xref: /freebsd/crypto/openssh/ssh-keygen.c (revision 2e3f49888ec8851bafb22011533217487764fdb0)
1 /* $OpenBSD: ssh-keygen.c,v 1.471 2023/09/04 10:29:58 job Exp $ */
2 /*
3  * Author: Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>
4  * Copyright (c) 1994 Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>, Espoo, Finland
5  *                    All rights reserved
6  * Identity and host key generation and maintenance.
7  *
8  * As far as I am concerned, the code I have written for this software
9  * can be used freely for any purpose.  Any derived versions of this
10  * software must be clearly marked as such, and if the derived work is
11  * incompatible with the protocol description in the RFC file, it must be
12  * called by a name other than "ssh" or "Secure Shell".
13  */
14 
15 #include "includes.h"
16 
17 #include <sys/types.h>
18 #include <sys/socket.h>
19 #include <sys/stat.h>
20 
21 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
22 #include <openssl/evp.h>
23 #include <openssl/pem.h>
24 #include "openbsd-compat/openssl-compat.h"
25 #endif
26 
27 #ifdef HAVE_STDINT_H
28 # include <stdint.h>
29 #endif
30 #include <errno.h>
31 #include <fcntl.h>
32 #include <netdb.h>
33 #ifdef HAVE_PATHS_H
34 # include <paths.h>
35 #endif
36 #include <pwd.h>
37 #include <stdarg.h>
38 #include <stdio.h>
39 #include <stdlib.h>
40 #include <string.h>
41 #include <unistd.h>
42 #include <limits.h>
43 #include <locale.h>
44 #include <time.h>
45 
46 #include "xmalloc.h"
47 #include "sshkey.h"
48 #include "authfile.h"
49 #include "sshbuf.h"
50 #include "pathnames.h"
51 #include "log.h"
52 #include "misc.h"
53 #include "match.h"
54 #include "hostfile.h"
55 #include "dns.h"
56 #include "ssh.h"
57 #include "ssh2.h"
58 #include "ssherr.h"
59 #include "ssh-pkcs11.h"
60 #include "atomicio.h"
61 #include "krl.h"
62 #include "digest.h"
63 #include "utf8.h"
64 #include "authfd.h"
65 #include "sshsig.h"
66 #include "ssh-sk.h"
67 #include "sk-api.h" /* XXX for SSH_SK_USER_PRESENCE_REQD; remove */
68 #include "cipher.h"
69 
70 #define DEFAULT_KEY_TYPE_NAME "ed25519"
71 
72 /*
73  * Default number of bits in the RSA, DSA and ECDSA keys.  These value can be
74  * overridden on the command line.
75  *
76  * These values, with the exception of DSA, provide security equivalent to at
77  * least 128 bits of security according to NIST Special Publication 800-57:
78  * Recommendation for Key Management Part 1 rev 4 section 5.6.1.
79  * For DSA it (and FIPS-186-4 section 4.2) specifies that the only size for
80  * which a 160bit hash is acceptable is 1kbit, and since ssh-dss specifies only
81  * SHA1 we limit the DSA key size 1k bits.
82  */
83 #define DEFAULT_BITS		3072
84 #define DEFAULT_BITS_DSA	1024
85 #define DEFAULT_BITS_ECDSA	256
86 
87 static int quiet = 0;
88 
89 /* Flag indicating that we just want to see the key fingerprint */
90 static int print_fingerprint = 0;
91 static int print_bubblebabble = 0;
92 
93 /* Hash algorithm to use for fingerprints. */
94 static int fingerprint_hash = SSH_FP_HASH_DEFAULT;
95 
96 /* The identity file name, given on the command line or entered by the user. */
97 static char identity_file[PATH_MAX];
98 static int have_identity = 0;
99 
100 /* This is set to the passphrase if given on the command line. */
101 static char *identity_passphrase = NULL;
102 
103 /* This is set to the new passphrase if given on the command line. */
104 static char *identity_new_passphrase = NULL;
105 
106 /* Key type when certifying */
107 static u_int cert_key_type = SSH2_CERT_TYPE_USER;
108 
109 /* "key ID" of signed key */
110 static char *cert_key_id = NULL;
111 
112 /* Comma-separated list of principal names for certifying keys */
113 static char *cert_principals = NULL;
114 
115 /* Validity period for certificates */
116 static u_int64_t cert_valid_from = 0;
117 static u_int64_t cert_valid_to = ~0ULL;
118 
119 /* Certificate options */
120 #define CERTOPT_X_FWD				(1)
121 #define CERTOPT_AGENT_FWD			(1<<1)
122 #define CERTOPT_PORT_FWD			(1<<2)
123 #define CERTOPT_PTY				(1<<3)
124 #define CERTOPT_USER_RC				(1<<4)
125 #define CERTOPT_NO_REQUIRE_USER_PRESENCE	(1<<5)
126 #define CERTOPT_REQUIRE_VERIFY			(1<<6)
127 #define CERTOPT_DEFAULT	(CERTOPT_X_FWD|CERTOPT_AGENT_FWD| \
128 			 CERTOPT_PORT_FWD|CERTOPT_PTY|CERTOPT_USER_RC)
129 static u_int32_t certflags_flags = CERTOPT_DEFAULT;
130 static char *certflags_command = NULL;
131 static char *certflags_src_addr = NULL;
132 
133 /* Arbitrary extensions specified by user */
134 struct cert_ext {
135 	char *key;
136 	char *val;
137 	int crit;
138 };
139 static struct cert_ext *cert_ext;
140 static size_t ncert_ext;
141 
142 /* Conversion to/from various formats */
143 enum {
144 	FMT_RFC4716,
145 	FMT_PKCS8,
146 	FMT_PEM
147 } convert_format = FMT_RFC4716;
148 
149 static char *key_type_name = NULL;
150 
151 /* Load key from this PKCS#11 provider */
152 static char *pkcs11provider = NULL;
153 
154 /* FIDO/U2F provider to use */
155 static char *sk_provider = NULL;
156 
157 /* Format for writing private keys */
158 static int private_key_format = SSHKEY_PRIVATE_OPENSSH;
159 
160 /* Cipher for new-format private keys */
161 static char *openssh_format_cipher = NULL;
162 
163 /* Number of KDF rounds to derive new format keys. */
164 static int rounds = 0;
165 
166 /* argv0 */
167 extern char *__progname;
168 
169 static char hostname[NI_MAXHOST];
170 
171 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
172 /* moduli.c */
173 int gen_candidates(FILE *, u_int32_t, u_int32_t, BIGNUM *);
174 int prime_test(FILE *, FILE *, u_int32_t, u_int32_t, char *, unsigned long,
175     unsigned long);
176 #endif
177 
178 static void
179 type_bits_valid(int type, const char *name, u_int32_t *bitsp)
180 {
181 	if (type == KEY_UNSPEC)
182 		fatal("unknown key type %s", key_type_name);
183 	if (*bitsp == 0) {
184 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
185 		int nid;
186 
187 		switch(type) {
188 		case KEY_DSA:
189 			*bitsp = DEFAULT_BITS_DSA;
190 			break;
191 		case KEY_ECDSA:
192 			if (name != NULL &&
193 			    (nid = sshkey_ecdsa_nid_from_name(name)) > 0)
194 				*bitsp = sshkey_curve_nid_to_bits(nid);
195 			if (*bitsp == 0)
196 				*bitsp = DEFAULT_BITS_ECDSA;
197 			break;
198 		case KEY_RSA:
199 			*bitsp = DEFAULT_BITS;
200 			break;
201 		}
202 #endif
203 	}
204 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
205 	switch (type) {
206 	case KEY_DSA:
207 		if (*bitsp != 1024)
208 			fatal("Invalid DSA key length: must be 1024 bits");
209 		break;
210 	case KEY_RSA:
211 		if (*bitsp < SSH_RSA_MINIMUM_MODULUS_SIZE)
212 			fatal("Invalid RSA key length: minimum is %d bits",
213 			    SSH_RSA_MINIMUM_MODULUS_SIZE);
214 		else if (*bitsp > OPENSSL_RSA_MAX_MODULUS_BITS)
215 			fatal("Invalid RSA key length: maximum is %d bits",
216 			    OPENSSL_RSA_MAX_MODULUS_BITS);
217 		break;
218 	case KEY_ECDSA:
219 		if (sshkey_ecdsa_bits_to_nid(*bitsp) == -1)
220 #ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_NISTP521
221 			fatal("Invalid ECDSA key length: valid lengths are "
222 			    "256, 384 or 521 bits");
223 #else
224 			fatal("Invalid ECDSA key length: valid lengths are "
225 			    "256 or 384 bits");
226 #endif
227 	}
228 #endif
229 }
230 
231 /*
232  * Checks whether a file exists and, if so, asks the user whether they wish
233  * to overwrite it.
234  * Returns nonzero if the file does not already exist or if the user agrees to
235  * overwrite, or zero otherwise.
236  */
237 static int
238 confirm_overwrite(const char *filename)
239 {
240 	char yesno[3];
241 	struct stat st;
242 
243 	if (stat(filename, &st) != 0)
244 		return 1;
245 	printf("%s already exists.\n", filename);
246 	printf("Overwrite (y/n)? ");
247 	fflush(stdout);
248 	if (fgets(yesno, sizeof(yesno), stdin) == NULL)
249 		return 0;
250 	if (yesno[0] != 'y' && yesno[0] != 'Y')
251 		return 0;
252 	return 1;
253 }
254 
255 static void
256 ask_filename(struct passwd *pw, const char *prompt)
257 {
258 	char buf[1024];
259 	char *name = NULL;
260 
261 	if (key_type_name == NULL)
262 		name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_ED25519;
263 	else {
264 		switch (sshkey_type_from_name(key_type_name)) {
265 		case KEY_DSA_CERT:
266 		case KEY_DSA:
267 			name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_DSA;
268 			break;
269 #ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_ECC
270 		case KEY_ECDSA_CERT:
271 		case KEY_ECDSA:
272 			name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_ECDSA;
273 			break;
274 		case KEY_ECDSA_SK_CERT:
275 		case KEY_ECDSA_SK:
276 			name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_ECDSA_SK;
277 			break;
278 #endif
279 		case KEY_RSA_CERT:
280 		case KEY_RSA:
281 			name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_RSA;
282 			break;
283 		case KEY_ED25519:
284 		case KEY_ED25519_CERT:
285 			name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_ED25519;
286 			break;
287 		case KEY_ED25519_SK:
288 		case KEY_ED25519_SK_CERT:
289 			name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_ED25519_SK;
290 			break;
291 		case KEY_XMSS:
292 		case KEY_XMSS_CERT:
293 			name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_XMSS;
294 			break;
295 		default:
296 			fatal("bad key type");
297 		}
298 	}
299 	snprintf(identity_file, sizeof(identity_file),
300 	    "%s/%s", pw->pw_dir, name);
301 	printf("%s (%s): ", prompt, identity_file);
302 	fflush(stdout);
303 	if (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin) == NULL)
304 		exit(1);
305 	buf[strcspn(buf, "\n")] = '\0';
306 	if (strcmp(buf, "") != 0)
307 		strlcpy(identity_file, buf, sizeof(identity_file));
308 	have_identity = 1;
309 }
310 
311 static struct sshkey *
312 load_identity(const char *filename, char **commentp)
313 {
314 	char *pass;
315 	struct sshkey *prv;
316 	int r;
317 
318 	if (commentp != NULL)
319 		*commentp = NULL;
320 	if ((r = sshkey_load_private(filename, "", &prv, commentp)) == 0)
321 		return prv;
322 	if (r != SSH_ERR_KEY_WRONG_PASSPHRASE)
323 		fatal_r(r, "Load key \"%s\"", filename);
324 	if (identity_passphrase)
325 		pass = xstrdup(identity_passphrase);
326 	else
327 		pass = read_passphrase("Enter passphrase: ", RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
328 	r = sshkey_load_private(filename, pass, &prv, commentp);
329 	freezero(pass, strlen(pass));
330 	if (r != 0)
331 		fatal_r(r, "Load key \"%s\"", filename);
332 	return prv;
333 }
334 
335 #define SSH_COM_PUBLIC_BEGIN		"---- BEGIN SSH2 PUBLIC KEY ----"
336 #define SSH_COM_PUBLIC_END		"---- END SSH2 PUBLIC KEY ----"
337 #define SSH_COM_PRIVATE_BEGIN		"---- BEGIN SSH2 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY ----"
338 #define	SSH_COM_PRIVATE_KEY_MAGIC	0x3f6ff9eb
339 
340 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
341 static void
342 do_convert_to_ssh2(struct passwd *pw, struct sshkey *k)
343 {
344 	struct sshbuf *b;
345 	char comment[61], *b64;
346 	int r;
347 
348 	if ((b = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
349 		fatal_f("sshbuf_new failed");
350 	if ((r = sshkey_putb(k, b)) != 0)
351 		fatal_fr(r, "put key");
352 	if ((b64 = sshbuf_dtob64_string(b, 1)) == NULL)
353 		fatal_f("sshbuf_dtob64_string failed");
354 
355 	/* Comment + surrounds must fit into 72 chars (RFC 4716 sec 3.3) */
356 	snprintf(comment, sizeof(comment),
357 	    "%u-bit %s, converted by %s@%s from OpenSSH",
358 	    sshkey_size(k), sshkey_type(k),
359 	    pw->pw_name, hostname);
360 
361 	sshkey_free(k);
362 	sshbuf_free(b);
363 
364 	fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", SSH_COM_PUBLIC_BEGIN);
365 	fprintf(stdout, "Comment: \"%s\"\n%s", comment, b64);
366 	fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", SSH_COM_PUBLIC_END);
367 	free(b64);
368 	exit(0);
369 }
370 
371 static void
372 do_convert_to_pkcs8(struct sshkey *k)
373 {
374 	switch (sshkey_type_plain(k->type)) {
375 	case KEY_RSA:
376 		if (!PEM_write_RSA_PUBKEY(stdout, k->rsa))
377 			fatal("PEM_write_RSA_PUBKEY failed");
378 		break;
379 	case KEY_DSA:
380 		if (!PEM_write_DSA_PUBKEY(stdout, k->dsa))
381 			fatal("PEM_write_DSA_PUBKEY failed");
382 		break;
383 #ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_ECC
384 	case KEY_ECDSA:
385 		if (!PEM_write_EC_PUBKEY(stdout, k->ecdsa))
386 			fatal("PEM_write_EC_PUBKEY failed");
387 		break;
388 #endif
389 	default:
390 		fatal_f("unsupported key type %s", sshkey_type(k));
391 	}
392 	exit(0);
393 }
394 
395 static void
396 do_convert_to_pem(struct sshkey *k)
397 {
398 	switch (sshkey_type_plain(k->type)) {
399 	case KEY_RSA:
400 		if (!PEM_write_RSAPublicKey(stdout, k->rsa))
401 			fatal("PEM_write_RSAPublicKey failed");
402 		break;
403 	case KEY_DSA:
404 		if (!PEM_write_DSA_PUBKEY(stdout, k->dsa))
405 			fatal("PEM_write_DSA_PUBKEY failed");
406 		break;
407 #ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_ECC
408 	case KEY_ECDSA:
409 		if (!PEM_write_EC_PUBKEY(stdout, k->ecdsa))
410 			fatal("PEM_write_EC_PUBKEY failed");
411 		break;
412 #endif
413 	default:
414 		fatal_f("unsupported key type %s", sshkey_type(k));
415 	}
416 	exit(0);
417 }
418 
419 static void
420 do_convert_to(struct passwd *pw)
421 {
422 	struct sshkey *k;
423 	struct stat st;
424 	int r;
425 
426 	if (!have_identity)
427 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
428 	if (stat(identity_file, &st) == -1)
429 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, identity_file, strerror(errno));
430 	if ((r = sshkey_load_public(identity_file, &k, NULL)) != 0)
431 		k = load_identity(identity_file, NULL);
432 	switch (convert_format) {
433 	case FMT_RFC4716:
434 		do_convert_to_ssh2(pw, k);
435 		break;
436 	case FMT_PKCS8:
437 		do_convert_to_pkcs8(k);
438 		break;
439 	case FMT_PEM:
440 		do_convert_to_pem(k);
441 		break;
442 	default:
443 		fatal_f("unknown key format %d", convert_format);
444 	}
445 	exit(0);
446 }
447 
448 /*
449  * This is almost exactly the bignum1 encoding, but with 32 bit for length
450  * instead of 16.
451  */
452 static void
453 buffer_get_bignum_bits(struct sshbuf *b, BIGNUM *value)
454 {
455 	u_int bytes, bignum_bits;
456 	int r;
457 
458 	if ((r = sshbuf_get_u32(b, &bignum_bits)) != 0)
459 		fatal_fr(r, "parse");
460 	bytes = (bignum_bits + 7) / 8;
461 	if (sshbuf_len(b) < bytes)
462 		fatal_f("input buffer too small: need %d have %zu",
463 		    bytes, sshbuf_len(b));
464 	if (BN_bin2bn(sshbuf_ptr(b), bytes, value) == NULL)
465 		fatal_f("BN_bin2bn failed");
466 	if ((r = sshbuf_consume(b, bytes)) != 0)
467 		fatal_fr(r, "consume");
468 }
469 
470 static struct sshkey *
471 do_convert_private_ssh2(struct sshbuf *b)
472 {
473 	struct sshkey *key = NULL;
474 	char *type, *cipher;
475 	const char *alg = NULL;
476 	u_char e1, e2, e3, *sig = NULL, data[] = "abcde12345";
477 	int r, rlen, ktype;
478 	u_int magic, i1, i2, i3, i4;
479 	size_t slen;
480 	u_long e;
481 	BIGNUM *dsa_p = NULL, *dsa_q = NULL, *dsa_g = NULL;
482 	BIGNUM *dsa_pub_key = NULL, *dsa_priv_key = NULL;
483 	BIGNUM *rsa_n = NULL, *rsa_e = NULL, *rsa_d = NULL;
484 	BIGNUM *rsa_p = NULL, *rsa_q = NULL, *rsa_iqmp = NULL;
485 
486 	if ((r = sshbuf_get_u32(b, &magic)) != 0)
487 		fatal_fr(r, "parse magic");
488 
489 	if (magic != SSH_COM_PRIVATE_KEY_MAGIC) {
490 		error("bad magic 0x%x != 0x%x", magic,
491 		    SSH_COM_PRIVATE_KEY_MAGIC);
492 		return NULL;
493 	}
494 	if ((r = sshbuf_get_u32(b, &i1)) != 0 ||
495 	    (r = sshbuf_get_cstring(b, &type, NULL)) != 0 ||
496 	    (r = sshbuf_get_cstring(b, &cipher, NULL)) != 0 ||
497 	    (r = sshbuf_get_u32(b, &i2)) != 0 ||
498 	    (r = sshbuf_get_u32(b, &i3)) != 0 ||
499 	    (r = sshbuf_get_u32(b, &i4)) != 0)
500 		fatal_fr(r, "parse");
501 	debug("ignore (%d %d %d %d)", i1, i2, i3, i4);
502 	if (strcmp(cipher, "none") != 0) {
503 		error("unsupported cipher %s", cipher);
504 		free(cipher);
505 		free(type);
506 		return NULL;
507 	}
508 	free(cipher);
509 
510 	if (strstr(type, "dsa")) {
511 		ktype = KEY_DSA;
512 	} else if (strstr(type, "rsa")) {
513 		ktype = KEY_RSA;
514 	} else {
515 		free(type);
516 		return NULL;
517 	}
518 	if ((key = sshkey_new(ktype)) == NULL)
519 		fatal("sshkey_new failed");
520 	free(type);
521 
522 	switch (key->type) {
523 	case KEY_DSA:
524 		if ((dsa_p = BN_new()) == NULL ||
525 		    (dsa_q = BN_new()) == NULL ||
526 		    (dsa_g = BN_new()) == NULL ||
527 		    (dsa_pub_key = BN_new()) == NULL ||
528 		    (dsa_priv_key = BN_new()) == NULL)
529 			fatal_f("BN_new");
530 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, dsa_p);
531 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, dsa_g);
532 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, dsa_q);
533 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, dsa_pub_key);
534 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, dsa_priv_key);
535 		if (!DSA_set0_pqg(key->dsa, dsa_p, dsa_q, dsa_g))
536 			fatal_f("DSA_set0_pqg failed");
537 		dsa_p = dsa_q = dsa_g = NULL; /* transferred */
538 		if (!DSA_set0_key(key->dsa, dsa_pub_key, dsa_priv_key))
539 			fatal_f("DSA_set0_key failed");
540 		dsa_pub_key = dsa_priv_key = NULL; /* transferred */
541 		break;
542 	case KEY_RSA:
543 		if ((r = sshbuf_get_u8(b, &e1)) != 0 ||
544 		    (e1 < 30 && (r = sshbuf_get_u8(b, &e2)) != 0) ||
545 		    (e1 < 30 && (r = sshbuf_get_u8(b, &e3)) != 0))
546 			fatal_fr(r, "parse RSA");
547 		e = e1;
548 		debug("e %lx", e);
549 		if (e < 30) {
550 			e <<= 8;
551 			e += e2;
552 			debug("e %lx", e);
553 			e <<= 8;
554 			e += e3;
555 			debug("e %lx", e);
556 		}
557 		if ((rsa_e = BN_new()) == NULL)
558 			fatal_f("BN_new");
559 		if (!BN_set_word(rsa_e, e)) {
560 			BN_clear_free(rsa_e);
561 			sshkey_free(key);
562 			return NULL;
563 		}
564 		if ((rsa_n = BN_new()) == NULL ||
565 		    (rsa_d = BN_new()) == NULL ||
566 		    (rsa_p = BN_new()) == NULL ||
567 		    (rsa_q = BN_new()) == NULL ||
568 		    (rsa_iqmp = BN_new()) == NULL)
569 			fatal_f("BN_new");
570 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, rsa_d);
571 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, rsa_n);
572 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, rsa_iqmp);
573 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, rsa_q);
574 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, rsa_p);
575 		if (!RSA_set0_key(key->rsa, rsa_n, rsa_e, rsa_d))
576 			fatal_f("RSA_set0_key failed");
577 		rsa_n = rsa_e = rsa_d = NULL; /* transferred */
578 		if (!RSA_set0_factors(key->rsa, rsa_p, rsa_q))
579 			fatal_f("RSA_set0_factors failed");
580 		rsa_p = rsa_q = NULL; /* transferred */
581 		if ((r = ssh_rsa_complete_crt_parameters(key, rsa_iqmp)) != 0)
582 			fatal_fr(r, "generate RSA parameters");
583 		BN_clear_free(rsa_iqmp);
584 		alg = "rsa-sha2-256";
585 		break;
586 	}
587 	rlen = sshbuf_len(b);
588 	if (rlen != 0)
589 		error_f("remaining bytes in key blob %d", rlen);
590 
591 	/* try the key */
592 	if ((r = sshkey_sign(key, &sig, &slen, data, sizeof(data),
593 	    alg, NULL, NULL, 0)) != 0)
594 		error_fr(r, "signing with converted key failed");
595 	else if ((r = sshkey_verify(key, sig, slen, data, sizeof(data),
596 	    alg, 0, NULL)) != 0)
597 		error_fr(r, "verification with converted key failed");
598 	if (r != 0) {
599 		sshkey_free(key);
600 		free(sig);
601 		return NULL;
602 	}
603 	free(sig);
604 	return key;
605 }
606 
607 static int
608 get_line(FILE *fp, char *line, size_t len)
609 {
610 	int c;
611 	size_t pos = 0;
612 
613 	line[0] = '\0';
614 	while ((c = fgetc(fp)) != EOF) {
615 		if (pos >= len - 1)
616 			fatal("input line too long.");
617 		switch (c) {
618 		case '\r':
619 			c = fgetc(fp);
620 			if (c != EOF && c != '\n' && ungetc(c, fp) == EOF)
621 				fatal("unget: %s", strerror(errno));
622 			return pos;
623 		case '\n':
624 			return pos;
625 		}
626 		line[pos++] = c;
627 		line[pos] = '\0';
628 	}
629 	/* We reached EOF */
630 	return -1;
631 }
632 
633 static void
634 do_convert_from_ssh2(struct passwd *pw, struct sshkey **k, int *private)
635 {
636 	int r, blen, escaped = 0;
637 	u_int len;
638 	char line[1024];
639 	struct sshbuf *buf;
640 	char encoded[8096];
641 	FILE *fp;
642 
643 	if ((buf = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
644 		fatal("sshbuf_new failed");
645 	if ((fp = fopen(identity_file, "r")) == NULL)
646 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, identity_file, strerror(errno));
647 	encoded[0] = '\0';
648 	while ((blen = get_line(fp, line, sizeof(line))) != -1) {
649 		if (blen > 0 && line[blen - 1] == '\\')
650 			escaped++;
651 		if (strncmp(line, "----", 4) == 0 ||
652 		    strstr(line, ": ") != NULL) {
653 			if (strstr(line, SSH_COM_PRIVATE_BEGIN) != NULL)
654 				*private = 1;
655 			if (strstr(line, " END ") != NULL) {
656 				break;
657 			}
658 			/* fprintf(stderr, "ignore: %s", line); */
659 			continue;
660 		}
661 		if (escaped) {
662 			escaped--;
663 			/* fprintf(stderr, "escaped: %s", line); */
664 			continue;
665 		}
666 		strlcat(encoded, line, sizeof(encoded));
667 	}
668 	len = strlen(encoded);
669 	if (((len % 4) == 3) &&
670 	    (encoded[len-1] == '=') &&
671 	    (encoded[len-2] == '=') &&
672 	    (encoded[len-3] == '='))
673 		encoded[len-3] = '\0';
674 	if ((r = sshbuf_b64tod(buf, encoded)) != 0)
675 		fatal_fr(r, "base64 decode");
676 	if (*private) {
677 		if ((*k = do_convert_private_ssh2(buf)) == NULL)
678 			fatal_f("private key conversion failed");
679 	} else if ((r = sshkey_fromb(buf, k)) != 0)
680 		fatal_fr(r, "parse key");
681 	sshbuf_free(buf);
682 	fclose(fp);
683 }
684 
685 static void
686 do_convert_from_pkcs8(struct sshkey **k, int *private)
687 {
688 	EVP_PKEY *pubkey;
689 	FILE *fp;
690 
691 	if ((fp = fopen(identity_file, "r")) == NULL)
692 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, identity_file, strerror(errno));
693 	if ((pubkey = PEM_read_PUBKEY(fp, NULL, NULL, NULL)) == NULL) {
694 		fatal_f("%s is not a recognised public key format",
695 		    identity_file);
696 	}
697 	fclose(fp);
698 	switch (EVP_PKEY_base_id(pubkey)) {
699 	case EVP_PKEY_RSA:
700 		if ((*k = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
701 			fatal("sshkey_new failed");
702 		(*k)->type = KEY_RSA;
703 		(*k)->rsa = EVP_PKEY_get1_RSA(pubkey);
704 		break;
705 	case EVP_PKEY_DSA:
706 		if ((*k = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
707 			fatal("sshkey_new failed");
708 		(*k)->type = KEY_DSA;
709 		(*k)->dsa = EVP_PKEY_get1_DSA(pubkey);
710 		break;
711 #ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_ECC
712 	case EVP_PKEY_EC:
713 		if ((*k = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
714 			fatal("sshkey_new failed");
715 		(*k)->type = KEY_ECDSA;
716 		(*k)->ecdsa = EVP_PKEY_get1_EC_KEY(pubkey);
717 		(*k)->ecdsa_nid = sshkey_ecdsa_key_to_nid((*k)->ecdsa);
718 		break;
719 #endif
720 	default:
721 		fatal_f("unsupported pubkey type %d",
722 		    EVP_PKEY_base_id(pubkey));
723 	}
724 	EVP_PKEY_free(pubkey);
725 	return;
726 }
727 
728 static void
729 do_convert_from_pem(struct sshkey **k, int *private)
730 {
731 	FILE *fp;
732 	RSA *rsa;
733 
734 	if ((fp = fopen(identity_file, "r")) == NULL)
735 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, identity_file, strerror(errno));
736 	if ((rsa = PEM_read_RSAPublicKey(fp, NULL, NULL, NULL)) != NULL) {
737 		if ((*k = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
738 			fatal("sshkey_new failed");
739 		(*k)->type = KEY_RSA;
740 		(*k)->rsa = rsa;
741 		fclose(fp);
742 		return;
743 	}
744 	fatal_f("unrecognised raw private key format");
745 }
746 
747 static void
748 do_convert_from(struct passwd *pw)
749 {
750 	struct sshkey *k = NULL;
751 	int r, private = 0, ok = 0;
752 	struct stat st;
753 
754 	if (!have_identity)
755 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
756 	if (stat(identity_file, &st) == -1)
757 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, identity_file, strerror(errno));
758 
759 	switch (convert_format) {
760 	case FMT_RFC4716:
761 		do_convert_from_ssh2(pw, &k, &private);
762 		break;
763 	case FMT_PKCS8:
764 		do_convert_from_pkcs8(&k, &private);
765 		break;
766 	case FMT_PEM:
767 		do_convert_from_pem(&k, &private);
768 		break;
769 	default:
770 		fatal_f("unknown key format %d", convert_format);
771 	}
772 
773 	if (!private) {
774 		if ((r = sshkey_write(k, stdout)) == 0)
775 			ok = 1;
776 		if (ok)
777 			fprintf(stdout, "\n");
778 	} else {
779 		switch (k->type) {
780 		case KEY_DSA:
781 			ok = PEM_write_DSAPrivateKey(stdout, k->dsa, NULL,
782 			    NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
783 			break;
784 #ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_ECC
785 		case KEY_ECDSA:
786 			ok = PEM_write_ECPrivateKey(stdout, k->ecdsa, NULL,
787 			    NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
788 			break;
789 #endif
790 		case KEY_RSA:
791 			ok = PEM_write_RSAPrivateKey(stdout, k->rsa, NULL,
792 			    NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
793 			break;
794 		default:
795 			fatal_f("unsupported key type %s", sshkey_type(k));
796 		}
797 	}
798 
799 	if (!ok)
800 		fatal("key write failed");
801 	sshkey_free(k);
802 	exit(0);
803 }
804 #endif
805 
806 static void
807 do_print_public(struct passwd *pw)
808 {
809 	struct sshkey *prv;
810 	struct stat st;
811 	int r;
812 	char *comment = NULL;
813 
814 	if (!have_identity)
815 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
816 	if (stat(identity_file, &st) == -1)
817 		fatal("%s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
818 	prv = load_identity(identity_file, &comment);
819 	if ((r = sshkey_write(prv, stdout)) != 0)
820 		fatal_fr(r, "write key");
821 	if (comment != NULL && *comment != '\0')
822 		fprintf(stdout, " %s", comment);
823 	fprintf(stdout, "\n");
824 	if (sshkey_is_sk(prv)) {
825 		debug("sk_application: \"%s\", sk_flags 0x%02x",
826 			prv->sk_application, prv->sk_flags);
827 	}
828 	sshkey_free(prv);
829 	free(comment);
830 	exit(0);
831 }
832 
833 static void
834 do_download(struct passwd *pw)
835 {
836 #ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11
837 	struct sshkey **keys = NULL;
838 	int i, nkeys;
839 	enum sshkey_fp_rep rep;
840 	int fptype;
841 	char *fp, *ra, **comments = NULL;
842 
843 	fptype = print_bubblebabble ? SSH_DIGEST_SHA1 : fingerprint_hash;
844 	rep =    print_bubblebabble ? SSH_FP_BUBBLEBABBLE : SSH_FP_DEFAULT;
845 
846 	pkcs11_init(1);
847 	nkeys = pkcs11_add_provider(pkcs11provider, NULL, &keys, &comments);
848 	if (nkeys <= 0)
849 		fatal("cannot read public key from pkcs11");
850 	for (i = 0; i < nkeys; i++) {
851 		if (print_fingerprint) {
852 			fp = sshkey_fingerprint(keys[i], fptype, rep);
853 			ra = sshkey_fingerprint(keys[i], fingerprint_hash,
854 			    SSH_FP_RANDOMART);
855 			if (fp == NULL || ra == NULL)
856 				fatal_f("sshkey_fingerprint fail");
857 			printf("%u %s %s (PKCS11 key)\n", sshkey_size(keys[i]),
858 			    fp, sshkey_type(keys[i]));
859 			if (log_level_get() >= SYSLOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE)
860 				printf("%s\n", ra);
861 			free(ra);
862 			free(fp);
863 		} else {
864 			(void) sshkey_write(keys[i], stdout); /* XXX check */
865 			fprintf(stdout, "%s%s\n",
866 			    *(comments[i]) == '\0' ? "" : " ", comments[i]);
867 		}
868 		free(comments[i]);
869 		sshkey_free(keys[i]);
870 	}
871 	free(comments);
872 	free(keys);
873 	pkcs11_terminate();
874 	exit(0);
875 #else
876 	fatal("no pkcs11 support");
877 #endif /* ENABLE_PKCS11 */
878 }
879 
880 static struct sshkey *
881 try_read_key(char **cpp)
882 {
883 	struct sshkey *ret;
884 	int r;
885 
886 	if ((ret = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
887 		fatal("sshkey_new failed");
888 	if ((r = sshkey_read(ret, cpp)) == 0)
889 		return ret;
890 	/* Not a key */
891 	sshkey_free(ret);
892 	return NULL;
893 }
894 
895 static void
896 fingerprint_one_key(const struct sshkey *public, const char *comment)
897 {
898 	char *fp = NULL, *ra = NULL;
899 	enum sshkey_fp_rep rep;
900 	int fptype;
901 
902 	fptype = print_bubblebabble ? SSH_DIGEST_SHA1 : fingerprint_hash;
903 	rep =    print_bubblebabble ? SSH_FP_BUBBLEBABBLE : SSH_FP_DEFAULT;
904 	fp = sshkey_fingerprint(public, fptype, rep);
905 	ra = sshkey_fingerprint(public, fingerprint_hash, SSH_FP_RANDOMART);
906 	if (fp == NULL || ra == NULL)
907 		fatal_f("sshkey_fingerprint failed");
908 	mprintf("%u %s %s (%s)\n", sshkey_size(public), fp,
909 	    comment ? comment : "no comment", sshkey_type(public));
910 	if (log_level_get() >= SYSLOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE)
911 		printf("%s\n", ra);
912 	free(ra);
913 	free(fp);
914 }
915 
916 static void
917 fingerprint_private(const char *path)
918 {
919 	struct stat st;
920 	char *comment = NULL;
921 	struct sshkey *privkey = NULL, *pubkey = NULL;
922 	int r;
923 
924 	if (stat(identity_file, &st) == -1)
925 		fatal("%s: %s", path, strerror(errno));
926 	if ((r = sshkey_load_public(path, &pubkey, &comment)) != 0)
927 		debug_r(r, "load public \"%s\"", path);
928 	if (pubkey == NULL || comment == NULL || *comment == '\0') {
929 		free(comment);
930 		if ((r = sshkey_load_private(path, NULL,
931 		    &privkey, &comment)) != 0)
932 			debug_r(r, "load private \"%s\"", path);
933 	}
934 	if (pubkey == NULL && privkey == NULL)
935 		fatal("%s is not a key file.", path);
936 
937 	fingerprint_one_key(pubkey == NULL ? privkey : pubkey, comment);
938 	sshkey_free(pubkey);
939 	sshkey_free(privkey);
940 	free(comment);
941 }
942 
943 static void
944 do_fingerprint(struct passwd *pw)
945 {
946 	FILE *f;
947 	struct sshkey *public = NULL;
948 	char *comment = NULL, *cp, *ep, *line = NULL;
949 	size_t linesize = 0;
950 	int i, invalid = 1;
951 	const char *path;
952 	u_long lnum = 0;
953 
954 	if (!have_identity)
955 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
956 	path = identity_file;
957 
958 	if (strcmp(identity_file, "-") == 0) {
959 		f = stdin;
960 		path = "(stdin)";
961 	} else if ((f = fopen(path, "r")) == NULL)
962 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, path, strerror(errno));
963 
964 	while (getline(&line, &linesize, f) != -1) {
965 		lnum++;
966 		cp = line;
967 		cp[strcspn(cp, "\n")] = '\0';
968 		/* Trim leading space and comments */
969 		cp = line + strspn(line, " \t");
970 		if (*cp == '#' || *cp == '\0')
971 			continue;
972 
973 		/*
974 		 * Input may be plain keys, private keys, authorized_keys
975 		 * or known_hosts.
976 		 */
977 
978 		/*
979 		 * Try private keys first. Assume a key is private if
980 		 * "SSH PRIVATE KEY" appears on the first line and we're
981 		 * not reading from stdin (XXX support private keys on stdin).
982 		 */
983 		if (lnum == 1 && strcmp(identity_file, "-") != 0 &&
984 		    strstr(cp, "PRIVATE KEY") != NULL) {
985 			free(line);
986 			fclose(f);
987 			fingerprint_private(path);
988 			exit(0);
989 		}
990 
991 		/*
992 		 * If it's not a private key, then this must be prepared to
993 		 * accept a public key prefixed with a hostname or options.
994 		 * Try a bare key first, otherwise skip the leading stuff.
995 		 */
996 		comment = NULL;
997 		if ((public = try_read_key(&cp)) == NULL) {
998 			i = strtol(cp, &ep, 10);
999 			if (i == 0 || ep == NULL ||
1000 			    (*ep != ' ' && *ep != '\t')) {
1001 				int quoted = 0;
1002 
1003 				comment = cp;
1004 				for (; *cp && (quoted || (*cp != ' ' &&
1005 				    *cp != '\t')); cp++) {
1006 					if (*cp == '\\' && cp[1] == '"')
1007 						cp++;	/* Skip both */
1008 					else if (*cp == '"')
1009 						quoted = !quoted;
1010 				}
1011 				if (!*cp)
1012 					continue;
1013 				*cp++ = '\0';
1014 			}
1015 		}
1016 		/* Retry after parsing leading hostname/key options */
1017 		if (public == NULL && (public = try_read_key(&cp)) == NULL) {
1018 			debug("%s:%lu: not a public key", path, lnum);
1019 			continue;
1020 		}
1021 
1022 		/* Find trailing comment, if any */
1023 		for (; *cp == ' ' || *cp == '\t'; cp++)
1024 			;
1025 		if (*cp != '\0' && *cp != '#')
1026 			comment = cp;
1027 
1028 		fingerprint_one_key(public, comment);
1029 		sshkey_free(public);
1030 		invalid = 0; /* One good key in the file is sufficient */
1031 	}
1032 	fclose(f);
1033 	free(line);
1034 
1035 	if (invalid)
1036 		fatal("%s is not a public key file.", path);
1037 	exit(0);
1038 }
1039 
1040 static void
1041 do_gen_all_hostkeys(struct passwd *pw)
1042 {
1043 	struct {
1044 		char *key_type;
1045 		char *key_type_display;
1046 		char *path;
1047 	} key_types[] = {
1048 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
1049 		{ "rsa", "RSA" ,_PATH_HOST_RSA_KEY_FILE },
1050 #ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_ECC
1051 		{ "ecdsa", "ECDSA",_PATH_HOST_ECDSA_KEY_FILE },
1052 #endif /* OPENSSL_HAS_ECC */
1053 #endif /* WITH_OPENSSL */
1054 		{ "ed25519", "ED25519",_PATH_HOST_ED25519_KEY_FILE },
1055 #ifdef WITH_XMSS
1056 		{ "xmss", "XMSS",_PATH_HOST_XMSS_KEY_FILE },
1057 #endif /* WITH_XMSS */
1058 		{ NULL, NULL, NULL }
1059 	};
1060 
1061 	u_int32_t bits = 0;
1062 	int first = 0;
1063 	struct stat st;
1064 	struct sshkey *private, *public;
1065 	char comment[1024], *prv_tmp, *pub_tmp, *prv_file, *pub_file;
1066 	int i, type, fd, r;
1067 
1068 	for (i = 0; key_types[i].key_type; i++) {
1069 		public = private = NULL;
1070 		prv_tmp = pub_tmp = prv_file = pub_file = NULL;
1071 
1072 		xasprintf(&prv_file, "%s%s",
1073 		    identity_file, key_types[i].path);
1074 
1075 		/* Check whether private key exists and is not zero-length */
1076 		if (stat(prv_file, &st) == 0) {
1077 			if (st.st_size != 0)
1078 				goto next;
1079 		} else if (errno != ENOENT) {
1080 			error("Could not stat %s: %s", key_types[i].path,
1081 			    strerror(errno));
1082 			goto failnext;
1083 		}
1084 
1085 		/*
1086 		 * Private key doesn't exist or is invalid; proceed with
1087 		 * key generation.
1088 		 */
1089 		xasprintf(&prv_tmp, "%s%s.XXXXXXXXXX",
1090 		    identity_file, key_types[i].path);
1091 		xasprintf(&pub_tmp, "%s%s.pub.XXXXXXXXXX",
1092 		    identity_file, key_types[i].path);
1093 		xasprintf(&pub_file, "%s%s.pub",
1094 		    identity_file, key_types[i].path);
1095 
1096 		if (first == 0) {
1097 			first = 1;
1098 			printf("%s: generating new host keys: ", __progname);
1099 		}
1100 		printf("%s ", key_types[i].key_type_display);
1101 		fflush(stdout);
1102 		type = sshkey_type_from_name(key_types[i].key_type);
1103 		if ((fd = mkstemp(prv_tmp)) == -1) {
1104 			error("Could not save your private key in %s: %s",
1105 			    prv_tmp, strerror(errno));
1106 			goto failnext;
1107 		}
1108 		(void)close(fd); /* just using mkstemp() to reserve a name */
1109 		bits = 0;
1110 		type_bits_valid(type, NULL, &bits);
1111 		if ((r = sshkey_generate(type, bits, &private)) != 0) {
1112 			error_r(r, "sshkey_generate failed");
1113 			goto failnext;
1114 		}
1115 		if ((r = sshkey_from_private(private, &public)) != 0)
1116 			fatal_fr(r, "sshkey_from_private");
1117 		snprintf(comment, sizeof comment, "%s@%s", pw->pw_name,
1118 		    hostname);
1119 		if ((r = sshkey_save_private(private, prv_tmp, "",
1120 		    comment, private_key_format, openssh_format_cipher,
1121 		    rounds)) != 0) {
1122 			error_r(r, "Saving key \"%s\" failed", prv_tmp);
1123 			goto failnext;
1124 		}
1125 		if ((fd = mkstemp(pub_tmp)) == -1) {
1126 			error("Could not save your public key in %s: %s",
1127 			    pub_tmp, strerror(errno));
1128 			goto failnext;
1129 		}
1130 		(void)fchmod(fd, 0644);
1131 		(void)close(fd);
1132 		if ((r = sshkey_save_public(public, pub_tmp, comment)) != 0) {
1133 			error_r(r, "Unable to save public key to %s",
1134 			    identity_file);
1135 			goto failnext;
1136 		}
1137 
1138 		/* Rename temporary files to their permanent locations. */
1139 		if (rename(pub_tmp, pub_file) != 0) {
1140 			error("Unable to move %s into position: %s",
1141 			    pub_file, strerror(errno));
1142 			goto failnext;
1143 		}
1144 		if (rename(prv_tmp, prv_file) != 0) {
1145 			error("Unable to move %s into position: %s",
1146 			    key_types[i].path, strerror(errno));
1147  failnext:
1148 			first = 0;
1149 			goto next;
1150 		}
1151  next:
1152 		sshkey_free(private);
1153 		sshkey_free(public);
1154 		free(prv_tmp);
1155 		free(pub_tmp);
1156 		free(prv_file);
1157 		free(pub_file);
1158 	}
1159 	if (first != 0)
1160 		printf("\n");
1161 }
1162 
1163 struct known_hosts_ctx {
1164 	const char *host;	/* Hostname searched for in find/delete case */
1165 	FILE *out;		/* Output file, stdout for find_hosts case */
1166 	int has_unhashed;	/* When hashing, original had unhashed hosts */
1167 	int found_key;		/* For find/delete, host was found */
1168 	int invalid;		/* File contained invalid items; don't delete */
1169 	int hash_hosts;		/* Hash hostnames as we go */
1170 	int find_host;		/* Search for specific hostname */
1171 	int delete_host;	/* Delete host from known_hosts */
1172 };
1173 
1174 static int
1175 known_hosts_hash(struct hostkey_foreach_line *l, void *_ctx)
1176 {
1177 	struct known_hosts_ctx *ctx = (struct known_hosts_ctx *)_ctx;
1178 	char *hashed, *cp, *hosts, *ohosts;
1179 	int has_wild = l->hosts && strcspn(l->hosts, "*?!") != strlen(l->hosts);
1180 	int was_hashed = l->hosts && l->hosts[0] == HASH_DELIM;
1181 
1182 	switch (l->status) {
1183 	case HKF_STATUS_OK:
1184 	case HKF_STATUS_MATCHED:
1185 		/*
1186 		 * Don't hash hosts already hashed, with wildcard
1187 		 * characters or a CA/revocation marker.
1188 		 */
1189 		if (was_hashed || has_wild || l->marker != MRK_NONE) {
1190 			fprintf(ctx->out, "%s\n", l->line);
1191 			if (has_wild && !ctx->find_host) {
1192 				logit("%s:%lu: ignoring host name "
1193 				    "with wildcard: %.64s", l->path,
1194 				    l->linenum, l->hosts);
1195 			}
1196 			return 0;
1197 		}
1198 		/*
1199 		 * Split any comma-separated hostnames from the host list,
1200 		 * hash and store separately.
1201 		 */
1202 		ohosts = hosts = xstrdup(l->hosts);
1203 		while ((cp = strsep(&hosts, ",")) != NULL && *cp != '\0') {
1204 			lowercase(cp);
1205 			if ((hashed = host_hash(cp, NULL, 0)) == NULL)
1206 				fatal("hash_host failed");
1207 			fprintf(ctx->out, "%s %s\n", hashed, l->rawkey);
1208 			free(hashed);
1209 			ctx->has_unhashed = 1;
1210 		}
1211 		free(ohosts);
1212 		return 0;
1213 	case HKF_STATUS_INVALID:
1214 		/* Retain invalid lines, but mark file as invalid. */
1215 		ctx->invalid = 1;
1216 		logit("%s:%lu: invalid line", l->path, l->linenum);
1217 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
1218 	default:
1219 		fprintf(ctx->out, "%s\n", l->line);
1220 		return 0;
1221 	}
1222 	/* NOTREACHED */
1223 	return -1;
1224 }
1225 
1226 static int
1227 known_hosts_find_delete(struct hostkey_foreach_line *l, void *_ctx)
1228 {
1229 	struct known_hosts_ctx *ctx = (struct known_hosts_ctx *)_ctx;
1230 	enum sshkey_fp_rep rep;
1231 	int fptype;
1232 	char *fp = NULL, *ra = NULL;
1233 
1234 	fptype = print_bubblebabble ? SSH_DIGEST_SHA1 : fingerprint_hash;
1235 	rep =    print_bubblebabble ? SSH_FP_BUBBLEBABBLE : SSH_FP_DEFAULT;
1236 
1237 	if (l->status == HKF_STATUS_MATCHED) {
1238 		if (ctx->delete_host) {
1239 			if (l->marker != MRK_NONE) {
1240 				/* Don't remove CA and revocation lines */
1241 				fprintf(ctx->out, "%s\n", l->line);
1242 			} else {
1243 				/*
1244 				 * Hostname matches and has no CA/revoke
1245 				 * marker, delete it by *not* writing the
1246 				 * line to ctx->out.
1247 				 */
1248 				ctx->found_key = 1;
1249 				if (!quiet)
1250 					printf("# Host %s found: line %lu\n",
1251 					    ctx->host, l->linenum);
1252 			}
1253 			return 0;
1254 		} else if (ctx->find_host) {
1255 			ctx->found_key = 1;
1256 			if (!quiet) {
1257 				printf("# Host %s found: line %lu %s\n",
1258 				    ctx->host,
1259 				    l->linenum, l->marker == MRK_CA ? "CA" :
1260 				    (l->marker == MRK_REVOKE ? "REVOKED" : ""));
1261 			}
1262 			if (ctx->hash_hosts)
1263 				known_hosts_hash(l, ctx);
1264 			else if (print_fingerprint) {
1265 				fp = sshkey_fingerprint(l->key, fptype, rep);
1266 				ra = sshkey_fingerprint(l->key,
1267 				    fingerprint_hash, SSH_FP_RANDOMART);
1268 				if (fp == NULL || ra == NULL)
1269 					fatal_f("sshkey_fingerprint failed");
1270 				mprintf("%s %s %s%s%s\n", ctx->host,
1271 				    sshkey_type(l->key), fp,
1272 				    l->comment[0] ? " " : "",
1273 				    l->comment);
1274 				if (log_level_get() >= SYSLOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE)
1275 					printf("%s\n", ra);
1276 				free(ra);
1277 				free(fp);
1278 			} else
1279 				fprintf(ctx->out, "%s\n", l->line);
1280 			return 0;
1281 		}
1282 	} else if (ctx->delete_host) {
1283 		/* Retain non-matching hosts when deleting */
1284 		if (l->status == HKF_STATUS_INVALID) {
1285 			ctx->invalid = 1;
1286 			logit("%s:%lu: invalid line", l->path, l->linenum);
1287 		}
1288 		fprintf(ctx->out, "%s\n", l->line);
1289 	}
1290 	return 0;
1291 }
1292 
1293 static void
1294 do_known_hosts(struct passwd *pw, const char *name, int find_host,
1295     int delete_host, int hash_hosts)
1296 {
1297 	char *cp, tmp[PATH_MAX], old[PATH_MAX];
1298 	int r, fd, oerrno, inplace = 0;
1299 	struct known_hosts_ctx ctx;
1300 	u_int foreach_options;
1301 	struct stat sb;
1302 
1303 	if (!have_identity) {
1304 		cp = tilde_expand_filename(_PATH_SSH_USER_HOSTFILE, pw->pw_uid);
1305 		if (strlcpy(identity_file, cp, sizeof(identity_file)) >=
1306 		    sizeof(identity_file))
1307 			fatal("Specified known hosts path too long");
1308 		free(cp);
1309 		have_identity = 1;
1310 	}
1311 	if (stat(identity_file, &sb) != 0)
1312 		fatal("Cannot stat %s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
1313 
1314 	memset(&ctx, 0, sizeof(ctx));
1315 	ctx.out = stdout;
1316 	ctx.host = name;
1317 	ctx.hash_hosts = hash_hosts;
1318 	ctx.find_host = find_host;
1319 	ctx.delete_host = delete_host;
1320 
1321 	/*
1322 	 * Find hosts goes to stdout, hash and deletions happen in-place
1323 	 * A corner case is ssh-keygen -HF foo, which should go to stdout
1324 	 */
1325 	if (!find_host && (hash_hosts || delete_host)) {
1326 		if (strlcpy(tmp, identity_file, sizeof(tmp)) >= sizeof(tmp) ||
1327 		    strlcat(tmp, ".XXXXXXXXXX", sizeof(tmp)) >= sizeof(tmp) ||
1328 		    strlcpy(old, identity_file, sizeof(old)) >= sizeof(old) ||
1329 		    strlcat(old, ".old", sizeof(old)) >= sizeof(old))
1330 			fatal("known_hosts path too long");
1331 		umask(077);
1332 		if ((fd = mkstemp(tmp)) == -1)
1333 			fatal("mkstemp: %s", strerror(errno));
1334 		if ((ctx.out = fdopen(fd, "w")) == NULL) {
1335 			oerrno = errno;
1336 			unlink(tmp);
1337 			fatal("fdopen: %s", strerror(oerrno));
1338 		}
1339 		(void)fchmod(fd, sb.st_mode & 0644);
1340 		inplace = 1;
1341 	}
1342 	/* XXX support identity_file == "-" for stdin */
1343 	foreach_options = find_host ? HKF_WANT_MATCH : 0;
1344 	foreach_options |= print_fingerprint ? HKF_WANT_PARSE_KEY : 0;
1345 	if ((r = hostkeys_foreach(identity_file, (find_host || !hash_hosts) ?
1346 	    known_hosts_find_delete : known_hosts_hash, &ctx, name, NULL,
1347 	    foreach_options, 0)) != 0) {
1348 		if (inplace)
1349 			unlink(tmp);
1350 		fatal_fr(r, "hostkeys_foreach");
1351 	}
1352 
1353 	if (inplace)
1354 		fclose(ctx.out);
1355 
1356 	if (ctx.invalid) {
1357 		error("%s is not a valid known_hosts file.", identity_file);
1358 		if (inplace) {
1359 			error("Not replacing existing known_hosts "
1360 			    "file because of errors");
1361 			unlink(tmp);
1362 		}
1363 		exit(1);
1364 	} else if (delete_host && !ctx.found_key) {
1365 		logit("Host %s not found in %s", name, identity_file);
1366 		if (inplace)
1367 			unlink(tmp);
1368 	} else if (inplace) {
1369 		/* Backup existing file */
1370 		if (unlink(old) == -1 && errno != ENOENT)
1371 			fatal("unlink %.100s: %s", old, strerror(errno));
1372 		if (link(identity_file, old) == -1)
1373 			fatal("link %.100s to %.100s: %s", identity_file, old,
1374 			    strerror(errno));
1375 		/* Move new one into place */
1376 		if (rename(tmp, identity_file) == -1) {
1377 			error("rename\"%s\" to \"%s\": %s", tmp, identity_file,
1378 			    strerror(errno));
1379 			unlink(tmp);
1380 			unlink(old);
1381 			exit(1);
1382 		}
1383 
1384 		printf("%s updated.\n", identity_file);
1385 		printf("Original contents retained as %s\n", old);
1386 		if (ctx.has_unhashed) {
1387 			logit("WARNING: %s contains unhashed entries", old);
1388 			logit("Delete this file to ensure privacy "
1389 			    "of hostnames");
1390 		}
1391 	}
1392 
1393 	exit (find_host && !ctx.found_key);
1394 }
1395 
1396 /*
1397  * Perform changing a passphrase.  The argument is the passwd structure
1398  * for the current user.
1399  */
1400 static void
1401 do_change_passphrase(struct passwd *pw)
1402 {
1403 	char *comment;
1404 	char *old_passphrase, *passphrase1, *passphrase2;
1405 	struct stat st;
1406 	struct sshkey *private;
1407 	int r;
1408 
1409 	if (!have_identity)
1410 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
1411 	if (stat(identity_file, &st) == -1)
1412 		fatal("%s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
1413 	/* Try to load the file with empty passphrase. */
1414 	r = sshkey_load_private(identity_file, "", &private, &comment);
1415 	if (r == SSH_ERR_KEY_WRONG_PASSPHRASE) {
1416 		if (identity_passphrase)
1417 			old_passphrase = xstrdup(identity_passphrase);
1418 		else
1419 			old_passphrase =
1420 			    read_passphrase("Enter old passphrase: ",
1421 			    RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
1422 		r = sshkey_load_private(identity_file, old_passphrase,
1423 		    &private, &comment);
1424 		freezero(old_passphrase, strlen(old_passphrase));
1425 		if (r != 0)
1426 			goto badkey;
1427 	} else if (r != 0) {
1428  badkey:
1429 		fatal_r(r, "Failed to load key %s", identity_file);
1430 	}
1431 	if (comment)
1432 		mprintf("Key has comment '%s'\n", comment);
1433 
1434 	/* Ask the new passphrase (twice). */
1435 	if (identity_new_passphrase) {
1436 		passphrase1 = xstrdup(identity_new_passphrase);
1437 		passphrase2 = NULL;
1438 	} else {
1439 		passphrase1 =
1440 			read_passphrase("Enter new passphrase (empty for no "
1441 			    "passphrase): ", RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
1442 		passphrase2 = read_passphrase("Enter same passphrase again: ",
1443 		    RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
1444 
1445 		/* Verify that they are the same. */
1446 		if (strcmp(passphrase1, passphrase2) != 0) {
1447 			explicit_bzero(passphrase1, strlen(passphrase1));
1448 			explicit_bzero(passphrase2, strlen(passphrase2));
1449 			free(passphrase1);
1450 			free(passphrase2);
1451 			printf("Pass phrases do not match.  Try again.\n");
1452 			exit(1);
1453 		}
1454 		/* Destroy the other copy. */
1455 		freezero(passphrase2, strlen(passphrase2));
1456 	}
1457 
1458 	/* Save the file using the new passphrase. */
1459 	if ((r = sshkey_save_private(private, identity_file, passphrase1,
1460 	    comment, private_key_format, openssh_format_cipher, rounds)) != 0) {
1461 		error_r(r, "Saving key \"%s\" failed", identity_file);
1462 		freezero(passphrase1, strlen(passphrase1));
1463 		sshkey_free(private);
1464 		free(comment);
1465 		exit(1);
1466 	}
1467 	/* Destroy the passphrase and the copy of the key in memory. */
1468 	freezero(passphrase1, strlen(passphrase1));
1469 	sshkey_free(private);		 /* Destroys contents */
1470 	free(comment);
1471 
1472 	printf("Your identification has been saved with the new passphrase.\n");
1473 	exit(0);
1474 }
1475 
1476 /*
1477  * Print the SSHFP RR.
1478  */
1479 static int
1480 do_print_resource_record(struct passwd *pw, char *fname, char *hname,
1481     int print_generic, char * const *opts, size_t nopts)
1482 {
1483 	struct sshkey *public;
1484 	char *comment = NULL;
1485 	struct stat st;
1486 	int r, hash = -1;
1487 	size_t i;
1488 
1489 	for (i = 0; i < nopts; i++) {
1490 		if (strncasecmp(opts[i], "hashalg=", 8) == 0) {
1491 			if ((hash = ssh_digest_alg_by_name(opts[i] + 8)) == -1)
1492 				fatal("Unsupported hash algorithm");
1493 		} else {
1494 			error("Invalid option \"%s\"", opts[i]);
1495 			return SSH_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
1496 		}
1497 	}
1498 	if (fname == NULL)
1499 		fatal_f("no filename");
1500 	if (stat(fname, &st) == -1) {
1501 		if (errno == ENOENT)
1502 			return 0;
1503 		fatal("%s: %s", fname, strerror(errno));
1504 	}
1505 	if ((r = sshkey_load_public(fname, &public, &comment)) != 0)
1506 		fatal_r(r, "Failed to read v2 public key from \"%s\"", fname);
1507 	export_dns_rr(hname, public, stdout, print_generic, hash);
1508 	sshkey_free(public);
1509 	free(comment);
1510 	return 1;
1511 }
1512 
1513 /*
1514  * Change the comment of a private key file.
1515  */
1516 static void
1517 do_change_comment(struct passwd *pw, const char *identity_comment)
1518 {
1519 	char new_comment[1024], *comment, *passphrase;
1520 	struct sshkey *private;
1521 	struct sshkey *public;
1522 	struct stat st;
1523 	int r;
1524 
1525 	if (!have_identity)
1526 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
1527 	if (stat(identity_file, &st) == -1)
1528 		fatal("%s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
1529 	if ((r = sshkey_load_private(identity_file, "",
1530 	    &private, &comment)) == 0)
1531 		passphrase = xstrdup("");
1532 	else if (r != SSH_ERR_KEY_WRONG_PASSPHRASE)
1533 		fatal_r(r, "Cannot load private key \"%s\"", identity_file);
1534 	else {
1535 		if (identity_passphrase)
1536 			passphrase = xstrdup(identity_passphrase);
1537 		else if (identity_new_passphrase)
1538 			passphrase = xstrdup(identity_new_passphrase);
1539 		else
1540 			passphrase = read_passphrase("Enter passphrase: ",
1541 			    RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
1542 		/* Try to load using the passphrase. */
1543 		if ((r = sshkey_load_private(identity_file, passphrase,
1544 		    &private, &comment)) != 0) {
1545 			freezero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
1546 			fatal_r(r, "Cannot load private key \"%s\"",
1547 			    identity_file);
1548 		}
1549 	}
1550 
1551 	if (private->type != KEY_ED25519 && private->type != KEY_XMSS &&
1552 	    private_key_format != SSHKEY_PRIVATE_OPENSSH) {
1553 		error("Comments are only supported for keys stored in "
1554 		    "the new format (-o).");
1555 		explicit_bzero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
1556 		sshkey_free(private);
1557 		exit(1);
1558 	}
1559 	if (comment)
1560 		printf("Old comment: %s\n", comment);
1561 	else
1562 		printf("No existing comment\n");
1563 
1564 	if (identity_comment) {
1565 		strlcpy(new_comment, identity_comment, sizeof(new_comment));
1566 	} else {
1567 		printf("New comment: ");
1568 		fflush(stdout);
1569 		if (!fgets(new_comment, sizeof(new_comment), stdin)) {
1570 			explicit_bzero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
1571 			sshkey_free(private);
1572 			exit(1);
1573 		}
1574 		new_comment[strcspn(new_comment, "\n")] = '\0';
1575 	}
1576 	if (comment != NULL && strcmp(comment, new_comment) == 0) {
1577 		printf("No change to comment\n");
1578 		free(passphrase);
1579 		sshkey_free(private);
1580 		free(comment);
1581 		exit(0);
1582 	}
1583 
1584 	/* Save the file using the new passphrase. */
1585 	if ((r = sshkey_save_private(private, identity_file, passphrase,
1586 	    new_comment, private_key_format, openssh_format_cipher,
1587 	    rounds)) != 0) {
1588 		error_r(r, "Saving key \"%s\" failed", identity_file);
1589 		freezero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
1590 		sshkey_free(private);
1591 		free(comment);
1592 		exit(1);
1593 	}
1594 	freezero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
1595 	if ((r = sshkey_from_private(private, &public)) != 0)
1596 		fatal_fr(r, "sshkey_from_private");
1597 	sshkey_free(private);
1598 
1599 	strlcat(identity_file, ".pub", sizeof(identity_file));
1600 	if ((r = sshkey_save_public(public, identity_file, new_comment)) != 0)
1601 		fatal_r(r, "Unable to save public key to %s", identity_file);
1602 	sshkey_free(public);
1603 	free(comment);
1604 
1605 	if (strlen(new_comment) > 0)
1606 		printf("Comment '%s' applied\n", new_comment);
1607 	else
1608 		printf("Comment removed\n");
1609 
1610 	exit(0);
1611 }
1612 
1613 static void
1614 cert_ext_add(const char *key, const char *value, int iscrit)
1615 {
1616 	cert_ext = xreallocarray(cert_ext, ncert_ext + 1, sizeof(*cert_ext));
1617 	cert_ext[ncert_ext].key = xstrdup(key);
1618 	cert_ext[ncert_ext].val = value == NULL ? NULL : xstrdup(value);
1619 	cert_ext[ncert_ext].crit = iscrit;
1620 	ncert_ext++;
1621 }
1622 
1623 /* qsort(3) comparison function for certificate extensions */
1624 static int
1625 cert_ext_cmp(const void *_a, const void *_b)
1626 {
1627 	const struct cert_ext *a = (const struct cert_ext *)_a;
1628 	const struct cert_ext *b = (const struct cert_ext *)_b;
1629 	int r;
1630 
1631 	if (a->crit != b->crit)
1632 		return (a->crit < b->crit) ? -1 : 1;
1633 	if ((r = strcmp(a->key, b->key)) != 0)
1634 		return r;
1635 	if ((a->val == NULL) != (b->val == NULL))
1636 		return (a->val == NULL) ? -1 : 1;
1637 	if (a->val != NULL && (r = strcmp(a->val, b->val)) != 0)
1638 		return r;
1639 	return 0;
1640 }
1641 
1642 #define OPTIONS_CRITICAL	1
1643 #define OPTIONS_EXTENSIONS	2
1644 static void
1645 prepare_options_buf(struct sshbuf *c, int which)
1646 {
1647 	struct sshbuf *b;
1648 	size_t i;
1649 	int r;
1650 	const struct cert_ext *ext;
1651 
1652 	if ((b = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
1653 		fatal_f("sshbuf_new failed");
1654 	sshbuf_reset(c);
1655 	for (i = 0; i < ncert_ext; i++) {
1656 		ext = &cert_ext[i];
1657 		if ((ext->crit && (which & OPTIONS_EXTENSIONS)) ||
1658 		    (!ext->crit && (which & OPTIONS_CRITICAL)))
1659 			continue;
1660 		if (ext->val == NULL) {
1661 			/* flag option */
1662 			debug3_f("%s", ext->key);
1663 			if ((r = sshbuf_put_cstring(c, ext->key)) != 0 ||
1664 			    (r = sshbuf_put_string(c, NULL, 0)) != 0)
1665 				fatal_fr(r, "prepare flag");
1666 		} else {
1667 			/* key/value option */
1668 			debug3_f("%s=%s", ext->key, ext->val);
1669 			sshbuf_reset(b);
1670 			if ((r = sshbuf_put_cstring(c, ext->key)) != 0 ||
1671 			    (r = sshbuf_put_cstring(b, ext->val)) != 0 ||
1672 			    (r = sshbuf_put_stringb(c, b)) != 0)
1673 				fatal_fr(r, "prepare k/v");
1674 		}
1675 	}
1676 	sshbuf_free(b);
1677 }
1678 
1679 static void
1680 finalise_cert_exts(void)
1681 {
1682 	/* critical options */
1683 	if (certflags_command != NULL)
1684 		cert_ext_add("force-command", certflags_command, 1);
1685 	if (certflags_src_addr != NULL)
1686 		cert_ext_add("source-address", certflags_src_addr, 1);
1687 	if ((certflags_flags & CERTOPT_REQUIRE_VERIFY) != 0)
1688 		cert_ext_add("verify-required", NULL, 1);
1689 	/* extensions */
1690 	if ((certflags_flags & CERTOPT_X_FWD) != 0)
1691 		cert_ext_add("permit-X11-forwarding", NULL, 0);
1692 	if ((certflags_flags & CERTOPT_AGENT_FWD) != 0)
1693 		cert_ext_add("permit-agent-forwarding", NULL, 0);
1694 	if ((certflags_flags & CERTOPT_PORT_FWD) != 0)
1695 		cert_ext_add("permit-port-forwarding", NULL, 0);
1696 	if ((certflags_flags & CERTOPT_PTY) != 0)
1697 		cert_ext_add("permit-pty", NULL, 0);
1698 	if ((certflags_flags & CERTOPT_USER_RC) != 0)
1699 		cert_ext_add("permit-user-rc", NULL, 0);
1700 	if ((certflags_flags & CERTOPT_NO_REQUIRE_USER_PRESENCE) != 0)
1701 		cert_ext_add("no-touch-required", NULL, 0);
1702 	/* order lexically by key */
1703 	if (ncert_ext > 0)
1704 		qsort(cert_ext, ncert_ext, sizeof(*cert_ext), cert_ext_cmp);
1705 }
1706 
1707 static struct sshkey *
1708 load_pkcs11_key(char *path)
1709 {
1710 #ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11
1711 	struct sshkey **keys = NULL, *public, *private = NULL;
1712 	int r, i, nkeys;
1713 
1714 	if ((r = sshkey_load_public(path, &public, NULL)) != 0)
1715 		fatal_r(r, "Couldn't load CA public key \"%s\"", path);
1716 
1717 	nkeys = pkcs11_add_provider(pkcs11provider, identity_passphrase,
1718 	    &keys, NULL);
1719 	debug3_f("%d keys", nkeys);
1720 	if (nkeys <= 0)
1721 		fatal("cannot read public key from pkcs11");
1722 	for (i = 0; i < nkeys; i++) {
1723 		if (sshkey_equal_public(public, keys[i])) {
1724 			private = keys[i];
1725 			continue;
1726 		}
1727 		sshkey_free(keys[i]);
1728 	}
1729 	free(keys);
1730 	sshkey_free(public);
1731 	return private;
1732 #else
1733 	fatal("no pkcs11 support");
1734 #endif /* ENABLE_PKCS11 */
1735 }
1736 
1737 /* Signer for sshkey_certify_custom that uses the agent */
1738 static int
1739 agent_signer(struct sshkey *key, u_char **sigp, size_t *lenp,
1740     const u_char *data, size_t datalen,
1741     const char *alg, const char *provider, const char *pin,
1742     u_int compat, void *ctx)
1743 {
1744 	int *agent_fdp = (int *)ctx;
1745 
1746 	return ssh_agent_sign(*agent_fdp, key, sigp, lenp,
1747 	    data, datalen, alg, compat);
1748 }
1749 
1750 static void
1751 do_ca_sign(struct passwd *pw, const char *ca_key_path, int prefer_agent,
1752     unsigned long long cert_serial, int cert_serial_autoinc,
1753     int argc, char **argv)
1754 {
1755 	int r, i, found, agent_fd = -1;
1756 	u_int n;
1757 	struct sshkey *ca, *public;
1758 	char valid[64], *otmp, *tmp, *cp, *out, *comment;
1759 	char *ca_fp = NULL, **plist = NULL, *pin = NULL;
1760 	struct ssh_identitylist *agent_ids;
1761 	size_t j;
1762 	struct notifier_ctx *notifier = NULL;
1763 
1764 #ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11
1765 	pkcs11_init(1);
1766 #endif
1767 	tmp = tilde_expand_filename(ca_key_path, pw->pw_uid);
1768 	if (pkcs11provider != NULL) {
1769 		/* If a PKCS#11 token was specified then try to use it */
1770 		if ((ca = load_pkcs11_key(tmp)) == NULL)
1771 			fatal("No PKCS#11 key matching %s found", ca_key_path);
1772 	} else if (prefer_agent) {
1773 		/*
1774 		 * Agent signature requested. Try to use agent after making
1775 		 * sure the public key specified is actually present in the
1776 		 * agent.
1777 		 */
1778 		if ((r = sshkey_load_public(tmp, &ca, NULL)) != 0)
1779 			fatal_r(r, "Cannot load CA public key %s", tmp);
1780 		if ((r = ssh_get_authentication_socket(&agent_fd)) != 0)
1781 			fatal_r(r, "Cannot use public key for CA signature");
1782 		if ((r = ssh_fetch_identitylist(agent_fd, &agent_ids)) != 0)
1783 			fatal_r(r, "Retrieve agent key list");
1784 		found = 0;
1785 		for (j = 0; j < agent_ids->nkeys; j++) {
1786 			if (sshkey_equal(ca, agent_ids->keys[j])) {
1787 				found = 1;
1788 				break;
1789 			}
1790 		}
1791 		if (!found)
1792 			fatal("CA key %s not found in agent", tmp);
1793 		ssh_free_identitylist(agent_ids);
1794 		ca->flags |= SSHKEY_FLAG_EXT;
1795 	} else {
1796 		/* CA key is assumed to be a private key on the filesystem */
1797 		ca = load_identity(tmp, NULL);
1798 		if (sshkey_is_sk(ca) &&
1799 		    (ca->sk_flags & SSH_SK_USER_VERIFICATION_REQD)) {
1800 			if ((pin = read_passphrase("Enter PIN for CA key: ",
1801 			    RP_ALLOW_STDIN)) == NULL)
1802 				fatal_f("couldn't read PIN");
1803 		}
1804 	}
1805 	free(tmp);
1806 
1807 	if (key_type_name != NULL) {
1808 		if (sshkey_type_from_name(key_type_name) != ca->type) {
1809 			fatal("CA key type %s doesn't match specified %s",
1810 			    sshkey_ssh_name(ca), key_type_name);
1811 		}
1812 	} else if (ca->type == KEY_RSA) {
1813 		/* Default to a good signature algorithm */
1814 		key_type_name = "rsa-sha2-512";
1815 	}
1816 	ca_fp = sshkey_fingerprint(ca, fingerprint_hash, SSH_FP_DEFAULT);
1817 
1818 	finalise_cert_exts();
1819 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
1820 		/* Split list of principals */
1821 		n = 0;
1822 		if (cert_principals != NULL) {
1823 			otmp = tmp = xstrdup(cert_principals);
1824 			plist = NULL;
1825 			for (; (cp = strsep(&tmp, ",")) != NULL; n++) {
1826 				plist = xreallocarray(plist, n + 1, sizeof(*plist));
1827 				if (*(plist[n] = xstrdup(cp)) == '\0')
1828 					fatal("Empty principal name");
1829 			}
1830 			free(otmp);
1831 		}
1832 		if (n > SSHKEY_CERT_MAX_PRINCIPALS)
1833 			fatal("Too many certificate principals specified");
1834 
1835 		tmp = tilde_expand_filename(argv[i], pw->pw_uid);
1836 		if ((r = sshkey_load_public(tmp, &public, &comment)) != 0)
1837 			fatal_r(r, "load pubkey \"%s\"", tmp);
1838 		if (sshkey_is_cert(public))
1839 			fatal_f("key \"%s\" type %s cannot be certified",
1840 			    tmp, sshkey_type(public));
1841 
1842 		/* Prepare certificate to sign */
1843 		if ((r = sshkey_to_certified(public)) != 0)
1844 			fatal_r(r, "Could not upgrade key %s to certificate", tmp);
1845 		public->cert->type = cert_key_type;
1846 		public->cert->serial = (u_int64_t)cert_serial;
1847 		public->cert->key_id = xstrdup(cert_key_id);
1848 		public->cert->nprincipals = n;
1849 		public->cert->principals = plist;
1850 		public->cert->valid_after = cert_valid_from;
1851 		public->cert->valid_before = cert_valid_to;
1852 		prepare_options_buf(public->cert->critical, OPTIONS_CRITICAL);
1853 		prepare_options_buf(public->cert->extensions,
1854 		    OPTIONS_EXTENSIONS);
1855 		if ((r = sshkey_from_private(ca,
1856 		    &public->cert->signature_key)) != 0)
1857 			fatal_r(r, "sshkey_from_private (ca key)");
1858 
1859 		if (agent_fd != -1 && (ca->flags & SSHKEY_FLAG_EXT) != 0) {
1860 			if ((r = sshkey_certify_custom(public, ca,
1861 			    key_type_name, sk_provider, NULL, agent_signer,
1862 			    &agent_fd)) != 0)
1863 				fatal_r(r, "Couldn't certify %s via agent", tmp);
1864 		} else {
1865 			if (sshkey_is_sk(ca) &&
1866 			    (ca->sk_flags & SSH_SK_USER_PRESENCE_REQD)) {
1867 				notifier = notify_start(0,
1868 				    "Confirm user presence for key %s %s",
1869 				    sshkey_type(ca), ca_fp);
1870 			}
1871 			r = sshkey_certify(public, ca, key_type_name,
1872 			    sk_provider, pin);
1873 			notify_complete(notifier, "User presence confirmed");
1874 			if (r != 0)
1875 				fatal_r(r, "Couldn't certify key %s", tmp);
1876 		}
1877 
1878 		if ((cp = strrchr(tmp, '.')) != NULL && strcmp(cp, ".pub") == 0)
1879 			*cp = '\0';
1880 		xasprintf(&out, "%s-cert.pub", tmp);
1881 		free(tmp);
1882 
1883 		if ((r = sshkey_save_public(public, out, comment)) != 0) {
1884 			fatal_r(r, "Unable to save public key to %s",
1885 			    identity_file);
1886 		}
1887 
1888 		if (!quiet) {
1889 			sshkey_format_cert_validity(public->cert,
1890 			    valid, sizeof(valid));
1891 			logit("Signed %s key %s: id \"%s\" serial %llu%s%s "
1892 			    "valid %s", sshkey_cert_type(public),
1893 			    out, public->cert->key_id,
1894 			    (unsigned long long)public->cert->serial,
1895 			    cert_principals != NULL ? " for " : "",
1896 			    cert_principals != NULL ? cert_principals : "",
1897 			    valid);
1898 		}
1899 
1900 		sshkey_free(public);
1901 		free(out);
1902 		if (cert_serial_autoinc)
1903 			cert_serial++;
1904 	}
1905 	if (pin != NULL)
1906 		freezero(pin, strlen(pin));
1907 	free(ca_fp);
1908 #ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11
1909 	pkcs11_terminate();
1910 #endif
1911 	exit(0);
1912 }
1913 
1914 static u_int64_t
1915 parse_relative_time(const char *s, time_t now)
1916 {
1917 	int64_t mul, secs;
1918 
1919 	mul = *s == '-' ? -1 : 1;
1920 
1921 	if ((secs = convtime(s + 1)) == -1)
1922 		fatal("Invalid relative certificate time %s", s);
1923 	if (mul == -1 && secs > now)
1924 		fatal("Certificate time %s cannot be represented", s);
1925 	return now + (u_int64_t)(secs * mul);
1926 }
1927 
1928 static void
1929 parse_hex_u64(const char *s, uint64_t *up)
1930 {
1931 	char *ep;
1932 	unsigned long long ull;
1933 
1934 	errno = 0;
1935 	ull = strtoull(s, &ep, 16);
1936 	if (*s == '\0' || *ep != '\0')
1937 		fatal("Invalid certificate time: not a number");
1938 	if (errno == ERANGE && ull == ULONG_MAX)
1939 		fatal_fr(SSH_ERR_SYSTEM_ERROR, "Invalid certificate time");
1940 	*up = (uint64_t)ull;
1941 }
1942 
1943 static void
1944 parse_cert_times(char *timespec)
1945 {
1946 	char *from, *to;
1947 	time_t now = time(NULL);
1948 	int64_t secs;
1949 
1950 	/* +timespec relative to now */
1951 	if (*timespec == '+' && strchr(timespec, ':') == NULL) {
1952 		if ((secs = convtime(timespec + 1)) == -1)
1953 			fatal("Invalid relative certificate life %s", timespec);
1954 		cert_valid_to = now + secs;
1955 		/*
1956 		 * Backdate certificate one minute to avoid problems on hosts
1957 		 * with poorly-synchronised clocks.
1958 		 */
1959 		cert_valid_from = ((now - 59)/ 60) * 60;
1960 		return;
1961 	}
1962 
1963 	/*
1964 	 * from:to, where
1965 	 * from := [+-]timespec | YYYYMMDD | YYYYMMDDHHMMSS | 0x... | "always"
1966 	 *   to := [+-]timespec | YYYYMMDD | YYYYMMDDHHMMSS | 0x... | "forever"
1967 	 */
1968 	from = xstrdup(timespec);
1969 	to = strchr(from, ':');
1970 	if (to == NULL || from == to || *(to + 1) == '\0')
1971 		fatal("Invalid certificate life specification %s", timespec);
1972 	*to++ = '\0';
1973 
1974 	if (*from == '-' || *from == '+')
1975 		cert_valid_from = parse_relative_time(from, now);
1976 	else if (strcmp(from, "always") == 0)
1977 		cert_valid_from = 0;
1978 	else if (strncmp(from, "0x", 2) == 0)
1979 		parse_hex_u64(from, &cert_valid_from);
1980 	else if (parse_absolute_time(from, &cert_valid_from) != 0)
1981 		fatal("Invalid from time \"%s\"", from);
1982 
1983 	if (*to == '-' || *to == '+')
1984 		cert_valid_to = parse_relative_time(to, now);
1985 	else if (strcmp(to, "forever") == 0)
1986 		cert_valid_to = ~(u_int64_t)0;
1987 	else if (strncmp(to, "0x", 2) == 0)
1988 		parse_hex_u64(to, &cert_valid_to);
1989 	else if (parse_absolute_time(to, &cert_valid_to) != 0)
1990 		fatal("Invalid to time \"%s\"", to);
1991 
1992 	if (cert_valid_to <= cert_valid_from)
1993 		fatal("Empty certificate validity interval");
1994 	free(from);
1995 }
1996 
1997 static void
1998 add_cert_option(char *opt)
1999 {
2000 	char *val, *cp;
2001 	int iscrit = 0;
2002 
2003 	if (strcasecmp(opt, "clear") == 0)
2004 		certflags_flags = 0;
2005 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "no-x11-forwarding") == 0)
2006 		certflags_flags &= ~CERTOPT_X_FWD;
2007 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "permit-x11-forwarding") == 0)
2008 		certflags_flags |= CERTOPT_X_FWD;
2009 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "no-agent-forwarding") == 0)
2010 		certflags_flags &= ~CERTOPT_AGENT_FWD;
2011 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "permit-agent-forwarding") == 0)
2012 		certflags_flags |= CERTOPT_AGENT_FWD;
2013 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "no-port-forwarding") == 0)
2014 		certflags_flags &= ~CERTOPT_PORT_FWD;
2015 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "permit-port-forwarding") == 0)
2016 		certflags_flags |= CERTOPT_PORT_FWD;
2017 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "no-pty") == 0)
2018 		certflags_flags &= ~CERTOPT_PTY;
2019 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "permit-pty") == 0)
2020 		certflags_flags |= CERTOPT_PTY;
2021 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "no-user-rc") == 0)
2022 		certflags_flags &= ~CERTOPT_USER_RC;
2023 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "permit-user-rc") == 0)
2024 		certflags_flags |= CERTOPT_USER_RC;
2025 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "touch-required") == 0)
2026 		certflags_flags &= ~CERTOPT_NO_REQUIRE_USER_PRESENCE;
2027 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "no-touch-required") == 0)
2028 		certflags_flags |= CERTOPT_NO_REQUIRE_USER_PRESENCE;
2029 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "no-verify-required") == 0)
2030 		certflags_flags &= ~CERTOPT_REQUIRE_VERIFY;
2031 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "verify-required") == 0)
2032 		certflags_flags |= CERTOPT_REQUIRE_VERIFY;
2033 	else if (strncasecmp(opt, "force-command=", 14) == 0) {
2034 		val = opt + 14;
2035 		if (*val == '\0')
2036 			fatal("Empty force-command option");
2037 		if (certflags_command != NULL)
2038 			fatal("force-command already specified");
2039 		certflags_command = xstrdup(val);
2040 	} else if (strncasecmp(opt, "source-address=", 15) == 0) {
2041 		val = opt + 15;
2042 		if (*val == '\0')
2043 			fatal("Empty source-address option");
2044 		if (certflags_src_addr != NULL)
2045 			fatal("source-address already specified");
2046 		if (addr_match_cidr_list(NULL, val) != 0)
2047 			fatal("Invalid source-address list");
2048 		certflags_src_addr = xstrdup(val);
2049 	} else if (strncasecmp(opt, "extension:", 10) == 0 ||
2050 		    (iscrit = (strncasecmp(opt, "critical:", 9) == 0))) {
2051 		val = xstrdup(strchr(opt, ':') + 1);
2052 		if ((cp = strchr(val, '=')) != NULL)
2053 			*cp++ = '\0';
2054 		cert_ext_add(val, cp, iscrit);
2055 		free(val);
2056 	} else
2057 		fatal("Unsupported certificate option \"%s\"", opt);
2058 }
2059 
2060 static void
2061 show_options(struct sshbuf *optbuf, int in_critical)
2062 {
2063 	char *name, *arg, *hex;
2064 	struct sshbuf *options, *option = NULL;
2065 	int r;
2066 
2067 	if ((options = sshbuf_fromb(optbuf)) == NULL)
2068 		fatal_f("sshbuf_fromb failed");
2069 	while (sshbuf_len(options) != 0) {
2070 		sshbuf_free(option);
2071 		option = NULL;
2072 		if ((r = sshbuf_get_cstring(options, &name, NULL)) != 0 ||
2073 		    (r = sshbuf_froms(options, &option)) != 0)
2074 			fatal_fr(r, "parse option");
2075 		printf("                %s", name);
2076 		if (!in_critical &&
2077 		    (strcmp(name, "permit-X11-forwarding") == 0 ||
2078 		    strcmp(name, "permit-agent-forwarding") == 0 ||
2079 		    strcmp(name, "permit-port-forwarding") == 0 ||
2080 		    strcmp(name, "permit-pty") == 0 ||
2081 		    strcmp(name, "permit-user-rc") == 0 ||
2082 		    strcmp(name, "no-touch-required") == 0)) {
2083 			printf("\n");
2084 		} else if (in_critical &&
2085 		    (strcmp(name, "force-command") == 0 ||
2086 		    strcmp(name, "source-address") == 0)) {
2087 			if ((r = sshbuf_get_cstring(option, &arg, NULL)) != 0)
2088 				fatal_fr(r, "parse critical");
2089 			printf(" %s\n", arg);
2090 			free(arg);
2091 		} else if (in_critical &&
2092 		    strcmp(name, "verify-required") == 0) {
2093 			printf("\n");
2094 		} else if (sshbuf_len(option) > 0) {
2095 			hex = sshbuf_dtob16(option);
2096 			printf(" UNKNOWN OPTION: %s (len %zu)\n",
2097 			    hex, sshbuf_len(option));
2098 			sshbuf_reset(option);
2099 			free(hex);
2100 		} else
2101 			printf(" UNKNOWN FLAG OPTION\n");
2102 		free(name);
2103 		if (sshbuf_len(option) != 0)
2104 			fatal("Option corrupt: extra data at end");
2105 	}
2106 	sshbuf_free(option);
2107 	sshbuf_free(options);
2108 }
2109 
2110 static void
2111 print_cert(struct sshkey *key)
2112 {
2113 	char valid[64], *key_fp, *ca_fp;
2114 	u_int i;
2115 
2116 	key_fp = sshkey_fingerprint(key, fingerprint_hash, SSH_FP_DEFAULT);
2117 	ca_fp = sshkey_fingerprint(key->cert->signature_key,
2118 	    fingerprint_hash, SSH_FP_DEFAULT);
2119 	if (key_fp == NULL || ca_fp == NULL)
2120 		fatal_f("sshkey_fingerprint fail");
2121 	sshkey_format_cert_validity(key->cert, valid, sizeof(valid));
2122 
2123 	printf("        Type: %s %s certificate\n", sshkey_ssh_name(key),
2124 	    sshkey_cert_type(key));
2125 	printf("        Public key: %s %s\n", sshkey_type(key), key_fp);
2126 	printf("        Signing CA: %s %s (using %s)\n",
2127 	    sshkey_type(key->cert->signature_key), ca_fp,
2128 	    key->cert->signature_type);
2129 	printf("        Key ID: \"%s\"\n", key->cert->key_id);
2130 	printf("        Serial: %llu\n", (unsigned long long)key->cert->serial);
2131 	printf("        Valid: %s\n", valid);
2132 	printf("        Principals: ");
2133 	if (key->cert->nprincipals == 0)
2134 		printf("(none)\n");
2135 	else {
2136 		for (i = 0; i < key->cert->nprincipals; i++)
2137 			printf("\n                %s",
2138 			    key->cert->principals[i]);
2139 		printf("\n");
2140 	}
2141 	printf("        Critical Options: ");
2142 	if (sshbuf_len(key->cert->critical) == 0)
2143 		printf("(none)\n");
2144 	else {
2145 		printf("\n");
2146 		show_options(key->cert->critical, 1);
2147 	}
2148 	printf("        Extensions: ");
2149 	if (sshbuf_len(key->cert->extensions) == 0)
2150 		printf("(none)\n");
2151 	else {
2152 		printf("\n");
2153 		show_options(key->cert->extensions, 0);
2154 	}
2155 }
2156 
2157 static void
2158 do_show_cert(struct passwd *pw)
2159 {
2160 	struct sshkey *key = NULL;
2161 	struct stat st;
2162 	int r, is_stdin = 0, ok = 0;
2163 	FILE *f;
2164 	char *cp, *line = NULL;
2165 	const char *path;
2166 	size_t linesize = 0;
2167 	u_long lnum = 0;
2168 
2169 	if (!have_identity)
2170 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
2171 	if (strcmp(identity_file, "-") != 0 && stat(identity_file, &st) == -1)
2172 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, identity_file, strerror(errno));
2173 
2174 	path = identity_file;
2175 	if (strcmp(path, "-") == 0) {
2176 		f = stdin;
2177 		path = "(stdin)";
2178 		is_stdin = 1;
2179 	} else if ((f = fopen(identity_file, "r")) == NULL)
2180 		fatal("fopen %s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
2181 
2182 	while (getline(&line, &linesize, f) != -1) {
2183 		lnum++;
2184 		sshkey_free(key);
2185 		key = NULL;
2186 		/* Trim leading space and comments */
2187 		cp = line + strspn(line, " \t");
2188 		if (*cp == '#' || *cp == '\0')
2189 			continue;
2190 		if ((key = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
2191 			fatal("sshkey_new");
2192 		if ((r = sshkey_read(key, &cp)) != 0) {
2193 			error_r(r, "%s:%lu: invalid key", path, lnum);
2194 			continue;
2195 		}
2196 		if (!sshkey_is_cert(key)) {
2197 			error("%s:%lu is not a certificate", path, lnum);
2198 			continue;
2199 		}
2200 		ok = 1;
2201 		if (!is_stdin && lnum == 1)
2202 			printf("%s:\n", path);
2203 		else
2204 			printf("%s:%lu:\n", path, lnum);
2205 		print_cert(key);
2206 	}
2207 	free(line);
2208 	sshkey_free(key);
2209 	fclose(f);
2210 	exit(ok ? 0 : 1);
2211 }
2212 
2213 static void
2214 load_krl(const char *path, struct ssh_krl **krlp)
2215 {
2216 	struct sshbuf *krlbuf;
2217 	int r;
2218 
2219 	if ((r = sshbuf_load_file(path, &krlbuf)) != 0)
2220 		fatal_r(r, "Unable to load KRL %s", path);
2221 	/* XXX check sigs */
2222 	if ((r = ssh_krl_from_blob(krlbuf, krlp)) != 0 ||
2223 	    *krlp == NULL)
2224 		fatal_r(r, "Invalid KRL file %s", path);
2225 	sshbuf_free(krlbuf);
2226 }
2227 
2228 static void
2229 hash_to_blob(const char *cp, u_char **blobp, size_t *lenp,
2230     const char *file, u_long lnum)
2231 {
2232 	char *tmp;
2233 	size_t tlen;
2234 	struct sshbuf *b;
2235 	int r;
2236 
2237 	if (strncmp(cp, "SHA256:", 7) != 0)
2238 		fatal("%s:%lu: unsupported hash algorithm", file, lnum);
2239 	cp += 7;
2240 
2241 	/*
2242 	 * OpenSSH base64 hashes omit trailing '='
2243 	 * characters; put them back for decode.
2244 	 */
2245 	if ((tlen = strlen(cp)) >= SIZE_MAX - 5)
2246 		fatal_f("hash too long: %zu bytes", tlen);
2247 	tmp = xmalloc(tlen + 4 + 1);
2248 	strlcpy(tmp, cp, tlen + 1);
2249 	while ((tlen % 4) != 0) {
2250 		tmp[tlen++] = '=';
2251 		tmp[tlen] = '\0';
2252 	}
2253 	if ((b = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
2254 		fatal_f("sshbuf_new failed");
2255 	if ((r = sshbuf_b64tod(b, tmp)) != 0)
2256 		fatal_r(r, "%s:%lu: decode hash failed", file, lnum);
2257 	free(tmp);
2258 	*lenp = sshbuf_len(b);
2259 	*blobp = xmalloc(*lenp);
2260 	memcpy(*blobp, sshbuf_ptr(b), *lenp);
2261 	sshbuf_free(b);
2262 }
2263 
2264 static void
2265 update_krl_from_file(struct passwd *pw, const char *file, int wild_ca,
2266     const struct sshkey *ca, struct ssh_krl *krl)
2267 {
2268 	struct sshkey *key = NULL;
2269 	u_long lnum = 0;
2270 	char *path, *cp, *ep, *line = NULL;
2271 	u_char *blob = NULL;
2272 	size_t blen = 0, linesize = 0;
2273 	unsigned long long serial, serial2;
2274 	int i, was_explicit_key, was_sha1, was_sha256, was_hash, r;
2275 	FILE *krl_spec;
2276 
2277 	path = tilde_expand_filename(file, pw->pw_uid);
2278 	if (strcmp(path, "-") == 0) {
2279 		krl_spec = stdin;
2280 		free(path);
2281 		path = xstrdup("(standard input)");
2282 	} else if ((krl_spec = fopen(path, "r")) == NULL)
2283 		fatal("fopen %s: %s", path, strerror(errno));
2284 
2285 	if (!quiet)
2286 		printf("Revoking from %s\n", path);
2287 	while (getline(&line, &linesize, krl_spec) != -1) {
2288 		if (linesize >= INT_MAX) {
2289 			fatal_f("%s contains unparsable line, len=%zu",
2290 			    path, linesize);
2291 		}
2292 		lnum++;
2293 		was_explicit_key = was_sha1 = was_sha256 = was_hash = 0;
2294 		cp = line + strspn(line, " \t");
2295 		/* Trim trailing space, comments and strip \n */
2296 		for (i = 0, r = -1; cp[i] != '\0'; i++) {
2297 			if (cp[i] == '#' || cp[i] == '\n') {
2298 				cp[i] = '\0';
2299 				break;
2300 			}
2301 			if (cp[i] == ' ' || cp[i] == '\t') {
2302 				/* Remember the start of a span of whitespace */
2303 				if (r == -1)
2304 					r = i;
2305 			} else
2306 				r = -1;
2307 		}
2308 		if (r != -1)
2309 			cp[r] = '\0';
2310 		if (*cp == '\0')
2311 			continue;
2312 		if (strncasecmp(cp, "serial:", 7) == 0) {
2313 			if (ca == NULL && !wild_ca) {
2314 				fatal("revoking certificates by serial number "
2315 				    "requires specification of a CA key");
2316 			}
2317 			cp += 7;
2318 			cp = cp + strspn(cp, " \t");
2319 			errno = 0;
2320 			serial = strtoull(cp, &ep, 0);
2321 			if (*cp == '\0' || (*ep != '\0' && *ep != '-'))
2322 				fatal("%s:%lu: invalid serial \"%s\"",
2323 				    path, lnum, cp);
2324 			if (errno == ERANGE && serial == ULLONG_MAX)
2325 				fatal("%s:%lu: serial out of range",
2326 				    path, lnum);
2327 			serial2 = serial;
2328 			if (*ep == '-') {
2329 				cp = ep + 1;
2330 				errno = 0;
2331 				serial2 = strtoull(cp, &ep, 0);
2332 				if (*cp == '\0' || *ep != '\0')
2333 					fatal("%s:%lu: invalid serial \"%s\"",
2334 					    path, lnum, cp);
2335 				if (errno == ERANGE && serial2 == ULLONG_MAX)
2336 					fatal("%s:%lu: serial out of range",
2337 					    path, lnum);
2338 				if (serial2 <= serial)
2339 					fatal("%s:%lu: invalid serial range "
2340 					    "%llu:%llu", path, lnum,
2341 					    (unsigned long long)serial,
2342 					    (unsigned long long)serial2);
2343 			}
2344 			if (ssh_krl_revoke_cert_by_serial_range(krl,
2345 			    ca, serial, serial2) != 0) {
2346 				fatal_f("revoke serial failed");
2347 			}
2348 		} else if (strncasecmp(cp, "id:", 3) == 0) {
2349 			if (ca == NULL && !wild_ca) {
2350 				fatal("revoking certificates by key ID "
2351 				    "requires specification of a CA key");
2352 			}
2353 			cp += 3;
2354 			cp = cp + strspn(cp, " \t");
2355 			if (ssh_krl_revoke_cert_by_key_id(krl, ca, cp) != 0)
2356 				fatal_f("revoke key ID failed");
2357 		} else if (strncasecmp(cp, "hash:", 5) == 0) {
2358 			cp += 5;
2359 			cp = cp + strspn(cp, " \t");
2360 			hash_to_blob(cp, &blob, &blen, file, lnum);
2361 			r = ssh_krl_revoke_key_sha256(krl, blob, blen);
2362 			if (r != 0)
2363 				fatal_fr(r, "revoke key failed");
2364 		} else {
2365 			if (strncasecmp(cp, "key:", 4) == 0) {
2366 				cp += 4;
2367 				cp = cp + strspn(cp, " \t");
2368 				was_explicit_key = 1;
2369 			} else if (strncasecmp(cp, "sha1:", 5) == 0) {
2370 				cp += 5;
2371 				cp = cp + strspn(cp, " \t");
2372 				was_sha1 = 1;
2373 			} else if (strncasecmp(cp, "sha256:", 7) == 0) {
2374 				cp += 7;
2375 				cp = cp + strspn(cp, " \t");
2376 				was_sha256 = 1;
2377 				/*
2378 				 * Just try to process the line as a key.
2379 				 * Parsing will fail if it isn't.
2380 				 */
2381 			}
2382 			if ((key = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
2383 				fatal("sshkey_new");
2384 			if ((r = sshkey_read(key, &cp)) != 0)
2385 				fatal_r(r, "%s:%lu: invalid key", path, lnum);
2386 			if (was_explicit_key)
2387 				r = ssh_krl_revoke_key_explicit(krl, key);
2388 			else if (was_sha1) {
2389 				if (sshkey_fingerprint_raw(key,
2390 				    SSH_DIGEST_SHA1, &blob, &blen) != 0) {
2391 					fatal("%s:%lu: fingerprint failed",
2392 					    file, lnum);
2393 				}
2394 				r = ssh_krl_revoke_key_sha1(krl, blob, blen);
2395 			} else if (was_sha256) {
2396 				if (sshkey_fingerprint_raw(key,
2397 				    SSH_DIGEST_SHA256, &blob, &blen) != 0) {
2398 					fatal("%s:%lu: fingerprint failed",
2399 					    file, lnum);
2400 				}
2401 				r = ssh_krl_revoke_key_sha256(krl, blob, blen);
2402 			} else
2403 				r = ssh_krl_revoke_key(krl, key);
2404 			if (r != 0)
2405 				fatal_fr(r, "revoke key failed");
2406 			freezero(blob, blen);
2407 			blob = NULL;
2408 			blen = 0;
2409 			sshkey_free(key);
2410 		}
2411 	}
2412 	if (strcmp(path, "-") != 0)
2413 		fclose(krl_spec);
2414 	free(line);
2415 	free(path);
2416 }
2417 
2418 static void
2419 do_gen_krl(struct passwd *pw, int updating, const char *ca_key_path,
2420     unsigned long long krl_version, const char *krl_comment,
2421     int argc, char **argv)
2422 {
2423 	struct ssh_krl *krl;
2424 	struct stat sb;
2425 	struct sshkey *ca = NULL;
2426 	int i, r, wild_ca = 0;
2427 	char *tmp;
2428 	struct sshbuf *kbuf;
2429 
2430 	if (*identity_file == '\0')
2431 		fatal("KRL generation requires an output file");
2432 	if (stat(identity_file, &sb) == -1) {
2433 		if (errno != ENOENT)
2434 			fatal("Cannot access KRL \"%s\": %s",
2435 			    identity_file, strerror(errno));
2436 		if (updating)
2437 			fatal("KRL \"%s\" does not exist", identity_file);
2438 	}
2439 	if (ca_key_path != NULL) {
2440 		if (strcasecmp(ca_key_path, "none") == 0)
2441 			wild_ca = 1;
2442 		else {
2443 			tmp = tilde_expand_filename(ca_key_path, pw->pw_uid);
2444 			if ((r = sshkey_load_public(tmp, &ca, NULL)) != 0)
2445 				fatal_r(r, "Cannot load CA public key %s", tmp);
2446 			free(tmp);
2447 		}
2448 	}
2449 
2450 	if (updating)
2451 		load_krl(identity_file, &krl);
2452 	else if ((krl = ssh_krl_init()) == NULL)
2453 		fatal("couldn't create KRL");
2454 
2455 	if (krl_version != 0)
2456 		ssh_krl_set_version(krl, krl_version);
2457 	if (krl_comment != NULL)
2458 		ssh_krl_set_comment(krl, krl_comment);
2459 
2460 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
2461 		update_krl_from_file(pw, argv[i], wild_ca, ca, krl);
2462 
2463 	if ((kbuf = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
2464 		fatal("sshbuf_new failed");
2465 	if (ssh_krl_to_blob(krl, kbuf) != 0)
2466 		fatal("Couldn't generate KRL");
2467 	if ((r = sshbuf_write_file(identity_file, kbuf)) != 0)
2468 		fatal("write %s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
2469 	sshbuf_free(kbuf);
2470 	ssh_krl_free(krl);
2471 	sshkey_free(ca);
2472 }
2473 
2474 static void
2475 do_check_krl(struct passwd *pw, int print_krl, int argc, char **argv)
2476 {
2477 	int i, r, ret = 0;
2478 	char *comment;
2479 	struct ssh_krl *krl;
2480 	struct sshkey *k;
2481 
2482 	if (*identity_file == '\0')
2483 		fatal("KRL checking requires an input file");
2484 	load_krl(identity_file, &krl);
2485 	if (print_krl)
2486 		krl_dump(krl, stdout);
2487 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
2488 		if ((r = sshkey_load_public(argv[i], &k, &comment)) != 0)
2489 			fatal_r(r, "Cannot load public key %s", argv[i]);
2490 		r = ssh_krl_check_key(krl, k);
2491 		printf("%s%s%s%s: %s\n", argv[i],
2492 		    *comment ? " (" : "", comment, *comment ? ")" : "",
2493 		    r == 0 ? "ok" : "REVOKED");
2494 		if (r != 0)
2495 			ret = 1;
2496 		sshkey_free(k);
2497 		free(comment);
2498 	}
2499 	ssh_krl_free(krl);
2500 	exit(ret);
2501 }
2502 
2503 static struct sshkey *
2504 load_sign_key(const char *keypath, const struct sshkey *pubkey)
2505 {
2506 	size_t i, slen, plen = strlen(keypath);
2507 	char *privpath = xstrdup(keypath);
2508 	static const char * const suffixes[] = { "-cert.pub", ".pub", NULL };
2509 	struct sshkey *ret = NULL, *privkey = NULL;
2510 	int r, waspub = 0;
2511 	struct stat st;
2512 
2513 	/*
2514 	 * If passed a public key filename, then try to locate the corresponding
2515 	 * private key. This lets us specify certificates on the command-line
2516 	 * and have ssh-keygen find the appropriate private key.
2517 	 */
2518 	for (i = 0; suffixes[i]; i++) {
2519 		slen = strlen(suffixes[i]);
2520 		if (plen <= slen ||
2521 		    strcmp(privpath + plen - slen, suffixes[i]) != 0)
2522 			continue;
2523 		privpath[plen - slen] = '\0';
2524 		debug_f("%s looks like a public key, using private key "
2525 		    "path %s instead", keypath, privpath);
2526 		waspub = 1;
2527 	}
2528 	if (waspub && stat(privpath, &st) != 0 && errno == ENOENT)
2529 		fatal("No private key found for public key \"%s\"", keypath);
2530 	if ((r = sshkey_load_private(privpath, "", &privkey, NULL)) != 0 &&
2531 	    (r != SSH_ERR_KEY_WRONG_PASSPHRASE)) {
2532 		debug_fr(r, "load private key \"%s\"", privpath);
2533 		fatal("No private key found for \"%s\"", privpath);
2534 	} else if (privkey == NULL)
2535 		privkey = load_identity(privpath, NULL);
2536 
2537 	if (!sshkey_equal_public(pubkey, privkey)) {
2538 		error("Public key %s doesn't match private %s",
2539 		    keypath, privpath);
2540 		goto done;
2541 	}
2542 	if (sshkey_is_cert(pubkey) && !sshkey_is_cert(privkey)) {
2543 		/*
2544 		 * Graft the certificate onto the private key to make
2545 		 * it capable of signing.
2546 		 */
2547 		if ((r = sshkey_to_certified(privkey)) != 0) {
2548 			error_fr(r, "sshkey_to_certified");
2549 			goto done;
2550 		}
2551 		if ((r = sshkey_cert_copy(pubkey, privkey)) != 0) {
2552 			error_fr(r, "sshkey_cert_copy");
2553 			goto done;
2554 		}
2555 	}
2556 	/* success */
2557 	ret = privkey;
2558 	privkey = NULL;
2559  done:
2560 	sshkey_free(privkey);
2561 	free(privpath);
2562 	return ret;
2563 }
2564 
2565 static int
2566 sign_one(struct sshkey *signkey, const char *filename, int fd,
2567     const char *sig_namespace, const char *hashalg, sshsig_signer *signer,
2568     void *signer_ctx)
2569 {
2570 	struct sshbuf *sigbuf = NULL, *abuf = NULL;
2571 	int r = SSH_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR, wfd = -1, oerrno;
2572 	char *wfile = NULL, *asig = NULL, *fp = NULL;
2573 	char *pin = NULL, *prompt = NULL;
2574 
2575 	if (!quiet) {
2576 		if (fd == STDIN_FILENO)
2577 			fprintf(stderr, "Signing data on standard input\n");
2578 		else
2579 			fprintf(stderr, "Signing file %s\n", filename);
2580 	}
2581 	if (signer == NULL && sshkey_is_sk(signkey)) {
2582 		if ((signkey->sk_flags & SSH_SK_USER_VERIFICATION_REQD)) {
2583 			xasprintf(&prompt, "Enter PIN for %s key: ",
2584 			    sshkey_type(signkey));
2585 			if ((pin = read_passphrase(prompt,
2586 			    RP_ALLOW_STDIN)) == NULL)
2587 				fatal_f("couldn't read PIN");
2588 		}
2589 		if ((signkey->sk_flags & SSH_SK_USER_PRESENCE_REQD)) {
2590 			if ((fp = sshkey_fingerprint(signkey, fingerprint_hash,
2591 			    SSH_FP_DEFAULT)) == NULL)
2592 				fatal_f("fingerprint failed");
2593 			fprintf(stderr, "Confirm user presence for key %s %s\n",
2594 			    sshkey_type(signkey), fp);
2595 			free(fp);
2596 		}
2597 	}
2598 	if ((r = sshsig_sign_fd(signkey, hashalg, sk_provider, pin,
2599 	    fd, sig_namespace, &sigbuf, signer, signer_ctx)) != 0) {
2600 		error_r(r, "Signing %s failed", filename);
2601 		goto out;
2602 	}
2603 	if ((r = sshsig_armor(sigbuf, &abuf)) != 0) {
2604 		error_fr(r, "sshsig_armor");
2605 		goto out;
2606 	}
2607 	if ((asig = sshbuf_dup_string(abuf)) == NULL) {
2608 		error_f("buffer error");
2609 		r = SSH_ERR_ALLOC_FAIL;
2610 		goto out;
2611 	}
2612 
2613 	if (fd == STDIN_FILENO) {
2614 		fputs(asig, stdout);
2615 		fflush(stdout);
2616 	} else {
2617 		xasprintf(&wfile, "%s.sig", filename);
2618 		if (confirm_overwrite(wfile)) {
2619 			if ((wfd = open(wfile, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC,
2620 			    0666)) == -1) {
2621 				oerrno = errno;
2622 				error("Cannot open %s: %s",
2623 				    wfile, strerror(errno));
2624 				errno = oerrno;
2625 				r = SSH_ERR_SYSTEM_ERROR;
2626 				goto out;
2627 			}
2628 			if (atomicio(vwrite, wfd, asig,
2629 			    strlen(asig)) != strlen(asig)) {
2630 				oerrno = errno;
2631 				error("Cannot write to %s: %s",
2632 				    wfile, strerror(errno));
2633 				errno = oerrno;
2634 				r = SSH_ERR_SYSTEM_ERROR;
2635 				goto out;
2636 			}
2637 			if (!quiet) {
2638 				fprintf(stderr, "Write signature to %s\n",
2639 				    wfile);
2640 			}
2641 		}
2642 	}
2643 	/* success */
2644 	r = 0;
2645  out:
2646 	free(wfile);
2647 	free(prompt);
2648 	free(asig);
2649 	if (pin != NULL)
2650 		freezero(pin, strlen(pin));
2651 	sshbuf_free(abuf);
2652 	sshbuf_free(sigbuf);
2653 	if (wfd != -1)
2654 		close(wfd);
2655 	return r;
2656 }
2657 
2658 static int
2659 sig_process_opts(char * const *opts, size_t nopts, char **hashalgp,
2660     uint64_t *verify_timep, int *print_pubkey)
2661 {
2662 	size_t i;
2663 	time_t now;
2664 
2665 	if (verify_timep != NULL)
2666 		*verify_timep = 0;
2667 	if (print_pubkey != NULL)
2668 		*print_pubkey = 0;
2669 	if (hashalgp != NULL)
2670 		*hashalgp = NULL;
2671 	for (i = 0; i < nopts; i++) {
2672 		if (hashalgp != NULL &&
2673 		    strncasecmp(opts[i], "hashalg=", 8) == 0) {
2674 			*hashalgp = xstrdup(opts[i] + 8);
2675 		} else if (verify_timep &&
2676 		    strncasecmp(opts[i], "verify-time=", 12) == 0) {
2677 			if (parse_absolute_time(opts[i] + 12,
2678 			    verify_timep) != 0 || *verify_timep == 0) {
2679 				error("Invalid \"verify-time\" option");
2680 				return SSH_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
2681 			}
2682 		} else if (print_pubkey &&
2683 		    strcasecmp(opts[i], "print-pubkey") == 0) {
2684 			*print_pubkey = 1;
2685 		} else {
2686 			error("Invalid option \"%s\"", opts[i]);
2687 			return SSH_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
2688 		}
2689 	}
2690 	if (verify_timep && *verify_timep == 0) {
2691 		if ((now = time(NULL)) < 0) {
2692 			error("Time is before epoch");
2693 			return SSH_ERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
2694 		}
2695 		*verify_timep = (uint64_t)now;
2696 	}
2697 	return 0;
2698 }
2699 
2700 
2701 static int
2702 sig_sign(const char *keypath, const char *sig_namespace, int require_agent,
2703     int argc, char **argv, char * const *opts, size_t nopts)
2704 {
2705 	int i, fd = -1, r, ret = -1;
2706 	int agent_fd = -1;
2707 	struct sshkey *pubkey = NULL, *privkey = NULL, *signkey = NULL;
2708 	sshsig_signer *signer = NULL;
2709 	char *hashalg = NULL;
2710 
2711 	/* Check file arguments. */
2712 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
2713 		if (strcmp(argv[i], "-") != 0)
2714 			continue;
2715 		if (i > 0 || argc > 1)
2716 			fatal("Cannot sign mix of paths and standard input");
2717 	}
2718 
2719 	if (sig_process_opts(opts, nopts, &hashalg, NULL, NULL) != 0)
2720 		goto done; /* error already logged */
2721 
2722 	if ((r = sshkey_load_public(keypath, &pubkey, NULL)) != 0) {
2723 		error_r(r, "Couldn't load public key %s", keypath);
2724 		goto done;
2725 	}
2726 
2727 	if ((r = ssh_get_authentication_socket(&agent_fd)) != 0) {
2728 		if (require_agent)
2729 			fatal("Couldn't get agent socket");
2730 		debug_r(r, "Couldn't get agent socket");
2731 	} else {
2732 		if ((r = ssh_agent_has_key(agent_fd, pubkey)) == 0)
2733 			signer = agent_signer;
2734 		else {
2735 			if (require_agent)
2736 				fatal("Couldn't find key in agent");
2737 			debug_r(r, "Couldn't find key in agent");
2738 		}
2739 	}
2740 
2741 	if (signer == NULL) {
2742 		/* Not using agent - try to load private key */
2743 		if ((privkey = load_sign_key(keypath, pubkey)) == NULL)
2744 			goto done;
2745 		signkey = privkey;
2746 	} else {
2747 		/* Will use key in agent */
2748 		signkey = pubkey;
2749 	}
2750 
2751 	if (argc == 0) {
2752 		if ((r = sign_one(signkey, "(stdin)", STDIN_FILENO,
2753 		    sig_namespace, hashalg, signer, &agent_fd)) != 0)
2754 			goto done;
2755 	} else {
2756 		for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
2757 			if (strcmp(argv[i], "-") == 0)
2758 				fd = STDIN_FILENO;
2759 			else if ((fd = open(argv[i], O_RDONLY)) == -1) {
2760 				error("Cannot open %s for signing: %s",
2761 				    argv[i], strerror(errno));
2762 				goto done;
2763 			}
2764 			if ((r = sign_one(signkey, argv[i], fd, sig_namespace,
2765 			    hashalg, signer, &agent_fd)) != 0)
2766 				goto done;
2767 			if (fd != STDIN_FILENO)
2768 				close(fd);
2769 			fd = -1;
2770 		}
2771 	}
2772 
2773 	ret = 0;
2774 done:
2775 	if (fd != -1 && fd != STDIN_FILENO)
2776 		close(fd);
2777 	sshkey_free(pubkey);
2778 	sshkey_free(privkey);
2779 	free(hashalg);
2780 	return ret;
2781 }
2782 
2783 static int
2784 sig_verify(const char *signature, const char *sig_namespace,
2785     const char *principal, const char *allowed_keys, const char *revoked_keys,
2786     char * const *opts, size_t nopts)
2787 {
2788 	int r, ret = -1;
2789 	int print_pubkey = 0;
2790 	struct sshbuf *sigbuf = NULL, *abuf = NULL;
2791 	struct sshkey *sign_key = NULL;
2792 	char *fp = NULL;
2793 	struct sshkey_sig_details *sig_details = NULL;
2794 	uint64_t verify_time = 0;
2795 
2796 	if (sig_process_opts(opts, nopts, NULL, &verify_time,
2797 	    &print_pubkey) != 0)
2798 		goto done; /* error already logged */
2799 
2800 	memset(&sig_details, 0, sizeof(sig_details));
2801 	if ((r = sshbuf_load_file(signature, &abuf)) != 0) {
2802 		error_r(r, "Couldn't read signature file");
2803 		goto done;
2804 	}
2805 
2806 	if ((r = sshsig_dearmor(abuf, &sigbuf)) != 0) {
2807 		error_fr(r, "sshsig_armor");
2808 		goto done;
2809 	}
2810 	if ((r = sshsig_verify_fd(sigbuf, STDIN_FILENO, sig_namespace,
2811 	    &sign_key, &sig_details)) != 0)
2812 		goto done; /* sshsig_verify() prints error */
2813 
2814 	if ((fp = sshkey_fingerprint(sign_key, fingerprint_hash,
2815 	    SSH_FP_DEFAULT)) == NULL)
2816 		fatal_f("sshkey_fingerprint failed");
2817 	debug("Valid (unverified) signature from key %s", fp);
2818 	if (sig_details != NULL) {
2819 		debug2_f("signature details: counter = %u, flags = 0x%02x",
2820 		    sig_details->sk_counter, sig_details->sk_flags);
2821 	}
2822 	free(fp);
2823 	fp = NULL;
2824 
2825 	if (revoked_keys != NULL) {
2826 		if ((r = sshkey_check_revoked(sign_key, revoked_keys)) != 0) {
2827 			debug3_fr(r, "sshkey_check_revoked");
2828 			goto done;
2829 		}
2830 	}
2831 
2832 	if (allowed_keys != NULL && (r = sshsig_check_allowed_keys(allowed_keys,
2833 	    sign_key, principal, sig_namespace, verify_time)) != 0) {
2834 		debug3_fr(r, "sshsig_check_allowed_keys");
2835 		goto done;
2836 	}
2837 	/* success */
2838 	ret = 0;
2839 done:
2840 	if (!quiet) {
2841 		if (ret == 0) {
2842 			if ((fp = sshkey_fingerprint(sign_key, fingerprint_hash,
2843 			    SSH_FP_DEFAULT)) == NULL)
2844 				fatal_f("sshkey_fingerprint failed");
2845 			if (principal == NULL) {
2846 				printf("Good \"%s\" signature with %s key %s\n",
2847 				    sig_namespace, sshkey_type(sign_key), fp);
2848 
2849 			} else {
2850 				printf("Good \"%s\" signature for %s with %s key %s\n",
2851 				    sig_namespace, principal,
2852 				    sshkey_type(sign_key), fp);
2853 			}
2854 		} else {
2855 			printf("Could not verify signature.\n");
2856 		}
2857 	}
2858 	/* Print the signature key if requested */
2859 	if (ret == 0 && print_pubkey && sign_key != NULL) {
2860 		if ((r = sshkey_write(sign_key, stdout)) == 0)
2861 			fputc('\n', stdout);
2862 		else {
2863 			error_r(r, "Could not print public key.\n");
2864 			ret = -1;
2865 		}
2866 	}
2867 	sshbuf_free(sigbuf);
2868 	sshbuf_free(abuf);
2869 	sshkey_free(sign_key);
2870 	sshkey_sig_details_free(sig_details);
2871 	free(fp);
2872 	return ret;
2873 }
2874 
2875 static int
2876 sig_find_principals(const char *signature, const char *allowed_keys,
2877     char * const *opts, size_t nopts)
2878 {
2879 	int r, ret = -1;
2880 	struct sshbuf *sigbuf = NULL, *abuf = NULL;
2881 	struct sshkey *sign_key = NULL;
2882 	char *principals = NULL, *cp, *tmp;
2883 	uint64_t verify_time = 0;
2884 
2885 	if (sig_process_opts(opts, nopts, NULL, &verify_time, NULL) != 0)
2886 		goto done; /* error already logged */
2887 
2888 	if ((r = sshbuf_load_file(signature, &abuf)) != 0) {
2889 		error_r(r, "Couldn't read signature file");
2890 		goto done;
2891 	}
2892 	if ((r = sshsig_dearmor(abuf, &sigbuf)) != 0) {
2893 		error_fr(r, "sshsig_armor");
2894 		goto done;
2895 	}
2896 	if ((r = sshsig_get_pubkey(sigbuf, &sign_key)) != 0) {
2897 		error_fr(r, "sshsig_get_pubkey");
2898 		goto done;
2899 	}
2900 	if ((r = sshsig_find_principals(allowed_keys, sign_key,
2901 	    verify_time, &principals)) != 0) {
2902 		if (r != SSH_ERR_KEY_NOT_FOUND)
2903 			error_fr(r, "sshsig_find_principal");
2904 		goto done;
2905 	}
2906 	ret = 0;
2907 done:
2908 	if (ret == 0 ) {
2909 		/* Emit matching principals one per line */
2910 		tmp = principals;
2911 		while ((cp = strsep(&tmp, ",")) != NULL && *cp != '\0')
2912 			puts(cp);
2913 	} else {
2914 		fprintf(stderr, "No principal matched.\n");
2915 	}
2916 	sshbuf_free(sigbuf);
2917 	sshbuf_free(abuf);
2918 	sshkey_free(sign_key);
2919 	free(principals);
2920 	return ret;
2921 }
2922 
2923 static int
2924 sig_match_principals(const char *allowed_keys, char *principal,
2925 	char * const *opts, size_t nopts)
2926 {
2927 	int r;
2928 	char **principals = NULL;
2929 	size_t i, nprincipals = 0;
2930 
2931 	if ((r = sig_process_opts(opts, nopts, NULL, NULL, NULL)) != 0)
2932 		return r; /* error already logged */
2933 
2934 	if ((r = sshsig_match_principals(allowed_keys, principal,
2935 	    &principals, &nprincipals)) != 0) {
2936 		debug_f("match: %s", ssh_err(r));
2937 		fprintf(stderr, "No principal matched.\n");
2938 		return r;
2939 	}
2940 	for (i = 0; i < nprincipals; i++) {
2941 		printf("%s\n", principals[i]);
2942 		free(principals[i]);
2943 	}
2944 	free(principals);
2945 
2946 	return 0;
2947 }
2948 
2949 static void
2950 do_moduli_gen(const char *out_file, char **opts, size_t nopts)
2951 {
2952 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
2953 	/* Moduli generation/screening */
2954 	u_int32_t memory = 0;
2955 	BIGNUM *start = NULL;
2956 	int moduli_bits = 0;
2957 	FILE *out;
2958 	size_t i;
2959 	const char *errstr;
2960 
2961 	/* Parse options */
2962 	for (i = 0; i < nopts; i++) {
2963 		if (strncmp(opts[i], "memory=", 7) == 0) {
2964 			memory = (u_int32_t)strtonum(opts[i]+7, 1,
2965 			    UINT_MAX, &errstr);
2966 			if (errstr) {
2967 				fatal("Memory limit is %s: %s",
2968 				    errstr, opts[i]+7);
2969 			}
2970 		} else if (strncmp(opts[i], "start=", 6) == 0) {
2971 			/* XXX - also compare length against bits */
2972 			if (BN_hex2bn(&start, opts[i]+6) == 0)
2973 				fatal("Invalid start point.");
2974 		} else if (strncmp(opts[i], "bits=", 5) == 0) {
2975 			moduli_bits = (int)strtonum(opts[i]+5, 1,
2976 			    INT_MAX, &errstr);
2977 			if (errstr) {
2978 				fatal("Invalid number: %s (%s)",
2979 					opts[i]+12, errstr);
2980 			}
2981 		} else {
2982 			fatal("Option \"%s\" is unsupported for moduli "
2983 			    "generation", opts[i]);
2984 		}
2985 	}
2986 
2987 	if ((out = fopen(out_file, "w")) == NULL) {
2988 		fatal("Couldn't open modulus candidate file \"%s\": %s",
2989 		    out_file, strerror(errno));
2990 	}
2991 	setvbuf(out, NULL, _IOLBF, 0);
2992 
2993 	if (moduli_bits == 0)
2994 		moduli_bits = DEFAULT_BITS;
2995 	if (gen_candidates(out, memory, moduli_bits, start) != 0)
2996 		fatal("modulus candidate generation failed");
2997 #else /* WITH_OPENSSL */
2998 	fatal("Moduli generation is not supported");
2999 #endif /* WITH_OPENSSL */
3000 }
3001 
3002 static void
3003 do_moduli_screen(const char *out_file, char **opts, size_t nopts)
3004 {
3005 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
3006 	/* Moduli generation/screening */
3007 	char *checkpoint = NULL;
3008 	u_int32_t generator_wanted = 0;
3009 	unsigned long start_lineno = 0, lines_to_process = 0;
3010 	int prime_tests = 0;
3011 	FILE *out, *in = stdin;
3012 	size_t i;
3013 	const char *errstr;
3014 
3015 	/* Parse options */
3016 	for (i = 0; i < nopts; i++) {
3017 		if (strncmp(opts[i], "lines=", 6) == 0) {
3018 			lines_to_process = strtoul(opts[i]+6, NULL, 10);
3019 		} else if (strncmp(opts[i], "start-line=", 11) == 0) {
3020 			start_lineno = strtoul(opts[i]+11, NULL, 10);
3021 		} else if (strncmp(opts[i], "checkpoint=", 11) == 0) {
3022 			free(checkpoint);
3023 			checkpoint = xstrdup(opts[i]+11);
3024 		} else if (strncmp(opts[i], "generator=", 10) == 0) {
3025 			generator_wanted = (u_int32_t)strtonum(
3026 			    opts[i]+10, 1, UINT_MAX, &errstr);
3027 			if (errstr != NULL) {
3028 				fatal("Generator invalid: %s (%s)",
3029 				    opts[i]+10, errstr);
3030 			}
3031 		} else if (strncmp(opts[i], "prime-tests=", 12) == 0) {
3032 			prime_tests = (int)strtonum(opts[i]+12, 1,
3033 			    INT_MAX, &errstr);
3034 			if (errstr) {
3035 				fatal("Invalid number: %s (%s)",
3036 					opts[i]+12, errstr);
3037 			}
3038 		} else {
3039 			fatal("Option \"%s\" is unsupported for moduli "
3040 			    "screening", opts[i]);
3041 		}
3042 	}
3043 
3044 	if (have_identity && strcmp(identity_file, "-") != 0) {
3045 		if ((in = fopen(identity_file, "r")) == NULL) {
3046 			fatal("Couldn't open modulus candidate "
3047 			    "file \"%s\": %s", identity_file,
3048 			    strerror(errno));
3049 		}
3050 	}
3051 
3052 	if ((out = fopen(out_file, "a")) == NULL) {
3053 		fatal("Couldn't open moduli file \"%s\": %s",
3054 		    out_file, strerror(errno));
3055 	}
3056 	setvbuf(out, NULL, _IOLBF, 0);
3057 	if (prime_test(in, out, prime_tests == 0 ? 100 : prime_tests,
3058 	    generator_wanted, checkpoint,
3059 	    start_lineno, lines_to_process) != 0)
3060 		fatal("modulus screening failed");
3061 	if (in != stdin)
3062 		(void)fclose(in);
3063 	free(checkpoint);
3064 #else /* WITH_OPENSSL */
3065 	fatal("Moduli screening is not supported");
3066 #endif /* WITH_OPENSSL */
3067 }
3068 
3069 /* Read and confirm a passphrase */
3070 static char *
3071 read_check_passphrase(const char *prompt1, const char *prompt2,
3072     const char *retry_prompt)
3073 {
3074 	char *passphrase1, *passphrase2;
3075 
3076 	for (;;) {
3077 		passphrase1 = read_passphrase(prompt1, RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
3078 		passphrase2 = read_passphrase(prompt2, RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
3079 		if (strcmp(passphrase1, passphrase2) == 0) {
3080 			freezero(passphrase2, strlen(passphrase2));
3081 			return passphrase1;
3082 		}
3083 		/* The passphrases do not match. Clear them and retry. */
3084 		freezero(passphrase1, strlen(passphrase1));
3085 		freezero(passphrase2, strlen(passphrase2));
3086 		fputs(retry_prompt, stdout);
3087 		fputc('\n', stdout);
3088 		fflush(stdout);
3089 	}
3090 	/* NOTREACHED */
3091 	return NULL;
3092 }
3093 
3094 static char *
3095 private_key_passphrase(void)
3096 {
3097 	if (identity_passphrase)
3098 		return xstrdup(identity_passphrase);
3099 	if (identity_new_passphrase)
3100 		return xstrdup(identity_new_passphrase);
3101 
3102 	return read_check_passphrase(
3103 	    "Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): ",
3104 	    "Enter same passphrase again: ",
3105 	    "Passphrases do not match.  Try again.");
3106 }
3107 
3108 static char *
3109 sk_suffix(const char *application, const uint8_t *user, size_t userlen)
3110 {
3111 	char *ret, *cp;
3112 	size_t slen, i;
3113 
3114 	/* Trim off URL-like preamble */
3115 	if (strncmp(application, "ssh://", 6) == 0)
3116 		ret =  xstrdup(application + 6);
3117 	else if (strncmp(application, "ssh:", 4) == 0)
3118 		ret =  xstrdup(application + 4);
3119 	else
3120 		ret = xstrdup(application);
3121 
3122 	/* Count trailing zeros in user */
3123 	for (i = 0; i < userlen; i++) {
3124 		if (user[userlen - i - 1] != 0)
3125 			break;
3126 	}
3127 	if (i >= userlen)
3128 		return ret; /* user-id was default all-zeros */
3129 
3130 	/* Append user-id, escaping non-UTF-8 characters */
3131 	slen = userlen - i;
3132 	if (asmprintf(&cp, INT_MAX, NULL, "%.*s", (int)slen, user) == -1)
3133 		fatal_f("asmprintf failed");
3134 	/* Don't emit a user-id that contains path or control characters */
3135 	if (strchr(cp, '/') != NULL || strstr(cp, "..") != NULL ||
3136 	    strchr(cp, '\\') != NULL) {
3137 		free(cp);
3138 		cp = tohex(user, slen);
3139 	}
3140 	xextendf(&ret, "_", "%s", cp);
3141 	free(cp);
3142 	return ret;
3143 }
3144 
3145 static int
3146 do_download_sk(const char *skprovider, const char *device)
3147 {
3148 	struct sshsk_resident_key **srks;
3149 	size_t nsrks, i;
3150 	int r, ret = -1;
3151 	char *fp, *pin = NULL, *pass = NULL, *path, *pubpath;
3152 	const char *ext;
3153 	struct sshkey *key;
3154 
3155 	if (skprovider == NULL)
3156 		fatal("Cannot download keys without provider");
3157 
3158 	pin = read_passphrase("Enter PIN for authenticator: ", RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
3159 	if (!quiet) {
3160 		printf("You may need to touch your authenticator "
3161 		    "to authorize key download.\n");
3162 	}
3163 	if ((r = sshsk_load_resident(skprovider, device, pin, 0,
3164 	    &srks, &nsrks)) != 0) {
3165 		if (pin != NULL)
3166 			freezero(pin, strlen(pin));
3167 		error_r(r, "Unable to load resident keys");
3168 		return -1;
3169 	}
3170 	if (nsrks == 0)
3171 		logit("No keys to download");
3172 	if (pin != NULL)
3173 		freezero(pin, strlen(pin));
3174 
3175 	for (i = 0; i < nsrks; i++) {
3176 		key = srks[i]->key;
3177 		if (key->type != KEY_ECDSA_SK && key->type != KEY_ED25519_SK) {
3178 			error("Unsupported key type %s (%d)",
3179 			    sshkey_type(key), key->type);
3180 			continue;
3181 		}
3182 		if ((fp = sshkey_fingerprint(key, fingerprint_hash,
3183 		    SSH_FP_DEFAULT)) == NULL)
3184 			fatal_f("sshkey_fingerprint failed");
3185 		debug_f("key %zu: %s %s %s (flags 0x%02x)", i,
3186 		    sshkey_type(key), fp, key->sk_application, key->sk_flags);
3187 		ext = sk_suffix(key->sk_application,
3188 		    srks[i]->user_id, srks[i]->user_id_len);
3189 		xasprintf(&path, "id_%s_rk%s%s",
3190 		    key->type == KEY_ECDSA_SK ? "ecdsa_sk" : "ed25519_sk",
3191 		    *ext == '\0' ? "" : "_", ext);
3192 
3193 		/* If the file already exists, ask the user to confirm. */
3194 		if (!confirm_overwrite(path)) {
3195 			free(path);
3196 			break;
3197 		}
3198 
3199 		/* Save the key with the application string as the comment */
3200 		if (pass == NULL)
3201 			pass = private_key_passphrase();
3202 		if ((r = sshkey_save_private(key, path, pass,
3203 		    key->sk_application, private_key_format,
3204 		    openssh_format_cipher, rounds)) != 0) {
3205 			error_r(r, "Saving key \"%s\" failed", path);
3206 			free(path);
3207 			break;
3208 		}
3209 		if (!quiet) {
3210 			printf("Saved %s key%s%s to %s\n", sshkey_type(key),
3211 			    *ext != '\0' ? " " : "",
3212 			    *ext != '\0' ? key->sk_application : "",
3213 			    path);
3214 		}
3215 
3216 		/* Save public key too */
3217 		xasprintf(&pubpath, "%s.pub", path);
3218 		free(path);
3219 		if ((r = sshkey_save_public(key, pubpath,
3220 		    key->sk_application)) != 0) {
3221 			error_r(r, "Saving public key \"%s\" failed", pubpath);
3222 			free(pubpath);
3223 			break;
3224 		}
3225 		free(pubpath);
3226 	}
3227 
3228 	if (i >= nsrks)
3229 		ret = 0; /* success */
3230 	if (pass != NULL)
3231 		freezero(pass, strlen(pass));
3232 	sshsk_free_resident_keys(srks, nsrks);
3233 	return ret;
3234 }
3235 
3236 static void
3237 save_attestation(struct sshbuf *attest, const char *path)
3238 {
3239 	mode_t omask;
3240 	int r;
3241 
3242 	if (path == NULL)
3243 		return; /* nothing to do */
3244 	if (attest == NULL || sshbuf_len(attest) == 0)
3245 		fatal("Enrollment did not return attestation data");
3246 	omask = umask(077);
3247 	r = sshbuf_write_file(path, attest);
3248 	umask(omask);
3249 	if (r != 0)
3250 		fatal_r(r, "Unable to write attestation data \"%s\"", path);
3251 	if (!quiet)
3252 		printf("Your FIDO attestation certificate has been saved in "
3253 		    "%s\n", path);
3254 }
3255 
3256 static int
3257 confirm_sk_overwrite(const char *application, const char *user)
3258 {
3259 	char yesno[3];
3260 
3261 	printf("A resident key scoped to '%s' with user id '%s' already "
3262 	    "exists.\n", application == NULL ? "ssh:" : application,
3263 	    user == NULL ? "null" : user);
3264 	printf("Overwrite key in token (y/n)? ");
3265 	fflush(stdout);
3266 	if (fgets(yesno, sizeof(yesno), stdin) == NULL)
3267 		return 0;
3268 	if (yesno[0] != 'y' && yesno[0] != 'Y')
3269 		return 0;
3270 	return 1;
3271 }
3272 
3273 static void
3274 usage(void)
3275 {
3276 	fprintf(stderr,
3277 	    "usage: ssh-keygen [-q] [-a rounds] [-b bits] [-C comment] [-f output_keyfile]\n"
3278 	    "                  [-m format] [-N new_passphrase] [-O option]\n"
3279 	    "                  [-t dsa | ecdsa | ecdsa-sk | ed25519 | ed25519-sk | rsa]\n"
3280 	    "                  [-w provider] [-Z cipher]\n"
3281 	    "       ssh-keygen -p [-a rounds] [-f keyfile] [-m format] [-N new_passphrase]\n"
3282 	    "                   [-P old_passphrase] [-Z cipher]\n"
3283 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
3284 	    "       ssh-keygen -i [-f input_keyfile] [-m key_format]\n"
3285 	    "       ssh-keygen -e [-f input_keyfile] [-m key_format]\n"
3286 #endif
3287 	    "       ssh-keygen -y [-f input_keyfile]\n"
3288 	    "       ssh-keygen -c [-a rounds] [-C comment] [-f keyfile] [-P passphrase]\n"
3289 	    "       ssh-keygen -l [-v] [-E fingerprint_hash] [-f input_keyfile]\n"
3290 	    "       ssh-keygen -B [-f input_keyfile]\n");
3291 #ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11
3292 	fprintf(stderr,
3293 	    "       ssh-keygen -D pkcs11\n");
3294 #endif
3295 	fprintf(stderr,
3296 	    "       ssh-keygen -F hostname [-lv] [-f known_hosts_file]\n"
3297 	    "       ssh-keygen -H [-f known_hosts_file]\n"
3298 	    "       ssh-keygen -K [-a rounds] [-w provider]\n"
3299 	    "       ssh-keygen -R hostname [-f known_hosts_file]\n"
3300 	    "       ssh-keygen -r hostname [-g] [-f input_keyfile]\n"
3301 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
3302 	    "       ssh-keygen -M generate [-O option] output_file\n"
3303 	    "       ssh-keygen -M screen [-f input_file] [-O option] output_file\n"
3304 #endif
3305 	    "       ssh-keygen -I certificate_identity -s ca_key [-hU] [-D pkcs11_provider]\n"
3306 	    "                  [-n principals] [-O option] [-V validity_interval]\n"
3307 	    "                  [-z serial_number] file ...\n"
3308 	    "       ssh-keygen -L [-f input_keyfile]\n"
3309 	    "       ssh-keygen -A [-a rounds] [-f prefix_path]\n"
3310 	    "       ssh-keygen -k -f krl_file [-u] [-s ca_public] [-z version_number]\n"
3311 	    "                  file ...\n"
3312 	    "       ssh-keygen -Q [-l] -f krl_file [file ...]\n"
3313 	    "       ssh-keygen -Y find-principals -s signature_file -f allowed_signers_file\n"
3314 	    "       ssh-keygen -Y match-principals -I signer_identity -f allowed_signers_file\n"
3315 	    "       ssh-keygen -Y check-novalidate -n namespace -s signature_file\n"
3316 	    "       ssh-keygen -Y sign -f key_file -n namespace file [-O option] ...\n"
3317 	    "       ssh-keygen -Y verify -f allowed_signers_file -I signer_identity\n"
3318 	    "                  -n namespace -s signature_file [-r krl_file] [-O option]\n");
3319 	exit(1);
3320 }
3321 
3322 /*
3323  * Main program for key management.
3324  */
3325 int
3326 main(int argc, char **argv)
3327 {
3328 	char comment[1024], *passphrase = NULL;
3329 	char *rr_hostname = NULL, *ep, *fp, *ra;
3330 	struct sshkey *private, *public;
3331 	struct passwd *pw;
3332 	int r, opt, type;
3333 	int change_passphrase = 0, change_comment = 0, show_cert = 0;
3334 	int find_host = 0, delete_host = 0, hash_hosts = 0;
3335 	int gen_all_hostkeys = 0, gen_krl = 0, update_krl = 0, check_krl = 0;
3336 	int prefer_agent = 0, convert_to = 0, convert_from = 0;
3337 	int print_public = 0, print_generic = 0, cert_serial_autoinc = 0;
3338 	int do_gen_candidates = 0, do_screen_candidates = 0, download_sk = 0;
3339 	unsigned long long cert_serial = 0;
3340 	char *identity_comment = NULL, *ca_key_path = NULL, **opts = NULL;
3341 	char *sk_application = NULL, *sk_device = NULL, *sk_user = NULL;
3342 	char *sk_attestation_path = NULL;
3343 	struct sshbuf *challenge = NULL, *attest = NULL;
3344 	size_t i, nopts = 0;
3345 	u_int32_t bits = 0;
3346 	uint8_t sk_flags = SSH_SK_USER_PRESENCE_REQD;
3347 	const char *errstr;
3348 	int log_level = SYSLOG_LEVEL_INFO;
3349 	char *sign_op = NULL;
3350 
3351 	extern int optind;
3352 	extern char *optarg;
3353 
3354 	/* Ensure that fds 0, 1 and 2 are open or directed to /dev/null */
3355 	sanitise_stdfd();
3356 
3357 	__progname = ssh_get_progname(argv[0]);
3358 
3359 	seed_rng();
3360 
3361 	log_init(argv[0], SYSLOG_LEVEL_INFO, SYSLOG_FACILITY_USER, 1);
3362 
3363 	msetlocale();
3364 
3365 	/* we need this for the home * directory.  */
3366 	pw = getpwuid(getuid());
3367 	if (!pw)
3368 		fatal("No user exists for uid %lu", (u_long)getuid());
3369 	pw = pwcopy(pw);
3370 	if (gethostname(hostname, sizeof(hostname)) == -1)
3371 		fatal("gethostname: %s", strerror(errno));
3372 
3373 	sk_provider = getenv("SSH_SK_PROVIDER");
3374 
3375 	/* Remaining characters: dGjJSTWx */
3376 	while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "ABHKLQUXceghiklopquvy"
3377 	    "C:D:E:F:I:M:N:O:P:R:V:Y:Z:"
3378 	    "a:b:f:g:m:n:r:s:t:w:z:")) != -1) {
3379 		switch (opt) {
3380 		case 'A':
3381 			gen_all_hostkeys = 1;
3382 			break;
3383 		case 'b':
3384 			bits = (u_int32_t)strtonum(optarg, 1, UINT32_MAX,
3385 			    &errstr);
3386 			if (errstr)
3387 				fatal("Bits has bad value %s (%s)",
3388 					optarg, errstr);
3389 			break;
3390 		case 'E':
3391 			fingerprint_hash = ssh_digest_alg_by_name(optarg);
3392 			if (fingerprint_hash == -1)
3393 				fatal("Invalid hash algorithm \"%s\"", optarg);
3394 			break;
3395 		case 'F':
3396 			find_host = 1;
3397 			rr_hostname = optarg;
3398 			break;
3399 		case 'H':
3400 			hash_hosts = 1;
3401 			break;
3402 		case 'I':
3403 			cert_key_id = optarg;
3404 			break;
3405 		case 'R':
3406 			delete_host = 1;
3407 			rr_hostname = optarg;
3408 			break;
3409 		case 'L':
3410 			show_cert = 1;
3411 			break;
3412 		case 'l':
3413 			print_fingerprint = 1;
3414 			break;
3415 		case 'B':
3416 			print_bubblebabble = 1;
3417 			break;
3418 		case 'm':
3419 			if (strcasecmp(optarg, "RFC4716") == 0 ||
3420 			    strcasecmp(optarg, "ssh2") == 0) {
3421 				convert_format = FMT_RFC4716;
3422 				break;
3423 			}
3424 			if (strcasecmp(optarg, "PKCS8") == 0) {
3425 				convert_format = FMT_PKCS8;
3426 				private_key_format = SSHKEY_PRIVATE_PKCS8;
3427 				break;
3428 			}
3429 			if (strcasecmp(optarg, "PEM") == 0) {
3430 				convert_format = FMT_PEM;
3431 				private_key_format = SSHKEY_PRIVATE_PEM;
3432 				break;
3433 			}
3434 			fatal("Unsupported conversion format \"%s\"", optarg);
3435 		case 'n':
3436 			cert_principals = optarg;
3437 			break;
3438 		case 'o':
3439 			/* no-op; new format is already the default */
3440 			break;
3441 		case 'p':
3442 			change_passphrase = 1;
3443 			break;
3444 		case 'c':
3445 			change_comment = 1;
3446 			break;
3447 		case 'f':
3448 			if (strlcpy(identity_file, optarg,
3449 			    sizeof(identity_file)) >= sizeof(identity_file))
3450 				fatal("Identity filename too long");
3451 			have_identity = 1;
3452 			break;
3453 		case 'g':
3454 			print_generic = 1;
3455 			break;
3456 		case 'K':
3457 			download_sk = 1;
3458 			break;
3459 		case 'P':
3460 			identity_passphrase = optarg;
3461 			break;
3462 		case 'N':
3463 			identity_new_passphrase = optarg;
3464 			break;
3465 		case 'Q':
3466 			check_krl = 1;
3467 			break;
3468 		case 'O':
3469 			opts = xrecallocarray(opts, nopts, nopts + 1,
3470 			    sizeof(*opts));
3471 			opts[nopts++] = xstrdup(optarg);
3472 			break;
3473 		case 'Z':
3474 			openssh_format_cipher = optarg;
3475 			if (cipher_by_name(openssh_format_cipher) == NULL)
3476 				fatal("Invalid OpenSSH-format cipher '%s'",
3477 				    openssh_format_cipher);
3478 			break;
3479 		case 'C':
3480 			identity_comment = optarg;
3481 			break;
3482 		case 'q':
3483 			quiet = 1;
3484 			break;
3485 		case 'e':
3486 			/* export key */
3487 			convert_to = 1;
3488 			break;
3489 		case 'h':
3490 			cert_key_type = SSH2_CERT_TYPE_HOST;
3491 			certflags_flags = 0;
3492 			break;
3493 		case 'k':
3494 			gen_krl = 1;
3495 			break;
3496 		case 'i':
3497 		case 'X':
3498 			/* import key */
3499 			convert_from = 1;
3500 			break;
3501 		case 'y':
3502 			print_public = 1;
3503 			break;
3504 		case 's':
3505 			ca_key_path = optarg;
3506 			break;
3507 		case 't':
3508 			key_type_name = optarg;
3509 			break;
3510 		case 'D':
3511 			pkcs11provider = optarg;
3512 			break;
3513 		case 'U':
3514 			prefer_agent = 1;
3515 			break;
3516 		case 'u':
3517 			update_krl = 1;
3518 			break;
3519 		case 'v':
3520 			if (log_level == SYSLOG_LEVEL_INFO)
3521 				log_level = SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG1;
3522 			else {
3523 				if (log_level >= SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG1 &&
3524 				    log_level < SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG3)
3525 					log_level++;
3526 			}
3527 			break;
3528 		case 'r':
3529 			rr_hostname = optarg;
3530 			break;
3531 		case 'a':
3532 			rounds = (int)strtonum(optarg, 1, INT_MAX, &errstr);
3533 			if (errstr)
3534 				fatal("Invalid number: %s (%s)",
3535 					optarg, errstr);
3536 			break;
3537 		case 'V':
3538 			parse_cert_times(optarg);
3539 			break;
3540 		case 'Y':
3541 			sign_op = optarg;
3542 			break;
3543 		case 'w':
3544 			sk_provider = optarg;
3545 			break;
3546 		case 'z':
3547 			errno = 0;
3548 			if (*optarg == '+') {
3549 				cert_serial_autoinc = 1;
3550 				optarg++;
3551 			}
3552 			cert_serial = strtoull(optarg, &ep, 10);
3553 			if (*optarg < '0' || *optarg > '9' || *ep != '\0' ||
3554 			    (errno == ERANGE && cert_serial == ULLONG_MAX))
3555 				fatal("Invalid serial number \"%s\"", optarg);
3556 			break;
3557 		case 'M':
3558 			if (strcmp(optarg, "generate") == 0)
3559 				do_gen_candidates = 1;
3560 			else if (strcmp(optarg, "screen") == 0)
3561 				do_screen_candidates = 1;
3562 			else
3563 				fatal("Unsupported moduli option %s", optarg);
3564 			break;
3565 		default:
3566 			usage();
3567 		}
3568 	}
3569 
3570 #ifdef ENABLE_SK_INTERNAL
3571 	if (sk_provider == NULL)
3572 		sk_provider = "internal";
3573 #endif
3574 
3575 	/* reinit */
3576 	log_init(argv[0], log_level, SYSLOG_FACILITY_USER, 1);
3577 
3578 	argv += optind;
3579 	argc -= optind;
3580 
3581 	if (sign_op != NULL) {
3582 		if (strncmp(sign_op, "find-principals", 15) == 0) {
3583 			if (ca_key_path == NULL) {
3584 				error("Too few arguments for find-principals:"
3585 				    "missing signature file");
3586 				exit(1);
3587 			}
3588 			if (!have_identity) {
3589 				error("Too few arguments for find-principals:"
3590 				    "missing allowed keys file");
3591 				exit(1);
3592 			}
3593 			return sig_find_principals(ca_key_path, identity_file,
3594 			    opts, nopts);
3595 		} else if (strncmp(sign_op, "match-principals", 16) == 0) {
3596 			if (!have_identity) {
3597 				error("Too few arguments for match-principals:"
3598 				    "missing allowed keys file");
3599 				exit(1);
3600 			}
3601 			if (cert_key_id == NULL) {
3602 				error("Too few arguments for match-principals: "
3603 				    "missing principal ID");
3604 				exit(1);
3605 			}
3606 			return sig_match_principals(identity_file, cert_key_id,
3607 			    opts, nopts);
3608 		} else if (strncmp(sign_op, "sign", 4) == 0) {
3609 			/* NB. cert_principals is actually namespace, via -n */
3610 			if (cert_principals == NULL ||
3611 			    *cert_principals == '\0') {
3612 				error("Too few arguments for sign: "
3613 				    "missing namespace");
3614 				exit(1);
3615 			}
3616 			if (!have_identity) {
3617 				error("Too few arguments for sign: "
3618 				    "missing key");
3619 				exit(1);
3620 			}
3621 			return sig_sign(identity_file, cert_principals,
3622 			    prefer_agent, argc, argv, opts, nopts);
3623 		} else if (strncmp(sign_op, "check-novalidate", 16) == 0) {
3624 			/* NB. cert_principals is actually namespace, via -n */
3625 			if (cert_principals == NULL ||
3626 			    *cert_principals == '\0') {
3627 				error("Too few arguments for check-novalidate: "
3628 				    "missing namespace");
3629 				exit(1);
3630 			}
3631 			if (ca_key_path == NULL) {
3632 				error("Too few arguments for check-novalidate: "
3633 				    "missing signature file");
3634 				exit(1);
3635 			}
3636 			return sig_verify(ca_key_path, cert_principals,
3637 			    NULL, NULL, NULL, opts, nopts);
3638 		} else if (strncmp(sign_op, "verify", 6) == 0) {
3639 			/* NB. cert_principals is actually namespace, via -n */
3640 			if (cert_principals == NULL ||
3641 			    *cert_principals == '\0') {
3642 				error("Too few arguments for verify: "
3643 				    "missing namespace");
3644 				exit(1);
3645 			}
3646 			if (ca_key_path == NULL) {
3647 				error("Too few arguments for verify: "
3648 				    "missing signature file");
3649 				exit(1);
3650 			}
3651 			if (!have_identity) {
3652 				error("Too few arguments for sign: "
3653 				    "missing allowed keys file");
3654 				exit(1);
3655 			}
3656 			if (cert_key_id == NULL) {
3657 				error("Too few arguments for verify: "
3658 				    "missing principal identity");
3659 				exit(1);
3660 			}
3661 			return sig_verify(ca_key_path, cert_principals,
3662 			    cert_key_id, identity_file, rr_hostname,
3663 			    opts, nopts);
3664 		}
3665 		error("Unsupported operation for -Y: \"%s\"", sign_op);
3666 		usage();
3667 		/* NOTREACHED */
3668 	}
3669 
3670 	if (ca_key_path != NULL) {
3671 		if (argc < 1 && !gen_krl) {
3672 			error("Too few arguments.");
3673 			usage();
3674 		}
3675 	} else if (argc > 0 && !gen_krl && !check_krl &&
3676 	    !do_gen_candidates && !do_screen_candidates) {
3677 		error("Too many arguments.");
3678 		usage();
3679 	}
3680 	if (change_passphrase && change_comment) {
3681 		error("Can only have one of -p and -c.");
3682 		usage();
3683 	}
3684 	if (print_fingerprint && (delete_host || hash_hosts)) {
3685 		error("Cannot use -l with -H or -R.");
3686 		usage();
3687 	}
3688 	if (gen_krl) {
3689 		do_gen_krl(pw, update_krl, ca_key_path,
3690 		    cert_serial, identity_comment, argc, argv);
3691 		return (0);
3692 	}
3693 	if (check_krl) {
3694 		do_check_krl(pw, print_fingerprint, argc, argv);
3695 		return (0);
3696 	}
3697 	if (ca_key_path != NULL) {
3698 		if (cert_key_id == NULL)
3699 			fatal("Must specify key id (-I) when certifying");
3700 		for (i = 0; i < nopts; i++)
3701 			add_cert_option(opts[i]);
3702 		do_ca_sign(pw, ca_key_path, prefer_agent,
3703 		    cert_serial, cert_serial_autoinc, argc, argv);
3704 	}
3705 	if (show_cert)
3706 		do_show_cert(pw);
3707 	if (delete_host || hash_hosts || find_host) {
3708 		do_known_hosts(pw, rr_hostname, find_host,
3709 		    delete_host, hash_hosts);
3710 	}
3711 	if (pkcs11provider != NULL)
3712 		do_download(pw);
3713 	if (download_sk) {
3714 		for (i = 0; i < nopts; i++) {
3715 			if (strncasecmp(opts[i], "device=", 7) == 0) {
3716 				sk_device = xstrdup(opts[i] + 7);
3717 			} else {
3718 				fatal("Option \"%s\" is unsupported for "
3719 				    "FIDO authenticator download", opts[i]);
3720 			}
3721 		}
3722 		return do_download_sk(sk_provider, sk_device);
3723 	}
3724 	if (print_fingerprint || print_bubblebabble)
3725 		do_fingerprint(pw);
3726 	if (change_passphrase)
3727 		do_change_passphrase(pw);
3728 	if (change_comment)
3729 		do_change_comment(pw, identity_comment);
3730 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
3731 	if (convert_to)
3732 		do_convert_to(pw);
3733 	if (convert_from)
3734 		do_convert_from(pw);
3735 #else /* WITH_OPENSSL */
3736 	if (convert_to || convert_from)
3737 		fatal("key conversion disabled at compile time");
3738 #endif /* WITH_OPENSSL */
3739 	if (print_public)
3740 		do_print_public(pw);
3741 	if (rr_hostname != NULL) {
3742 		unsigned int n = 0;
3743 
3744 		if (have_identity) {
3745 			n = do_print_resource_record(pw, identity_file,
3746 			    rr_hostname, print_generic, opts, nopts);
3747 			if (n == 0)
3748 				fatal("%s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
3749 			exit(0);
3750 		} else {
3751 
3752 			n += do_print_resource_record(pw,
3753 			    _PATH_HOST_RSA_KEY_FILE, rr_hostname,
3754 			    print_generic, opts, nopts);
3755 			n += do_print_resource_record(pw,
3756 			    _PATH_HOST_DSA_KEY_FILE, rr_hostname,
3757 			    print_generic, opts, nopts);
3758 			n += do_print_resource_record(pw,
3759 			    _PATH_HOST_ECDSA_KEY_FILE, rr_hostname,
3760 			    print_generic, opts, nopts);
3761 			n += do_print_resource_record(pw,
3762 			    _PATH_HOST_ED25519_KEY_FILE, rr_hostname,
3763 			    print_generic, opts, nopts);
3764 			n += do_print_resource_record(pw,
3765 			    _PATH_HOST_XMSS_KEY_FILE, rr_hostname,
3766 			    print_generic, opts, nopts);
3767 			if (n == 0)
3768 				fatal("no keys found.");
3769 			exit(0);
3770 		}
3771 	}
3772 
3773 	if (do_gen_candidates || do_screen_candidates) {
3774 		if (argc <= 0)
3775 			fatal("No output file specified");
3776 		else if (argc > 1)
3777 			fatal("Too many output files specified");
3778 	}
3779 	if (do_gen_candidates) {
3780 		do_moduli_gen(argv[0], opts, nopts);
3781 		return 0;
3782 	}
3783 	if (do_screen_candidates) {
3784 		do_moduli_screen(argv[0], opts, nopts);
3785 		return 0;
3786 	}
3787 
3788 	if (gen_all_hostkeys) {
3789 		do_gen_all_hostkeys(pw);
3790 		return (0);
3791 	}
3792 
3793 	if (key_type_name == NULL)
3794 		key_type_name = DEFAULT_KEY_TYPE_NAME;
3795 
3796 	type = sshkey_type_from_name(key_type_name);
3797 	type_bits_valid(type, key_type_name, &bits);
3798 
3799 	if (!quiet)
3800 		printf("Generating public/private %s key pair.\n",
3801 		    key_type_name);
3802 	switch (type) {
3803 	case KEY_ECDSA_SK:
3804 	case KEY_ED25519_SK:
3805 		for (i = 0; i < nopts; i++) {
3806 			if (strcasecmp(opts[i], "no-touch-required") == 0) {
3807 				sk_flags &= ~SSH_SK_USER_PRESENCE_REQD;
3808 			} else if (strcasecmp(opts[i], "verify-required") == 0) {
3809 				sk_flags |= SSH_SK_USER_VERIFICATION_REQD;
3810 			} else if (strcasecmp(opts[i], "resident") == 0) {
3811 				sk_flags |= SSH_SK_RESIDENT_KEY;
3812 			} else if (strncasecmp(opts[i], "device=", 7) == 0) {
3813 				sk_device = xstrdup(opts[i] + 7);
3814 			} else if (strncasecmp(opts[i], "user=", 5) == 0) {
3815 				sk_user = xstrdup(opts[i] + 5);
3816 			} else if (strncasecmp(opts[i], "challenge=", 10) == 0) {
3817 				if ((r = sshbuf_load_file(opts[i] + 10,
3818 				    &challenge)) != 0) {
3819 					fatal_r(r, "Unable to load FIDO "
3820 					    "enrollment challenge \"%s\"",
3821 					    opts[i] + 10);
3822 				}
3823 			} else if (strncasecmp(opts[i],
3824 			    "write-attestation=", 18) == 0) {
3825 				sk_attestation_path = opts[i] + 18;
3826 			} else if (strncasecmp(opts[i],
3827 			    "application=", 12) == 0) {
3828 				sk_application = xstrdup(opts[i] + 12);
3829 				if (strncmp(sk_application, "ssh:", 4) != 0) {
3830 					fatal("FIDO application string must "
3831 					    "begin with \"ssh:\"");
3832 				}
3833 			} else {
3834 				fatal("Option \"%s\" is unsupported for "
3835 				    "FIDO authenticator enrollment", opts[i]);
3836 			}
3837 		}
3838 		if ((attest = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
3839 			fatal("sshbuf_new failed");
3840 		r = 0;
3841 		for (i = 0 ;;) {
3842 			if (!quiet) {
3843 				printf("You may need to touch your "
3844 				    "authenticator%s to authorize key "
3845 				    "generation.\n",
3846 				    r == 0 ? "" : " again");
3847 			}
3848 			fflush(stdout);
3849 			r = sshsk_enroll(type, sk_provider, sk_device,
3850 			    sk_application == NULL ? "ssh:" : sk_application,
3851 			    sk_user, sk_flags, passphrase, challenge,
3852 			    &private, attest);
3853 			if (r == 0)
3854 				break;
3855 			if (r == SSH_ERR_KEY_BAD_PERMISSIONS &&
3856 			    (sk_flags & SSH_SK_RESIDENT_KEY) != 0 &&
3857 			    (sk_flags & SSH_SK_FORCE_OPERATION) == 0 &&
3858 			    confirm_sk_overwrite(sk_application, sk_user)) {
3859 				sk_flags |= SSH_SK_FORCE_OPERATION;
3860 				continue;
3861 			}
3862 			if (r != SSH_ERR_KEY_WRONG_PASSPHRASE)
3863 				fatal_r(r, "Key enrollment failed");
3864 			else if (passphrase != NULL) {
3865 				error("PIN incorrect");
3866 				freezero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
3867 				passphrase = NULL;
3868 			}
3869 			if (++i >= 3)
3870 				fatal("Too many incorrect PINs");
3871 			passphrase = read_passphrase("Enter PIN for "
3872 			    "authenticator: ", RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
3873 		}
3874 		if (passphrase != NULL) {
3875 			freezero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
3876 			passphrase = NULL;
3877 		}
3878 		break;
3879 	default:
3880 		if ((r = sshkey_generate(type, bits, &private)) != 0)
3881 			fatal("sshkey_generate failed");
3882 		break;
3883 	}
3884 	if ((r = sshkey_from_private(private, &public)) != 0)
3885 		fatal_r(r, "sshkey_from_private");
3886 
3887 	if (!have_identity)
3888 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which to save the key");
3889 
3890 	/* Create ~/.ssh directory if it doesn't already exist. */
3891 	hostfile_create_user_ssh_dir(identity_file, !quiet);
3892 
3893 	/* If the file already exists, ask the user to confirm. */
3894 	if (!confirm_overwrite(identity_file))
3895 		exit(1);
3896 
3897 	/* Determine the passphrase for the private key */
3898 	passphrase = private_key_passphrase();
3899 	if (identity_comment) {
3900 		strlcpy(comment, identity_comment, sizeof(comment));
3901 	} else {
3902 		/* Create default comment field for the passphrase. */
3903 		snprintf(comment, sizeof comment, "%s@%s", pw->pw_name, hostname);
3904 	}
3905 
3906 	/* Save the key with the given passphrase and comment. */
3907 	if ((r = sshkey_save_private(private, identity_file, passphrase,
3908 	    comment, private_key_format, openssh_format_cipher, rounds)) != 0) {
3909 		error_r(r, "Saving key \"%s\" failed", identity_file);
3910 		freezero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
3911 		exit(1);
3912 	}
3913 	freezero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
3914 	sshkey_free(private);
3915 
3916 	if (!quiet) {
3917 		printf("Your identification has been saved in %s\n",
3918 		    identity_file);
3919 	}
3920 
3921 	strlcat(identity_file, ".pub", sizeof(identity_file));
3922 	if ((r = sshkey_save_public(public, identity_file, comment)) != 0)
3923 		fatal_r(r, "Unable to save public key to %s", identity_file);
3924 
3925 	if (!quiet) {
3926 		fp = sshkey_fingerprint(public, fingerprint_hash,
3927 		    SSH_FP_DEFAULT);
3928 		ra = sshkey_fingerprint(public, fingerprint_hash,
3929 		    SSH_FP_RANDOMART);
3930 		if (fp == NULL || ra == NULL)
3931 			fatal("sshkey_fingerprint failed");
3932 		printf("Your public key has been saved in %s\n",
3933 		    identity_file);
3934 		printf("The key fingerprint is:\n");
3935 		printf("%s %s\n", fp, comment);
3936 		printf("The key's randomart image is:\n");
3937 		printf("%s\n", ra);
3938 		free(ra);
3939 		free(fp);
3940 	}
3941 
3942 	if (sk_attestation_path != NULL)
3943 		save_attestation(attest, sk_attestation_path);
3944 
3945 	sshbuf_free(attest);
3946 	sshkey_free(public);
3947 
3948 	exit(0);
3949 }
3950