xref: /freebsd/crypto/openssh/misc.c (revision 657729a89dd578d8cfc70d6616f5c65a48a8b33a)
1 /* $OpenBSD: misc.c,v 1.177 2022/08/11 01:56:51 djm Exp $ */
2 /*
3  * Copyright (c) 2000 Markus Friedl.  All rights reserved.
4  * Copyright (c) 2005-2020 Damien Miller.  All rights reserved.
5  * Copyright (c) 2004 Henning Brauer <henning@openbsd.org>
6  *
7  * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
8  * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
9  * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
10  *
11  * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
12  * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
13  * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
14  * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
15  * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
16  * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
17  * OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
18  */
19 
20 
21 #include "includes.h"
22 
23 #include <sys/types.h>
24 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
25 #include <sys/socket.h>
26 #include <sys/stat.h>
27 #include <sys/time.h>
28 #include <sys/wait.h>
29 #include <sys/un.h>
30 
31 #include <limits.h>
32 #ifdef HAVE_LIBGEN_H
33 # include <libgen.h>
34 #endif
35 #ifdef HAVE_POLL_H
36 #include <poll.h>
37 #endif
38 #include <signal.h>
39 #include <stdarg.h>
40 #include <stdio.h>
41 #include <stdlib.h>
42 #include <string.h>
43 #include <time.h>
44 #include <unistd.h>
45 
46 #include <netinet/in.h>
47 #include <netinet/in_systm.h>
48 #include <netinet/ip.h>
49 #include <netinet/tcp.h>
50 #include <arpa/inet.h>
51 
52 #include <ctype.h>
53 #include <errno.h>
54 #include <fcntl.h>
55 #include <netdb.h>
56 #ifdef HAVE_PATHS_H
57 # include <paths.h>
58 #include <pwd.h>
59 #include <grp.h>
60 #endif
61 #ifdef SSH_TUN_OPENBSD
62 #include <net/if.h>
63 #endif
64 
65 #include "xmalloc.h"
66 #include "misc.h"
67 #include "log.h"
68 #include "ssh.h"
69 #include "sshbuf.h"
70 #include "ssherr.h"
71 #include "platform.h"
72 
73 /* remove newline at end of string */
74 char *
75 chop(char *s)
76 {
77 	char *t = s;
78 	while (*t) {
79 		if (*t == '\n' || *t == '\r') {
80 			*t = '\0';
81 			return s;
82 		}
83 		t++;
84 	}
85 	return s;
86 
87 }
88 
89 /* remove whitespace from end of string */
90 void
91 rtrim(char *s)
92 {
93 	size_t i;
94 
95 	if ((i = strlen(s)) == 0)
96 		return;
97 	for (i--; i > 0; i--) {
98 		if (isspace((int)s[i]))
99 			s[i] = '\0';
100 	}
101 }
102 
103 /* set/unset filedescriptor to non-blocking */
104 int
105 set_nonblock(int fd)
106 {
107 	int val;
108 
109 	val = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL);
110 	if (val == -1) {
111 		error("fcntl(%d, F_GETFL): %s", fd, strerror(errno));
112 		return (-1);
113 	}
114 	if (val & O_NONBLOCK) {
115 		debug3("fd %d is O_NONBLOCK", fd);
116 		return (0);
117 	}
118 	debug2("fd %d setting O_NONBLOCK", fd);
119 	val |= O_NONBLOCK;
120 	if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, val) == -1) {
121 		debug("fcntl(%d, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK): %s", fd,
122 		    strerror(errno));
123 		return (-1);
124 	}
125 	return (0);
126 }
127 
128 int
129 unset_nonblock(int fd)
130 {
131 	int val;
132 
133 	val = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL);
134 	if (val == -1) {
135 		error("fcntl(%d, F_GETFL): %s", fd, strerror(errno));
136 		return (-1);
137 	}
138 	if (!(val & O_NONBLOCK)) {
139 		debug3("fd %d is not O_NONBLOCK", fd);
140 		return (0);
141 	}
142 	debug("fd %d clearing O_NONBLOCK", fd);
143 	val &= ~O_NONBLOCK;
144 	if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, val) == -1) {
145 		debug("fcntl(%d, F_SETFL, ~O_NONBLOCK): %s",
146 		    fd, strerror(errno));
147 		return (-1);
148 	}
149 	return (0);
150 }
151 
152 const char *
153 ssh_gai_strerror(int gaierr)
154 {
155 	if (gaierr == EAI_SYSTEM && errno != 0)
156 		return strerror(errno);
157 	return gai_strerror(gaierr);
158 }
159 
160 /* disable nagle on socket */
161 void
162 set_nodelay(int fd)
163 {
164 	int opt;
165 	socklen_t optlen;
166 
167 	optlen = sizeof opt;
168 	if (getsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &opt, &optlen) == -1) {
169 		debug("getsockopt TCP_NODELAY: %.100s", strerror(errno));
170 		return;
171 	}
172 	if (opt == 1) {
173 		debug2("fd %d is TCP_NODELAY", fd);
174 		return;
175 	}
176 	opt = 1;
177 	debug2("fd %d setting TCP_NODELAY", fd);
178 	if (setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &opt, sizeof opt) == -1)
179 		error("setsockopt TCP_NODELAY: %.100s", strerror(errno));
180 }
181 
182 /* Allow local port reuse in TIME_WAIT */
183 int
184 set_reuseaddr(int fd)
185 {
186 	int on = 1;
187 
188 	if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &on, sizeof(on)) == -1) {
189 		error("setsockopt SO_REUSEADDR fd %d: %s", fd, strerror(errno));
190 		return -1;
191 	}
192 	return 0;
193 }
194 
195 /* Get/set routing domain */
196 char *
197 get_rdomain(int fd)
198 {
199 #if defined(HAVE_SYS_GET_RDOMAIN)
200 	return sys_get_rdomain(fd);
201 #elif defined(__OpenBSD__)
202 	int rtable;
203 	char *ret;
204 	socklen_t len = sizeof(rtable);
205 
206 	if (getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RTABLE, &rtable, &len) == -1) {
207 		error("Failed to get routing domain for fd %d: %s",
208 		    fd, strerror(errno));
209 		return NULL;
210 	}
211 	xasprintf(&ret, "%d", rtable);
212 	return ret;
213 #else /* defined(__OpenBSD__) */
214 	return NULL;
215 #endif
216 }
217 
218 int
219 set_rdomain(int fd, const char *name)
220 {
221 #if defined(HAVE_SYS_SET_RDOMAIN)
222 	return sys_set_rdomain(fd, name);
223 #elif defined(__OpenBSD__)
224 	int rtable;
225 	const char *errstr;
226 
227 	if (name == NULL)
228 		return 0; /* default table */
229 
230 	rtable = (int)strtonum(name, 0, 255, &errstr);
231 	if (errstr != NULL) {
232 		/* Shouldn't happen */
233 		error("Invalid routing domain \"%s\": %s", name, errstr);
234 		return -1;
235 	}
236 	if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RTABLE,
237 	    &rtable, sizeof(rtable)) == -1) {
238 		error("Failed to set routing domain %d on fd %d: %s",
239 		    rtable, fd, strerror(errno));
240 		return -1;
241 	}
242 	return 0;
243 #else /* defined(__OpenBSD__) */
244 	error("Setting routing domain is not supported on this platform");
245 	return -1;
246 #endif
247 }
248 
249 int
250 get_sock_af(int fd)
251 {
252 	struct sockaddr_storage to;
253 	socklen_t tolen = sizeof(to);
254 
255 	memset(&to, 0, sizeof(to));
256 	if (getsockname(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&to, &tolen) == -1)
257 		return -1;
258 #ifdef IPV4_IN_IPV6
259 	if (to.ss_family == AF_INET6 &&
260 	    IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED(&((struct sockaddr_in6 *)&to)->sin6_addr))
261 		return AF_INET;
262 #endif
263 	return to.ss_family;
264 }
265 
266 void
267 set_sock_tos(int fd, int tos)
268 {
269 #ifndef IP_TOS_IS_BROKEN
270 	int af;
271 
272 	switch ((af = get_sock_af(fd))) {
273 	case -1:
274 		/* assume not a socket */
275 		break;
276 	case AF_INET:
277 # ifdef IP_TOS
278 		debug3_f("set socket %d IP_TOS 0x%02x", fd, tos);
279 		if (setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TOS,
280 		    &tos, sizeof(tos)) == -1) {
281 			error("setsockopt socket %d IP_TOS %d: %s:",
282 			    fd, tos, strerror(errno));
283 		}
284 # endif /* IP_TOS */
285 		break;
286 	case AF_INET6:
287 # ifdef IPV6_TCLASS
288 		debug3_f("set socket %d IPV6_TCLASS 0x%02x", fd, tos);
289 		if (setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_TCLASS,
290 		    &tos, sizeof(tos)) == -1) {
291 			error("setsockopt socket %d IPV6_TCLASS %d: %.100s:",
292 			    fd, tos, strerror(errno));
293 		}
294 # endif /* IPV6_TCLASS */
295 		break;
296 	default:
297 		debug2_f("unsupported socket family %d", af);
298 		break;
299 	}
300 #endif /* IP_TOS_IS_BROKEN */
301 }
302 
303 /*
304  * Wait up to *timeoutp milliseconds for events on fd. Updates
305  * *timeoutp with time remaining.
306  * Returns 0 if fd ready or -1 on timeout or error (see errno).
307  */
308 static int
309 waitfd(int fd, int *timeoutp, short events)
310 {
311 	struct pollfd pfd;
312 	struct timeval t_start;
313 	int oerrno, r;
314 
315 	pfd.fd = fd;
316 	pfd.events = events;
317 	for (; *timeoutp >= 0;) {
318 		monotime_tv(&t_start);
319 		r = poll(&pfd, 1, *timeoutp);
320 		oerrno = errno;
321 		ms_subtract_diff(&t_start, timeoutp);
322 		errno = oerrno;
323 		if (r > 0)
324 			return 0;
325 		else if (r == -1 && errno != EAGAIN && errno != EINTR)
326 			return -1;
327 		else if (r == 0)
328 			break;
329 	}
330 	/* timeout */
331 	errno = ETIMEDOUT;
332 	return -1;
333 }
334 
335 /*
336  * Wait up to *timeoutp milliseconds for fd to be readable. Updates
337  * *timeoutp with time remaining.
338  * Returns 0 if fd ready or -1 on timeout or error (see errno).
339  */
340 int
341 waitrfd(int fd, int *timeoutp) {
342 	return waitfd(fd, timeoutp, POLLIN);
343 }
344 
345 /*
346  * Attempt a non-blocking connect(2) to the specified address, waiting up to
347  * *timeoutp milliseconds for the connection to complete. If the timeout is
348  * <=0, then wait indefinitely.
349  *
350  * Returns 0 on success or -1 on failure.
351  */
352 int
353 timeout_connect(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *serv_addr,
354     socklen_t addrlen, int *timeoutp)
355 {
356 	int optval = 0;
357 	socklen_t optlen = sizeof(optval);
358 
359 	/* No timeout: just do a blocking connect() */
360 	if (timeoutp == NULL || *timeoutp <= 0)
361 		return connect(sockfd, serv_addr, addrlen);
362 
363 	set_nonblock(sockfd);
364 	for (;;) {
365 		if (connect(sockfd, serv_addr, addrlen) == 0) {
366 			/* Succeeded already? */
367 			unset_nonblock(sockfd);
368 			return 0;
369 		} else if (errno == EINTR)
370 			continue;
371 		else if (errno != EINPROGRESS)
372 			return -1;
373 		break;
374 	}
375 
376 	if (waitfd(sockfd, timeoutp, POLLIN | POLLOUT) == -1)
377 		return -1;
378 
379 	/* Completed or failed */
380 	if (getsockopt(sockfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR, &optval, &optlen) == -1) {
381 		debug("getsockopt: %s", strerror(errno));
382 		return -1;
383 	}
384 	if (optval != 0) {
385 		errno = optval;
386 		return -1;
387 	}
388 	unset_nonblock(sockfd);
389 	return 0;
390 }
391 
392 /* Characters considered whitespace in strsep calls. */
393 #define WHITESPACE " \t\r\n"
394 #define QUOTE	"\""
395 
396 /* return next token in configuration line */
397 static char *
398 strdelim_internal(char **s, int split_equals)
399 {
400 	char *old;
401 	int wspace = 0;
402 
403 	if (*s == NULL)
404 		return NULL;
405 
406 	old = *s;
407 
408 	*s = strpbrk(*s,
409 	    split_equals ? WHITESPACE QUOTE "=" : WHITESPACE QUOTE);
410 	if (*s == NULL)
411 		return (old);
412 
413 	if (*s[0] == '\"') {
414 		memmove(*s, *s + 1, strlen(*s)); /* move nul too */
415 		/* Find matching quote */
416 		if ((*s = strpbrk(*s, QUOTE)) == NULL) {
417 			return (NULL);		/* no matching quote */
418 		} else {
419 			*s[0] = '\0';
420 			*s += strspn(*s + 1, WHITESPACE) + 1;
421 			return (old);
422 		}
423 	}
424 
425 	/* Allow only one '=' to be skipped */
426 	if (split_equals && *s[0] == '=')
427 		wspace = 1;
428 	*s[0] = '\0';
429 
430 	/* Skip any extra whitespace after first token */
431 	*s += strspn(*s + 1, WHITESPACE) + 1;
432 	if (split_equals && *s[0] == '=' && !wspace)
433 		*s += strspn(*s + 1, WHITESPACE) + 1;
434 
435 	return (old);
436 }
437 
438 /*
439  * Return next token in configuration line; splts on whitespace or a
440  * single '=' character.
441  */
442 char *
443 strdelim(char **s)
444 {
445 	return strdelim_internal(s, 1);
446 }
447 
448 /*
449  * Return next token in configuration line; splts on whitespace only.
450  */
451 char *
452 strdelimw(char **s)
453 {
454 	return strdelim_internal(s, 0);
455 }
456 
457 struct passwd *
458 pwcopy(struct passwd *pw)
459 {
460 	struct passwd *copy = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*copy));
461 
462 	copy->pw_name = xstrdup(pw->pw_name);
463 	copy->pw_passwd = xstrdup(pw->pw_passwd == NULL ? "*" : pw->pw_passwd);
464 #ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_PASSWD_PW_GECOS
465 	copy->pw_gecos = xstrdup(pw->pw_gecos);
466 #endif
467 	copy->pw_uid = pw->pw_uid;
468 	copy->pw_gid = pw->pw_gid;
469 #ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_PASSWD_PW_EXPIRE
470 	copy->pw_expire = pw->pw_expire;
471 #endif
472 #ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_PASSWD_PW_CHANGE
473 	copy->pw_change = pw->pw_change;
474 #endif
475 #ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_PASSWD_PW_CLASS
476 	copy->pw_class = xstrdup(pw->pw_class);
477 #endif
478 	copy->pw_dir = xstrdup(pw->pw_dir);
479 	copy->pw_shell = xstrdup(pw->pw_shell);
480 	return copy;
481 }
482 
483 /*
484  * Convert ASCII string to TCP/IP port number.
485  * Port must be >=0 and <=65535.
486  * Return -1 if invalid.
487  */
488 int
489 a2port(const char *s)
490 {
491 	struct servent *se;
492 	long long port;
493 	const char *errstr;
494 
495 	port = strtonum(s, 0, 65535, &errstr);
496 	if (errstr == NULL)
497 		return (int)port;
498 	if ((se = getservbyname(s, "tcp")) != NULL)
499 		return ntohs(se->s_port);
500 	return -1;
501 }
502 
503 int
504 a2tun(const char *s, int *remote)
505 {
506 	const char *errstr = NULL;
507 	char *sp, *ep;
508 	int tun;
509 
510 	if (remote != NULL) {
511 		*remote = SSH_TUNID_ANY;
512 		sp = xstrdup(s);
513 		if ((ep = strchr(sp, ':')) == NULL) {
514 			free(sp);
515 			return (a2tun(s, NULL));
516 		}
517 		ep[0] = '\0'; ep++;
518 		*remote = a2tun(ep, NULL);
519 		tun = a2tun(sp, NULL);
520 		free(sp);
521 		return (*remote == SSH_TUNID_ERR ? *remote : tun);
522 	}
523 
524 	if (strcasecmp(s, "any") == 0)
525 		return (SSH_TUNID_ANY);
526 
527 	tun = strtonum(s, 0, SSH_TUNID_MAX, &errstr);
528 	if (errstr != NULL)
529 		return (SSH_TUNID_ERR);
530 
531 	return (tun);
532 }
533 
534 #define SECONDS		1
535 #define MINUTES		(SECONDS * 60)
536 #define HOURS		(MINUTES * 60)
537 #define DAYS		(HOURS * 24)
538 #define WEEKS		(DAYS * 7)
539 
540 /*
541  * Convert a time string into seconds; format is
542  * a sequence of:
543  *      time[qualifier]
544  *
545  * Valid time qualifiers are:
546  *      <none>  seconds
547  *      s|S     seconds
548  *      m|M     minutes
549  *      h|H     hours
550  *      d|D     days
551  *      w|W     weeks
552  *
553  * Examples:
554  *      90m     90 minutes
555  *      1h30m   90 minutes
556  *      2d      2 days
557  *      1w      1 week
558  *
559  * Return -1 if time string is invalid.
560  */
561 int
562 convtime(const char *s)
563 {
564 	long total, secs, multiplier;
565 	const char *p;
566 	char *endp;
567 
568 	errno = 0;
569 	total = 0;
570 	p = s;
571 
572 	if (p == NULL || *p == '\0')
573 		return -1;
574 
575 	while (*p) {
576 		secs = strtol(p, &endp, 10);
577 		if (p == endp ||
578 		    (errno == ERANGE && (secs == INT_MIN || secs == INT_MAX)) ||
579 		    secs < 0)
580 			return -1;
581 
582 		multiplier = 1;
583 		switch (*endp++) {
584 		case '\0':
585 			endp--;
586 			break;
587 		case 's':
588 		case 'S':
589 			break;
590 		case 'm':
591 		case 'M':
592 			multiplier = MINUTES;
593 			break;
594 		case 'h':
595 		case 'H':
596 			multiplier = HOURS;
597 			break;
598 		case 'd':
599 		case 'D':
600 			multiplier = DAYS;
601 			break;
602 		case 'w':
603 		case 'W':
604 			multiplier = WEEKS;
605 			break;
606 		default:
607 			return -1;
608 		}
609 		if (secs > INT_MAX / multiplier)
610 			return -1;
611 		secs *= multiplier;
612 		if  (total > INT_MAX - secs)
613 			return -1;
614 		total += secs;
615 		if (total < 0)
616 			return -1;
617 		p = endp;
618 	}
619 
620 	return total;
621 }
622 
623 #define TF_BUFS	8
624 #define TF_LEN	9
625 
626 const char *
627 fmt_timeframe(time_t t)
628 {
629 	char		*buf;
630 	static char	 tfbuf[TF_BUFS][TF_LEN];	/* ring buffer */
631 	static int	 idx = 0;
632 	unsigned int	 sec, min, hrs, day;
633 	unsigned long long	week;
634 
635 	buf = tfbuf[idx++];
636 	if (idx == TF_BUFS)
637 		idx = 0;
638 
639 	week = t;
640 
641 	sec = week % 60;
642 	week /= 60;
643 	min = week % 60;
644 	week /= 60;
645 	hrs = week % 24;
646 	week /= 24;
647 	day = week % 7;
648 	week /= 7;
649 
650 	if (week > 0)
651 		snprintf(buf, TF_LEN, "%02lluw%01ud%02uh", week, day, hrs);
652 	else if (day > 0)
653 		snprintf(buf, TF_LEN, "%01ud%02uh%02um", day, hrs, min);
654 	else
655 		snprintf(buf, TF_LEN, "%02u:%02u:%02u", hrs, min, sec);
656 
657 	return (buf);
658 }
659 
660 /*
661  * Returns a standardized host+port identifier string.
662  * Caller must free returned string.
663  */
664 char *
665 put_host_port(const char *host, u_short port)
666 {
667 	char *hoststr;
668 
669 	if (port == 0 || port == SSH_DEFAULT_PORT)
670 		return(xstrdup(host));
671 	if (asprintf(&hoststr, "[%s]:%d", host, (int)port) == -1)
672 		fatal("put_host_port: asprintf: %s", strerror(errno));
673 	debug3("put_host_port: %s", hoststr);
674 	return hoststr;
675 }
676 
677 /*
678  * Search for next delimiter between hostnames/addresses and ports.
679  * Argument may be modified (for termination).
680  * Returns *cp if parsing succeeds.
681  * *cp is set to the start of the next field, if one was found.
682  * The delimiter char, if present, is stored in delim.
683  * If this is the last field, *cp is set to NULL.
684  */
685 char *
686 hpdelim2(char **cp, char *delim)
687 {
688 	char *s, *old;
689 
690 	if (cp == NULL || *cp == NULL)
691 		return NULL;
692 
693 	old = s = *cp;
694 	if (*s == '[') {
695 		if ((s = strchr(s, ']')) == NULL)
696 			return NULL;
697 		else
698 			s++;
699 	} else if ((s = strpbrk(s, ":/")) == NULL)
700 		s = *cp + strlen(*cp); /* skip to end (see first case below) */
701 
702 	switch (*s) {
703 	case '\0':
704 		*cp = NULL;	/* no more fields*/
705 		break;
706 
707 	case ':':
708 	case '/':
709 		if (delim != NULL)
710 			*delim = *s;
711 		*s = '\0';	/* terminate */
712 		*cp = s + 1;
713 		break;
714 
715 	default:
716 		return NULL;
717 	}
718 
719 	return old;
720 }
721 
722 /* The common case: only accept colon as delimiter. */
723 char *
724 hpdelim(char **cp)
725 {
726 	char *r, delim = '\0';
727 
728 	r =  hpdelim2(cp, &delim);
729 	if (delim == '/')
730 		return NULL;
731 	return r;
732 }
733 
734 char *
735 cleanhostname(char *host)
736 {
737 	if (*host == '[' && host[strlen(host) - 1] == ']') {
738 		host[strlen(host) - 1] = '\0';
739 		return (host + 1);
740 	} else
741 		return host;
742 }
743 
744 char *
745 colon(char *cp)
746 {
747 	int flag = 0;
748 
749 	if (*cp == ':')		/* Leading colon is part of file name. */
750 		return NULL;
751 	if (*cp == '[')
752 		flag = 1;
753 
754 	for (; *cp; ++cp) {
755 		if (*cp == '@' && *(cp+1) == '[')
756 			flag = 1;
757 		if (*cp == ']' && *(cp+1) == ':' && flag)
758 			return (cp+1);
759 		if (*cp == ':' && !flag)
760 			return (cp);
761 		if (*cp == '/')
762 			return NULL;
763 	}
764 	return NULL;
765 }
766 
767 /*
768  * Parse a [user@]host:[path] string.
769  * Caller must free returned user, host and path.
770  * Any of the pointer return arguments may be NULL (useful for syntax checking).
771  * If user was not specified then *userp will be set to NULL.
772  * If host was not specified then *hostp will be set to NULL.
773  * If path was not specified then *pathp will be set to ".".
774  * Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
775  */
776 int
777 parse_user_host_path(const char *s, char **userp, char **hostp, char **pathp)
778 {
779 	char *user = NULL, *host = NULL, *path = NULL;
780 	char *sdup, *tmp;
781 	int ret = -1;
782 
783 	if (userp != NULL)
784 		*userp = NULL;
785 	if (hostp != NULL)
786 		*hostp = NULL;
787 	if (pathp != NULL)
788 		*pathp = NULL;
789 
790 	sdup = xstrdup(s);
791 
792 	/* Check for remote syntax: [user@]host:[path] */
793 	if ((tmp = colon(sdup)) == NULL)
794 		goto out;
795 
796 	/* Extract optional path */
797 	*tmp++ = '\0';
798 	if (*tmp == '\0')
799 		tmp = ".";
800 	path = xstrdup(tmp);
801 
802 	/* Extract optional user and mandatory host */
803 	tmp = strrchr(sdup, '@');
804 	if (tmp != NULL) {
805 		*tmp++ = '\0';
806 		host = xstrdup(cleanhostname(tmp));
807 		if (*sdup != '\0')
808 			user = xstrdup(sdup);
809 	} else {
810 		host = xstrdup(cleanhostname(sdup));
811 		user = NULL;
812 	}
813 
814 	/* Success */
815 	if (userp != NULL) {
816 		*userp = user;
817 		user = NULL;
818 	}
819 	if (hostp != NULL) {
820 		*hostp = host;
821 		host = NULL;
822 	}
823 	if (pathp != NULL) {
824 		*pathp = path;
825 		path = NULL;
826 	}
827 	ret = 0;
828 out:
829 	free(sdup);
830 	free(user);
831 	free(host);
832 	free(path);
833 	return ret;
834 }
835 
836 /*
837  * Parse a [user@]host[:port] string.
838  * Caller must free returned user and host.
839  * Any of the pointer return arguments may be NULL (useful for syntax checking).
840  * If user was not specified then *userp will be set to NULL.
841  * If port was not specified then *portp will be -1.
842  * Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
843  */
844 int
845 parse_user_host_port(const char *s, char **userp, char **hostp, int *portp)
846 {
847 	char *sdup, *cp, *tmp;
848 	char *user = NULL, *host = NULL;
849 	int port = -1, ret = -1;
850 
851 	if (userp != NULL)
852 		*userp = NULL;
853 	if (hostp != NULL)
854 		*hostp = NULL;
855 	if (portp != NULL)
856 		*portp = -1;
857 
858 	if ((sdup = tmp = strdup(s)) == NULL)
859 		return -1;
860 	/* Extract optional username */
861 	if ((cp = strrchr(tmp, '@')) != NULL) {
862 		*cp = '\0';
863 		if (*tmp == '\0')
864 			goto out;
865 		if ((user = strdup(tmp)) == NULL)
866 			goto out;
867 		tmp = cp + 1;
868 	}
869 	/* Extract mandatory hostname */
870 	if ((cp = hpdelim(&tmp)) == NULL || *cp == '\0')
871 		goto out;
872 	host = xstrdup(cleanhostname(cp));
873 	/* Convert and verify optional port */
874 	if (tmp != NULL && *tmp != '\0') {
875 		if ((port = a2port(tmp)) <= 0)
876 			goto out;
877 	}
878 	/* Success */
879 	if (userp != NULL) {
880 		*userp = user;
881 		user = NULL;
882 	}
883 	if (hostp != NULL) {
884 		*hostp = host;
885 		host = NULL;
886 	}
887 	if (portp != NULL)
888 		*portp = port;
889 	ret = 0;
890  out:
891 	free(sdup);
892 	free(user);
893 	free(host);
894 	return ret;
895 }
896 
897 /*
898  * Converts a two-byte hex string to decimal.
899  * Returns the decimal value or -1 for invalid input.
900  */
901 static int
902 hexchar(const char *s)
903 {
904 	unsigned char result[2];
905 	int i;
906 
907 	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
908 		if (s[i] >= '0' && s[i] <= '9')
909 			result[i] = (unsigned char)(s[i] - '0');
910 		else if (s[i] >= 'a' && s[i] <= 'f')
911 			result[i] = (unsigned char)(s[i] - 'a') + 10;
912 		else if (s[i] >= 'A' && s[i] <= 'F')
913 			result[i] = (unsigned char)(s[i] - 'A') + 10;
914 		else
915 			return -1;
916 	}
917 	return (result[0] << 4) | result[1];
918 }
919 
920 /*
921  * Decode an url-encoded string.
922  * Returns a newly allocated string on success or NULL on failure.
923  */
924 static char *
925 urldecode(const char *src)
926 {
927 	char *ret, *dst;
928 	int ch;
929 
930 	ret = xmalloc(strlen(src) + 1);
931 	for (dst = ret; *src != '\0'; src++) {
932 		switch (*src) {
933 		case '+':
934 			*dst++ = ' ';
935 			break;
936 		case '%':
937 			if (!isxdigit((unsigned char)src[1]) ||
938 			    !isxdigit((unsigned char)src[2]) ||
939 			    (ch = hexchar(src + 1)) == -1) {
940 				free(ret);
941 				return NULL;
942 			}
943 			*dst++ = ch;
944 			src += 2;
945 			break;
946 		default:
947 			*dst++ = *src;
948 			break;
949 		}
950 	}
951 	*dst = '\0';
952 
953 	return ret;
954 }
955 
956 /*
957  * Parse an (scp|ssh|sftp)://[user@]host[:port][/path] URI.
958  * See https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-secsh-scp-sftp-ssh-uri-04
959  * Either user or path may be url-encoded (but not host or port).
960  * Caller must free returned user, host and path.
961  * Any of the pointer return arguments may be NULL (useful for syntax checking)
962  * but the scheme must always be specified.
963  * If user was not specified then *userp will be set to NULL.
964  * If port was not specified then *portp will be -1.
965  * If path was not specified then *pathp will be set to NULL.
966  * Returns 0 on success, 1 if non-uri/wrong scheme, -1 on error/invalid uri.
967  */
968 int
969 parse_uri(const char *scheme, const char *uri, char **userp, char **hostp,
970     int *portp, char **pathp)
971 {
972 	char *uridup, *cp, *tmp, ch;
973 	char *user = NULL, *host = NULL, *path = NULL;
974 	int port = -1, ret = -1;
975 	size_t len;
976 
977 	len = strlen(scheme);
978 	if (strncmp(uri, scheme, len) != 0 || strncmp(uri + len, "://", 3) != 0)
979 		return 1;
980 	uri += len + 3;
981 
982 	if (userp != NULL)
983 		*userp = NULL;
984 	if (hostp != NULL)
985 		*hostp = NULL;
986 	if (portp != NULL)
987 		*portp = -1;
988 	if (pathp != NULL)
989 		*pathp = NULL;
990 
991 	uridup = tmp = xstrdup(uri);
992 
993 	/* Extract optional ssh-info (username + connection params) */
994 	if ((cp = strchr(tmp, '@')) != NULL) {
995 		char *delim;
996 
997 		*cp = '\0';
998 		/* Extract username and connection params */
999 		if ((delim = strchr(tmp, ';')) != NULL) {
1000 			/* Just ignore connection params for now */
1001 			*delim = '\0';
1002 		}
1003 		if (*tmp == '\0') {
1004 			/* Empty username */
1005 			goto out;
1006 		}
1007 		if ((user = urldecode(tmp)) == NULL)
1008 			goto out;
1009 		tmp = cp + 1;
1010 	}
1011 
1012 	/* Extract mandatory hostname */
1013 	if ((cp = hpdelim2(&tmp, &ch)) == NULL || *cp == '\0')
1014 		goto out;
1015 	host = xstrdup(cleanhostname(cp));
1016 	if (!valid_domain(host, 0, NULL))
1017 		goto out;
1018 
1019 	if (tmp != NULL && *tmp != '\0') {
1020 		if (ch == ':') {
1021 			/* Convert and verify port. */
1022 			if ((cp = strchr(tmp, '/')) != NULL)
1023 				*cp = '\0';
1024 			if ((port = a2port(tmp)) <= 0)
1025 				goto out;
1026 			tmp = cp ? cp + 1 : NULL;
1027 		}
1028 		if (tmp != NULL && *tmp != '\0') {
1029 			/* Extract optional path */
1030 			if ((path = urldecode(tmp)) == NULL)
1031 				goto out;
1032 		}
1033 	}
1034 
1035 	/* Success */
1036 	if (userp != NULL) {
1037 		*userp = user;
1038 		user = NULL;
1039 	}
1040 	if (hostp != NULL) {
1041 		*hostp = host;
1042 		host = NULL;
1043 	}
1044 	if (portp != NULL)
1045 		*portp = port;
1046 	if (pathp != NULL) {
1047 		*pathp = path;
1048 		path = NULL;
1049 	}
1050 	ret = 0;
1051  out:
1052 	free(uridup);
1053 	free(user);
1054 	free(host);
1055 	free(path);
1056 	return ret;
1057 }
1058 
1059 /* function to assist building execv() arguments */
1060 void
1061 addargs(arglist *args, char *fmt, ...)
1062 {
1063 	va_list ap;
1064 	char *cp;
1065 	u_int nalloc;
1066 	int r;
1067 
1068 	va_start(ap, fmt);
1069 	r = vasprintf(&cp, fmt, ap);
1070 	va_end(ap);
1071 	if (r == -1)
1072 		fatal_f("argument too long");
1073 
1074 	nalloc = args->nalloc;
1075 	if (args->list == NULL) {
1076 		nalloc = 32;
1077 		args->num = 0;
1078 	} else if (args->num > (256 * 1024))
1079 		fatal_f("too many arguments");
1080 	else if (args->num >= args->nalloc)
1081 		fatal_f("arglist corrupt");
1082 	else if (args->num+2 >= nalloc)
1083 		nalloc *= 2;
1084 
1085 	args->list = xrecallocarray(args->list, args->nalloc,
1086 	    nalloc, sizeof(char *));
1087 	args->nalloc = nalloc;
1088 	args->list[args->num++] = cp;
1089 	args->list[args->num] = NULL;
1090 }
1091 
1092 void
1093 replacearg(arglist *args, u_int which, char *fmt, ...)
1094 {
1095 	va_list ap;
1096 	char *cp;
1097 	int r;
1098 
1099 	va_start(ap, fmt);
1100 	r = vasprintf(&cp, fmt, ap);
1101 	va_end(ap);
1102 	if (r == -1)
1103 		fatal_f("argument too long");
1104 	if (args->list == NULL || args->num >= args->nalloc)
1105 		fatal_f("arglist corrupt");
1106 
1107 	if (which >= args->num)
1108 		fatal_f("tried to replace invalid arg %d >= %d",
1109 		    which, args->num);
1110 	free(args->list[which]);
1111 	args->list[which] = cp;
1112 }
1113 
1114 void
1115 freeargs(arglist *args)
1116 {
1117 	u_int i;
1118 
1119 	if (args == NULL)
1120 		return;
1121 	if (args->list != NULL && args->num < args->nalloc) {
1122 		for (i = 0; i < args->num; i++)
1123 			free(args->list[i]);
1124 		free(args->list);
1125 	}
1126 	args->nalloc = args->num = 0;
1127 	args->list = NULL;
1128 }
1129 
1130 /*
1131  * Expands tildes in the file name.  Returns data allocated by xmalloc.
1132  * Warning: this calls getpw*.
1133  */
1134 int
1135 tilde_expand(const char *filename, uid_t uid, char **retp)
1136 {
1137 	char *ocopy = NULL, *copy, *s = NULL;
1138 	const char *path = NULL, *user = NULL;
1139 	struct passwd *pw;
1140 	size_t len;
1141 	int ret = -1, r, slash;
1142 
1143 	*retp = NULL;
1144 	if (*filename != '~') {
1145 		*retp = xstrdup(filename);
1146 		return 0;
1147 	}
1148 	ocopy = copy = xstrdup(filename + 1);
1149 
1150 	if (*copy == '\0')				/* ~ */
1151 		path = NULL;
1152 	else if (*copy == '/') {
1153 		copy += strspn(copy, "/");
1154 		if (*copy == '\0')
1155 			path = NULL;			/* ~/ */
1156 		else
1157 			path = copy;			/* ~/path */
1158 	} else {
1159 		user = copy;
1160 		if ((path = strchr(copy, '/')) != NULL) {
1161 			copy[path - copy] = '\0';
1162 			path++;
1163 			path += strspn(path, "/");
1164 			if (*path == '\0')		/* ~user/ */
1165 				path = NULL;
1166 			/* else				 ~user/path */
1167 		}
1168 		/* else					~user */
1169 	}
1170 	if (user != NULL) {
1171 		if ((pw = getpwnam(user)) == NULL) {
1172 			error_f("No such user %s", user);
1173 			goto out;
1174 		}
1175 	} else if ((pw = getpwuid(uid)) == NULL) {
1176 		error_f("No such uid %ld", (long)uid);
1177 		goto out;
1178 	}
1179 
1180 	/* Make sure directory has a trailing '/' */
1181 	slash = (len = strlen(pw->pw_dir)) == 0 || pw->pw_dir[len - 1] != '/';
1182 
1183 	if ((r = xasprintf(&s, "%s%s%s", pw->pw_dir,
1184 	    slash ? "/" : "", path != NULL ? path : "")) <= 0) {
1185 		error_f("xasprintf failed");
1186 		goto out;
1187 	}
1188 	if (r >= PATH_MAX) {
1189 		error_f("Path too long");
1190 		goto out;
1191 	}
1192 	/* success */
1193 	ret = 0;
1194 	*retp = s;
1195 	s = NULL;
1196  out:
1197 	free(s);
1198 	free(ocopy);
1199 	return ret;
1200 }
1201 
1202 char *
1203 tilde_expand_filename(const char *filename, uid_t uid)
1204 {
1205 	char *ret;
1206 
1207 	if (tilde_expand(filename, uid, &ret) != 0)
1208 		cleanup_exit(255);
1209 	return ret;
1210 }
1211 
1212 /*
1213  * Expand a string with a set of %[char] escapes and/or ${ENVIRONMENT}
1214  * substitutions.  A number of escapes may be specified as
1215  * (char *escape_chars, char *replacement) pairs. The list must be terminated
1216  * by a NULL escape_char. Returns replaced string in memory allocated by
1217  * xmalloc which the caller must free.
1218  */
1219 static char *
1220 vdollar_percent_expand(int *parseerror, int dollar, int percent,
1221     const char *string, va_list ap)
1222 {
1223 #define EXPAND_MAX_KEYS	16
1224 	u_int num_keys = 0, i;
1225 	struct {
1226 		const char *key;
1227 		const char *repl;
1228 	} keys[EXPAND_MAX_KEYS];
1229 	struct sshbuf *buf;
1230 	int r, missingvar = 0;
1231 	char *ret = NULL, *var, *varend, *val;
1232 	size_t len;
1233 
1234 	if ((buf = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
1235 		fatal_f("sshbuf_new failed");
1236 	if (parseerror == NULL)
1237 		fatal_f("null parseerror arg");
1238 	*parseerror = 1;
1239 
1240 	/* Gather keys if we're doing percent expansion. */
1241 	if (percent) {
1242 		for (num_keys = 0; num_keys < EXPAND_MAX_KEYS; num_keys++) {
1243 			keys[num_keys].key = va_arg(ap, char *);
1244 			if (keys[num_keys].key == NULL)
1245 				break;
1246 			keys[num_keys].repl = va_arg(ap, char *);
1247 			if (keys[num_keys].repl == NULL) {
1248 				fatal_f("NULL replacement for token %s",
1249 				    keys[num_keys].key);
1250 			}
1251 		}
1252 		if (num_keys == EXPAND_MAX_KEYS && va_arg(ap, char *) != NULL)
1253 			fatal_f("too many keys");
1254 		if (num_keys == 0)
1255 			fatal_f("percent expansion without token list");
1256 	}
1257 
1258 	/* Expand string */
1259 	for (i = 0; *string != '\0'; string++) {
1260 		/* Optionally process ${ENVIRONMENT} expansions. */
1261 		if (dollar && string[0] == '$' && string[1] == '{') {
1262 			string += 2;  /* skip over '${' */
1263 			if ((varend = strchr(string, '}')) == NULL) {
1264 				error_f("environment variable '%s' missing "
1265 				    "closing '}'", string);
1266 				goto out;
1267 			}
1268 			len = varend - string;
1269 			if (len == 0) {
1270 				error_f("zero-length environment variable");
1271 				goto out;
1272 			}
1273 			var = xmalloc(len + 1);
1274 			(void)strlcpy(var, string, len + 1);
1275 			if ((val = getenv(var)) == NULL) {
1276 				error_f("env var ${%s} has no value", var);
1277 				missingvar = 1;
1278 			} else {
1279 				debug3_f("expand ${%s} -> '%s'", var, val);
1280 				if ((r = sshbuf_put(buf, val, strlen(val))) !=0)
1281 					fatal_fr(r, "sshbuf_put ${}");
1282 			}
1283 			free(var);
1284 			string += len;
1285 			continue;
1286 		}
1287 
1288 		/*
1289 		 * Process percent expansions if we have a list of TOKENs.
1290 		 * If we're not doing percent expansion everything just gets
1291 		 * appended here.
1292 		 */
1293 		if (*string != '%' || !percent) {
1294  append:
1295 			if ((r = sshbuf_put_u8(buf, *string)) != 0)
1296 				fatal_fr(r, "sshbuf_put_u8 %%");
1297 			continue;
1298 		}
1299 		string++;
1300 		/* %% case */
1301 		if (*string == '%')
1302 			goto append;
1303 		if (*string == '\0') {
1304 			error_f("invalid format");
1305 			goto out;
1306 		}
1307 		for (i = 0; i < num_keys; i++) {
1308 			if (strchr(keys[i].key, *string) != NULL) {
1309 				if ((r = sshbuf_put(buf, keys[i].repl,
1310 				    strlen(keys[i].repl))) != 0)
1311 					fatal_fr(r, "sshbuf_put %%-repl");
1312 				break;
1313 			}
1314 		}
1315 		if (i >= num_keys) {
1316 			error_f("unknown key %%%c", *string);
1317 			goto out;
1318 		}
1319 	}
1320 	if (!missingvar && (ret = sshbuf_dup_string(buf)) == NULL)
1321 		fatal_f("sshbuf_dup_string failed");
1322 	*parseerror = 0;
1323  out:
1324 	sshbuf_free(buf);
1325 	return *parseerror ? NULL : ret;
1326 #undef EXPAND_MAX_KEYS
1327 }
1328 
1329 /*
1330  * Expand only environment variables.
1331  * Note that although this function is variadic like the other similar
1332  * functions, any such arguments will be unused.
1333  */
1334 
1335 char *
1336 dollar_expand(int *parseerr, const char *string, ...)
1337 {
1338 	char *ret;
1339 	int err;
1340 	va_list ap;
1341 
1342 	va_start(ap, string);
1343 	ret = vdollar_percent_expand(&err, 1, 0, string, ap);
1344 	va_end(ap);
1345 	if (parseerr != NULL)
1346 		*parseerr = err;
1347 	return ret;
1348 }
1349 
1350 /*
1351  * Returns expanded string or NULL if a specified environment variable is
1352  * not defined, or calls fatal if the string is invalid.
1353  */
1354 char *
1355 percent_expand(const char *string, ...)
1356 {
1357 	char *ret;
1358 	int err;
1359 	va_list ap;
1360 
1361 	va_start(ap, string);
1362 	ret = vdollar_percent_expand(&err, 0, 1, string, ap);
1363 	va_end(ap);
1364 	if (err)
1365 		fatal_f("failed");
1366 	return ret;
1367 }
1368 
1369 /*
1370  * Returns expanded string or NULL if a specified environment variable is
1371  * not defined, or calls fatal if the string is invalid.
1372  */
1373 char *
1374 percent_dollar_expand(const char *string, ...)
1375 {
1376 	char *ret;
1377 	int err;
1378 	va_list ap;
1379 
1380 	va_start(ap, string);
1381 	ret = vdollar_percent_expand(&err, 1, 1, string, ap);
1382 	va_end(ap);
1383 	if (err)
1384 		fatal_f("failed");
1385 	return ret;
1386 }
1387 
1388 int
1389 tun_open(int tun, int mode, char **ifname)
1390 {
1391 #if defined(CUSTOM_SYS_TUN_OPEN)
1392 	return (sys_tun_open(tun, mode, ifname));
1393 #elif defined(SSH_TUN_OPENBSD)
1394 	struct ifreq ifr;
1395 	char name[100];
1396 	int fd = -1, sock;
1397 	const char *tunbase = "tun";
1398 
1399 	if (ifname != NULL)
1400 		*ifname = NULL;
1401 
1402 	if (mode == SSH_TUNMODE_ETHERNET)
1403 		tunbase = "tap";
1404 
1405 	/* Open the tunnel device */
1406 	if (tun <= SSH_TUNID_MAX) {
1407 		snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "/dev/%s%d", tunbase, tun);
1408 		fd = open(name, O_RDWR);
1409 	} else if (tun == SSH_TUNID_ANY) {
1410 		for (tun = 100; tun >= 0; tun--) {
1411 			snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "/dev/%s%d",
1412 			    tunbase, tun);
1413 			if ((fd = open(name, O_RDWR)) >= 0)
1414 				break;
1415 		}
1416 	} else {
1417 		debug_f("invalid tunnel %u", tun);
1418 		return -1;
1419 	}
1420 
1421 	if (fd == -1) {
1422 		debug_f("%s open: %s", name, strerror(errno));
1423 		return -1;
1424 	}
1425 
1426 	debug_f("%s mode %d fd %d", name, mode, fd);
1427 
1428 	/* Bring interface up if it is not already */
1429 	snprintf(ifr.ifr_name, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name), "%s%d", tunbase, tun);
1430 	if ((sock = socket(PF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) == -1)
1431 		goto failed;
1432 
1433 	if (ioctl(sock, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1) {
1434 		debug_f("get interface %s flags: %s", ifr.ifr_name,
1435 		    strerror(errno));
1436 		goto failed;
1437 	}
1438 
1439 	if (!(ifr.ifr_flags & IFF_UP)) {
1440 		ifr.ifr_flags |= IFF_UP;
1441 		if (ioctl(sock, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1) {
1442 			debug_f("activate interface %s: %s", ifr.ifr_name,
1443 			    strerror(errno));
1444 			goto failed;
1445 		}
1446 	}
1447 
1448 	if (ifname != NULL)
1449 		*ifname = xstrdup(ifr.ifr_name);
1450 
1451 	close(sock);
1452 	return fd;
1453 
1454  failed:
1455 	if (fd >= 0)
1456 		close(fd);
1457 	if (sock >= 0)
1458 		close(sock);
1459 	return -1;
1460 #else
1461 	error("Tunnel interfaces are not supported on this platform");
1462 	return (-1);
1463 #endif
1464 }
1465 
1466 void
1467 sanitise_stdfd(void)
1468 {
1469 	int nullfd, dupfd;
1470 
1471 	if ((nullfd = dupfd = open(_PATH_DEVNULL, O_RDWR)) == -1) {
1472 		fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't open /dev/null: %s\n",
1473 		    strerror(errno));
1474 		exit(1);
1475 	}
1476 	while (++dupfd <= STDERR_FILENO) {
1477 		/* Only populate closed fds. */
1478 		if (fcntl(dupfd, F_GETFL) == -1 && errno == EBADF) {
1479 			if (dup2(nullfd, dupfd) == -1) {
1480 				fprintf(stderr, "dup2: %s\n", strerror(errno));
1481 				exit(1);
1482 			}
1483 		}
1484 	}
1485 	if (nullfd > STDERR_FILENO)
1486 		close(nullfd);
1487 }
1488 
1489 char *
1490 tohex(const void *vp, size_t l)
1491 {
1492 	const u_char *p = (const u_char *)vp;
1493 	char b[3], *r;
1494 	size_t i, hl;
1495 
1496 	if (l > 65536)
1497 		return xstrdup("tohex: length > 65536");
1498 
1499 	hl = l * 2 + 1;
1500 	r = xcalloc(1, hl);
1501 	for (i = 0; i < l; i++) {
1502 		snprintf(b, sizeof(b), "%02x", p[i]);
1503 		strlcat(r, b, hl);
1504 	}
1505 	return (r);
1506 }
1507 
1508 /*
1509  * Extend string *sp by the specified format. If *sp is not NULL (or empty),
1510  * then the separator 'sep' will be prepended before the formatted arguments.
1511  * Extended strings are heap allocated.
1512  */
1513 void
1514 xextendf(char **sp, const char *sep, const char *fmt, ...)
1515 {
1516 	va_list ap;
1517 	char *tmp1, *tmp2;
1518 
1519 	va_start(ap, fmt);
1520 	xvasprintf(&tmp1, fmt, ap);
1521 	va_end(ap);
1522 
1523 	if (*sp == NULL || **sp == '\0') {
1524 		free(*sp);
1525 		*sp = tmp1;
1526 		return;
1527 	}
1528 	xasprintf(&tmp2, "%s%s%s", *sp, sep == NULL ? "" : sep, tmp1);
1529 	free(tmp1);
1530 	free(*sp);
1531 	*sp = tmp2;
1532 }
1533 
1534 
1535 u_int64_t
1536 get_u64(const void *vp)
1537 {
1538 	const u_char *p = (const u_char *)vp;
1539 	u_int64_t v;
1540 
1541 	v  = (u_int64_t)p[0] << 56;
1542 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[1] << 48;
1543 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[2] << 40;
1544 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[3] << 32;
1545 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[4] << 24;
1546 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[5] << 16;
1547 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[6] << 8;
1548 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[7];
1549 
1550 	return (v);
1551 }
1552 
1553 u_int32_t
1554 get_u32(const void *vp)
1555 {
1556 	const u_char *p = (const u_char *)vp;
1557 	u_int32_t v;
1558 
1559 	v  = (u_int32_t)p[0] << 24;
1560 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[1] << 16;
1561 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[2] << 8;
1562 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[3];
1563 
1564 	return (v);
1565 }
1566 
1567 u_int32_t
1568 get_u32_le(const void *vp)
1569 {
1570 	const u_char *p = (const u_char *)vp;
1571 	u_int32_t v;
1572 
1573 	v  = (u_int32_t)p[0];
1574 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[1] << 8;
1575 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[2] << 16;
1576 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[3] << 24;
1577 
1578 	return (v);
1579 }
1580 
1581 u_int16_t
1582 get_u16(const void *vp)
1583 {
1584 	const u_char *p = (const u_char *)vp;
1585 	u_int16_t v;
1586 
1587 	v  = (u_int16_t)p[0] << 8;
1588 	v |= (u_int16_t)p[1];
1589 
1590 	return (v);
1591 }
1592 
1593 void
1594 put_u64(void *vp, u_int64_t v)
1595 {
1596 	u_char *p = (u_char *)vp;
1597 
1598 	p[0] = (u_char)(v >> 56) & 0xff;
1599 	p[1] = (u_char)(v >> 48) & 0xff;
1600 	p[2] = (u_char)(v >> 40) & 0xff;
1601 	p[3] = (u_char)(v >> 32) & 0xff;
1602 	p[4] = (u_char)(v >> 24) & 0xff;
1603 	p[5] = (u_char)(v >> 16) & 0xff;
1604 	p[6] = (u_char)(v >> 8) & 0xff;
1605 	p[7] = (u_char)v & 0xff;
1606 }
1607 
1608 void
1609 put_u32(void *vp, u_int32_t v)
1610 {
1611 	u_char *p = (u_char *)vp;
1612 
1613 	p[0] = (u_char)(v >> 24) & 0xff;
1614 	p[1] = (u_char)(v >> 16) & 0xff;
1615 	p[2] = (u_char)(v >> 8) & 0xff;
1616 	p[3] = (u_char)v & 0xff;
1617 }
1618 
1619 void
1620 put_u32_le(void *vp, u_int32_t v)
1621 {
1622 	u_char *p = (u_char *)vp;
1623 
1624 	p[0] = (u_char)v & 0xff;
1625 	p[1] = (u_char)(v >> 8) & 0xff;
1626 	p[2] = (u_char)(v >> 16) & 0xff;
1627 	p[3] = (u_char)(v >> 24) & 0xff;
1628 }
1629 
1630 void
1631 put_u16(void *vp, u_int16_t v)
1632 {
1633 	u_char *p = (u_char *)vp;
1634 
1635 	p[0] = (u_char)(v >> 8) & 0xff;
1636 	p[1] = (u_char)v & 0xff;
1637 }
1638 
1639 void
1640 ms_subtract_diff(struct timeval *start, int *ms)
1641 {
1642 	struct timeval diff, finish;
1643 
1644 	monotime_tv(&finish);
1645 	timersub(&finish, start, &diff);
1646 	*ms -= (diff.tv_sec * 1000) + (diff.tv_usec / 1000);
1647 }
1648 
1649 void
1650 ms_to_timespec(struct timespec *ts, int ms)
1651 {
1652 	if (ms < 0)
1653 		ms = 0;
1654 	ts->tv_sec = ms / 1000;
1655 	ts->tv_nsec = (ms % 1000) * 1000 * 1000;
1656 }
1657 
1658 void
1659 monotime_ts(struct timespec *ts)
1660 {
1661 	struct timeval tv;
1662 #if defined(HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME) && (defined(CLOCK_BOOTTIME) || \
1663     defined(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) || defined(CLOCK_REALTIME))
1664 	static int gettime_failed = 0;
1665 
1666 	if (!gettime_failed) {
1667 # ifdef CLOCK_BOOTTIME
1668 		if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_BOOTTIME, ts) == 0)
1669 			return;
1670 # endif /* CLOCK_BOOTTIME */
1671 # ifdef CLOCK_MONOTONIC
1672 		if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, ts) == 0)
1673 			return;
1674 # endif /* CLOCK_MONOTONIC */
1675 # ifdef CLOCK_REALTIME
1676 		/* Not monotonic, but we're almost out of options here. */
1677 		if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, ts) == 0)
1678 			return;
1679 # endif /* CLOCK_REALTIME */
1680 		debug3("clock_gettime: %s", strerror(errno));
1681 		gettime_failed = 1;
1682 	}
1683 #endif /* HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME && (BOOTTIME || MONOTONIC || REALTIME) */
1684 	gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
1685 	ts->tv_sec = tv.tv_sec;
1686 	ts->tv_nsec = (long)tv.tv_usec * 1000;
1687 }
1688 
1689 void
1690 monotime_tv(struct timeval *tv)
1691 {
1692 	struct timespec ts;
1693 
1694 	monotime_ts(&ts);
1695 	tv->tv_sec = ts.tv_sec;
1696 	tv->tv_usec = ts.tv_nsec / 1000;
1697 }
1698 
1699 time_t
1700 monotime(void)
1701 {
1702 	struct timespec ts;
1703 
1704 	monotime_ts(&ts);
1705 	return ts.tv_sec;
1706 }
1707 
1708 double
1709 monotime_double(void)
1710 {
1711 	struct timespec ts;
1712 
1713 	monotime_ts(&ts);
1714 	return ts.tv_sec + ((double)ts.tv_nsec / 1000000000);
1715 }
1716 
1717 void
1718 bandwidth_limit_init(struct bwlimit *bw, u_int64_t kbps, size_t buflen)
1719 {
1720 	bw->buflen = buflen;
1721 	bw->rate = kbps;
1722 	bw->thresh = buflen;
1723 	bw->lamt = 0;
1724 	timerclear(&bw->bwstart);
1725 	timerclear(&bw->bwend);
1726 }
1727 
1728 /* Callback from read/write loop to insert bandwidth-limiting delays */
1729 void
1730 bandwidth_limit(struct bwlimit *bw, size_t read_len)
1731 {
1732 	u_int64_t waitlen;
1733 	struct timespec ts, rm;
1734 
1735 	bw->lamt += read_len;
1736 	if (!timerisset(&bw->bwstart)) {
1737 		monotime_tv(&bw->bwstart);
1738 		return;
1739 	}
1740 	if (bw->lamt < bw->thresh)
1741 		return;
1742 
1743 	monotime_tv(&bw->bwend);
1744 	timersub(&bw->bwend, &bw->bwstart, &bw->bwend);
1745 	if (!timerisset(&bw->bwend))
1746 		return;
1747 
1748 	bw->lamt *= 8;
1749 	waitlen = (double)1000000L * bw->lamt / bw->rate;
1750 
1751 	bw->bwstart.tv_sec = waitlen / 1000000L;
1752 	bw->bwstart.tv_usec = waitlen % 1000000L;
1753 
1754 	if (timercmp(&bw->bwstart, &bw->bwend, >)) {
1755 		timersub(&bw->bwstart, &bw->bwend, &bw->bwend);
1756 
1757 		/* Adjust the wait time */
1758 		if (bw->bwend.tv_sec) {
1759 			bw->thresh /= 2;
1760 			if (bw->thresh < bw->buflen / 4)
1761 				bw->thresh = bw->buflen / 4;
1762 		} else if (bw->bwend.tv_usec < 10000) {
1763 			bw->thresh *= 2;
1764 			if (bw->thresh > bw->buflen * 8)
1765 				bw->thresh = bw->buflen * 8;
1766 		}
1767 
1768 		TIMEVAL_TO_TIMESPEC(&bw->bwend, &ts);
1769 		while (nanosleep(&ts, &rm) == -1) {
1770 			if (errno != EINTR)
1771 				break;
1772 			ts = rm;
1773 		}
1774 	}
1775 
1776 	bw->lamt = 0;
1777 	monotime_tv(&bw->bwstart);
1778 }
1779 
1780 /* Make a template filename for mk[sd]temp() */
1781 void
1782 mktemp_proto(char *s, size_t len)
1783 {
1784 	const char *tmpdir;
1785 	int r;
1786 
1787 	if ((tmpdir = getenv("TMPDIR")) != NULL) {
1788 		r = snprintf(s, len, "%s/ssh-XXXXXXXXXXXX", tmpdir);
1789 		if (r > 0 && (size_t)r < len)
1790 			return;
1791 	}
1792 	r = snprintf(s, len, "/tmp/ssh-XXXXXXXXXXXX");
1793 	if (r < 0 || (size_t)r >= len)
1794 		fatal_f("template string too short");
1795 }
1796 
1797 static const struct {
1798 	const char *name;
1799 	int value;
1800 } ipqos[] = {
1801 	{ "none", INT_MAX },		/* can't use 0 here; that's CS0 */
1802 	{ "af11", IPTOS_DSCP_AF11 },
1803 	{ "af12", IPTOS_DSCP_AF12 },
1804 	{ "af13", IPTOS_DSCP_AF13 },
1805 	{ "af21", IPTOS_DSCP_AF21 },
1806 	{ "af22", IPTOS_DSCP_AF22 },
1807 	{ "af23", IPTOS_DSCP_AF23 },
1808 	{ "af31", IPTOS_DSCP_AF31 },
1809 	{ "af32", IPTOS_DSCP_AF32 },
1810 	{ "af33", IPTOS_DSCP_AF33 },
1811 	{ "af41", IPTOS_DSCP_AF41 },
1812 	{ "af42", IPTOS_DSCP_AF42 },
1813 	{ "af43", IPTOS_DSCP_AF43 },
1814 	{ "cs0", IPTOS_DSCP_CS0 },
1815 	{ "cs1", IPTOS_DSCP_CS1 },
1816 	{ "cs2", IPTOS_DSCP_CS2 },
1817 	{ "cs3", IPTOS_DSCP_CS3 },
1818 	{ "cs4", IPTOS_DSCP_CS4 },
1819 	{ "cs5", IPTOS_DSCP_CS5 },
1820 	{ "cs6", IPTOS_DSCP_CS6 },
1821 	{ "cs7", IPTOS_DSCP_CS7 },
1822 	{ "ef", IPTOS_DSCP_EF },
1823 	{ "le", IPTOS_DSCP_LE },
1824 	{ "lowdelay", IPTOS_LOWDELAY },
1825 	{ "throughput", IPTOS_THROUGHPUT },
1826 	{ "reliability", IPTOS_RELIABILITY },
1827 	{ NULL, -1 }
1828 };
1829 
1830 int
1831 parse_ipqos(const char *cp)
1832 {
1833 	u_int i;
1834 	char *ep;
1835 	long val;
1836 
1837 	if (cp == NULL)
1838 		return -1;
1839 	for (i = 0; ipqos[i].name != NULL; i++) {
1840 		if (strcasecmp(cp, ipqos[i].name) == 0)
1841 			return ipqos[i].value;
1842 	}
1843 	/* Try parsing as an integer */
1844 	val = strtol(cp, &ep, 0);
1845 	if (*cp == '\0' || *ep != '\0' || val < 0 || val > 255)
1846 		return -1;
1847 	return val;
1848 }
1849 
1850 const char *
1851 iptos2str(int iptos)
1852 {
1853 	int i;
1854 	static char iptos_str[sizeof "0xff"];
1855 
1856 	for (i = 0; ipqos[i].name != NULL; i++) {
1857 		if (ipqos[i].value == iptos)
1858 			return ipqos[i].name;
1859 	}
1860 	snprintf(iptos_str, sizeof iptos_str, "0x%02x", iptos);
1861 	return iptos_str;
1862 }
1863 
1864 void
1865 lowercase(char *s)
1866 {
1867 	for (; *s; s++)
1868 		*s = tolower((u_char)*s);
1869 }
1870 
1871 int
1872 unix_listener(const char *path, int backlog, int unlink_first)
1873 {
1874 	struct sockaddr_un sunaddr;
1875 	int saved_errno, sock;
1876 
1877 	memset(&sunaddr, 0, sizeof(sunaddr));
1878 	sunaddr.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
1879 	if (strlcpy(sunaddr.sun_path, path,
1880 	    sizeof(sunaddr.sun_path)) >= sizeof(sunaddr.sun_path)) {
1881 		error_f("path \"%s\" too long for Unix domain socket", path);
1882 		errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
1883 		return -1;
1884 	}
1885 
1886 	sock = socket(PF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
1887 	if (sock == -1) {
1888 		saved_errno = errno;
1889 		error_f("socket: %.100s", strerror(errno));
1890 		errno = saved_errno;
1891 		return -1;
1892 	}
1893 	if (unlink_first == 1) {
1894 		if (unlink(path) != 0 && errno != ENOENT)
1895 			error("unlink(%s): %.100s", path, strerror(errno));
1896 	}
1897 	if (bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&sunaddr, sizeof(sunaddr)) == -1) {
1898 		saved_errno = errno;
1899 		error_f("cannot bind to path %s: %s", path, strerror(errno));
1900 		close(sock);
1901 		errno = saved_errno;
1902 		return -1;
1903 	}
1904 	if (listen(sock, backlog) == -1) {
1905 		saved_errno = errno;
1906 		error_f("cannot listen on path %s: %s", path, strerror(errno));
1907 		close(sock);
1908 		unlink(path);
1909 		errno = saved_errno;
1910 		return -1;
1911 	}
1912 	return sock;
1913 }
1914 
1915 void
1916 sock_set_v6only(int s)
1917 {
1918 #if defined(IPV6_V6ONLY) && !defined(__OpenBSD__)
1919 	int on = 1;
1920 
1921 	debug3("%s: set socket %d IPV6_V6ONLY", __func__, s);
1922 	if (setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_V6ONLY, &on, sizeof(on)) == -1)
1923 		error("setsockopt IPV6_V6ONLY: %s", strerror(errno));
1924 #endif
1925 }
1926 
1927 /*
1928  * Compares two strings that maybe be NULL. Returns non-zero if strings
1929  * are both NULL or are identical, returns zero otherwise.
1930  */
1931 static int
1932 strcmp_maybe_null(const char *a, const char *b)
1933 {
1934 	if ((a == NULL && b != NULL) || (a != NULL && b == NULL))
1935 		return 0;
1936 	if (a != NULL && strcmp(a, b) != 0)
1937 		return 0;
1938 	return 1;
1939 }
1940 
1941 /*
1942  * Compare two forwards, returning non-zero if they are identical or
1943  * zero otherwise.
1944  */
1945 int
1946 forward_equals(const struct Forward *a, const struct Forward *b)
1947 {
1948 	if (strcmp_maybe_null(a->listen_host, b->listen_host) == 0)
1949 		return 0;
1950 	if (a->listen_port != b->listen_port)
1951 		return 0;
1952 	if (strcmp_maybe_null(a->listen_path, b->listen_path) == 0)
1953 		return 0;
1954 	if (strcmp_maybe_null(a->connect_host, b->connect_host) == 0)
1955 		return 0;
1956 	if (a->connect_port != b->connect_port)
1957 		return 0;
1958 	if (strcmp_maybe_null(a->connect_path, b->connect_path) == 0)
1959 		return 0;
1960 	/* allocated_port and handle are not checked */
1961 	return 1;
1962 }
1963 
1964 /* returns 1 if process is already daemonized, 0 otherwise */
1965 int
1966 daemonized(void)
1967 {
1968 	int fd;
1969 
1970 	if ((fd = open(_PATH_TTY, O_RDONLY | O_NOCTTY)) >= 0) {
1971 		close(fd);
1972 		return 0;	/* have controlling terminal */
1973 	}
1974 	if (getppid() != 1)
1975 		return 0;	/* parent is not init */
1976 	if (getsid(0) != getpid())
1977 		return 0;	/* not session leader */
1978 	debug3("already daemonized");
1979 	return 1;
1980 }
1981 
1982 /*
1983  * Splits 's' into an argument vector. Handles quoted string and basic
1984  * escape characters (\\, \", \'). Caller must free the argument vector
1985  * and its members.
1986  */
1987 int
1988 argv_split(const char *s, int *argcp, char ***argvp, int terminate_on_comment)
1989 {
1990 	int r = SSH_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR;
1991 	int argc = 0, quote, i, j;
1992 	char *arg, **argv = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*argv));
1993 
1994 	*argvp = NULL;
1995 	*argcp = 0;
1996 
1997 	for (i = 0; s[i] != '\0'; i++) {
1998 		/* Skip leading whitespace */
1999 		if (s[i] == ' ' || s[i] == '\t')
2000 			continue;
2001 		if (terminate_on_comment && s[i] == '#')
2002 			break;
2003 		/* Start of a token */
2004 		quote = 0;
2005 
2006 		argv = xreallocarray(argv, (argc + 2), sizeof(*argv));
2007 		arg = argv[argc++] = xcalloc(1, strlen(s + i) + 1);
2008 		argv[argc] = NULL;
2009 
2010 		/* Copy the token in, removing escapes */
2011 		for (j = 0; s[i] != '\0'; i++) {
2012 			if (s[i] == '\\') {
2013 				if (s[i + 1] == '\'' ||
2014 				    s[i + 1] == '\"' ||
2015 				    s[i + 1] == '\\' ||
2016 				    (quote == 0 && s[i + 1] == ' ')) {
2017 					i++; /* Skip '\' */
2018 					arg[j++] = s[i];
2019 				} else {
2020 					/* Unrecognised escape */
2021 					arg[j++] = s[i];
2022 				}
2023 			} else if (quote == 0 && (s[i] == ' ' || s[i] == '\t'))
2024 				break; /* done */
2025 			else if (quote == 0 && (s[i] == '\"' || s[i] == '\''))
2026 				quote = s[i]; /* quote start */
2027 			else if (quote != 0 && s[i] == quote)
2028 				quote = 0; /* quote end */
2029 			else
2030 				arg[j++] = s[i];
2031 		}
2032 		if (s[i] == '\0') {
2033 			if (quote != 0) {
2034 				/* Ran out of string looking for close quote */
2035 				r = SSH_ERR_INVALID_FORMAT;
2036 				goto out;
2037 			}
2038 			break;
2039 		}
2040 	}
2041 	/* Success */
2042 	*argcp = argc;
2043 	*argvp = argv;
2044 	argc = 0;
2045 	argv = NULL;
2046 	r = 0;
2047  out:
2048 	if (argc != 0 && argv != NULL) {
2049 		for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
2050 			free(argv[i]);
2051 		free(argv);
2052 	}
2053 	return r;
2054 }
2055 
2056 /*
2057  * Reassemble an argument vector into a string, quoting and escaping as
2058  * necessary. Caller must free returned string.
2059  */
2060 char *
2061 argv_assemble(int argc, char **argv)
2062 {
2063 	int i, j, ws, r;
2064 	char c, *ret;
2065 	struct sshbuf *buf, *arg;
2066 
2067 	if ((buf = sshbuf_new()) == NULL || (arg = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
2068 		fatal_f("sshbuf_new failed");
2069 
2070 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
2071 		ws = 0;
2072 		sshbuf_reset(arg);
2073 		for (j = 0; argv[i][j] != '\0'; j++) {
2074 			r = 0;
2075 			c = argv[i][j];
2076 			switch (c) {
2077 			case ' ':
2078 			case '\t':
2079 				ws = 1;
2080 				r = sshbuf_put_u8(arg, c);
2081 				break;
2082 			case '\\':
2083 			case '\'':
2084 			case '"':
2085 				if ((r = sshbuf_put_u8(arg, '\\')) != 0)
2086 					break;
2087 				/* FALLTHROUGH */
2088 			default:
2089 				r = sshbuf_put_u8(arg, c);
2090 				break;
2091 			}
2092 			if (r != 0)
2093 				fatal_fr(r, "sshbuf_put_u8");
2094 		}
2095 		if ((i != 0 && (r = sshbuf_put_u8(buf, ' ')) != 0) ||
2096 		    (ws != 0 && (r = sshbuf_put_u8(buf, '"')) != 0) ||
2097 		    (r = sshbuf_putb(buf, arg)) != 0 ||
2098 		    (ws != 0 && (r = sshbuf_put_u8(buf, '"')) != 0))
2099 			fatal_fr(r, "assemble");
2100 	}
2101 	if ((ret = malloc(sshbuf_len(buf) + 1)) == NULL)
2102 		fatal_f("malloc failed");
2103 	memcpy(ret, sshbuf_ptr(buf), sshbuf_len(buf));
2104 	ret[sshbuf_len(buf)] = '\0';
2105 	sshbuf_free(buf);
2106 	sshbuf_free(arg);
2107 	return ret;
2108 }
2109 
2110 char *
2111 argv_next(int *argcp, char ***argvp)
2112 {
2113 	char *ret = (*argvp)[0];
2114 
2115 	if (*argcp > 0 && ret != NULL) {
2116 		(*argcp)--;
2117 		(*argvp)++;
2118 	}
2119 	return ret;
2120 }
2121 
2122 void
2123 argv_consume(int *argcp)
2124 {
2125 	*argcp = 0;
2126 }
2127 
2128 void
2129 argv_free(char **av, int ac)
2130 {
2131 	int i;
2132 
2133 	if (av == NULL)
2134 		return;
2135 	for (i = 0; i < ac; i++)
2136 		free(av[i]);
2137 	free(av);
2138 }
2139 
2140 /* Returns 0 if pid exited cleanly, non-zero otherwise */
2141 int
2142 exited_cleanly(pid_t pid, const char *tag, const char *cmd, int quiet)
2143 {
2144 	int status;
2145 
2146 	while (waitpid(pid, &status, 0) == -1) {
2147 		if (errno != EINTR) {
2148 			error("%s waitpid: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
2149 			return -1;
2150 		}
2151 	}
2152 	if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
2153 		error("%s %s exited on signal %d", tag, cmd, WTERMSIG(status));
2154 		return -1;
2155 	} else if (WEXITSTATUS(status) != 0) {
2156 		do_log2(quiet ? SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG1 : SYSLOG_LEVEL_INFO,
2157 		    "%s %s failed, status %d", tag, cmd, WEXITSTATUS(status));
2158 		return -1;
2159 	}
2160 	return 0;
2161 }
2162 
2163 /*
2164  * Check a given path for security. This is defined as all components
2165  * of the path to the file must be owned by either the owner of
2166  * of the file or root and no directories must be group or world writable.
2167  *
2168  * XXX Should any specific check be done for sym links ?
2169  *
2170  * Takes a file name, its stat information (preferably from fstat() to
2171  * avoid races), the uid of the expected owner, their home directory and an
2172  * error buffer plus max size as arguments.
2173  *
2174  * Returns 0 on success and -1 on failure
2175  */
2176 int
2177 safe_path(const char *name, struct stat *stp, const char *pw_dir,
2178     uid_t uid, char *err, size_t errlen)
2179 {
2180 	char buf[PATH_MAX], homedir[PATH_MAX];
2181 	char *cp;
2182 	int comparehome = 0;
2183 	struct stat st;
2184 
2185 	if (realpath(name, buf) == NULL) {
2186 		snprintf(err, errlen, "realpath %s failed: %s", name,
2187 		    strerror(errno));
2188 		return -1;
2189 	}
2190 	if (pw_dir != NULL && realpath(pw_dir, homedir) != NULL)
2191 		comparehome = 1;
2192 
2193 	if (!S_ISREG(stp->st_mode)) {
2194 		snprintf(err, errlen, "%s is not a regular file", buf);
2195 		return -1;
2196 	}
2197 	if ((!platform_sys_dir_uid(stp->st_uid) && stp->st_uid != uid) ||
2198 	    (stp->st_mode & 022) != 0) {
2199 		snprintf(err, errlen, "bad ownership or modes for file %s",
2200 		    buf);
2201 		return -1;
2202 	}
2203 
2204 	/* for each component of the canonical path, walking upwards */
2205 	for (;;) {
2206 		if ((cp = dirname(buf)) == NULL) {
2207 			snprintf(err, errlen, "dirname() failed");
2208 			return -1;
2209 		}
2210 		strlcpy(buf, cp, sizeof(buf));
2211 
2212 		if (stat(buf, &st) == -1 ||
2213 		    (!platform_sys_dir_uid(st.st_uid) && st.st_uid != uid) ||
2214 		    (st.st_mode & 022) != 0) {
2215 			snprintf(err, errlen,
2216 			    "bad ownership or modes for directory %s", buf);
2217 			return -1;
2218 		}
2219 
2220 		/* If are past the homedir then we can stop */
2221 		if (comparehome && strcmp(homedir, buf) == 0)
2222 			break;
2223 
2224 		/*
2225 		 * dirname should always complete with a "/" path,
2226 		 * but we can be paranoid and check for "." too
2227 		 */
2228 		if ((strcmp("/", buf) == 0) || (strcmp(".", buf) == 0))
2229 			break;
2230 	}
2231 	return 0;
2232 }
2233 
2234 /*
2235  * Version of safe_path() that accepts an open file descriptor to
2236  * avoid races.
2237  *
2238  * Returns 0 on success and -1 on failure
2239  */
2240 int
2241 safe_path_fd(int fd, const char *file, struct passwd *pw,
2242     char *err, size_t errlen)
2243 {
2244 	struct stat st;
2245 
2246 	/* check the open file to avoid races */
2247 	if (fstat(fd, &st) == -1) {
2248 		snprintf(err, errlen, "cannot stat file %s: %s",
2249 		    file, strerror(errno));
2250 		return -1;
2251 	}
2252 	return safe_path(file, &st, pw->pw_dir, pw->pw_uid, err, errlen);
2253 }
2254 
2255 /*
2256  * Sets the value of the given variable in the environment.  If the variable
2257  * already exists, its value is overridden.
2258  */
2259 void
2260 child_set_env(char ***envp, u_int *envsizep, const char *name,
2261 	const char *value)
2262 {
2263 	char **env;
2264 	u_int envsize;
2265 	u_int i, namelen;
2266 
2267 	if (strchr(name, '=') != NULL) {
2268 		error("Invalid environment variable \"%.100s\"", name);
2269 		return;
2270 	}
2271 
2272 	/*
2273 	 * If we're passed an uninitialized list, allocate a single null
2274 	 * entry before continuing.
2275 	 */
2276 	if (*envp == NULL && *envsizep == 0) {
2277 		*envp = xmalloc(sizeof(char *));
2278 		*envp[0] = NULL;
2279 		*envsizep = 1;
2280 	}
2281 
2282 	/*
2283 	 * Find the slot where the value should be stored.  If the variable
2284 	 * already exists, we reuse the slot; otherwise we append a new slot
2285 	 * at the end of the array, expanding if necessary.
2286 	 */
2287 	env = *envp;
2288 	namelen = strlen(name);
2289 	for (i = 0; env[i]; i++)
2290 		if (strncmp(env[i], name, namelen) == 0 && env[i][namelen] == '=')
2291 			break;
2292 	if (env[i]) {
2293 		/* Reuse the slot. */
2294 		free(env[i]);
2295 	} else {
2296 		/* New variable.  Expand if necessary. */
2297 		envsize = *envsizep;
2298 		if (i >= envsize - 1) {
2299 			if (envsize >= 1000)
2300 				fatal("child_set_env: too many env vars");
2301 			envsize += 50;
2302 			env = (*envp) = xreallocarray(env, envsize, sizeof(char *));
2303 			*envsizep = envsize;
2304 		}
2305 		/* Need to set the NULL pointer at end of array beyond the new slot. */
2306 		env[i + 1] = NULL;
2307 	}
2308 
2309 	/* Allocate space and format the variable in the appropriate slot. */
2310 	/* XXX xasprintf */
2311 	env[i] = xmalloc(strlen(name) + 1 + strlen(value) + 1);
2312 	snprintf(env[i], strlen(name) + 1 + strlen(value) + 1, "%s=%s", name, value);
2313 }
2314 
2315 /*
2316  * Check and optionally lowercase a domain name, also removes trailing '.'
2317  * Returns 1 on success and 0 on failure, storing an error message in errstr.
2318  */
2319 int
2320 valid_domain(char *name, int makelower, const char **errstr)
2321 {
2322 	size_t i, l = strlen(name);
2323 	u_char c, last = '\0';
2324 	static char errbuf[256];
2325 
2326 	if (l == 0) {
2327 		strlcpy(errbuf, "empty domain name", sizeof(errbuf));
2328 		goto bad;
2329 	}
2330 	if (!isalpha((u_char)name[0]) && !isdigit((u_char)name[0])) {
2331 		snprintf(errbuf, sizeof(errbuf), "domain name \"%.100s\" "
2332 		    "starts with invalid character", name);
2333 		goto bad;
2334 	}
2335 	for (i = 0; i < l; i++) {
2336 		c = tolower((u_char)name[i]);
2337 		if (makelower)
2338 			name[i] = (char)c;
2339 		if (last == '.' && c == '.') {
2340 			snprintf(errbuf, sizeof(errbuf), "domain name "
2341 			    "\"%.100s\" contains consecutive separators", name);
2342 			goto bad;
2343 		}
2344 		if (c != '.' && c != '-' && !isalnum(c) &&
2345 		    c != '_') /* technically invalid, but common */ {
2346 			snprintf(errbuf, sizeof(errbuf), "domain name "
2347 			    "\"%.100s\" contains invalid characters", name);
2348 			goto bad;
2349 		}
2350 		last = c;
2351 	}
2352 	if (name[l - 1] == '.')
2353 		name[l - 1] = '\0';
2354 	if (errstr != NULL)
2355 		*errstr = NULL;
2356 	return 1;
2357 bad:
2358 	if (errstr != NULL)
2359 		*errstr = errbuf;
2360 	return 0;
2361 }
2362 
2363 /*
2364  * Verify that a environment variable name (not including initial '$') is
2365  * valid; consisting of one or more alphanumeric or underscore characters only.
2366  * Returns 1 on valid, 0 otherwise.
2367  */
2368 int
2369 valid_env_name(const char *name)
2370 {
2371 	const char *cp;
2372 
2373 	if (name[0] == '\0')
2374 		return 0;
2375 	for (cp = name; *cp != '\0'; cp++) {
2376 		if (!isalnum((u_char)*cp) && *cp != '_')
2377 			return 0;
2378 	}
2379 	return 1;
2380 }
2381 
2382 const char *
2383 atoi_err(const char *nptr, int *val)
2384 {
2385 	const char *errstr = NULL;
2386 	long long num;
2387 
2388 	if (nptr == NULL || *nptr == '\0')
2389 		return "missing";
2390 	num = strtonum(nptr, 0, INT_MAX, &errstr);
2391 	if (errstr == NULL)
2392 		*val = (int)num;
2393 	return errstr;
2394 }
2395 
2396 int
2397 parse_absolute_time(const char *s, uint64_t *tp)
2398 {
2399 	struct tm tm;
2400 	time_t tt;
2401 	char buf[32], *fmt;
2402 	const char *cp;
2403 	size_t l;
2404 	int is_utc = 0;
2405 
2406 	*tp = 0;
2407 
2408 	l = strlen(s);
2409 	if (l > 1 && strcasecmp(s + l - 1, "Z") == 0) {
2410 		is_utc = 1;
2411 		l--;
2412 	} else if (l > 3 && strcasecmp(s + l - 3, "UTC") == 0) {
2413 		is_utc = 1;
2414 		l -= 3;
2415 	}
2416 	/*
2417 	 * POSIX strptime says "The application shall ensure that there
2418 	 * is white-space or other non-alphanumeric characters between
2419 	 * any two conversion specifications" so arrange things this way.
2420 	 */
2421 	switch (l) {
2422 	case 8: /* YYYYMMDD */
2423 		fmt = "%Y-%m-%d";
2424 		snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%.4s-%.2s-%.2s", s, s + 4, s + 6);
2425 		break;
2426 	case 12: /* YYYYMMDDHHMM */
2427 		fmt = "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M";
2428 		snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%.4s-%.2s-%.2sT%.2s:%.2s",
2429 		    s, s + 4, s + 6, s + 8, s + 10);
2430 		break;
2431 	case 14: /* YYYYMMDDHHMMSS */
2432 		fmt = "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S";
2433 		snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%.4s-%.2s-%.2sT%.2s:%.2s:%.2s",
2434 		    s, s + 4, s + 6, s + 8, s + 10, s + 12);
2435 		break;
2436 	default:
2437 		return SSH_ERR_INVALID_FORMAT;
2438 	}
2439 
2440 	memset(&tm, 0, sizeof(tm));
2441 	if ((cp = strptime(buf, fmt, &tm)) == NULL || *cp != '\0')
2442 		return SSH_ERR_INVALID_FORMAT;
2443 	if (is_utc) {
2444 		if ((tt = timegm(&tm)) < 0)
2445 			return SSH_ERR_INVALID_FORMAT;
2446 	} else {
2447 		if ((tt = mktime(&tm)) < 0)
2448 			return SSH_ERR_INVALID_FORMAT;
2449 	}
2450 	/* success */
2451 	*tp = (uint64_t)tt;
2452 	return 0;
2453 }
2454 
2455 /* On OpenBSD time_t is int64_t which is long long. */
2456 /* #define SSH_TIME_T_MAX LLONG_MAX */
2457 
2458 void
2459 format_absolute_time(uint64_t t, char *buf, size_t len)
2460 {
2461 	time_t tt = t > SSH_TIME_T_MAX ? SSH_TIME_T_MAX : t;
2462 	struct tm tm;
2463 
2464 	localtime_r(&tt, &tm);
2465 	strftime(buf, len, "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S", &tm);
2466 }
2467 
2468 /* check if path is absolute */
2469 int
2470 path_absolute(const char *path)
2471 {
2472 	return (*path == '/') ? 1 : 0;
2473 }
2474 
2475 void
2476 skip_space(char **cpp)
2477 {
2478 	char *cp;
2479 
2480 	for (cp = *cpp; *cp == ' ' || *cp == '\t'; cp++)
2481 		;
2482 	*cpp = cp;
2483 }
2484 
2485 /* authorized_key-style options parsing helpers */
2486 
2487 /*
2488  * Match flag 'opt' in *optsp, and if allow_negate is set then also match
2489  * 'no-opt'. Returns -1 if option not matched, 1 if option matches or 0
2490  * if negated option matches.
2491  * If the option or negated option matches, then *optsp is updated to
2492  * point to the first character after the option.
2493  */
2494 int
2495 opt_flag(const char *opt, int allow_negate, const char **optsp)
2496 {
2497 	size_t opt_len = strlen(opt);
2498 	const char *opts = *optsp;
2499 	int negate = 0;
2500 
2501 	if (allow_negate && strncasecmp(opts, "no-", 3) == 0) {
2502 		opts += 3;
2503 		negate = 1;
2504 	}
2505 	if (strncasecmp(opts, opt, opt_len) == 0) {
2506 		*optsp = opts + opt_len;
2507 		return negate ? 0 : 1;
2508 	}
2509 	return -1;
2510 }
2511 
2512 char *
2513 opt_dequote(const char **sp, const char **errstrp)
2514 {
2515 	const char *s = *sp;
2516 	char *ret;
2517 	size_t i;
2518 
2519 	*errstrp = NULL;
2520 	if (*s != '"') {
2521 		*errstrp = "missing start quote";
2522 		return NULL;
2523 	}
2524 	s++;
2525 	if ((ret = malloc(strlen((s)) + 1)) == NULL) {
2526 		*errstrp = "memory allocation failed";
2527 		return NULL;
2528 	}
2529 	for (i = 0; *s != '\0' && *s != '"';) {
2530 		if (s[0] == '\\' && s[1] == '"')
2531 			s++;
2532 		ret[i++] = *s++;
2533 	}
2534 	if (*s == '\0') {
2535 		*errstrp = "missing end quote";
2536 		free(ret);
2537 		return NULL;
2538 	}
2539 	ret[i] = '\0';
2540 	s++;
2541 	*sp = s;
2542 	return ret;
2543 }
2544 
2545 int
2546 opt_match(const char **opts, const char *term)
2547 {
2548 	if (strncasecmp((*opts), term, strlen(term)) == 0 &&
2549 	    (*opts)[strlen(term)] == '=') {
2550 		*opts += strlen(term) + 1;
2551 		return 1;
2552 	}
2553 	return 0;
2554 }
2555 
2556 void
2557 opt_array_append2(const char *file, const int line, const char *directive,
2558     char ***array, int **iarray, u_int *lp, const char *s, int i)
2559 {
2560 
2561 	if (*lp >= INT_MAX)
2562 		fatal("%s line %d: Too many %s entries", file, line, directive);
2563 
2564 	if (iarray != NULL) {
2565 		*iarray = xrecallocarray(*iarray, *lp, *lp + 1,
2566 		    sizeof(**iarray));
2567 		(*iarray)[*lp] = i;
2568 	}
2569 
2570 	*array = xrecallocarray(*array, *lp, *lp + 1, sizeof(**array));
2571 	(*array)[*lp] = xstrdup(s);
2572 	(*lp)++;
2573 }
2574 
2575 void
2576 opt_array_append(const char *file, const int line, const char *directive,
2577     char ***array, u_int *lp, const char *s)
2578 {
2579 	opt_array_append2(file, line, directive, array, NULL, lp, s, 0);
2580 }
2581 
2582 sshsig_t
2583 ssh_signal(int signum, sshsig_t handler)
2584 {
2585 	struct sigaction sa, osa;
2586 
2587 	/* mask all other signals while in handler */
2588 	memset(&sa, 0, sizeof(sa));
2589 	sa.sa_handler = handler;
2590 	sigfillset(&sa.sa_mask);
2591 #if defined(SA_RESTART) && !defined(NO_SA_RESTART)
2592 	if (signum != SIGALRM)
2593 		sa.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
2594 #endif
2595 	if (sigaction(signum, &sa, &osa) == -1) {
2596 		debug3("sigaction(%s): %s", strsignal(signum), strerror(errno));
2597 		return SIG_ERR;
2598 	}
2599 	return osa.sa_handler;
2600 }
2601 
2602 int
2603 stdfd_devnull(int do_stdin, int do_stdout, int do_stderr)
2604 {
2605 	int devnull, ret = 0;
2606 
2607 	if ((devnull = open(_PATH_DEVNULL, O_RDWR)) == -1) {
2608 		error_f("open %s: %s", _PATH_DEVNULL,
2609 		    strerror(errno));
2610 		return -1;
2611 	}
2612 	if ((do_stdin && dup2(devnull, STDIN_FILENO) == -1) ||
2613 	    (do_stdout && dup2(devnull, STDOUT_FILENO) == -1) ||
2614 	    (do_stderr && dup2(devnull, STDERR_FILENO) == -1)) {
2615 		error_f("dup2: %s", strerror(errno));
2616 		ret = -1;
2617 	}
2618 	if (devnull > STDERR_FILENO)
2619 		close(devnull);
2620 	return ret;
2621 }
2622 
2623 /*
2624  * Runs command in a subprocess with a minimal environment.
2625  * Returns pid on success, 0 on failure.
2626  * The child stdout and stderr maybe captured, left attached or sent to
2627  * /dev/null depending on the contents of flags.
2628  * "tag" is prepended to log messages.
2629  * NB. "command" is only used for logging; the actual command executed is
2630  * av[0].
2631  */
2632 pid_t
2633 subprocess(const char *tag, const char *command,
2634     int ac, char **av, FILE **child, u_int flags,
2635     struct passwd *pw, privdrop_fn *drop_privs, privrestore_fn *restore_privs)
2636 {
2637 	FILE *f = NULL;
2638 	struct stat st;
2639 	int fd, devnull, p[2], i;
2640 	pid_t pid;
2641 	char *cp, errmsg[512];
2642 	u_int nenv = 0;
2643 	char **env = NULL;
2644 
2645 	/* If dropping privs, then must specify user and restore function */
2646 	if (drop_privs != NULL && (pw == NULL || restore_privs == NULL)) {
2647 		error("%s: inconsistent arguments", tag); /* XXX fatal? */
2648 		return 0;
2649 	}
2650 	if (pw == NULL && (pw = getpwuid(getuid())) == NULL) {
2651 		error("%s: no user for current uid", tag);
2652 		return 0;
2653 	}
2654 	if (child != NULL)
2655 		*child = NULL;
2656 
2657 	debug3_f("%s command \"%s\" running as %s (flags 0x%x)",
2658 	    tag, command, pw->pw_name, flags);
2659 
2660 	/* Check consistency */
2661 	if ((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_DISCARD) != 0 &&
2662 	    (flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_CAPTURE) != 0) {
2663 		error_f("inconsistent flags");
2664 		return 0;
2665 	}
2666 	if (((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_CAPTURE) == 0) != (child == NULL)) {
2667 		error_f("inconsistent flags/output");
2668 		return 0;
2669 	}
2670 
2671 	/*
2672 	 * If executing an explicit binary, then verify the it exists
2673 	 * and appears safe-ish to execute
2674 	 */
2675 	if (!path_absolute(av[0])) {
2676 		error("%s path is not absolute", tag);
2677 		return 0;
2678 	}
2679 	if (drop_privs != NULL)
2680 		drop_privs(pw);
2681 	if (stat(av[0], &st) == -1) {
2682 		error("Could not stat %s \"%s\": %s", tag,
2683 		    av[0], strerror(errno));
2684 		goto restore_return;
2685 	}
2686 	if ((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_UNSAFE_PATH) == 0 &&
2687 	    safe_path(av[0], &st, NULL, 0, errmsg, sizeof(errmsg)) != 0) {
2688 		error("Unsafe %s \"%s\": %s", tag, av[0], errmsg);
2689 		goto restore_return;
2690 	}
2691 	/* Prepare to keep the child's stdout if requested */
2692 	if (pipe(p) == -1) {
2693 		error("%s: pipe: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
2694  restore_return:
2695 		if (restore_privs != NULL)
2696 			restore_privs();
2697 		return 0;
2698 	}
2699 	if (restore_privs != NULL)
2700 		restore_privs();
2701 
2702 	switch ((pid = fork())) {
2703 	case -1: /* error */
2704 		error("%s: fork: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
2705 		close(p[0]);
2706 		close(p[1]);
2707 		return 0;
2708 	case 0: /* child */
2709 		/* Prepare a minimal environment for the child. */
2710 		if ((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_PRESERVE_ENV) == 0) {
2711 			nenv = 5;
2712 			env = xcalloc(sizeof(*env), nenv);
2713 			child_set_env(&env, &nenv, "PATH", _PATH_STDPATH);
2714 			child_set_env(&env, &nenv, "USER", pw->pw_name);
2715 			child_set_env(&env, &nenv, "LOGNAME", pw->pw_name);
2716 			child_set_env(&env, &nenv, "HOME", pw->pw_dir);
2717 			if ((cp = getenv("LANG")) != NULL)
2718 				child_set_env(&env, &nenv, "LANG", cp);
2719 		}
2720 
2721 		for (i = 1; i < NSIG; i++)
2722 			ssh_signal(i, SIG_DFL);
2723 
2724 		if ((devnull = open(_PATH_DEVNULL, O_RDWR)) == -1) {
2725 			error("%s: open %s: %s", tag, _PATH_DEVNULL,
2726 			    strerror(errno));
2727 			_exit(1);
2728 		}
2729 		if (dup2(devnull, STDIN_FILENO) == -1) {
2730 			error("%s: dup2: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
2731 			_exit(1);
2732 		}
2733 
2734 		/* Set up stdout as requested; leave stderr in place for now. */
2735 		fd = -1;
2736 		if ((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_CAPTURE) != 0)
2737 			fd = p[1];
2738 		else if ((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_DISCARD) != 0)
2739 			fd = devnull;
2740 		if (fd != -1 && dup2(fd, STDOUT_FILENO) == -1) {
2741 			error("%s: dup2: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
2742 			_exit(1);
2743 		}
2744 		closefrom(STDERR_FILENO + 1);
2745 
2746 		if (geteuid() == 0 &&
2747 		    initgroups(pw->pw_name, pw->pw_gid) == -1) {
2748 			error("%s: initgroups(%s, %u): %s", tag,
2749 			    pw->pw_name, (u_int)pw->pw_gid, strerror(errno));
2750 			_exit(1);
2751 		}
2752 		if (setresgid(pw->pw_gid, pw->pw_gid, pw->pw_gid) == -1) {
2753 			error("%s: setresgid %u: %s", tag, (u_int)pw->pw_gid,
2754 			    strerror(errno));
2755 			_exit(1);
2756 		}
2757 		if (setresuid(pw->pw_uid, pw->pw_uid, pw->pw_uid) == -1) {
2758 			error("%s: setresuid %u: %s", tag, (u_int)pw->pw_uid,
2759 			    strerror(errno));
2760 			_exit(1);
2761 		}
2762 		/* stdin is pointed to /dev/null at this point */
2763 		if ((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_DISCARD) != 0 &&
2764 		    dup2(STDIN_FILENO, STDERR_FILENO) == -1) {
2765 			error("%s: dup2: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
2766 			_exit(1);
2767 		}
2768 		if (env != NULL)
2769 			execve(av[0], av, env);
2770 		else
2771 			execv(av[0], av);
2772 		error("%s %s \"%s\": %s", tag, env == NULL ? "execv" : "execve",
2773 		    command, strerror(errno));
2774 		_exit(127);
2775 	default: /* parent */
2776 		break;
2777 	}
2778 
2779 	close(p[1]);
2780 	if ((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_CAPTURE) == 0)
2781 		close(p[0]);
2782 	else if ((f = fdopen(p[0], "r")) == NULL) {
2783 		error("%s: fdopen: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
2784 		close(p[0]);
2785 		/* Don't leave zombie child */
2786 		kill(pid, SIGTERM);
2787 		while (waitpid(pid, NULL, 0) == -1 && errno == EINTR)
2788 			;
2789 		return 0;
2790 	}
2791 	/* Success */
2792 	debug3_f("%s pid %ld", tag, (long)pid);
2793 	if (child != NULL)
2794 		*child = f;
2795 	return pid;
2796 }
2797 
2798 const char *
2799 lookup_env_in_list(const char *env, char * const *envs, size_t nenvs)
2800 {
2801 	size_t i, envlen;
2802 
2803 	envlen = strlen(env);
2804 	for (i = 0; i < nenvs; i++) {
2805 		if (strncmp(envs[i], env, envlen) == 0 &&
2806 		    envs[i][envlen] == '=') {
2807 			return envs[i] + envlen + 1;
2808 		}
2809 	}
2810 	return NULL;
2811 }
2812 
2813 const char *
2814 lookup_setenv_in_list(const char *env, char * const *envs, size_t nenvs)
2815 {
2816 	char *name, *cp;
2817 	const char *ret;
2818 
2819 	name = xstrdup(env);
2820 	if ((cp = strchr(name, '=')) == NULL) {
2821 		free(name);
2822 		return NULL; /* not env=val */
2823 	}
2824 	*cp = '\0';
2825 	ret = lookup_env_in_list(name, envs, nenvs);
2826 	free(name);
2827 	return ret;
2828 }
2829