x", 2) == 0)
1995 		parse_hex_u64(from, &cert_valid_from);
1996 	else if (parse_absolute_time(from, &cert_valid_from) != 0)
1997 		fatal("Invalid from time \"%s\"", from);
1998 
1999 	if (*to == '-' || *to == '+')
2000 		cert_valid_to = parse_relative_time(to, now);
2001 	else if (strcmp(to, "forever") == 0)
2002 		cert_valid_to = ~(u_int64_t)0;
2003 	else if (strncmp(to, "0x", 2) == 0)
2004 		parse_hex_u64(to, &cert_valid_to);
2005 	else if (parse_absolute_time(to, &cert_valid_to) != 0)
2006 		fatal("Invalid to time \"%s\"", to);
2007 
2008 	if (cert_valid_to <= cert_valid_from)
2009 		fatal("Empty certificate validity interval");
2010 	free(from);
2011 }
2012 
2013 static void
2014 add_cert_option(char *opt)
2015 {
2016 	char *val, *cp;
2017 	int iscrit = 0;
2018 
2019 	if (strcasecmp(opt, "clear") == 0)
2020 		certflags_flags = 0;
2021 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "no-x11-forwarding") == 0)
2022 		certflags_flags &= ~CERTOPT_X_FWD;
2023 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "permit-x11-forwarding") == 0)
2024 		certflags_flags |= CERTOPT_X_FWD;
2025 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "no-agent-forwarding") == 0)
2026 		certflags_flags &= ~CERTOPT_AGENT_FWD;
2027 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "permit-agent-forwarding") == 0)
2028 		certflags_flags |= CERTOPT_AGENT_FWD;
2029 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "no-port-forwarding") == 0)
2030 		certflags_flags &= ~CERTOPT_PORT_FWD;
2031 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "permit-port-forwarding") == 0)
2032 		certflags_flags |= CERTOPT_PORT_FWD;
2033 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "no-pty") == 0)
2034 		certflags_flags &= ~CERTOPT_PTY;
2035 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "permit-pty") == 0)
2036 		certflags_flags |= CERTOPT_PTY;
2037 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "no-user-rc") == 0)
2038 		certflags_flags &= ~CERTOPT_USER_RC;
2039 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "permit-user-rc") == 0)
2040 		certflags_flags |= CERTOPT_USER_RC;
2041 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "touch-required") == 0)
2042 		certflags_flags &= ~CERTOPT_NO_REQUIRE_USER_PRESENCE;
2043 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "no-touch-required") == 0)
2044 		certflags_flags |= CERTOPT_NO_REQUIRE_USER_PRESENCE;
2045 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "no-verify-required") == 0)
2046 		certflags_flags &= ~CERTOPT_REQUIRE_VERIFY;
2047 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "verify-required") == 0)
2048 		certflags_flags |= CERTOPT_REQUIRE_VERIFY;
2049 	else if (strncasecmp(opt, "force-command=", 14) == 0) {
2050 		val = opt + 14;
2051 		if (*val == '\0')
2052 			fatal("Empty force-command option");
2053 		if (certflags_command != NULL)
2054 			fatal("force-command already specified");
2055 		certflags_command = xstrdup(val);
2056 	} else if (strncasecmp(opt, "source-address=", 15) == 0) {
2057 		val = opt + 15;
2058 		if (*val == '\0')
2059 			fatal("Empty source-address option");
2060 		if (certflags_src_addr != NULL)
2061 			fatal("source-address already specified");
2062 		if (addr_match_cidr_list(NULL, val) != 0)
2063 			fatal("Invalid source-address list");
2064 		certflags_src_addr = xstrdup(val);
2065 	} else if (strncasecmp(opt, "extension:", 10) == 0 ||
2066 		    (iscrit = (strncasecmp(opt, "critical:", 9) == 0))) {
2067 		val = xstrdup(strchr(opt, ':') + 1);
2068 		if ((cp = strchr(val, '=')) != NULL)
2069 			*cp++ = '\0';
2070 		cert_ext_add(val, cp, iscrit);
2071 		free(val);
2072 	} else
2073 		fatal("Unsupported certificate option \"%s\"", opt);
2074 }
2075 
2076 static void
2077 show_options(struct sshbuf *optbuf, int in_critical)
2078 {
2079 	char *name, *arg, *hex;
2080 	struct sshbuf *options, *option = NULL;
2081 	int r;
2082 
2083 	if ((options = sshbuf_fromb(optbuf)) == NULL)
2084 		fatal_f("sshbuf_fromb failed");
2085 	while (sshbuf_len(options) != 0) {
2086 		sshbuf_free(option);
2087 		option = NULL;
2088 		if ((r = sshbuf_get_cstring(options, &name, NULL)) != 0 ||
2089 		    (r = sshbuf_froms(options, &option)) != 0)
2090 			fatal_fr(r, "parse option");
2091 		printf("                %s", name);
2092 		if (!in_critical &&
2093 		    (strcmp(name, "permit-X11-forwarding") == 0 ||
2094 		    strcmp(name, "permit-agent-forwarding") == 0 ||
2095 		    strcmp(name, "permit-port-forwarding") == 0 ||
2096 		    strcmp(name, "permit-pty") == 0 ||
2097 		    strcmp(name, "permit-user-rc") == 0 ||
2098 		    strcmp(name, "no-touch-required") == 0)) {
2099 			printf("\n");
2100 		} else if (in_critical &&
2101 		    (strcmp(name, "force-command") == 0 ||
2102 		    strcmp(name, "source-address") == 0)) {
2103 			if ((r = sshbuf_get_cstring(option, &arg, NULL)) != 0)
2104 				fatal_fr(r, "parse critical");
2105 			printf(" %s\n", arg);
2106 			free(arg);
2107 		} else if (in_critical &&
2108 		    strcmp(name, "verify-required") == 0) {
2109 			printf("\n");
2110 		} else if (sshbuf_len(option) > 0) {
2111 			hex = sshbuf_dtob16(option);
2112 			printf(" UNKNOWN OPTION: %s (len %zu)\n",
2113 			    hex, sshbuf_len(option));
2114 			sshbuf_reset(option);
2115 			free(hex);
2116 		} else
2117 			printf(" UNKNOWN FLAG OPTION\n");
2118 		free(name);
2119 		if (sshbuf_len(option) != 0)
2120 			fatal("Option corrupt: extra data at end");
2121 	}
2122 	sshbuf_free(option);
2123 	sshbuf_free(options);
2124 }
2125 
2126 static void
2127 print_cert(struct sshkey *key)
2128 {
2129 	char valid[64], *key_fp, *ca_fp;
2130 	u_int i;
2131 
2132 	key_fp = sshkey_fingerprint(key, fingerprint_hash, SSH_FP_DEFAULT);
2133 	ca_fp = sshkey_fingerprint(key->cert->signature_key,
2134 	    fingerprint_hash, SSH_FP_DEFAULT);
2135 	if (key_fp == NULL || ca_fp == NULL)
2136 		fatal_f("sshkey_fingerprint fail");
2137 	sshkey_format_cert_validity(key->cert, valid, sizeof(valid));
2138 
2139 	printf("        Type: %s %s certificate\n", sshkey_ssh_name(key),
2140 	    sshkey_cert_type(key));
2141 	printf("        Public key: %s %s\n", sshkey_type(key), key_fp);
2142 	printf("        Signing CA: %s %s (using %s)\n",
2143 	    sshkey_type(key->cert->signature_key), ca_fp,
2144 	    key->cert->signature_type);
2145 	printf("        Key ID: \"%s\"\n", key->cert->key_id);
2146 	printf("        Serial: %llu\n", (unsigned long long)key->cert->serial);
2147 	printf("        Valid: %s\n", valid);
2148 	printf("        Principals: ");
2149 	if (key->cert->nprincipals == 0)
2150 		printf("(none)\n");
2151 	else {
2152 		for (i = 0; i < key->cert->nprincipals; i++)
2153 			printf("\n                %s",
2154 			    key->cert->principals[i]);
2155 		printf("\n");
2156 	}
2157 	printf("        Critical Options: ");
2158 	if (sshbuf_len(key->cert->critical) == 0)
2159 		printf("(none)\n");
2160 	else {
2161 		printf("\n");
2162 		show_options(key->cert->critical, 1);
2163 	}
2164 	printf("        Extensions: ");
2165 	if (sshbuf_len(key->cert->extensions) == 0)
2166 		printf("(none)\n");
2167 	else {
2168 		printf("\n");
2169 		show_options(key->cert->extensions, 0);
2170 	}
2171 }
2172 
2173 static void
2174 do_show_cert(struct passwd *pw)
2175 {
2176 	struct sshkey *key = NULL;
2177 	struct stat st;
2178 	int r, is_stdin = 0, ok = 0;
2179 	FILE *f;
2180 	char *cp, *line = NULL;
2181 	const char *path;
2182 	size_t linesize = 0;
2183 	u_long lnum = 0;
2184 
2185 	if (!have_identity)
2186 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
2187 	if (strcmp(identity_file, "-") != 0 && stat(identity_file, &st) == -1)
2188 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, identity_file, strerror(errno));
2189 
2190 	path = identity_file;
2191 	if (strcmp(path, "-") == 0) {
2192 		f = stdin;
2193 		path = "(stdin)";
2194 		is_stdin = 1;
2195 	} else if ((f = fopen(identity_file, "r")) == NULL)
2196 		fatal("fopen %s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
2197 
2198 	while (getline(&line, &linesize, f) != -1) {
2199 		lnum++;
2200 		sshkey_free(key);
2201 		key = NULL;
2202 		/* Trim leading space and comments */
2203 		cp = line + strspn(line, " \t");
2204 		if (*cp == '#' || *cp == '\0')
2205 			continue;
2206 		if ((key = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
2207 			fatal("sshkey_new");
2208 		if ((r = sshkey_read(key, &cp)) != 0) {
2209 			error_r(r, "%s:%lu: invalid key", path, lnum);
2210 			continue;
2211 		}
2212 		if (!sshkey_is_cert(key)) {
2213 			error("%s:%lu is not a certificate", path, lnum);
2214 			continue;
2215 		}
2216 		ok = 1;
2217 		if (!is_stdin && lnum == 1)
2218 			printf("%s:\n", path);
2219 		else
2220 			printf("%s:%lu:\n", path, lnum);
2221 		print_cert(key);
2222 	}
2223 	free(line);
2224 	sshkey_free(key);
2225 	fclose(f);
2226 	exit(ok ? 0 : 1);
2227 }
2228 
2229 static void
2230 load_krl(const char *path, struct ssh_krl **krlp)
2231 {
2232 	struct sshbuf *krlbuf;
2233 	int r;
2234 
2235 	if ((r = sshbuf_load_file(path, &krlbuf)) != 0)
2236 		fatal_r(r, "Unable to load KRL %s", path);
2237 	/* XXX check sigs */
2238 	if ((r = ssh_krl_from_blob(krlbuf, krlp)) != 0 ||
2239 	    *krlp == NULL)
2240 		fatal_r(r, "Invalid KRL file %s", path);
2241 	sshbuf_free(krlbuf);
2242 }
2243 
2244 static void
2245 hash_to_blob(const char *cp, u_char **blobp, size_t *lenp,
2246     const char *file, u_long lnum)
2247 {
2248 	char *tmp;
2249 	size_t tlen;
2250 	struct sshbuf *b;
2251 	int r;
2252 
2253 	if (strncmp(cp, "SHA256:", 7) != 0)
2254 		fatal("%s:%lu: unsupported hash algorithm", file, lnum);
2255 	cp += 7;
2256 
2257 	/*
2258 	 * OpenSSH base64 hashes omit trailing '='
2259 	 * characters; put them back for decode.
2260 	 */
2261 	if ((tlen = strlen(cp)) >= SIZE_MAX - 5)
2262 		fatal_f("hash too long: %zu bytes", tlen);
2263 	tmp = xmalloc(tlen + 4 + 1);
2264 	strlcpy(tmp, cp, tlen + 1);
2265 	while ((tlen % 4) != 0) {
2266 		tmp[tlen++] = '=';
2267 		tmp[tlen] = '\0';
2268 	}
2269 	if ((b = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
2270 		fatal_f("sshbuf_new failed");
2271 	if ((r = sshbuf_b64tod(b, tmp)) != 0)
2272 		fatal_r(r, "%s:%lu: decode hash failed", file, lnum);
2273 	free(tmp);
2274 	*lenp = sshbuf_len(b);
2275 	*blobp = xmalloc(*lenp);
2276 	memcpy(*blobp, sshbuf_ptr(b), *lenp);
2277 	sshbuf_free(b);
2278 }
2279 
2280 static void
2281 update_krl_from_file(struct passwd *pw, const char *file, int wild_ca,
2282     const struct sshkey *ca, struct ssh_krl *krl)
2283 {
2284 	struct sshkey *key = NULL;
2285 	u_long lnum = 0;
2286 	char *path, *cp, *ep, *line = NULL;
2287 	u_char *blob = NULL;
2288 	size_t blen = 0, linesize = 0;
2289 	unsigned long long serial, serial2;
2290 	int i, was_explicit_key, was_sha1, was_sha256, was_hash, r;
2291 	FILE *krl_spec;
2292 
2293 	path = tilde_expand_filename(file, pw->pw_uid);
2294 	if (strcmp(path, "-") == 0) {
2295 		krl_spec = stdin;
2296 		free(path);
2297 		path = xstrdup("(standard input)");
2298 	} else if ((krl_spec = fopen(path, "r")) == NULL)
2299 		fatal("fopen %s: %s", path, strerror(errno));
2300 
2301 	if (!quiet)
2302 		printf("Revoking from %s\n", path);
2303 	while (getline(&line, &linesize, krl_spec) != -1) {
2304 		if (linesize >= INT_MAX) {
2305 			fatal_f("%s contains unparsable line, len=%zu",
2306 			    path, linesize);
2307 		}
2308 		lnum++;
2309 		was_explicit_key = was_sha1 = was_sha256 = was_hash = 0;
2310 		cp = line + strspn(line, " \t");
2311 		/* Trim trailing space, comments and strip \n */
2312 		for (i = 0, r = -1; cp[i] != '\0'; i++) {
2313 			if (cp[i] == '#' || cp[i] == '\n') {
2314 				cp[i] = '\0';
2315 				break;
2316 			}
2317 			if (cp[i] == ' ' || cp[i] == '\t') {
2318 				/* Remember the start of a span of whitespace */
2319 				if (r == -1)
2320 					r = i;
2321 			} else
2322 				r = -1;
2323 		}
2324 		if (r != -1)
2325 			cp[r] = '\0';
2326 		if (*cp == '\0')
2327 			continue;
2328 		if (strncasecmp(cp, "serial:", 7) == 0) {
2329 			if (ca == NULL && !wild_ca) {
2330 				fatal("revoking certificates by serial number "
2331 				    "requires specification of a CA key");
2332 			}
2333 			cp += 7;
2334 			cp = cp + strspn(cp, " \t");
2335 			errno = 0;
2336 			serial = strtoull(cp, &ep, 0);
2337 			if (*cp == '\0' || (*ep != '\0' && *ep != '-'))
2338 				fatal("%s:%lu: invalid serial \"%s\"",
2339 				    path, lnum, cp);
2340 			if (errno == ERANGE && serial == ULLONG_MAX)
2341 				fatal("%s:%lu: serial out of range",
2342 				    path, lnum);
2343 			serial2 = serial;
2344 			if (*ep == '-') {
2345 				cp = ep + 1;
2346 				errno = 0;
2347 				serial2 = strtoull(cp, &ep, 0);
2348 				if (*cp == '\0' || *ep != '\0')
2349 					fatal("%s:%lu: invalid serial \"%s\"",
2350 					    path, lnum, cp);
2351 				if (errno == ERANGE && serial2 == ULLONG_MAX)
2352 					fatal("%s:%lu: serial out of range",
2353 					    path, lnum);
2354 				if (serial2 <= serial)
2355 					fatal("%s:%lu: invalid serial range "
2356 					    "%llu:%llu", path, lnum,
2357 					    (unsigned long long)serial,
2358 					    (unsigned long long)serial2);
2359 			}
2360 			if (ssh_krl_revoke_cert_by_serial_range(krl,
2361 			    ca, serial, serial2) != 0) {
2362 				fatal_f("revoke serial failed");
2363 			}
2364 		} else if (strncasecmp(cp, "id:", 3) == 0) {
2365 			if (ca == NULL && !wild_ca) {
2366 				fatal("revoking certificates by key ID "
2367 				    "requires specification of a CA key");
2368 			}
2369 			cp += 3;
2370 			cp = cp + strspn(cp, " \t");
2371 			if (ssh_krl_revoke_cert_by_key_id(krl, ca, cp) != 0)
2372 				fatal_f("revoke key ID failed");
2373 		} else if (strncasecmp(cp, "hash:", 5) == 0) {
2374 			cp += 5;
2375 			cp = cp + strspn(cp, " \t");
2376 			hash_to_blob(cp, &blob, &blen, file, lnum);
2377 			r = ssh_krl_revoke_key_sha256(krl, blob, blen);
2378 			if (r != 0)
2379 				fatal_fr(r, "revoke key failed");
2380 		} else {
2381 			if (strncasecmp(cp, "key:", 4) == 0) {
2382 				cp += 4;
2383 				cp = cp + strspn(cp, " \t");
2384 				was_explicit_key = 1;
2385 			} else if (strncasecmp(cp, "sha1:", 5) == 0) {
2386 				cp += 5;
2387 				cp = cp + strspn(cp, " \t");
2388 				was_sha1 = 1;
2389 			} else if (strncasecmp(cp, "sha256:", 7) == 0) {
2390 				cp += 7;
2391 				cp = cp + strspn(cp, " \t");
2392 				was_sha256 = 1;
2393 				/*
2394 				 * Just try to process the line as a key.
2395 				 * Parsing will fail if it isn't.
2396 				 */
2397 			}
2398 			if ((key = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
2399 				fatal("sshkey_new");
2400 			if ((r = sshkey_read(key, &cp)) != 0)
2401 				fatal_r(r, "%s:%lu: invalid key", path, lnum);
2402 			if (was_explicit_key)
2403 				r = ssh_krl_revoke_key_explicit(krl, key);
2404 			else if (was_sha1) {
2405 				if (sshkey_fingerprint_raw(key,
2406 				    SSH_DIGEST_SHA1, &blob, &blen) != 0) {
2407 					fatal("%s:%lu: fingerprint failed",
2408 					    file, lnum);
2409 				}
2410 				r = ssh_krl_revoke_key_sha1(krl, blob, blen);
2411 			} else if (was_sha256) {
2412 				if (sshkey_fingerprint_raw(key,
2413 				    SSH_DIGEST_SHA256, &blob, &blen) != 0) {
2414 					fatal("%s:%lu: fingerprint failed",
2415 					    file, lnum);
2416 				}
2417 				r = ssh_krl_revoke_key_sha256(krl, blob, blen);
2418 			} else
2419 				r = ssh_krl_revoke_key(krl, key);
2420 			if (r != 0)
2421 				fatal_fr(r, "revoke key failed");
2422 			freezero(blob, blen);
2423 			blob = NULL;
2424 			blen = 0;
2425 			sshkey_free(key);
2426 		}
2427 	}
2428 	if (strcmp(path, "-") != 0)
2429 		fclose(krl_spec);
2430 	free(line);
2431 	free(path);
2432 }
2433 
2434 static void
2435 do_gen_krl(struct passwd *pw, int updating, const char *ca_key_path,
2436     unsigned long long krl_version, const char *krl_comment,
2437     int argc, char **argv)
2438 {
2439 	struct ssh_krl *krl;
2440 	struct stat sb;
2441 	struct sshkey *ca = NULL;
2442 	int i, r, wild_ca = 0;
2443 	char *tmp;
2444 	struct sshbuf *kbuf;
2445 
2446 	if (*identity_file == '\0')
2447 		fatal("KRL generation requires an output file");
2448 	if (stat(identity_file, &sb) == -1) {
2449 		if (errno != ENOENT)
2450 			fatal("Cannot access KRL \"%s\": %s",
2451 			    identity_file, strerror(errno));
2452 		if (updating)
2453 			fatal("KRL \"%s\" does not exist", identity_file);
2454 	}
2455 	if (ca_key_path != NULL) {
2456 		if (strcasecmp(ca_key_path, "none") == 0)
2457 			wild_ca = 1;
2458 		else {
2459 			tmp = tilde_expand_filename(ca_key_path, pw->pw_uid);
2460 			if ((r = sshkey_load_public(tmp, &ca, NULL)) != 0)
2461 				fatal_r(r, "Cannot load CA public key %s", tmp);
2462 			free(tmp);
2463 		}
2464 	}
2465 
2466 	if (updating)
2467 		load_krl(identity_file, &krl);
2468 	else if ((krl = ssh_krl_init()) == NULL)
2469 		fatal("couldn't create KRL");
2470 
2471 	if (krl_version != 0)
2472 		ssh_krl_set_version(krl, krl_version);
2473 	if (krl_comment != NULL)
2474 		ssh_krl_set_comment(krl, krl_comment);
2475 
2476 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
2477 		update_krl_from_file(pw, argv[i], wild_ca, ca, krl);
2478 
2479 	if ((kbuf = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
2480 		fatal("sshbuf_new failed");
2481 	if (ssh_krl_to_blob(krl, kbuf) != 0)
2482 		fatal("Couldn't generate KRL");
2483 	if ((r = sshbuf_write_file(identity_file, kbuf)) != 0)
2484 		fatal("write %s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
2485 	sshbuf_free(kbuf);
2486 	ssh_krl_free(krl);
2487 	sshkey_free(ca);
2488 }
2489 
2490 static void
2491 do_check_krl(struct passwd *pw, int print_krl, int argc, char **argv)
2492 {
2493 	int i, r, ret = 0;
2494 	char *comment;
2495 	struct ssh_krl *krl;
2496 	struct sshkey *k;
2497 
2498 	if (*identity_file == '\0')
2499 		fatal("KRL checking requires an input file");
2500 	load_krl(identity_file, &krl);
2501 	if (print_krl)
2502 		krl_dump(krl, stdout);
2503 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
2504 		if ((r = sshkey_load_public(argv[i], &k, &comment)) != 0)
2505 			fatal_r(r, "Cannot load public key %s", argv[i]);
2506 		r = ssh_krl_check_key(krl, k);
2507 		printf("%s%s%s%s: %s\n", argv[i],
2508 		    *comment ? " (" : "", comment, *comment ? ")" : "",
2509 		    r == 0 ? "ok" : "REVOKED");
2510 		if (r != 0)
2511 			ret = 1;
2512 		sshkey_free(k);
2513 		free(comment);
2514 	}
2515 	ssh_krl_free(krl);
2516 	exit(ret);
2517 }
2518 
2519 static struct sshkey *
2520 load_sign_key(const char *keypath, const struct sshkey *pubkey)
2521 {
2522 	size_t i, slen, plen = strlen(keypath);
2523 	char *privpath = xstrdup(keypath);
2524 	static const char * const suffixes[] = { "-cert.pub", ".pub", NULL };
2525 	struct sshkey *ret = NULL, *privkey = NULL;
2526 	int r, waspub = 0;
2527 	struct stat st;
2528 
2529 	/*
2530 	 * If passed a public key filename, then try to locate the corresponding
2531 	 * private key. This lets us specify certificates on the command-line
2532 	 * and have ssh-keygen find the appropriate private key.
2533 	 */
2534 	for (i = 0; suffixes[i]; i++) {
2535 		slen = strlen(suffixes[i]);
2536 		if (plen <= slen ||
2537 		    strcmp(privpath + plen - slen, suffixes[i]) != 0)
2538 			continue;
2539 		privpath[plen - slen] = '\0';
2540 		debug_f("%s looks like a public key, using private key "
2541 		    "path %s instead", keypath, privpath);
2542 		waspub = 1;
2543 	}
2544 	if (waspub && stat(privpath, &st) != 0 && errno == ENOENT)
2545 		fatal("No private key found for public key \"%s\"", keypath);
2546 	if ((r = sshkey_load_private(privpath, "", &privkey, NULL)) != 0 &&
2547 	    (r != SSH_ERR_KEY_WRONG_PASSPHRASE)) {
2548 		debug_fr(r, "load private key \"%s\"", privpath);
2549 		fatal("No private key found for \"%s\"", privpath);
2550 	} else if (privkey == NULL)
2551 		privkey = load_identity(privpath, NULL);
2552 
2553 	if (!sshkey_equal_public(pubkey, privkey)) {
2554 		error("Public key %s doesn't match private %s",
2555 		    keypath, privpath);
2556 		goto done;
2557 	}
2558 	if (sshkey_is_cert(pubkey) && !sshkey_is_cert(privkey)) {
2559 		/*
2560 		 * Graft the certificate onto the private key to make
2561 		 * it capable of signing.
2562 		 */
2563 		if ((r = sshkey_to_certified(privkey)) != 0) {
2564 			error_fr(r, "sshkey_to_certified");
2565 			goto done;
2566 		}
2567 		if ((r = sshkey_cert_copy(pubkey, privkey)) != 0) {
2568 			error_fr(r, "sshkey_cert_copy");
2569 			goto done;
2570 		}
2571 	}
2572 	/* success */
2573 	ret = privkey;
2574 	privkey = NULL;
2575  done:
2576 	sshkey_free(privkey);
2577 	free(privpath);
2578 	return ret;
2579 }
2580 
2581 static int
2582 sign_one(struct sshkey *signkey, const char *filename, int fd,
2583     const char *sig_namespace, const char *hashalg, sshsig_signer *signer,
2584     void *signer_ctx)
2585 {
2586 	struct sshbuf *sigbuf = NULL, *abuf = NULL;
2587 	int r = SSH_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR, wfd = -1, oerrno;
2588 	char *wfile = NULL, *asig = NULL, *fp = NULL;
2589 	char *pin = NULL, *prompt = NULL;
2590 
2591 	if (!quiet) {
2592 		if (fd == STDIN_FILENO)
2593 			fprintf(stderr, "Signing data on standard input\n");
2594 		else
2595 			fprintf(stderr, "Signing file %s\n", filename);
2596 	}
2597 	if (signer == NULL && sshkey_is_sk(signkey)) {
2598 		if ((signkey->sk_flags & SSH_SK_USER_VERIFICATION_REQD)) {
2599 			xasprintf(&prompt, "Enter PIN for %s key: ",
2600 			    sshkey_type(signkey));
2601 			if ((pin = read_passphrase(prompt,
2602 			    RP_ALLOW_STDIN)) == NULL)
2603 				fatal_f("couldn't read PIN");
2604 		}
2605 		if ((signkey->sk_flags & SSH_SK_USER_PRESENCE_REQD)) {
2606 			if ((fp = sshkey_fingerprint(signkey, fingerprint_hash,
2607 			    SSH_FP_DEFAULT)) == NULL)
2608 				fatal_f("fingerprint failed");
2609 			fprintf(stderr, "Confirm user presence for key %s %s\n",
2610 			    sshkey_type(signkey), fp);
2611 			free(fp);
2612 		}
2613 	}
2614 	if ((r = sshsig_sign_fd(signkey, hashalg, sk_provider, pin,
2615 	    fd, sig_namespace, &sigbuf, signer, signer_ctx)) != 0) {
2616 		error_r(r, "Signing %s failed", filename);
2617 		goto out;
2618 	}
2619 	if ((r = sshsig_armor(sigbuf, &abuf)) != 0) {
2620 		error_fr(r, "sshsig_armor");
2621 		goto out;
2622 	}
2623 	if ((asig = sshbuf_dup_string(abuf)) == NULL) {
2624 		error_f("buffer error");
2625 		r = SSH_ERR_ALLOC_FAIL;
2626 		goto out;
2627 	}
2628 
2629 	if (fd == STDIN_FILENO) {
2630 		fputs(asig, stdout);
2631 		fflush(stdout);
2632 	} else {
2633 		xasprintf(&wfile, "%s.sig", filename);
2634 		if (confirm_overwrite(wfile)) {
2635 			if ((wfd = open(wfile, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC,
2636 			    0666)) == -1) {
2637 				oerrno = errno;
2638 				error("Cannot open %s: %s",
2639 				    wfile, strerror(errno));
2640 				errno = oerrno;
2641 				r = SSH_ERR_SYSTEM_ERROR;
2642 				goto out;
2643 			}
2644 			if (atomicio(vwrite, wfd, asig,
2645 			    strlen(asig)) != strlen(asig)) {
2646 				oerrno = errno;
2647 				error("Cannot write to %s: %s",
2648 				    wfile, strerror(errno));
2649 				errno = oerrno;
2650 				r = SSH_ERR_SYSTEM_ERROR;
2651 				goto out;
2652 			}
2653 			if (!quiet) {
2654 				fprintf(stderr, "Write signature to %s\n",
2655 				    wfile);
2656 			}
2657 		}
2658 	}
2659 	/* success */
2660 	r = 0;
2661  out:
2662 	free(wfile);
2663 	free(prompt);
2664 	free(asig);
2665 	if (pin != NULL)
2666 		freezero(pin, strlen(pin));
2667 	sshbuf_free(abuf);
2668 	sshbuf_free(sigbuf);
2669 	if (wfd != -1)
2670 		close(wfd);
2671 	return r;
2672 }
2673 
2674 static int
2675 sig_process_opts(char * const *opts, size_t nopts, char **hashalgp,
2676     uint64_t *verify_timep, int *print_pubkey)
2677 {
2678 	size_t i;
2679 	time_t now;
2680 
2681 	if (verify_timep != NULL)
2682 		*verify_timep = 0;
2683 	if (print_pubkey != NULL)
2684 		*print_pubkey = 0;
2685 	if (hashalgp != NULL)
2686 		*hashalgp = NULL;
2687 	for (i = 0; i < nopts; i++) {
2688 		if (hashalgp != NULL &&
2689 		    strncasecmp(opts[i], "hashalg=", 8) == 0) {
2690 			*hashalgp = xstrdup(opts[i] + 8);
2691 		} else if (verify_timep &&
2692 		    strncasecmp(opts[i], "verify-time=", 12) == 0) {
2693 			if (parse_absolute_time(opts[i] + 12,
2694 			    verify_timep) != 0 || *verify_timep == 0) {
2695 				error("Invalid \"verify-time\" option");
2696 				return SSH_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
2697 			}
2698 		} else if (print_pubkey &&
2699 		    strcasecmp(opts[i], "print-pubkey") == 0) {
2700 			*print_pubkey = 1;
2701 		} else {
2702 			error("Invalid option \"%s\"", opts[i]);
2703 			return SSH_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
2704 		}
2705 	}
2706 	if (verify_timep && *verify_timep == 0) {
2707 		if ((now = time(NULL)) < 0) {
2708 			error("Time is before epoch");
2709 			return SSH_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
2710 		}
2711 		*verify_timep = (uint64_t)now;
2712 	}
2713 	return 0;
2714 }
2715 
2716 
2717 static int
2718 sig_sign(const char *keypath, const char *sig_namespace, int require_agent,
2719     int argc, char **argv, char * const *opts, size_t nopts)
2720 {
2721 	int i, fd = -1, r, ret = -1;
2722 	int agent_fd = -1;
2723 	struct sshkey *pubkey = NULL, *privkey = NULL, *signkey = NULL;
2724 	sshsig_signer *signer = NULL;
2725 	char *hashalg = NULL;
2726 
2727 	/* Check file arguments. */
2728 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
2729 		if (strcmp(argv[i], "-") != 0)
2730 			continue;
2731 		if (i > 0 || argc > 1)
2732 			fatal("Cannot sign mix of paths and standard input");
2733 	}
2734 
2735 	if (sig_process_opts(opts, nopts, &hashalg, NULL, NULL) != 0)
2736 		goto done; /* error already logged */
2737 
2738 	if ((r = sshkey_load_public(keypath, &pubkey, NULL)) != 0) {
2739 		error_r(r, "Couldn't load public key %s", keypath);
2740 		goto done;
2741 	}
2742 
2743 	if ((r = ssh_get_authentication_socket(&agent_fd)) != 0) {
2744 		if (require_agent)
2745 			fatal("Couldn't get agent socket");
2746 		debug_r(r, "Couldn't get agent socket");
2747 	} else {
2748 		if ((r = ssh_agent_has_key(agent_fd, pubkey)) == 0)
2749 			signer = agent_signer;
2750 		else {
2751 			if (require_agent)
2752 				fatal("Couldn't find key in agent");
2753 			debug_r(r, "Couldn't find key in agent");
2754 		}
2755 	}
2756 
2757 	if (signer == NULL) {
2758 		/* Not using agent - try to load private key */
2759 		if ((privkey = load_sign_key(keypath, pubkey)) == NULL)
2760 			goto done;
2761 		signkey = privkey;
2762 	} else {
2763 		/* Will use key in agent */
2764 		signkey = pubkey;
2765 	}
2766 
2767 	if (argc == 0) {
2768 		if ((r = sign_one(signkey, "(stdin)", STDIN_FILENO,
2769 		    sig_namespace, hashalg, signer, &agent_fd)) != 0)
2770 			goto done;
2771 	} else {
2772 		for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
2773 			if (strcmp(argv[i], "-") == 0)
2774 				fd = STDIN_FILENO;
2775 			else if ((fd = open(argv[i], O_RDONLY)) == -1) {
2776 				error("Cannot open %s for signing: %s",
2777 				    argv[i], strerror(errno));
2778 				goto done;
2779 			}
2780 			if ((r = sign_one(signkey, argv[i], fd, sig_namespace,
2781 			    hashalg, signer, &agent_fd)) != 0)
2782 				goto done;
2783 			if (fd != STDIN_FILENO)
2784 				close(fd);
2785 			fd = -1;
2786 		}
2787 	}
2788 
2789 	ret = 0;
2790 done:
2791 	if (fd != -1 && fd != STDIN_FILENO)
2792 		close(fd);
2793 	sshkey_free(pubkey);
2794 	sshkey_free(privkey);
2795 	free(hashalg);
2796 	return ret;
2797 }
2798 
2799 static int
2800 sig_verify(const char *signature, const char *sig_namespace,
2801     const char *principal, const char *allowed_keys, const char *revoked_keys,
2802     char * const *opts, size_t nopts)
2803 {
2804 	int r, ret = -1;
2805 	int print_pubkey = 0;
2806 	struct sshbuf *sigbuf = NULL, *abuf = NULL;
2807 	struct sshkey *sign_key = NULL;
2808 	char *fp = NULL;
2809 	struct sshkey_sig_details *sig_details = NULL;
2810 	uint64_t verify_time = 0;
2811 
2812 	if (sig_process_opts(opts, nopts, NULL, &verify_time,
2813 	    &print_pubkey) != 0)
2814 		goto done; /* error already logged */
2815 
2816 	memset(&sig_details, 0, sizeof(sig_details));
2817 	if ((r = sshbuf_load_file(signature, &abuf)) != 0) {
2818 		error_r(r, "Couldn't read signature file");
2819 		goto done;
2820 	}
2821 
2822 	if ((r = sshsig_dearmor(abuf, &sigbuf)) != 0) {
2823 		error_fr(r, "sshsig_armor");
2824 		goto done;
2825 	}
2826 	if ((r = sshsig_verify_fd(sigbuf, STDIN_FILENO, sig_namespace,
2827 	    &sign_key, &sig_details)) != 0)
2828 		goto done; /* sshsig_verify() prints error */
2829 
2830 	if ((fp = sshkey_fingerprint(sign_key, fingerprint_hash,
2831 	    SSH_FP_DEFAULT)) == NULL)
2832 		fatal_f("sshkey_fingerprint failed");
2833 	debug("Valid (unverified) signature from key %s", fp);
2834 	if (sig_details != NULL) {
2835 		debug2_f("signature details: counter = %u, flags = 0x%02x",
2836 		    sig_details->sk_counter, sig_details->sk_flags);
2837 	}
2838 	free(fp);
2839 	fp = NULL;
2840 
2841 	if (revoked_keys != NULL) {
2842 		if ((r = sshkey_check_revoked(sign_key, revoked_keys)) != 0) {
2843 			debug3_fr(r, "sshkey_check_revoked");
2844 			goto done;
2845 		}
2846 	}
2847 
2848 	if (allowed_keys != NULL && (r = sshsig_check_allowed_keys(allowed_keys,
2849 	    sign_key, principal, sig_namespace, verify_time)) != 0) {
2850 		debug3_fr(r, "sshsig_check_allowed_keys");
2851 		goto done;
2852 	}
2853 	/* success */
2854 	ret = 0;
2855 done:
2856 	if (!quiet) {
2857 		if (ret == 0) {
2858 			if ((fp = sshkey_fingerprint(sign_key, fingerprint_hash,
2859 			    SSH_FP_DEFAULT)) == NULL)
2860 				fatal_f("sshkey_fingerprint failed");
2861 			if (principal == NULL) {
2862 				printf("Good \"%s\" signature with %s key %s\n",
2863 				    sig_namespace, sshkey_type(sign_key), fp);
2864 
2865 			} else {
2866 				printf("Good \"%s\" signature for %s with %s key %s\n",
2867 				    sig_namespace, principal,
2868 				    sshkey_type(sign_key), fp);
2869 			}
2870 		} else {
2871 			printf("Could not verify signature.\n");
2872 		}
2873 	}
2874 	/* Print the signature key if requested */
2875 	if (ret == 0 && print_pubkey && sign_key != NULL) {
2876 		if ((r = sshkey_write(sign_key, stdout)) == 0)
2877 			fputc('\n', stdout);
2878 		else {
2879 			error_r(r, "Could not print public key.\n");
2880 			ret = -1;
2881 		}
2882 	}
2883 	sshbuf_free(sigbuf);
2884 	sshbuf_free(abuf);
2885 	sshkey_free(sign_key);
2886 	sshkey_sig_details_free(sig_details);
2887 	free(fp);
2888 	return ret;
2889 }
2890 
2891 static int
2892 sig_find_principals(const char *signature, const char *allowed_keys,
2893     char * const *opts, size_t nopts)
2894 {
2895 	int r, ret = -1;
2896 	struct sshbuf *sigbuf = NULL, *abuf = NULL;
2897 	struct sshkey *sign_key = NULL;
2898 	char *principals = NULL, *cp, *tmp;
2899 	uint64_t verify_time = 0;
2900 
2901 	if (sig_process_opts(opts, nopts, NULL, &verify_time, NULL) != 0)
2902 		goto done; /* error already logged */
2903 
2904 	if ((r = sshbuf_load_file(signature, &abuf)) != 0) {
2905 		error_r(r, "Couldn't read signature file");
2906 		goto done;
2907 	}
2908 	if ((r = sshsig_dearmor(abuf, &sigbuf)) != 0) {
2909 		error_fr(r, "sshsig_armor");
2910 		goto done;
2911 	}
2912 	if ((r = sshsig_get_pubkey(sigbuf, &sign_key)) != 0) {
2913 		error_fr(r, "sshsig_get_pubkey");
2914 		goto done;
2915 	}
2916 	if ((r = sshsig_find_principals(allowed_keys, sign_key,
2917 	    verify_time, &principals)) != 0) {
2918 		if (r != SSH_ERR_KEY_NOT_FOUND)
2919 			error_fr(r, "sshsig_find_principal");
2920 		goto done;
2921 	}
2922 	ret = 0;
2923 done:
2924 	if (ret == 0 ) {
2925 		/* Emit matching principals one per line */
2926 		tmp = principals;
2927 		while ((cp = strsep(&tmp, ",")) != NULL && *cp != '\0')
2928 			puts(cp);
2929 	} else {
2930 		fprintf(stderr, "No principal matched.\n");
2931 	}
2932 	sshbuf_free(sigbuf);
2933 	sshbuf_free(abuf);
2934 	sshkey_free(sign_key);
2935 	free(principals);
2936 	return ret;
2937 }
2938 
2939 static int
2940 sig_match_principals(const char *allowed_keys, char *principal,
2941 	char * const *opts, size_t nopts)
2942 {
2943 	int r;
2944 	char **principals = NULL;
2945 	size_t i, nprincipals = 0;
2946 
2947 	if ((r = sig_process_opts(opts, nopts, NULL, NULL, NULL)) != 0)
2948 		return r; /* error already logged */
2949 
2950 	if ((r = sshsig_match_principals(allowed_keys, principal,
2951 	    &principals, &nprincipals)) != 0) {
2952 		debug_f("match: %s", ssh_err(r));
2953 		fprintf(stderr, "No principal matched.\n");
2954 		return r;
2955 	}
2956 	for (i = 0; i < nprincipals; i++) {
2957 		printf("%s\n", principals[i]);
2958 		free(principals[i]);
2959 	}
2960 	free(principals);
2961 
2962 	return 0;
2963 }
2964 
2965 static void
2966 do_moduli_gen(const char *out_file, char **opts, size_t nopts)
2967 {
2968 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
2969 	/* Moduli generation/screening */
2970 	u_int32_t memory = 0;
2971 	BIGNUM *start = NULL;
2972 	int moduli_bits = 0;
2973 	FILE *out;
2974 	size_t i;
2975 	const char *errstr;
2976 
2977 	/* Parse options */
2978 	for (i = 0; i < nopts; i++) {
2979 		if (strncmp(opts[i], "memory=", 7) == 0) {
2980 			memory = (u_int32_t)strtonum(opts[i]+7, 1,
2981 			    UINT_MAX, &errstr);
2982 			if (errstr) {
2983 				fatal("Memory limit is %s: %s",
2984 				    errstr, opts[i]+7);
2985 			}
2986 		} else if (strncmp(opts[i], "start=", 6) == 0) {
2987 			/* XXX - also compare length against bits */
2988 			if (BN_hex2bn(&start, opts[i]+6) == 0)
2989 				fatal("Invalid start point.");
2990 		} else if (strncmp(opts[i], "bits=", 5) == 0) {
2991 			moduli_bits = (int)strtonum(opts[i]+5, 1,
2992 			    INT_MAX, &errstr);
2993 			if (errstr) {
2994 				fatal("Invalid number: %s (%s)",
2995 					opts[i]+12, errstr);
2996 			}
2997 		} else {
2998 			fatal("Option \"%s\" is unsupported for moduli "
2999 			    "generation", opts[i]);
3000 		}
3001 	}
3002 
3003 	if ((out = fopen(out_file, "w")) == NULL) {
3004 		fatal("Couldn't open modulus candidate file \"%s\": %s",
3005 		    out_file, strerror(errno));
3006 	}
3007 	setvbuf(out, NULL, _IOLBF, 0);
3008 
3009 	if (moduli_bits == 0)
3010 		moduli_bits = DEFAULT_BITS;
3011 	if (gen_candidates(out, memory, moduli_bits, start) != 0)
3012 		fatal("modulus candidate generation failed");
3013 #else /* WITH_OPENSSL */
3014 	fatal("Moduli generation is not supported");
3015 #endif /* WITH_OPENSSL */
3016 }
3017 
3018 static void
3019 do_moduli_screen(const char *out_file, char **opts, size_t nopts)
3020 {
3021 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
3022 	/* Moduli generation/screening */
3023 	char *checkpoint = NULL;
3024 	u_int32_t generator_wanted = 0;
3025 	unsigned long start_lineno = 0, lines_to_process = 0;
3026 	int prime_tests = 0;
3027 	FILE *out, *in = stdin;
3028 	size_t i;
3029 	const char *errstr;
3030 
3031 	/* Parse options */
3032 	for (i = 0; i < nopts; i++) {
3033 		if (strncmp(opts[i], "lines=", 6) == 0) {
3034 			lines_to_process = strtoul(opts[i]+6, NULL, 10);
3035 		} else if (strncmp(opts[i], "start-line=", 11) == 0) {
3036 			start_lineno = strtoul(opts[i]+11, NULL, 10);
3037 		} else if (strncmp(opts[i], "checkpoint=", 11) == 0) {
3038 			free(checkpoint);
3039 			checkpoint = xstrdup(opts[i]+11);
3040 		} else if (strncmp(opts[i], "generator=", 10) == 0) {
3041 			generator_wanted = (u_int32_t)strtonum(
3042 			    opts[i]+10, 1, UINT_MAX, &errstr);
3043 			if (errstr != NULL) {
3044 				fatal("Generator invalid: %s (%s)",
3045 				    opts[i]+10, errstr);
3046 			}
3047 		} else if (strncmp(opts[i], "prime-tests=", 12) == 0) {
3048 			prime_tests = (int)strtonum(opts[i]+12, 1,
3049 			    INT_MAX, &errstr);
3050 			if (errstr) {
3051 				fatal("Invalid number: %s (%s)",
3052 					opts[i]+12, errstr);
3053 			}
3054 		} else {
3055 			fatal("Option \"%s\" is unsupported for moduli "
3056 			    "screening", opts[i]);
3057 		}
3058 	}
3059 
3060 	if (have_identity && strcmp(identity_file, "-") != 0) {
3061 		if ((in = fopen(identity_file, "r")) == NULL) {
3062 			fatal("Couldn't open modulus candidate "
3063 			    "file \"%s\": %s", identity_file,
3064 			    strerror(errno));
3065 		}
3066 	}
3067 
3068 	if ((out = fopen(out_file, "a")) == NULL) {
3069 		fatal("Couldn't open moduli file \"%s\": %s",
3070 		    out_file, strerror(errno));
3071 	}
3072 	setvbuf(out, NULL, _IOLBF, 0);
3073 	if (prime_test(in, out, prime_tests == 0 ? 100 : prime_tests,
3074 	    generator_wanted, checkpoint,
3075 	    start_lineno, lines_to_process) != 0)
3076 		fatal("modulus screening failed");
3077 	if (in != stdin)
3078 		(void)fclose(in);
3079 	free(checkpoint);
3080 #else /* WITH_OPENSSL */
3081 	fatal("Moduli screening is not supported");
3082 #endif /* WITH_OPENSSL */
3083 }
3084 
3085 /* Read and confirm a passphrase */
3086 static char *
3087 read_check_passphrase(const char *prompt1, const char *prompt2,
3088     const char *retry_prompt)
3089 {
3090 	char *passphrase1, *passphrase2;
3091 
3092 	for (;;) {
3093 		passphrase1 = read_passphrase(prompt1, RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
3094 		passphrase2 = read_passphrase(prompt2, RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
3095 		if (strcmp(passphrase1, passphrase2) == 0) {
3096 			freezero(passphrase2, strlen(passphrase2));
3097 			return passphrase1;
3098 		}
3099 		/* The passphrases do not match. Clear them and retry. */
3100 		freezero(passphrase1, strlen(passphrase1));
3101 		freezero(passphrase2, strlen(passphrase2));
3102 		fputs(retry_prompt, stdout);
3103 		fputc('\n', stdout);
3104 		fflush(stdout);
3105 	}
3106 	/* NOTREACHED */
3107 	return NULL;
3108 }
3109 
3110 static char *
3111 private_key_passphrase(void)
3112 {
3113 	if (identity_passphrase)
3114 		return xstrdup(identity_passphrase);
3115 	if (identity_new_passphrase)
3116 		return xstrdup(identity_new_passphrase);
3117 
3118 	return read_check_passphrase(
3119 	    "Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): ",
3120 	    "Enter same passphrase again: ",
3121 	    "Passphrases do not match.  Try again.");
3122 }
3123 
3124 static char *
3125 sk_suffix(const char *application, const uint8_t *user, size_t userlen)
3126 {
3127 	char *ret, *cp;
3128 	size_t slen, i;
3129 
3130 	/* Trim off URL-like preamble */
3131 	if (strncmp(application, "ssh://", 6) == 0)
3132 		ret =  xstrdup(application + 6);
3133 	else if (strncmp(application, "ssh:", 4) == 0)
3134 		ret =  xstrdup(application + 4);
3135 	else
3136 		ret = xstrdup(application);
3137 
3138 	/* Count trailing zeros in user */
3139 	for (i = 0; i < userlen; i++) {
3140 		if (user[userlen - i - 1] != 0)
3141 			break;
3142 	}
3143 	if (i >= userlen)
3144 		return ret; /* user-id was default all-zeros */
3145 
3146 	/* Append user-id, escaping non-UTF-8 characters */
3147 	slen = userlen - i;
3148 	if (asmprintf(&cp, INT_MAX, NULL, "%.*s", (int)slen, user) == -1)
3149 		fatal_f("asmprintf failed");
3150 	/* Don't emit a user-id that contains path or control characters */
3151 	if (strchr(cp, '/') != NULL || strstr(cp, "..") != NULL ||
3152 	    strchr(cp, '\\') != NULL) {
3153 		free(cp);
3154 		cp = tohex(user, slen);
3155 	}
3156 	xextendf(&ret, "_", "%s", cp);
3157 	free(cp);
3158 	return ret;
3159 }
3160 
3161 static int
3162 do_download_sk(const char *skprovider, const char *device)
3163 {
3164 	struct sshsk_resident_key **srks;
3165 	size_t nsrks, i;
3166 	int r, ret = -1;
3167 	char *fp, *pin = NULL, *pass = NULL, *path, *pubpath;
3168 	const char *ext;
3169 	struct sshkey *key;
3170 
3171 	if (skprovider == NULL)
3172 		fatal("Cannot download keys without provider");
3173 
3174 	pin = read_passphrase("Enter PIN for authenticator: ", RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
3175 	if (!quiet) {
3176 		printf("You may need to touch your authenticator "
3177 		    "to authorize key download.\n");
3178 	}
3179 	if ((r = sshsk_load_resident(skprovider, device, pin, 0,
3180 	    &srks, &nsrks)) != 0) {
3181 		if (pin != NULL)
3182 			freezero(pin, strlen(pin));
3183 		error_r(r, "Unable to load resident keys");
3184 		return -1;
3185 	}
3186 	if (nsrks == 0)
3187 		logit("No keys to download");
3188 	if (pin != NULL)
3189 		freezero(pin, strlen(pin));
3190 
3191 	for (i = 0; i < nsrks; i++) {
3192 		key = srks[i]->key;
3193 		if (key->type != KEY_ECDSA_SK && key->type != KEY_ED25519_SK) {
3194 			error("Unsupported key type %s (%d)",
3195 			    sshkey_type(key), key->type);
3196 			continue;
3197 		}
3198 		if ((fp = sshkey_fingerprint(key, fingerprint_hash,
3199 		    SSH_FP_DEFAULT)) == NULL)
3200 			fatal_f("sshkey_fingerprint failed");
3201 		debug_f("key %zu: %s %s %s (flags 0x%02x)", i,
3202 		    sshkey_type(key), fp, key->sk_application, key->sk_flags);
3203 		ext = sk_suffix(key->sk_application,
3204 		    srks[i]->user_id, srks[i]->user_id_len);
3205 		xasprintf(&path, "id_%s_rk%s%s",
3206 		    key->type == KEY_ECDSA_SK ? "ecdsa_sk" : "ed25519_sk",
3207 		    *ext == '\0' ? "" : "_", ext);
3208 
3209 		/* If the file already exists, ask the user to confirm. */
3210 		if (!confirm_overwrite(path)) {
3211 			free(path);
3212 			break;
3213 		}
3214 
3215 		/* Save the key with the application string as the comment */
3216 		if (pass == NULL)
3217 			pass = private_key_passphrase();
3218 		if ((r = sshkey_save_private(key, path, pass,
3219 		    key->sk_application, private_key_format,
3220 		    openssh_format_cipher, rounds)) != 0) {
3221 			error_r(r, "Saving key \"%s\" failed", path);
3222 			free(path);
3223 			break;
3224 		}
3225 		if (!quiet) {
3226 			printf("Saved %s key%s%s to %s\n", sshkey_type(key),
3227 			    *ext != '\0' ? " " : "",
3228 			    *ext != '\0' ? key->sk_application : "",
3229 			    path);
3230 		}
3231 
3232 		/* Save public key too */
3233 		xasprintf(&pubpath, "%s.pub", path);
3234 		free(path);
3235 		if ((r = sshkey_save_public(key, pubpath,
3236 		    key->sk_application)) != 0) {
3237 			error_r(r, "Saving public key \"%s\" failed", pubpath);
3238 			free(pubpath);
3239 			break;
3240 		}
3241 		free(pubpath);
3242 	}
3243 
3244 	if (i >= nsrks)
3245 		ret = 0; /* success */
3246 	if (pass != NULL)
3247 		freezero(pass, strlen(pass));
3248 	sshsk_free_resident_keys(srks, nsrks);
3249 	return ret;
3250 }
3251 
3252 static void
3253 save_attestation(struct sshbuf *attest, const char *path)
3254 {
3255 	mode_t omask;
3256 	int r;
3257 
3258 	if (path == NULL)
3259 		return; /* nothing to do */
3260 	if (attest == NULL || sshbuf_len(attest) == 0)
3261 		fatal("Enrollment did not return attestation data");
3262 	omask = umask(077);
3263 	r = sshbuf_write_file(path, attest);
3264 	umask(omask);
3265 	if (r != 0)
3266 		fatal_r(r, "Unable to write attestation data \"%s\"", path);
3267 	if (!quiet)
3268 		printf("Your FIDO attestation certificate has been saved in "
3269 		    "%s\n", path);
3270 }
3271 
3272 static int
3273 confirm_sk_overwrite(const char *application, const char *user)
3274 {
3275 	char yesno[3];
3276 
3277 	printf("A resident key scoped to '%s' with user id '%s' already "
3278 	    "exists.\n", application == NULL ? "ssh:" : application,
3279 	    user == NULL ? "null" : user);
3280 	printf("Overwrite key in token (y/n)? ");
3281 	fflush(stdout);
3282 	if (fgets(yesno, sizeof(yesno), stdin) == NULL)
3283 		return 0;
3284 	if (yesno[0] != 'y' && yesno[0] != 'Y')
3285 		return 0;
3286 	return 1;
3287 }
3288 
3289 static void
3290 usage(void)
3291 {
3292 	fprintf(stderr,
3293 	    "usage: ssh-keygen [-q] [-a rounds] [-b bits] [-C comment] [-f output_keyfile]\n"
3294 	    "                  [-m format] [-N new_passphrase] [-O option]\n"
3295 	    "                  [-t dsa | ecdsa | ecdsa-sk | ed25519 | ed25519-sk | rsa]\n"
3296 	    "                  [-w provider] [-Z cipher]\n"
3297 	    "       ssh-keygen -p [-a rounds] [-f keyfile] [-m format] [-N new_passphrase]\n"
3298 	    "                   [-P old_passphrase] [-Z cipher]\n"
3299 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
3300 	    "       ssh-keygen -i [-f input_keyfile] [-m key_format]\n"
3301 	    "       ssh-keygen -e [-f input_keyfile] [-m key_format]\n"
3302 #endif
3303 	    "       ssh-keygen -y [-f input_keyfile]\n"
3304 	    "       ssh-keygen -c [-a rounds] [-C comment] [-f keyfile] [-P passphrase]\n"
3305 	    "       ssh-keygen -l [-v] [-E fingerprint_hash] [-f input_keyfile]\n"
3306 	    "       ssh-keygen -B [-f input_keyfile]\n");
3307 #ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11
3308 	fprintf(stderr,
3309 	    "       ssh-keygen -D pkcs11\n");
3310 #endif
3311 	fprintf(stderr,
3312 	    "       ssh-keygen -F hostname [-lv] [-f known_hosts_file]\n"
3313 	    "       ssh-keygen -H [-f known_hosts_file]\n"
3314 	    "       ssh-keygen -K [-a rounds] [-w provider]\n"
3315 	    "       ssh-keygen -R hostname [-f known_hosts_file]\n"
3316 	    "       ssh-keygen -r hostname [-g] [-f input_keyfile]\n"
3317 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
3318 	    "       ssh-keygen -M generate [-O option] output_file\n"
3319 	    "       ssh-keygen -M screen [-f input_file] [-O option] output_file\n"
3320 #endif
3321 	    "       ssh-keygen -I certificate_identity -s ca_key [-hU] [-D pkcs11_provider]\n"
3322 	    "                  [-n principals] [-O option] [-V validity_interval]\n"
3323 	    "                  [-z serial_number] file ...\n"
3324 	    "       ssh-keygen -L [-f input_keyfile]\n"
3325 	    "       ssh-keygen -A [-a rounds] [-f prefix_path]\n"
3326 	    "       ssh-keygen -k -f krl_file [-u] [-s ca_public] [-z version_number]\n"
3327 	    "                  file ...\n"
3328 	    "       ssh-keygen -Q [-l] -f krl_file [file ...]\n"
3329 	    "       ssh-keygen -Y find-principals -s signature_file -f allowed_signers_file\n"
3330 	    "       ssh-keygen -Y match-principals -I signer_identity -f allowed_signers_file\n"
3331 	    "       ssh-keygen -Y check-novalidate -n namespace -s signature_file\n"
3332 	    "       ssh-keygen -Y sign -f key_file -n namespace file [-O option] ...\n"
3333 	    "       ssh-keygen -Y verify -f allowed_signers_file -I signer_identity\n"
3334 	    "                  -n namespace -s signature_file [-r krl_file] [-O option]\n");
3335 	exit(1);
3336 }
3337 
3338 /*
3339  * Main program for key management.
3340  */
3341 int
3342 main(int argc, char **argv)
3343 {
3344 	char comment[1024], *passphrase = NULL;
3345 	char *rr_hostname = NULL, *ep, *fp, *ra;
3346 	struct sshkey *private, *public;
3347 	struct passwd *pw;
3348 	int r, opt, type;
3349 	int change_passphrase = 0, change_comment = 0, show_cert = 0;
3350 	int find_host = 0, delete_host = 0, hash_hosts = 0;
3351 	int gen_all_hostkeys = 0, gen_krl = 0, update_krl = 0, check_krl = 0;
3352 	int prefer_agent = 0, convert_to = 0, convert_from = 0;
3353 	int print_public = 0, print_generic = 0, cert_serial_autoinc = 0;
3354 	int do_gen_candidates = 0, do_screen_candidates = 0, download_sk = 0;
3355 	unsigned long long cert_serial = 0;
3356 	char *identity_comment = NULL, *ca_key_path = NULL, **opts = NULL;
3357 	char *sk_application = NULL, *sk_device = NULL, *sk_user = NULL;
3358 	char *sk_attestation_path = NULL;
3359 	struct sshbuf *challenge = NULL, *attest = NULL;
3360 	size_t i, nopts = 0;
3361 	u_int32_t bits = 0;
3362 	uint8_t sk_flags = SSH_SK_USER_PRESENCE_REQD;
3363 	const char *errstr;
3364 	int log_level = SYSLOG_LEVEL_INFO;
3365 	char *sign_op = NULL;
3366 
3367 	extern int optind;
3368 	extern char *optarg;
3369 
3370 	/* Ensure that fds 0, 1 and 2 are open or directed to /dev/null */
3371 	sanitise_stdfd();
3372 
3373 	__progname = ssh_get_progname(argv[0]);
3374 
3375 	seed_rng();
3376 
3377 	log_init(argv[0], SYSLOG_LEVEL_INFO, SYSLOG_FACILITY_USER, 1);
3378 
3379 	msetlocale();
3380 
3381 	/* we need this for the home * directory.  */
3382 	pw = getpwuid(getuid());
3383 	if (!pw)
3384 		fatal("No user exists for uid %lu", (u_long)getuid());
3385 	pw = pwcopy(pw);
3386 	if (gethostname(hostname, sizeof(hostname)) == -1)
3387 		fatal("gethostname: %s", strerror(errno));
3388 
3389 	sk_provider = getenv("SSH_SK_PROVIDER");
3390 
3391 	/* Remaining characters: dGjJSTWx */
3392 	while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "ABHKLQUXceghiklopquvy"
3393 	    "C:D:E:F:I:M:N:O:P:R:V:Y:Z:"
3394 	    "a:b:f:g:m:n:r:s:t:w:z:")) != -1) {
3395 		switch (opt) {
3396 		case 'A':
3397 			gen_all_hostkeys = 1;
3398 			break;
3399 		case 'b':
3400 			bits = (u_int32_t)strtonum(optarg, 1, UINT32_MAX,
3401 			    &errstr);
3402 			if (errstr)
3403 				fatal("Bits has bad value %s (%s)",
3404 					optarg, errstr);
3405 			break;
3406 		case 'E':
3407 			fingerprint_hash = ssh_digest_alg_by_name(optarg);
3408 			if (fingerprint_hash == -1)
3409 				fatal("Invalid hash algorithm \"%s\"", optarg);
3410 			break;
3411 		case 'F':
3412 			find_host = 1;
3413 			rr_hostname = optarg;
3414 			break;
3415 		case 'H':
3416 			hash_hosts = 1;
3417 			break;
3418 		case 'I':
3419 			cert_key_id = optarg;
3420 			break;
3421 		case 'R':
3422 			delete_host = 1;
3423 			rr_hostname = optarg;
3424 			break;
3425 		case 'L':
3426 			show_cert = 1;
3427 			break;
3428 		case 'l':
3429 			print_fingerprint = 1;
3430 			break;
3431 		case 'B':
3432 			print_bubblebabble = 1;
3433 			break;
3434 		case 'm':
3435 			if (strcasecmp(optarg, "RFC4716") == 0 ||
3436 			    strcasecmp(optarg, "ssh2") == 0) {
3437 				convert_format = FMT_RFC4716;
3438 				break;
3439 			}
3440 			if (strcasecmp(optarg, "PKCS8") == 0) {
3441 				convert_format = FMT_PKCS8;
3442 				private_key_format = SSHKEY_PRIVATE_PKCS8;
3443 				break;
3444 			}
3445 			if (strcasecmp(optarg, "PEM") == 0) {
3446 				convert_format = FMT_PEM;
3447 				private_key_format = SSHKEY_PRIVATE_PEM;
3448 				break;
3449 			}
3450 			fatal("Unsupported conversion format \"%s\"", optarg);
3451 		case 'n':
3452 			cert_principals = optarg;
3453 			break;
3454 		case 'o':
3455 			/* no-op; new format is already the default */
3456 			break;
3457 		case 'p':
3458 			change_passphrase = 1;
3459 			break;
3460 		case 'c':
3461 			change_comment = 1;
3462 			break;
3463 		case 'f':
3464 			if (strlcpy(identity_file, optarg,
3465 			    sizeof(identity_file)) >= sizeof(identity_file))
3466 				fatal("Identity filename too long");
3467 			have_identity = 1;
3468 			break;
3469 		case 'g':
3470 			print_generic = 1;
3471 			break;
3472 		case 'K':
3473 			download_sk = 1;
3474 			break;
3475 		case 'P':
3476 			identity_passphrase = optarg;
3477 			break;
3478 		case 'N':
3479 			identity_new_passphrase = optarg;
3480 			break;
3481 		case 'Q':
3482 			check_krl = 1;
3483 			break;
3484 		case 'O':
3485 			opts = xrecallocarray(opts, nopts, nopts + 1,
3486 			    sizeof(*opts));
3487 			opts[nopts++] = xstrdup(optarg);
3488 			break;
3489 		case 'Z':
3490 			openssh_format_cipher = optarg;
3491 			if (cipher_by_name(openssh_format_cipher) == NULL)
3492 				fatal("Invalid OpenSSH-format cipher '%s'",
3493 				    openssh_format_cipher);
3494 			break;
3495 		case 'C':
3496 			identity_comment = optarg;
3497 			break;
3498 		case 'q':
3499 			quiet = 1;
3500 			break;
3501 		case 'e':
3502 			/* export key */
3503 			convert_to = 1;
3504 			break;
3505 		case 'h':
3506 			cert_key_type = SSH2_CERT_TYPE_HOST;
3507 			certflags_flags = 0;
3508 			break;
3509 		case 'k':
3510 			gen_krl = 1;
3511 			break;
3512 		case 'i':
3513 		case 'X':
3514 			/* import key */
3515 			convert_from = 1;
3516 			break;
3517 		case 'y':
3518 			print_public = 1;
3519 			break;
3520 		case 's':
3521 			ca_key_path = optarg;
3522 			break;
3523 		case 't':
3524 			key_type_name = optarg;
3525 			break;
3526 		case 'D':
3527 			pkcs11provider = optarg;
3528 			break;
3529 		case 'U':
3530 			prefer_agent = 1;
3531 			break;
3532 		case 'u':
3533 			update_krl = 1;
3534 			break;
3535 		case 'v':
3536 			if (log_level == SYSLOG_LEVEL_INFO)
3537 				log_level = SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG1;
3538 			else {
3539 				if (log_level >= SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG1 &&
3540 				    log_level < SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG3)
3541 					log_level++;
3542 			}
3543 			break;
3544 		case 'r':
3545 			rr_hostname = optarg;
3546 			break;
3547 		case 'a':
3548 			rounds = (int)strtonum(optarg, 1, INT_MAX, &errstr);
3549 			if (errstr)
3550 				fatal("Invalid number: %s (%s)",
3551 					optarg, errstr);
3552 			break;
3553 		case 'V':
3554 			parse_cert_times(optarg);
3555 			break;
3556 		case 'Y':
3557 			sign_op = optarg;
3558 			break;
3559 		case 'w':
3560 			sk_provider = optarg;
3561 			break;
3562 		case 'z':
3563 			errno = 0;
3564 			if (*optarg == '+') {
3565 				cert_serial_autoinc = 1;
3566 				optarg++;
3567 			}
3568 			cert_serial = strtoull(optarg, &ep, 10);
3569 			if (*optarg < '0' || *optarg > '9' || *ep != '\0' ||
3570 			    (errno == ERANGE && cert_serial == ULLONG_MAX))
3571 				fatal("Invalid serial number \"%s\"", optarg);
3572 			break;
3573 		case 'M':
3574 			if (strcmp(optarg, "generate") == 0)
3575 				do_gen_candidates = 1;
3576 			else if (strcmp(optarg, "screen") == 0)
3577 				do_screen_candidates = 1;
3578 			else
3579 				fatal("Unsupported moduli option %s", optarg);
3580 			break;
3581 		default:
3582 			usage();
3583 		}
3584 	}
3585 
3586 #ifdef ENABLE_SK_INTERNAL
3587 	if (sk_provider == NULL)
3588 		sk_provider = "internal";
3589 #endif
3590 
3591 	/* reinit */
3592 	log_init(argv[0], log_level, SYSLOG_FACILITY_USER, 1);
3593 
3594 	argv += optind;
3595 	argc -= optind;
3596 
3597 	if (sign_op != NULL) {
3598 		if (strncmp(sign_op, "find-principals", 15) == 0) {
3599 			if (ca_key_path == NULL) {
3600 				error("Too few arguments for find-principals:"
3601 				    "missing signature file");
3602 				exit(1);
3603 			}
3604 			if (!have_identity) {
3605 				error("Too few arguments for find-principals:"
3606 				    "missing allowed keys file");
3607 				exit(1);
3608 			}
3609 			return sig_find_principals(ca_key_path, identity_file,
3610 			    opts, nopts);
3611 		} else if (strncmp(sign_op, "match-principals", 16) == 0) {
3612 			if (!have_identity) {
3613 				error("Too few arguments for match-principals:"
3614 				    "missing allowed keys file");
3615 				exit(1);
3616 			}
3617 			if (cert_key_id == NULL) {
3618 				error("Too few arguments for match-principals: "
3619 				    "missing principal ID");
3620 				exit(1);
3621 			}
3622 			return sig_match_principals(identity_file, cert_key_id,
3623 			    opts, nopts);
3624 		} else if (strncmp(sign_op, "sign", 4) == 0) {
3625 			/* NB. cert_principals is actually namespace, via -n */
3626 			if (cert_principals == NULL ||
3627 			    *cert_principals == '\0') {
3628 				error("Too few arguments for sign: "
3629 				    "missing namespace");
3630 				exit(1);
3631 			}
3632 			if (!have_identity) {
3633 				error("Too few arguments for sign: "
3634 				    "missing key");
3635 				exit(1);
3636 			}
3637 			return sig_sign(identity_file, cert_principals,
3638 			    prefer_agent, argc, argv, opts, nopts);
3639 		} else if (strncmp(sign_op, "check-novalidate", 16) == 0) {
3640 			/* NB. cert_principals is actually namespace, via -n */
3641 			if (cert_principals == NULL ||
3642 			    *cert_principals == '\0') {
3643 				error("Too few arguments for check-novalidate: "
3644 				    "missing namespace");
3645 				exit(1);
3646 			}
3647 			if (ca_key_path == NULL) {
3648 				error("Too few arguments for check-novalidate: "
3649 				    "missing signature file");
3650 				exit(1);
3651 			}
3652 			return sig_verify(ca_key_path, cert_principals,
3653 			    NULL, NULL, NULL, opts, nopts);
3654 		} else if (strncmp(sign_op, "verify", 6) == 0) {
3655 			/* NB. cert_principals is actually namespace, via -n */
3656 			if (cert_principals == NULL ||
3657 			    *cert_principals == '\0') {
3658 				error("Too few arguments for verify: "
3659 				    "missing namespace");
3660 				exit(1);
3661 			}
3662 			if (ca_key_path == NULL) {
3663 				error("Too few arguments for verify: "
3664 				    "missing signature file");
3665 				exit(1);
3666 			}
3667 			if (!have_identity) {
3668 				error("Too few arguments for sign: "
3669 				    "missing allowed keys file");
3670 				exit(1);
3671 			}
3672 			if (cert_key_id == NULL) {
3673 				error("Too few arguments for verify: "
3674 				    "missing principal identity");
3675 				exit(1);
3676 			}
3677 			return sig_verify(ca_key_path, cert_principals,
3678 			    cert_key_id, identity_file, rr_hostname,
3679 			    opts, nopts);
3680 		}
3681 		error("Unsupported operation for -Y: \"%s\"", sign_op);
3682 		usage();
3683 		/* NOTREACHED */
3684 	}
3685 
3686 	if (ca_key_path != NULL) {
3687 		if (argc < 1 && !gen_krl) {
3688 			error("Too few arguments.");
3689 			usage();
3690 		}
3691 	} else if (argc > 0 && !gen_krl && !check_krl &&
3692 	    !do_gen_candidates && !do_screen_candidates) {
3693 		error("Too many arguments.");
3694 		usage();
3695 	}
3696 	if (change_passphrase && change_comment) {
3697 		error("Can only have one of -p and -c.");
3698 		usage();
3699 	}
3700 	if (print_fingerprint && (delete_host || hash_hosts)) {
3701 		error("Cannot use -l with -H or -R.");
3702 		usage();
3703 	}
3704 	if (gen_krl) {
3705 		do_gen_krl(pw, update_krl, ca_key_path,
3706 		    cert_serial, identity_comment, argc, argv);
3707 		return (0);
3708 	}
3709 	if (check_krl) {
3710 		do_check_krl(pw, print_fingerprint, argc, argv);
3711 		return (0);
3712 	}
3713 	if (ca_key_path != NULL) {
3714 		if (cert_key_id == NULL)
3715 			fatal("Must specify key id (-I) when certifying");
3716 		for (i = 0; i < nopts; i++)
3717 			add_cert_option(opts[i]);
3718 		do_ca_sign(pw, ca_key_path, prefer_agent,
3719 		    cert_serial, cert_serial_autoinc, argc, argv);
3720 	}
3721 	if (show_cert)
3722 		do_show_cert(pw);
3723 	if (delete_host || hash_hosts || find_host) {
3724 		do_known_hosts(pw, rr_hostname, find_host,
3725 		    delete_host, hash_hosts);
3726 	}
3727 	if (pkcs11provider != NULL)
3728 		do_download(pw);
3729 	if (download_sk) {
3730 		for (i = 0; i < nopts; i++) {
3731 			if (strncasecmp(opts[i], "device=", 7) == 0) {
3732 				sk_device = xstrdup(opts[i] + 7);
3733 			} else {
3734 				fatal("Option \"%s\" is unsupported for "
3735 				    "FIDO authenticator download", opts[i]);
3736 			}
3737 		}
3738 		return do_download_sk(sk_provider, sk_device);
3739 	}
3740 	if (print_fingerprint || print_bubblebabble)
3741 		do_fingerprint(pw);
3742 	if (change_passphrase)
3743 		do_change_passphrase(pw);
3744 	if (change_comment)
3745 		do_change_comment(pw, identity_comment);
3746 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
3747 	if (convert_to)
3748 		do_convert_to(pw);
3749 	if (convert_from)
3750 		do_convert_from(pw);
3751 #else /* WITH_OPENSSL */
3752 	if (convert_to || convert_from)
3753 		fatal("key conversion disabled at compile time");
3754 #endif /* WITH_OPENSSL */
3755 	if (print_public)
3756 		do_print_public(pw);
3757 	if (rr_hostname != NULL) {
3758 		unsigned int n = 0;
3759 
3760 		if (have_identity) {
3761 			n = do_print_resource_record(pw, identity_file,
3762 			    rr_hostname, print_generic, opts, nopts);
3763 			if (n == 0)
3764 				fatal("%s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
3765 			exit(0);
3766 		} else {
3767 
3768 			n += do_print_resource_record(pw,
3769 			    _PATH_HOST_RSA_KEY_FILE, rr_hostname,
3770 			    print_generic, opts, nopts);
3771 #ifdef WITH_DSA
3772 			n += do_print_resource_record(pw,
3773 			    _PATH_HOST_DSA_KEY_FILE, rr_hostname,
3774 			    print_generic, opts, nopts);
3775 #endif
3776 			n += do_print_resource_record(pw,
3777 			    _PATH_HOST_ECDSA_KEY_FILE, rr_hostname,
3778 			    print_generic, opts, nopts);
3779 			n += do_print_resource_record(pw,
3780 			    _PATH_HOST_ED25519_KEY_FILE, rr_hostname,
3781 			    print_generic, opts, nopts);
3782 			n += do_print_resource_record(pw,
3783 			    _PATH_HOST_XMSS_KEY_FILE, rr_hostname,
3784 			    print_generic, opts, nopts);
3785 			if (n == 0)
3786 				fatal("no keys found.");
3787 			exit(0);
3788 		}
3789 	}
3790 
3791 	if (do_gen_candidates || do_screen_candidates) {
3792 		if (argc <= 0)
3793 			fatal("No output file specified");
3794 		else if (argc > 1)
3795 			fatal("Too many output files specified");
3796 	}
3797 	if (do_gen_candidates) {
3798 		do_moduli_gen(argv[0], opts, nopts);
3799 		return 0;
3800 	}
3801 	if (do_screen_candidates) {
3802 		do_moduli_screen(argv[0], opts, nopts);
3803 		return 0;
3804 	}
3805 
3806 	if (gen_all_hostkeys) {
3807 		do_gen_all_hostkeys(pw);
3808 		return (0);
3809 	}
3810 
3811 	if (key_type_name == NULL)
3812 		key_type_name = DEFAULT_KEY_TYPE_NAME;
3813 
3814 	type = sshkey_type_from_name(key_type_name);
3815 	type_bits_valid(type, key_type_name, &bits);
3816 
3817 	if (!quiet)
3818 		printf("Generating public/private %s key pair.\n",
3819 		    key_type_name);
3820 	switch (type) {
3821 	case KEY_ECDSA_SK:
3822 	case KEY_ED25519_SK:
3823 		for (i = 0; i < nopts; i++) {
3824 			if (strcasecmp(opts[i], "no-touch-required") == 0) {
3825 				sk_flags &= ~SSH_SK_USER_PRESENCE_REQD;
3826 			} else if (strcasecmp(opts[i], "verify-required") == 0) {
3827 				sk_flags |= SSH_SK_USER_VERIFICATION_REQD;
3828 			} else if (strcasecmp(opts[i], "resident") == 0) {
3829 				sk_flags |= SSH_SK_RESIDENT_KEY;
3830 			} else if (strncasecmp(opts[i], "device=", 7) == 0) {
3831 				sk_device = xstrdup(opts[i] + 7);
3832 			} else if (strncasecmp(opts[i], "user=", 5) == 0) {
3833 				sk_user = xstrdup(opts[i] + 5);
3834 			} else if (strncasecmp(opts[i], "challenge=", 10) == 0) {
3835 				if ((r = sshbuf_load_file(opts[i] + 10,
3836 				    &challenge)) != 0) {
3837 					fatal_r(r, "Unable to load FIDO "
3838 					    "enrollment challenge \"%s\"",
3839 					    opts[i] + 10);
3840 				}
3841 			} else if (strncasecmp(opts[i],
3842 			    "write-attestation=", 18) == 0) {
3843 				sk_attestation_path = opts[i] + 18;
3844 			} else if (strncasecmp(opts[i],
3845 			    "application=", 12) == 0) {
3846 				sk_application = xstrdup(opts[i] + 12);
3847 				if (strncmp(sk_application, "ssh:", 4) != 0) {
3848 					fatal("FIDO application string must "
3849 					    "begin with \"ssh:\"");
3850 				}
3851 			} else {
3852 				fatal("Option \"%s\" is unsupported for "
3853 				    "FIDO authenticator enrollment", opts[i]);
3854 			}
3855 		}
3856 		if ((attest = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
3857 			fatal("sshbuf_new failed");
3858 		r = 0;
3859 		for (i = 0 ;;) {
3860 			if (!quiet) {
3861 				printf("You may need to touch your "
3862 				    "authenticator%s to authorize key "
3863 				    "generation.\n",
3864 				    r == 0 ? "" : " again");
3865 			}
3866 			fflush(stdout);
3867 			r = sshsk_enroll(type, sk_provider, sk_device,
3868 			    sk_application == NULL ? "ssh:" : sk_application,
3869 			    sk_user, sk_flags, passphrase, challenge,
3870 			    &private, attest);
3871 			if (r == 0)
3872 				break;
3873 			if (r == SSH_ERR_KEY_BAD_PERMISSIONS &&
3874 			    (sk_flags & SSH_SK_RESIDENT_KEY) != 0 &&
3875 			    (sk_flags & SSH_SK_FORCE_OPERATION) == 0 &&
3876 			    confirm_sk_overwrite(sk_application, sk_user)) {
3877 				sk_flags |= SSH_SK_FORCE_OPERATION;
3878 				continue;
3879 			}
3880 			if (r != SSH_ERR_KEY_WRONG_PASSPHRASE)
3881 				fatal_r(r, "Key enrollment failed");
3882 			else if (passphrase != NULL) {
3883 				error("PIN incorrect");
3884 				freezero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
3885 				passphrase = NULL;
3886 			}
3887 			if (++i >= 3)
3888 				fatal("Too many incorrect PINs");
3889 			passphrase = read_passphrase("Enter PIN for "
3890 			    "authenticator: ", RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
3891 		}
3892 		if (passphrase != NULL) {
3893 			freezero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
3894 			passphrase = NULL;
3895 		}
3896 		break;
3897 	default:
3898 		if ((r = sshkey_generate(type, bits, &private)) != 0)
3899 			fatal("sshkey_generate failed");
3900 		break;
3901 	}
3902 	if ((r = sshkey_from_private(private, &public)) != 0)
3903 		fatal_r(r, "sshkey_from_private");
3904 
3905 	if (!have_identity)
3906 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which to save the key");
3907 
3908 	/* Create ~/.ssh directory if it doesn't already exist. */
3909 	hostfile_create_user_ssh_dir(identity_file, !quiet);
3910 
3911 	/* If the file already exists, ask the user to confirm. */
3912 	if (!confirm_overwrite(identity_file))
3913 		exit(1);
3914 
3915 	/* Determine the passphrase for the private key */
3916 	passphrase = private_key_passphrase();
3917 	if (identity_comment) {
3918 		strlcpy(comment, identity_comment, sizeof(comment));
3919 	} else {
3920 		/* Create default comment field for the passphrase. */
3921 		snprintf(comment, sizeof comment, "%s@%s", pw->pw_name, hostname);
3922 	}
3923 
3924 	/* Save the key with the given passphrase and comment. */
3925 	if ((r = sshkey_save_private(private, identity_file, passphrase,
3926 	    comment, private_key_format, openssh_format_cipher, rounds)) != 0) {
3927 		error_r(r, "Saving key \"%s\" failed", identity_file);
3928 		freezero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
3929 		exit(1);
3930 	}
3931 	freezero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
3932 	sshkey_free(private);
3933 
3934 	if (!quiet) {
3935 		printf("Your identification has been saved in %s\n",
3936 		    identity_file);
3937 	}
3938 
3939 	strlcat(identity_file, ".pub", sizeof(identity_file));
3940 	if ((r = sshkey_save_public(public, identity_file, comment)) != 0)
3941 		fatal_r(r, "Unable to save public key to %s", identity_file);
3942 
3943 	if (!quiet) {
3944 		fp = sshkey_fingerprint(public, fingerprint_hash,
3945 		    SSH_FP_DEFAULT);
3946 		ra = sshkey_fingerprint(public, fingerprint_hash,
3947 		    SSH_FP_RANDOMART);
3948 		if (fp == NULL || ra == NULL)
3949 			fatal("sshkey_fingerprint failed");
3950 		printf("Your public key has been saved in %s\n",
3951 		    identity_file);
3952 		printf("The key fingerprint is:\n");
3953 		printf("%s %s\n", fp, comment);
3954 		printf("The key's randomart image is:\n");
3955 		printf("%s\n", ra);
3956 		free(ra);
3957 		free(fp);
3958 	}
3959 
3960 	if (sk_attestation_path != NULL)
3961 		save_attestation(attest, sk_attestation_path);
3962 
3963 	sshbuf_free(attest);
3964 	sshkey_free(public);
3965 
3966 	exit(0);
3967 }
3968