xref: /freebsd/contrib/tzdata/europe (revision f4b37ed0f8b307b1f3f0f630ca725d68f1dff30d)
1# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
3
4# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
7# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
8
9# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
10#
11# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
12# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
13# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
14# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
15#
16# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
17# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
18# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
19# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
20# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
21# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
22#
23# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
24# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
25#
26# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
27# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
28#
29# Other sources occasionally used include:
30#
31#	Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
32#	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
33#	which I found in the UCLA library.
34#
35#	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
36#	<http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
37#	[PDF] (1914-03)
38#
39#	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
40#	<http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.  He writes:
41#	"It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
42#	may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
43#	Savile Row, London."  Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
44#
45#	Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
46#	This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
47#	http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
48#	The full Russian citation is:
49#	Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
50#	введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
51#	июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
52#	Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
53#	http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
54#
55#	Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
56#	History of Summer Time
57#	<http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
58#	(1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
59
60#
61# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
62# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
63# Corrections are welcome!
64#                   std dst  2dst
65#                   LMT           Local Mean Time
66#       -4:00       AST ADT       Atlantic
67#       -3:00       WGT WGST      Western Greenland*
68#       -1:00       EGT EGST      Eastern Greenland*
69#        0:00       GMT BST  BDST Greenwich, British Summer
70#        0:00       GMT IST       Greenwich, Irish Summer
71#        0:00       WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
72#        0:19:32.13 AMT NST       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
73#        0:20       NET NEST      Netherlands (1937-1940)*
74#        1:00       BST           British Standard (1968-1971)
75#        1:00       CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
76#        1:00:14    SET           Swedish (1879-1899)*
77#        2:00       EET EEST      Eastern Europe
78#        3:00       FET           Further-eastern Europe (2011-2014)*
79#        3:00       MSK MSD  MSM* Minsk, Moscow
80
81# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
82# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
83# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
84# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
85# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
86# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
87# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
88# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
89# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
90# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
91# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
92# ...
93# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
94# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
95# ...
96# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
97# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
98# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
99# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
100# in the Directive.
101
102
103###############################################################################
104
105# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
106
107# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
108#
109# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
110# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
111# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
112# of the text said:
113#
114# 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
115# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
116# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
117# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
118# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
119# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
120# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
121#
122# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
123# position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
124# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
125#
126# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
127
128# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
129#
130# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
131# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
132# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
133# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
134# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
135# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
136# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
137# (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847-09-22 the
138# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
139# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
140# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
141# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
142# railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public
143# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
144# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
145# one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal
146# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
147# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
148# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
149# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
150#
151# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
152# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
153# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
154
155# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
156# The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
157# informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
158# Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
159# New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
160# whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
161# after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
162# In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
163# that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift.  See:
164# Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
165# Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
166# http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
167# Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
168# did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
169#
170# In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
171# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
172# who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
173# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
174# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
175# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
176# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
177# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
178# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
179# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
180# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
181# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
182# subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,
183# designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
184# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
185
186# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
187# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
188# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
189# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
190# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
191# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
192#	-- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
193#	republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
194#	http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf
195
196# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
197# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
198# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
199# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
200# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
201
202# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
203# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
204# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
205
206# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
207# From: Jonathan Leffler
208# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
209# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
210# politics making a fortune, not computing.
211
212# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
213# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
214# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published
215# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
216# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
217
218# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
219# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
220# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
221# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
222
223# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
224# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
225# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
226# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
227# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
228# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
229# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
230# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
231
232# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
233# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
234# which is to be introduced in May....
235# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
236# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
237
238# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
239# Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
240# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
241# so we use 'BDST'.
242
243# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
244# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
245# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
246# and extending this list, which can be found in
247# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
248
249# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
250#
251# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
252# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
253# http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
254# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
255
256# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
257#
258# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
259#
260# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
261# are incorrect:
262#     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
263#	1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
264# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
265#     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
266# It actually just had one transition.
267#     * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
268# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
269#     * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
270# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
271# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
272#
273# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
274#     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
275#	to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
276#	conform with Great Britain.
277# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
278#
279# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
280# we'll ignore it for now.
281#     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
282#
283#
284# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
285# Shanks & Pottenger.
286# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
287# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
288# to London.  For example:
289#
290#   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
291#   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
292
293# "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
294# was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
295# would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'.  She claimed
296# Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
297# -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
298# Irish Times 2014-10-27.
299# http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
300
301# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
302# Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
303# These include various relating to legal time, for example:
304#
305# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
306#
307# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
308# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
309#
310# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
311# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
312# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
313#
314# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
315# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
316# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
317#
318# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
319# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
320#
321# (These are those I found, but there could be more.  In any case these
322# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
323# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
324#
325# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
326# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
327# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
328# being GMT+1.)
329
330# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
331# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
332# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
333# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
334# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
335# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
336# and Frethun run in CT.
337# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
338# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
339# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
340# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
341# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
342# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
343
344# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
345# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
346# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
347# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
348# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
349# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
350# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
351
352# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
353# Summer Time Act, 1916
354Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	May	21	2:00s	1:00	BST
355Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	GMT
356# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
357Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	BST
358Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	GMT
359# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
360Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Mar	24	2:00s	1:00	BST
361Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Sep	30	2:00s	0	GMT
362# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
363Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	BST
364Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Sep	29	2:00s	0	GMT
365# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
366Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Mar	28	2:00s	1:00	BST
367# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
368Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Oct	25	2:00s	0	GMT
369# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
370Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
371Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	GMT
372# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
373Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	BST
374Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	0	GMT
375# The Summer Time Act, 1922
376Rule	GB-Eire	1923	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
377Rule	GB-Eire	1923	1924	-	Sep	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
378Rule	GB-Eire	1924	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
379Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1926	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
380# The Summer Time Act, 1925
381Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
382Rule	GB-Eire	1927	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
383Rule	GB-Eire	1928	1929	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
384Rule	GB-Eire	1930	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
385Rule	GB-Eire	1931	1932	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
386Rule	GB-Eire	1933	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
387Rule	GB-Eire	1934	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
388Rule	GB-Eire	1935	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
389Rule	GB-Eire	1936	1937	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
390Rule	GB-Eire	1938	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
391Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
392# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
393Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Nov	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
394# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
395Rule	GB-Eire	1940	only	-	Feb	Sun>=23	2:00s	1:00	BST
396# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
397Rule	GB-Eire	1941	only	-	May	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
398Rule	GB-Eire	1941	1943	-	Aug	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
399# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
400Rule	GB-Eire	1942	1944	-	Apr	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
401# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
402Rule	GB-Eire	1944	only	-	Sep	Sun>=16	1:00s	1:00	BST
403# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
404Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Apr	Mon>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
405Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Jul	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
406# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
407Rule	GB-Eire	1945	1946	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
408Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
409# The Summer Time Act, 1947
410Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Mar	16	2:00s	1:00	BST
411Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Apr	13	1:00s	2:00	BDST
412Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Aug	10	1:00s	1:00	BST
413Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Nov	 2	2:00s	0	GMT
414# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
415Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
416Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Oct	31	2:00s	0	GMT
417# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
418Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
419Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Oct	30	2:00s	0	GMT
420# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
421# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
422# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
423Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Apr	Sun>=14	2:00s	1:00	BST
424Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00s	0	GMT
425# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
426Rule	GB-Eire	1953	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
427Rule	GB-Eire	1953	1960	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
428Rule	GB-Eire	1954	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
429Rule	GB-Eire	1955	1956	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
430Rule	GB-Eire	1957	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
431Rule	GB-Eire	1958	1959	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
432Rule	GB-Eire	1960	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
433# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
434# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
435# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
436Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1963	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	BST
437Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
438# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
439# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
440# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
441Rule	GB-Eire	1964	1967	-	Mar	Sun>=19	2:00s	1:00	BST
442# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
443Rule	GB-Eire	1968	only	-	Feb	18	2:00s	1:00	BST
444# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
445#	(no summer time)
446# The Summer Time Act, 1972
447Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
448Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
449# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
450# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
451# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
452# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
453Rule	GB-Eire	1981	1995	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	BST
454Rule	GB-Eire 1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00u	0	GMT
455# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
456# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
457# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
458Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00u	0	GMT
459# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
460# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
461#
462# Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
463
464# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
465Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Dec  1  0:00s
466			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
467			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
468			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
469			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
470Link	Europe/London	Europe/Jersey
471Link	Europe/London	Europe/Guernsey
472Link	Europe/London	Europe/Isle_of_Man
473
474# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
475Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:00 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
476			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21  2:00
477			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1  2:00s
478			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence
479			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25  2:00
480			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6  2:00
481			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16  2:00
482			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2  2:00
483			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18  2:00
484			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1968 Oct 27
485			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
486			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
487			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST
488
489###############################################################################
490
491# Europe
492
493# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
494# Common Market, etc.
495
496# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
497Rule	EU	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00u	1:00	S
498Rule	EU	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
499Rule	EU	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00u	0	-
500Rule	EU	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
501Rule	EU	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
502Rule	EU	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
503# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:
504# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
505# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
506# http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
507
508# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
509Rule	W-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
510Rule	W-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
511Rule	W-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00s	0	-
512Rule	W-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
513Rule	W-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
514Rule	W-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
515
516# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
517# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
518Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
519Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
520Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
521Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
522Rule	C-Eur	1940	only	-	Apr	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
523Rule	C-Eur	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-
524Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
525Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
526Rule	C-Eur	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
527# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
528Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
529# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
530#
531# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
532# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
533# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
534# tz database itself, as seen below:
535#
536# Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15  0:01
537#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
538#
539# Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
540#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
541#
542# Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
543#    1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16  2:00s
544#
545# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16  3:00 0 -
546# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
547# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
548#
549# The rule line to be changed is:
550#
551# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00 0 -
552#
553# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
554# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time.  However there are no
555# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
556# affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
557# CET and MET:
558#
559# Zone CET  1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
560# Zone MET  1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
561#
562# It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
563#
564# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
565#
566# A small step for mankind though 8-)
567Rule	C-Eur	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
568Rule	C-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
569Rule	C-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
570Rule	C-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
571Rule	C-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
572Rule	C-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
573Rule	C-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
574
575# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
576Rule	E-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
577Rule	E-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
578Rule	E-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
579Rule	E-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
580Rule	E-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
581Rule	E-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
582
583# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
584Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST  # Moscow Summer Time
585Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT  # Moscow Mean Time
586Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
587Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	1:00	MST
588Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	MDST
589Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	MSD
590Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	MSK
591Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	MSD
592Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	MSM  # Midsummer
593Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	MSD
594Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
595# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
596Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
597Rule	Russia	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
598# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
599# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
600Rule	Russia	1984	1991	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
601Rule	Russia	1985	1991	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
602#
603Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Mar	lastSat	 23:00	1:00	S
604Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Sep	lastSat	 23:00	0	-
605Rule	Russia	1993	2010	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
606Rule	Russia	1993	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
607Rule	Russia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
608# As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
609
610# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
611# According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
612# signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
613# According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
614#
615# Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
616# http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
617#
618# Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
619# http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
620
621# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
622# Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
623# to be standard.
624
625# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
626
627# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
628Zone	WET		0:00	EU	WE%sT
629Zone	CET		1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT
630Zone	MET		1:00	C-Eur	ME%sT
631Zone	EET		2:00	EU	EE%sT
632
633# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
634# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
635
636# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
637# The official German names ... are
638#
639#	Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
640#	Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
641#
642# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
643# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
644# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
645#
646#	Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
647#	Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
648#	Postfach 3345
649#	D-38023 Braunschweig
650#	phone: +49 531 592-0
651#
652# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
653# department for time and frequency transmission.  He explained that the
654# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
655#
656#	Central European Time (CET)         = UTC+01:00
657#	Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
658
659
660# Albania
661# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
662Rule	Albania	1940	only	-	Jun	16	0:00	1:00	S
663Rule	Albania	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
664Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	1:00	S
665Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Apr	10	3:00	0	-
666Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	S
667Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
668Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
669Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
670Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
671Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
672Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	May	 8	0:00	1:00	S
673Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
674Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	S
675Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
676Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	May	 5	0:00	1:00	S
677Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
678Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	S
679Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
680Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Apr	26	0:00	1:00	S
681Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
682Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
683Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
684Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Apr	18	0:00	1:00	S
685Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
686Rule	Albania	1984	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
687# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
688Zone	Europe/Tirane	1:19:20 -	LMT	1914
689			1:00	-	CET	1940 Jun 16
690			1:00	Albania	CE%sT	1984 Jul
691			1:00	EU	CE%sT
692
693# Andorra
694# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
695Zone	Europe/Andorra	0:06:04 -	LMT	1901
696			0:00	-	WET	1946 Sep 30
697			1:00	-	CET	1985 Mar 31  2:00
698			1:00	EU	CE%sT
699
700# Austria
701
702# Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
703
704# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
705# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
706# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
707# date of 1945-04-12 with no time.  For the 1980-04-06 transition
708# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00.  Go with the BEV,
709# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
710
711# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
712Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	2:00s	1:00	S
713Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Sep	13	2:00s	0	-
714Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
715Rule	Austria	1946	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
716Rule	Austria	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
717Rule	Austria	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
718Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	0:00	1:00	S
719Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
720# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
721Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:21 -	LMT	1893 Apr
722			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1920
723			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1  2:00s
724			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00s
725			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Apr 12  2:00s
726			1:00	-	CET	1946
727			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1981
728			1:00	EU	CE%sT
729
730# Belarus
731# From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
732# By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
733# GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
734#
735# Sources (Russian language):
736# http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
737# http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
738# http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
739#
740# From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
741# Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
742# http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
743# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-08):
744# Hence Belarus can share time zone abbreviations with Moscow again.
745#
746# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
747Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
748			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May  2 # Minsk Mean Time
749			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
750			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 28
751			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul  3
752			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
753			3:00	-	MSK	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
754			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
755			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 29  0:00s
756			2:00	1:00	EEST	1992 Sep 27  0:00s
757			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
758			3:00	-	FET	2014 Oct 26  1:00s
759			3:00	-	MSK
760
761# Belgium
762#
763# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
764# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
765#	Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
766#	Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
767#	(Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
768#	pp 8-9.
769# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
770#	Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
771# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
772# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
773# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
774#
775# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
776Rule	Belgium	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00s	1:00	S
777Rule	Belgium	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
778Rule	Belgium	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
779Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
780Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
781Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
782Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
783Rule	Belgium	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
784Rule	Belgium	1922	1927	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
785Rule	Belgium	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00s	1:00	S
786Rule	Belgium	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
787Rule	Belgium	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
788# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
789# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
790# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
791# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
792Rule	Belgium	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
793Rule	Belgium	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
794Rule	Belgium	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
795Rule	Belgium	1928	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00s	0	-
796Rule	Belgium	1929	only	-	Apr	21	 2:00s	1:00	S
797Rule	Belgium	1930	only	-	Apr	13	 2:00s	1:00	S
798Rule	Belgium	1931	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
799Rule	Belgium	1932	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00s	1:00	S
800Rule	Belgium	1933	only	-	Mar	26	 2:00s	1:00	S
801Rule	Belgium	1934	only	-	Apr	 8	 2:00s	1:00	S
802Rule	Belgium	1935	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
803Rule	Belgium	1936	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
804Rule	Belgium	1937	only	-	Apr	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
805Rule	Belgium	1938	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00s	1:00	S
806Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Apr	16	 2:00s	1:00	S
807Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 2:00s	0	-
808Rule	Belgium	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00s	1:00	S
809Rule	Belgium	1944	only	-	Sep	17	 2:00s	0	-
810Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
811Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
812Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	May	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
813Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00s	0	-
814# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
815Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
816			0:17:30	-	BMT	1892 May  1 12:00  # Brussels MT
817			0:00	-	WET	1914 Nov  8
818			1:00	-	CET	1916 May  1  0:00
819			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Nov 11 11:00u
820			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 20  2:00s
821			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep  3
822			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
823			1:00	EU	CE%sT
824
825# Bosnia and Herzegovina
826# See Europe/Belgrade.
827
828# Bulgaria
829#
830# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
831# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
832# EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
833# EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
834#
835# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
836Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	S
837Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
838Rule	Bulg	1980	1982	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00	1:00	S
839Rule	Bulg	1980	only	-	Sep	29	 1:00	0	-
840Rule	Bulg	1981	only	-	Sep	27	 2:00	0	-
841# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
842Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
843			1:56:56	-	IMT	1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
844			2:00	-	EET	1942 Nov  2  3:00
845			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
846			1:00	-	CET	1945 Apr  2  3:00
847			2:00	-	EET	1979 Mar 31 23:00
848			2:00	Bulg	EE%sT	1982 Sep 26  2:00
849			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
850			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
851			2:00	EU	EE%sT
852
853# Croatia
854# See Europe/Belgrade.
855
856# Cyprus
857# Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
858
859# Czech Republic
860# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
861Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	S
862Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
863Rule	Czech	1946	only	-	May	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
864Rule	Czech	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
865Rule	Czech	1947	only	-	Apr	20	2:00s	1:00	S
866Rule	Czech	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
867Rule	Czech	1949	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	S
868# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
869Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
870			0:57:44	-	PMT	1891 Oct    # Prague Mean Time
871			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 17  2:00s
872			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1979
873			1:00	EU	CE%sT
874# Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
875
876# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
877
878# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
879# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
880# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
881# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
882# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
883#
884# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
885# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
886#
887# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
888# in subsequent decrees with the law
889# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
890#
891# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980.  I have
892# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
893# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
894# 1980-09-28 at 02:00.  If this is true, this differs slightly from
895# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00.  We don't know
896# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
897# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
898# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
899# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
900# was suspended on that night):
901# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
902
903# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
904# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
905# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
906
907# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
908# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
909# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
910
911# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
912Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
913Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	-
914Rule	Denmark	1940	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	S
915Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
916Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Aug	15	 2:00s	0	-
917Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	May	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
918Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	Sep	 1	 2:00s	0	-
919Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	May	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
920Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00s	0	-
921Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	May	 9	 2:00s	1:00	S
922Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	Aug	 8	 2:00s	0	-
923#
924# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
925Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
926			 0:50:20 -	CMT	1894 Jan  1 # Copenhagen MT
927			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2  2:00s
928			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
929			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1980
930			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
931Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
932			 0:00	-	WET	1981
933			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
934#
935# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
936# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
937# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
938# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
939#
940# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
941# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
942# and left the EU on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
943# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
944# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
945# rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
946
947# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
948# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
949# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
950#
951# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
952# is according to the following time line:
953#
954# The military zone near Thule	UTC-4
955# Standard Greenland time	UTC-3
956# Scoresbysund			UTC-1
957# Danmarkshavn			UTC
958#
959# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
960# introduced.
961
962# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
963#
964# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
965# the time to clarify the situation in Thule.  Unfortunately, I have
966# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter.  [But I have
967# info from earlier correspondence.]
968#
969# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
970# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
971# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
972#
973# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
974# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
975# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
976# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
977# email.  The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
978# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
979# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
980#
981# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
982# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
983#
984# The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
985# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
986# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
987#
988# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
989# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
990# maintaining traffic in these areas.  However, the official status of
991# this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time.  This area might be
992# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
993
994# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
995# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
996# there at 2:00 AM.
997
998# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
999# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
1000# the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1001# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1002# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1003# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1004# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1005#
1006# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1007Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
1008Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
1009Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
1010Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
1011Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
1012Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
1013#
1014# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1015Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
1016			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6  2:00
1017			-3:00	EU	WG%sT	1996
1018			0:00	-	GMT
1019Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1020			-2:00	-	CGT	1980 Apr  6  2:00
1021			-2:00	C-Eur	CG%sT	1981 Mar 29
1022			-1:00	EU	EG%sT
1023Zone America/Godthab	-3:26:56 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1024			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6  2:00
1025			-3:00	EU	WG%sT
1026Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1027			-4:00	Thule	A%sT
1028
1029# Estonia
1030# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1031# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1032# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1033# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1034#
1035# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1036# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1037# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1038# "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1039# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1040# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1041# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1042# human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1043# summer time next spring."
1044
1045# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1046# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1047# http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1048# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1049# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1050#
1051# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1052# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1053# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1054
1055# From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1056# via Steffen Thorsen:
1057# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1058# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1059# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1060# Union are still unclear.  In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1061# for all member states until 2001.  Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1062# after that.
1063
1064# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1065# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1066# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1067# the year round.  The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1068
1069# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1070# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1071# Now we are using again EU rules.
1072#
1073# From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1074# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1075
1076# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1077Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
1078			1:39:00	-	TMT	1918 Feb    # Tallinn Mean Time
1079			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1919 Jul
1080			1:39:00	-	TMT	1921 May
1081			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  6
1082			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 15
1083			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 22
1084			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
1085			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24  2:00s
1086			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998 Sep 22
1087			2:00	EU	EE%sT	1999 Nov  1
1088			2:00	-	EET	2002 Feb 21
1089			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1090
1091# Finland
1092
1093# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1094# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1095# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1096
1097# From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1098#
1099# I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1100# During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1101# earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1102# according to the central European standards.
1103#
1104# This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1105# Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1106# Finnish) at
1107# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1108#
1109# Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1110# transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1111#
1112# This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1113# http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1114#
1115# The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1116# exist tonight."
1117
1118# From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1119# [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1120# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1121# pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1122# say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1123# 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1124# mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1125# On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1126#
1127# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1128# Go with Oja over Shanks.
1129
1130# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1131Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	2	24:00	1:00	S
1132Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	4	1:00	0	-
1133Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
1134Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	0	-
1135
1136# Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1137# round to nearest.
1138
1139# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1140Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:49 -	LMT	1878 May 31
1141			1:39:49	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
1142			2:00	Finland	EE%sT	1983
1143			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1144
1145# Åland Is
1146Link	Europe/Helsinki	Europe/Mariehamn
1147
1148
1149# France
1150
1151# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1152#
1153# Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1154# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1155#
1156# Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1157# Paris, 1991
1158#
1159# Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1160# Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1161
1162
1163#
1164# Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1165# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1166Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1167Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
1168Rule	France	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S
1169Rule	France	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
1170Rule	France	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
1171Rule	France	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1172Rule	France	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
1173Rule	France	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1174Rule	France	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
1175Rule	France	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
1176# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1177# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1178# were Apr 12 and Oct 5.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1179Rule	France	1922	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
1180Rule	France	1923	only	-	May	26	23:00s	1:00	S
1181Rule	France	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
1182Rule	France	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
1183Rule	France	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
1184Rule	France	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
1185Rule	France	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
1186Rule	France	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
1187Rule	France	1930	only	-	Apr	12	23:00s	1:00	S
1188Rule	France	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
1189Rule	France	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
1190Rule	France	1933	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
1191Rule	France	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
1192Rule	France	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
1193Rule	France	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
1194Rule	France	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
1195Rule	France	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
1196Rule	France	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
1197Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
1198Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
1199# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1200# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1201# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1202# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1203# Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1204# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1205# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1206# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1207Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
1208# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1209# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1210# who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1211# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1212Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
1213Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	2:00	M
1214Rule	France	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	1:00	S
1215Rule	France	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	2:00	M
1216Rule	France	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	1:00	S
1217Rule	France	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00	2:00	M
1218Rule	France	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 1:00	1:00	S
1219Rule	France	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	2:00	M
1220Rule	France	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
1221# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1222# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1223Rule	France	1976	only	-	Mar	28	 1:00	1:00	S
1224Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	26	 1:00	0	-
1225# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1226# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1227# Go with Howse.  Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1228# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1229# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1230Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
1231			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11  0:01 # Paris MT
1232# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1233			0:00	France	WE%sT	1940 Jun 14 23:00
1234# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1235# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1236			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 25
1237			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
1238			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
1239			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1240
1241# Germany
1242
1243# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1244# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1245# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1246# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1247
1248# From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1249# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1250# http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1251# General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1252
1253# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1254# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1255# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1256# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1257# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1258
1259
1260# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1261Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
1262Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
1263Rule	Germany	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
1264# http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1265# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1266# Go with the PTB.
1267Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	3:00s	1:00	S
1268Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	May	11	2:00s	2:00	M
1269Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Jun	29	3:00	1:00	S
1270Rule	Germany	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
1271Rule	Germany	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
1272
1273Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	May	24	2:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
1274Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Sep	24	3:00	1:00	S
1275Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
1276
1277# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1278Zone	Europe/Berlin	0:53:28 -	LMT	1893 Apr
1279			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May 24  2:00
1280			1:00 SovietZone	CE%sT	1946
1281			1:00	Germany	CE%sT	1980
1282			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1283
1284# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1285# Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1286# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1287# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1288# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1289# which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1290#
1291# Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1292# http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1293
1294# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1295# Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1296
1297Link	Europe/Zurich	Europe/Busingen
1298
1299# Georgia
1300# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1301# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1302# is in Europe.  Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1303
1304# Gibraltar
1305# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1306Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2  0:00s
1307			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14  2:00
1308			1:00	-	CET	1982
1309			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1310
1311# Greece
1312# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1313# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1314Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Jul	 7	0:00	1:00	S
1315Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
1316# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1317Rule	Greece	1941	only	-	Apr	 7	0:00	1:00	S
1318# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1319Rule	Greece	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
1320Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
1321Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
1322# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1323Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
1324Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	0	-
1325Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Apr	12	0:00s	1:00	S
1326Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Nov	26	0:00s	0	-
1327Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Apr	11	2:00s	1:00	S
1328Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Oct	10	2:00s	0	-
1329Rule	Greece	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	S
1330Rule	Greece	1977	only	-	Sep	26	2:00s	0	-
1331Rule	Greece	1978	only	-	Sep	24	4:00	0	-
1332Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Apr	 1	9:00	1:00	S
1333Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Sep	29	2:00	0	-
1334Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
1335Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
1336# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1337Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
1338			1:34:52	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28  0:01 # Athens MT
1339			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1941 Apr 30
1340			1:00	Greece	CE%sT	1944 Apr  4
1341			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1981
1342			# Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1343			# go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1344			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1345
1346# Hungary
1347# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1348# Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1349# Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1350# National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1351# http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1352# This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1353# & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1354# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1355Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Apr	 1	 3:00	1:00	S
1356Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
1357Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Apr	15	 3:00	1:00	S
1358Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Nov	24	 3:00	0	-
1359Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	S
1360Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	0	-
1361Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
1362Rule	Hungary	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
1363Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	S
1364Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00s	1:00	S
1365Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Oct	23	 2:00s	0	-
1366Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	May	23	 0:00	1:00	S
1367Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	0	-
1368Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
1369Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
1370Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 1:00	1:00	S
1371Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
1372Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 1:00	1:00	S
1373# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1374Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
1375			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918
1376			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  8
1377			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
1378			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1980 Sep 28  2:00s
1379			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1380
1381# Iceland
1382#
1383# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1384# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1385#
1386# (1993-12-05):
1387# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1388# Iceland Almanak.
1389#
1390# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1391# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1392# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1393# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1394#
1395# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1396# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1397# time the norsemen first settled Iceland.  The first day of winter is always
1398# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1399#
1400# (1993-12-10):
1401# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1402# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1403# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1404#	the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1405#	(old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1406# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1407# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1408# might mean something else (???).
1409#
1410# From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1411# The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1412# http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1413#
1414# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1415Rule	Iceland	1917	1919	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	S
1416Rule	Iceland	1917	only	-	Oct	21	 1:00	0	-
1417Rule	Iceland	1918	1919	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	-
1418Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Mar	19	23:00	1:00	S
1419Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Jun	23	 1:00	0	-
1420Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Apr	29	23:00	1:00	S
1421Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Oct	29	 2:00	0	-
1422Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
1423Rule	Iceland	1940	1941	-	Nov	Sun>=2	 1:00s	0	-
1424Rule	Iceland	1941	1942	-	Mar	Sun>=2	 1:00s	1:00	S
1425# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1426Rule	Iceland	1943	1946	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
1427Rule	Iceland	1942	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
1428# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1429Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
1430# 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1431Rule	Iceland	1949	only	-	Oct	30	 1:00s	0	-
1432Rule	Iceland	1950	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
1433Rule	Iceland	1967	only	-	Oct	29	 1:00s	0	-
1434# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1435Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:28	-	LMT	1908
1436			-1:00	Iceland	IS%sT	1968 Apr  7  1:00s
1437			 0:00	-	GMT
1438
1439# Italy
1440#
1441# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1442# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1443# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1444# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1445# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1446# so record only the time in Rome.
1447#
1448# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1449# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1450# F. Pollastri
1451# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1452# http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html
1453# ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1454# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1455#
1456# year	FP	Shanks&P. (S)	Whitman (W)	Go with:
1457# 1916	06-03	06-03 24:00	06-03 00:00	FP & W
1458#	09-30	09-30 24:00	09-30 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
1459# 1917	04-01	03-31 24:00	03-31 00:00	FP & S
1460#	09-30	09-29 24:00	09-30 01:00	FP & W
1461# 1918	03-09	03-09 24:00	03-09 00:00	FP & S
1462#	10-06	10-05 24:00	10-06 01:00	FP & W
1463# 1919	03-01	03-01 24:00	03-01 00:00	FP & S
1464#	10-04	10-04 24:00	10-04 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
1465# 1920	03-20	03-20 24:00	03-20 00:00	FP & S
1466#	09-18	09-18 24:00	10-01 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
1467# 1944	04-02	04-03 02:00			S (see C-Eur)
1468#	09-16	10-02 03:00			FP; guess 24:00s
1469# 1945	09-14	09-16 24:00			FP; guess 24:00s
1470# 1970	05-21	05-31 00:00			S
1471#	09-20	09-27 00:00			S
1472#
1473# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1474Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00s	1:00	S
1475Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
1476Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
1477Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
1478Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Mar	10	0:00s	1:00	S
1479Rule	Italy	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00s	0	-
1480Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Mar	 2	0:00s	1:00	S
1481Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Mar	21	0:00s	1:00	S
1482Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Sep	19	0:00s	0	-
1483Rule	Italy	1940	only	-	Jun	15	0:00s	1:00	S
1484Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Sep	17	0:00s	0	-
1485Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00	1:00	S
1486Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Sep	15	0:00s	0	-
1487Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Mar	17	2:00s	1:00	S
1488Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00s	0	-
1489Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Mar	16	0:00s	1:00	S
1490Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00s	0	-
1491Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Feb	29	2:00s	1:00	S
1492Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	-
1493Rule	Italy	1966	1968	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	S
1494Rule	Italy	1966	1969	-	Sep	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
1495Rule	Italy	1969	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
1496Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	May	31	0:00	1:00	S
1497Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
1498Rule	Italy	1971	1972	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	S
1499Rule	Italy	1971	only	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00	0	-
1500Rule	Italy	1972	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
1501Rule	Italy	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	S
1502Rule	Italy	1973	1974	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
1503Rule	Italy	1974	only	-	May	26	0:00	1:00	S
1504Rule	Italy	1975	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
1505Rule	Italy	1975	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00s	0	-
1506Rule	Italy	1976	only	-	May	30	0:00s	1:00	S
1507Rule	Italy	1977	1979	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00s	1:00	S
1508Rule	Italy	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
1509Rule	Italy	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
1510# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1511Zone	Europe/Rome	0:49:56 -	LMT	1866 Sep 22
1512			0:49:56	-	RMT	1893 Nov  1  0:00s # Rome Mean
1513			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2  2:00s
1514			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul
1515			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1980
1516			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1517
1518Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/Vatican
1519Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
1520
1521# Latvia
1522
1523# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1524
1525# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1526# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1527# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1528# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1529#
1530# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1531# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1532# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1533# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1534# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1535#
1536# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1537# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1538# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1539# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1540# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1541# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1542#
1543# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1544# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1545# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1546# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1547# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1548# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1549# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward.  The end of
1550# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1551# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1552# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1553#
1554# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1555# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1556# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1557
1558# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1559# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1560# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1561# 29-Feb-2000 (#79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1562# in Latvian for subscribers only).
1563
1564# From RFE/RL Newsline
1565# http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1566# (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1567# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1568# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1569# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1570# clocks one hour in the spring....
1571# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1572# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1573# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1574# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1575# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1576# appears that they will not do so....
1577
1578# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1579Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
1580Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
1581
1582# Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1583# Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1584# Go with Byalokoz.
1585
1586# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1587Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:34	-	LMT	1880
1588			1:36:34	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15  2:00 # Riga MT
1589			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16  3:00 # Latvian ST
1590			1:36:34	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1  2:00
1591			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1919 May 22  3:00
1592			1:36:34	-	RMT	1926 May 11
1593			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  5
1594			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jul
1595			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct 13
1596			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar lastSun  2:00s
1597			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep lastSun  2:00s
1598			2:00	Latvia	EE%sT	1997 Jan 21
1599			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2000 Feb 29
1600			2:00	-	EET	2001 Jan  2
1601			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1602
1603# Liechtenstein
1604
1605# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1606# Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1607
1608# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1609# http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1610# ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1611# I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1612#    ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1613#    introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland.  From 1943 on
1614#    central European time was in force throughout the year.
1615#    From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1616#    regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1617
1618Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1619
1620
1621# Lithuania
1622
1623# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1624# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1625# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1626
1627# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1628# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1629# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1630
1631# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1632# via Steffen Thorsen:
1633# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1634# to be valid here starting from October 31,
1635# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1636# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1637# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1638# already done by Estonia.
1639
1640# From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1641# <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1642# Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1643
1644# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1645# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1646# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1647# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1648# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1649# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1650# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1651
1652
1653# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1654Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
1655			1:24:00	-	WMT	1917        # Warsaw Mean Time
1656			1:35:36	-	KMT	1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1657			1:00	-	CET	1920 Jul 12
1658			2:00	-	EET	1920 Oct  9
1659			1:00	-	CET	1940 Aug  3
1660			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 24
1661			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug
1662			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
1663			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
1664			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998
1665			2:00	-	EET	1998 Mar 29  1:00u
1666			1:00	EU	CE%sT	1999 Oct 31  1:00u
1667			2:00	-	EET	2003 Jan  1
1668			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1669
1670# Luxembourg
1671# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1672# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1673# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1674Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
1675Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
1676Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Apr	28	23:00	1:00	S
1677Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Sep	17	 1:00	0	-
1678Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
1679Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
1680Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00	1:00	S
1681Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Oct	 5	 3:00	0	-
1682Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
1683Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Oct	24	 2:00	0	-
1684Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00	1:00	S
1685Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Oct	26	 2:00	0	-
1686Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00	1:00	S
1687Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
1688Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00	1:00	S
1689Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00	0	-
1690Rule	Lux	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00	1:00	S
1691Rule	Lux	1924	1928	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
1692Rule	Lux	1925	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
1693Rule	Lux	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00	1:00	S
1694Rule	Lux	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00	1:00	S
1695Rule	Lux	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00	1:00	S
1696Rule	Lux	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
1697# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1698Zone Europe/Luxembourg	0:24:36 -	LMT	1904 Jun
1699			1:00	Lux	CE%sT	1918 Nov 25
1700			0:00	Lux	WE%sT	1929 Oct  6  2:00s
1701			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 14  3:00
1702			1:00	C-Eur	WE%sT	1944 Sep 18  3:00
1703			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
1704			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1705
1706# Macedonia
1707# See Europe/Belgrade.
1708
1709# Malta
1710# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1711Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Mar	31	0:00s	1:00	S
1712Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Sep	29	0:00s	0	-
1713Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Apr	21	0:00s	1:00	S
1714Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Sep	16	0:00s	0	-
1715Rule	Malta	1975	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
1716Rule	Malta	1975	1980	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
1717Rule	Malta	1980	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
1718# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1719Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2  0:00s # Valletta
1720			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2  2:00s
1721			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00s
1722			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1973 Mar 31
1723			1:00	Malta	CE%sT	1981
1724			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1725
1726# Moldova
1727
1728# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1729# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1730# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1731# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1732# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1733# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1734# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1735# But [two people] separately reported via
1736# Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1737# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1738#
1739# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1740# Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1741# "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1742# to the Winter Time).
1743#
1744# News (in Russian):
1745# http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1746# http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1747#
1748# The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1749# is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1750#
1751# From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1752# In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1753# a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1754#
1755# (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1756#
1757# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1758# NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1759# As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1760# decision to abolish DST this winter.
1761# Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1762# Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1763# News from Moldova (in russian):
1764# http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1765
1766
1767# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1768Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1880
1769			1:55	-	CMT	1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1770			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1771			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1940 Aug 15
1772			2:00	1:00	EEST	1941 Jul 17
1773			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 24
1774			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
1775			3:00	-	MSK	1990 May 6
1776			2:00	-	EET	1991
1777			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992
1778			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
1779# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1780			2:00	EU	EE%sT
1781
1782# Monaco
1783# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1784# more precise 0:09:21.
1785# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1786Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
1787			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1788			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
1789			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
1790			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1791
1792# Montenegro
1793# See Europe/Belgrade.
1794
1795# Netherlands
1796
1797# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1798# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1799
1800# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1801# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1802# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1803# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1804# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1805# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1806# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1807# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1808# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1809#
1810# (2001-04-08):
1811# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1812# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1813# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1814#
1815# (2001-04-09):
1816# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1817# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1818# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1819# actually followed.
1820#
1821# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1822# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1823# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1824# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1825# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1826#
1827# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1828# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1829# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1830# Amsterdam mean time.
1831
1832# The data entries before 1945 are taken from
1833# http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm
1834
1835# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1836Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	NST	# Netherlands Summer Time
1837Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	AMT	# Amsterdam Mean Time
1838Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Apr	16	2:00s	1:00	NST
1839Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	AMT
1840Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Apr	Mon>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
1841Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Sep	lastMon	2:00s	0	AMT
1842Rule	Neth	1922	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	NST
1843Rule	Neth	1922	1936	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	AMT
1844Rule	Neth	1923	only	-	Jun	Fri>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
1845Rule	Neth	1924	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	NST
1846Rule	Neth	1925	only	-	Jun	Fri>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
1847# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1848# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1849Rule	Neth	1926	1931	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
1850Rule	Neth	1932	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
1851Rule	Neth	1933	1936	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
1852Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
1853Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
1854Rule	Neth	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	-
1855Rule	Neth	1938	1939	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	S
1856Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
1857Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
1858#
1859# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1860# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1861# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1862Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:32 -	LMT	1835
1863			0:19:32	Neth	%s	1937 Jul  1
1864			0:20	Neth	NE%sT	1940 May 16  0:00 # Dutch Time
1865			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
1866			1:00	Neth	CE%sT	1977
1867			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1868
1869# Norway
1870# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1871# Pottenger.
1872# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1873Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	May	22	1:00	1:00	S
1874Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
1875Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
1876Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
1877Rule	Norway	1959	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	S
1878Rule	Norway	1959	1965	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
1879Rule	Norway	1965	only	-	Apr	25	2:00s	1:00	S
1880# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1881Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
1882			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1940 Aug 10 23:00
1883			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
1884			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1980
1885			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1886
1887# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1888
1889# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1890# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1891# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1892# time they were declared as parts of Norway.  Svalbard was declared
1893# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1894# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1895# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
1896# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>).  The law/regulation
1897# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1898# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1899# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1900# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
1901# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1902# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
1903# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1904# since 1921.  Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1905# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1906# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1907
1908# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
1909#
1910# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1911# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1912# keeping Berlin time.
1913#
1914# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1915# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1916# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1917# frequent air attacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
1918# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City".  Possibly
1919# the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1920# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1921#
1922# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1923# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1924# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>).  The Svalbard FAQ
1925# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1926# expelled on 1942-05-14.  However, small parties of Germans did return,
1927# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1928# http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
1929# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1930# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1931#
1932# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
1933# for these regions.
1934Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
1935
1936# Poland
1937
1938# The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
1939# <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
1940
1941# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
1942Rule	Poland	1918	1919	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
1943Rule	Poland	1919	only	-	Apr	15	2:00s	1:00	S
1944Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	S
1945# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1946Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
1947# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1948Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Apr	29	0:00	1:00	S
1949Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
1950# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1951# Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1952# http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
1953# Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1954# He also gives these further references:
1955# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1956# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1957Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Apr	14	0:00s	1:00	S
1958Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
1959Rule	Poland	1947	only	-	May	 4	2:00s	1:00	S
1960Rule	Poland	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
1961Rule	Poland	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
1962Rule	Poland	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
1963Rule	Poland	1957	only	-	Jun	 2	1:00s	1:00	S
1964Rule	Poland	1957	1958	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
1965Rule	Poland	1958	only	-	Mar	30	1:00s	1:00	S
1966Rule	Poland	1959	only	-	May	31	1:00s	1:00	S
1967Rule	Poland	1959	1961	-	Oct	Sun>=1	1:00s	0	-
1968Rule	Poland	1960	only	-	Apr	 3	1:00s	1:00	S
1969Rule	Poland	1961	1964	-	May	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
1970Rule	Poland	1962	1964	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
1971# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
1972Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
1973			1:24:00	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1974			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Sep 16  3:00
1975			2:00	Poland	EE%sT	1922 Jun
1976			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1940 Jun 23  2:00
1977			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
1978			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1977
1979			1:00	W-Eur	CE%sT	1988
1980			1:00	EU	CE%sT
1981
1982# Portugal
1983#
1984# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
1985# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
1986# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
1987# Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
1988# Round the old offset to -0:36:45.  This agrees with Willett but disagrees
1989# with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
1990# Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
1991#
1992# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1993# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1994# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1995#
1996# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1997# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1998# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1999#
2000# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2001# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2002# at 02:00u, not 01:00u.  Assume that these are typos.
2003# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2004# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2005# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2006# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2007#
2008# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2009# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2010# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2011# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2012Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Jun	17	23:00	1:00	S
2013# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2014Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Nov	 1	 1:00	0	-
2015Rule	Port	1917	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
2016Rule	Port	1917	1921	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
2017Rule	Port	1918	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
2018Rule	Port	1919	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
2019Rule	Port	1920	only	-	Feb	29	23:00s	1:00	S
2020Rule	Port	1921	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
2021Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
2022Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
2023Rule	Port	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
2024Rule	Port	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
2025Rule	Port	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
2026Rule	Port	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
2027Rule	Port	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
2028Rule	Port	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
2029# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2030Rule	Port	1931	1932	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
2031Rule	Port	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
2032Rule	Port	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
2033# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2034Rule	Port	1934	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
2035# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2036Rule	Port	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
2037Rule	Port	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
2038# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2039Rule	Port	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
2040Rule	Port	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
2041Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
2042# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2043Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
2044Rule	Port	1940	only	-	Feb	24	23:00s	1:00	S
2045# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2046Rule	Port	1940	1941	-	Oct	 5	23:00s	0	-
2047Rule	Port	1941	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
2048Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Mar	Sat>=8	23:00s	1:00	S
2049Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Apr	25	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
2050Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Aug	15	22:00s	1:00	S
2051Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Oct	Sat>=24	23:00s	0	-
2052Rule	Port	1943	only	-	Apr	17	22:00s	2:00	M
2053Rule	Port	1943	1945	-	Aug	Sat>=25	22:00s	1:00	S
2054Rule	Port	1944	1945	-	Apr	Sat>=21	22:00s	2:00	M
2055Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	S
2056Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
2057Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
2058Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
2059# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2060# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2061Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
2062Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
2063Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Mar	27	 0:00s	1:00	S
2064Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Sep	25	 0:00s	0	-
2065Rule	Port	1978	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00s	1:00	S
2066Rule	Port	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
2067Rule	Port	1979	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
2068Rule	Port	1980	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
2069Rule	Port	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
2070Rule	Port	1983	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
2071#
2072# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2073Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:45 -	LMT	1884
2074			-0:36:45 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2075			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3  2:00
2076			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26  1:00
2077			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
2078			 0:00	W-Eur	WE%sT	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
2079			 1:00	EU	CE%sT	1996 Mar 31  1:00u
2080			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
2081Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884        # Ponta Delgada
2082			-1:54:32 -	HMT	1912 Jan  1 # Horta Mean Time
2083			-2:00	Port	AZO%sT	1966 Apr  3  2:00  # Azores Time
2084			-1:00	Port	AZO%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
2085			-1:00	W-Eur	AZO%sT	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
2086			 0:00	EU	WE%sT	1993 Mar 28  1:00u
2087			-1:00	EU	AZO%sT
2088Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884        # Funchal
2089			-1:07:36 -	FMT	1912 Jan  1 # Funchal Mean Time
2090			-1:00	Port	MAD%sT	1966 Apr  3  2:00 # Madeira Time
2091			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
2092			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
2093
2094# Romania
2095#
2096# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2097# Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2098# (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2099# 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
2100# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2101# the same year as Bulgaria.
2102#
2103# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2104Rule	Romania	1932	only	-	May	21	 0:00s	1:00	S
2105Rule	Romania	1932	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00s	0	-
2106Rule	Romania	1933	1939	-	Apr	Sun>=2	 0:00s	1:00	S
2107Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	May	27	 0:00	1:00	S
2108Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
2109Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
2110Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
2111Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
2112Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
2113# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2114Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
2115			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2116			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29  2:00s
2117			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
2118			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1994
2119			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
2120			2:00	EU	EE%sT
2121
2122
2123# Russia
2124
2125# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2126# Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
2127# (Government document
2128# http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2129# in Russian)
2130# there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2131# All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2132# by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2133# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2134
2135# From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2136# Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2137# http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2138# They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2139
2140# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2141# Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2142# changed in September 2011:
2143#
2144# One source is
2145# http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2146# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2147# 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2148#
2149# Another source is
2150# http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2151# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2152# Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2153# contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2154# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2155# does not contain any "effective date" information.
2156#
2157# Another source is
2158# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2159# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
2160# Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2161# but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2162#
2163# The Wikipedia article refers to
2164# http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2165# which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2166#
2167# Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2168# "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2169# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2170# get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2171# Conradi notes).
2172#
2173# None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2174#
2175# Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2176
2177# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2178# According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2179# http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2180# the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2181# winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones.  The new
2182# regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2183# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2184# Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2185# 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2186# areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2187# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2188#
2189# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2190# Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2191# http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2192# http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2193# http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2194# From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
2195# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2196
2197# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2198# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2199# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2200# are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2201# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2202# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2203#
2204# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2205# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2206# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2207# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2208# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2209#
2210# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2211# 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2212# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2213# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2214# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2215#
2216# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2217# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2218# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2219# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2220#
2221# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2222# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2223# News - often false - is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
2224# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2225# the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2226# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2227#
2228# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2229# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2230# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade.  I start with the
2231# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2232# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2233# since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
2234# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2235# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2236
2237# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2238# The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2239# with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2240# are covered by each zone.  They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2241# listing.  The region codes listed come from
2242# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2243# and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2244# future stability.  ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2245# divisions where available.
2246
2247# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2248
2249
2250# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2251# Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2252# 39	RU-KGD	Kaliningrad Oblast
2253
2254Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 -	LMT	1893 Apr
2255			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
2256			 2:00	Poland	CE%sT	1946
2257			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2258			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2259			 3:00	-	FET	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2260			 2:00	-	EET
2261
2262
2263# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2264# Europe/Moscow covers...
2265# 01	RU-AD	Adygea, Republic of
2266# 05	RU-DA	Dagestan, Republic of
2267# 06	RU-IN	Ingushetia, Republic of
2268# 07	RU-KB	Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2269# 08	RU-KL	Kalmykia, Republic of
2270# 09	RU-KC	Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2271# 10	RU-KR	Karelia, Republic of
2272# 11	RU-KO	Komi Republic
2273# 12	RU-ME	Mari El Republic
2274# 13	RU-MO	Mordovia, Republic of
2275# 15	RU-SE	North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2276# 16	RU-TA	Tatarstan, Republic of
2277# 20	RU-CE	Chechen Republic
2278# 21	RU-CU	Chuvash Republic
2279# 23	RU-KDA	Krasnodar Krai
2280# 26	RU-STA	Stavropol Krai
2281# 29	RU-ARK	Arkhangelsk Oblast
2282# 31	RU-BEL	Belgorod Oblast
2283# 32	RU-BRY	Bryansk Oblast
2284# 33	RU-VLA	Vladimir Oblast
2285# 35	RU-VLG	Vologda Oblast
2286# 36	RU-VOR	Voronezh Oblast
2287# 37	RU-IVA	Ivanovo Oblast
2288# 40	RU-KLU	Kaluga Oblast
2289# 44	RU-KOS	Kostroma Oblast
2290# 46	RU-KRS	Kursk Oblast
2291# 47	RU-LEN	Leningrad Oblast
2292# 48	RU-LIP	Lipetsk Oblast
2293# 50	RU-MOS	Moscow Oblast
2294# 51	RU-MUR	Murmansk Oblast
2295# 52	RU-NIZ	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2296# 53	RU-NGR	Novgorod Oblast
2297# 57	RU-ORL	Oryol Oblast
2298# 58	RU-PNZ	Penza Oblast
2299# 60	RU-PSK	Pskov Oblast
2300# 61	RU-ROS	Rostov Oblast
2301# 62	RU-RYA	Ryazan Oblast
2302# 67	RU-SMO	Smolensk Oblast
2303# 68	RU-TAM	Tambov Oblast
2304# 69	RU-TVE	Tver Oblast
2305# 71	RU-TUL	Tula Oblast
2306# 73	RU-ULY	Ulyanovsk Oblast
2307# 76	RU-YAR	Yaroslavl Oblast
2308# 77	RU-MOW	Moscow
2309# 78	RU-SPE	Saint Petersburg
2310# 83	RU-NEN	Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2311
2312# From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2313# LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2314# Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2315# LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2316# (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2317# The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2318# Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg.  In 1916 LMT Moscow
2319# was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2320# coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2321# 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19.  LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2322# 2:31:19 ...
2323#
2324# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2325# Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2326# Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2327# Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2328# Russian and French.  This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2329
2330Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:17 -	LMT	1880
2331			 2:30:17 -	MMT	1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
2332			 2:31:19 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1  2:00
2333			 3:00	Russia	%s	1921 Oct
2334			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
2335			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
2336			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2337			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2338			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2339			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2340			 3:00	-	MSK
2341
2342
2343# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2344# Europe/Simferopol covers...
2345# **	****	Crimea, Republic of
2346# **	****	Sevastopol
2347
2348Zone Europe/Simferopol	 2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
2349			 2:16	-	SMT	1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
2350			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
2351			 3:00	-	MSK	1941 Nov
2352			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Apr 13
2353			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
2354			 3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
2355			 2:00	-	EET	1992
2356# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2357#
2358# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2359# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2360# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2361# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2362# sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2363# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
2364# changed in May.
2365			 2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1994 May
2366# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2367			 3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996 Mar 31  3:00s
2368			 3:00	1:00	MSD	1996 Oct 27  3:00s
2369# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2370# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2371			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1997
2372			 3:00	-	MSK	1997 Mar lastSun  1:00u
2373# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2374# time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2375# http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2376# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2377# Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2378# late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2379# and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2380			 2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  2:00
2381			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2382			 3:00	-	MSK
2383
2384
2385# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2386# Europe/Volgograd covers...
2387# 30	RU-AST	Astrakhan Oblast
2388# 34	RU-VGG	Volgograd Oblast
2389# 43	RU-KIR	Kirov Oblast
2390# 64	RU-SAR	Saratov Oblast
2391
2392# From Paul Eggert (2006-05-09):
2393# Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400 but Wikipedia says +0300.
2394# Perhaps it switched after the others?  But we have no data.
2395
2396Zone Europe/Volgograd	 2:57:40 -	LMT	1920 Jan  3
2397			 3:00	-	TSAT	1925 Apr  6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2398			 3:00	-	STAT	1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2399			 4:00	-	STAT	1961 Nov 11
2400			 4:00	Russia	VOL%sT	1989 Mar 26  2:00s # Volgograd T
2401			 3:00	Russia	VOL%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2402			 4:00	-	VOLT	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
2403			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2404			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2405			 3:00	-	MSK
2406
2407
2408# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2409# Europe/Samara covers...
2410# 18	RU-UD	Udmurt Republic
2411# 63	RU-SAM	Samara Oblast
2412
2413# Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2414
2415Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:20 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  2:00
2416			 3:00	-	SAMT	1930 Jun 21
2417			 4:00	-	SAMT	1935 Jan 27
2418			 4:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1989 Mar 26  2:00s # Kuybyshev
2419			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2420			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
2421			 3:00	-	KUYT	1991 Oct 20  3:00
2422			 4:00	Russia	SAM%sT	2010 Mar 28  2:00s # Samara Time
2423			 3:00	Russia	SAM%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2424			 4:00	-	SAMT
2425
2426
2427# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2428# Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2429# 02	RU-BA	Bashkortostan, Republic of
2430# 90	RU-PER	Perm Krai
2431# 45	RU-KGN	Kurgan Oblast
2432# 56	RU-ORE	Orenburg Oblast
2433# 66	RU-SVE	Sverdlovsk Oblast
2434# 72	RU-TYU	Tyumen Oblast
2435# 74	RU-CHE	Chelyabinsk Oblast
2436# 86	RU-KHM	Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2437# 89	RU-YAN	Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2438#
2439# Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2440# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2441
2442# Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2443# Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
2444# Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
2445# The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
2446
2447Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:33 -	LMT	1916 Jul  3
2448			 3:45:05 -	PMT	1919 Jul 15  4:00
2449			 4:00	-	SVET	1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2450			 5:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2451			 4:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2452			 5:00	Russia	YEK%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2453			 6:00	-	YEKT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2454			 5:00	-	YEKT
2455
2456
2457# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2458# Asia/Omsk covers...
2459# 04	RU-AL	Altai Republic
2460# 22	RU-ALT	Altai Krai
2461# 55	RU-OMS	Omsk Oblast
2462
2463# Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
2464
2465Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:30 -	LMT	1919 Nov 14
2466			 5:00	-	OMST	1930 Jun 21 # Omsk Time
2467			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2468			 5:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2469			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2470			 7:00	-	OMST	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2471			 6:00	-	OMST
2472
2473
2474# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2475# Asia/Novosibirsk covers...
2476# 54	RU-NVS	Novosibirsk Oblast
2477# 70	RU-TOM	Tomsk Oblast
2478
2479# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2480# not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2481
2482Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14  6:00
2483			 6:00	-	NOVT	1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2484			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2485			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2486			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2487			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2488			 7:00	-	NOVT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2489			 6:00	-	NOVT
2490
2491
2492# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2493# Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
2494# 42	RU-KEM	Kemerovo Oblast
2495
2496# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2497# Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2498# March 28, 2010:
2499# from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2500# to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2501#
2502# This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2503# 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2504# time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2505#
2506# Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2507# http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2508# or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2509# map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2510# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2511#
2512# Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2513# Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2514#
2515# As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2516# Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2517
2518# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2519# The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
2520# realigning itself with KRAT.
2521
2522Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk	 5:48:48 -	LMT	1924 May  1
2523			 6:00	-	KRAT	1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2524			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2525			 6:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2526			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
2527			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s # Novosibirsk
2528			 7:00	-	NOVT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2529			 7:00	-	KRAT	# Krasnoyarsk Time
2530
2531
2532# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2533# Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
2534# 17	RU-TY	Tuva Republic
2535# 19	RU-KK	Khakassia, Republic of
2536# 24	RU-KYA	Krasnoyarsk Krai
2537#
2538# Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
2539# Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
2540
2541# Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
2542
2543Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:26 -	LMT	1920 Jan  6
2544			 6:00	-	KRAT	1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2545			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2546			 6:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2547			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2548			 8:00	-	KRAT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2549			 7:00	-	KRAT
2550
2551
2552# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2553# Asia/Irkutsk covers...
2554# 03	RU-BU	Buryatia, Republic of
2555# 38	RU-IRK	Irkutsk Oblast
2556#
2557# Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
2558# merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
2559
2560# Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
2561# Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
2562# Go with Byalokoz.
2563
2564Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:05 -	LMT	1880
2565			 6:57:05 -	IMT	1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2566			 7:00	-	IRKT	1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2567			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2568			 7:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2569			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2570			 9:00	-	IRKT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2571			 8:00	-	IRKT
2572
2573
2574# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2575# Asia/Chita covers...
2576# 92	RU-ZAB	Zabaykalsky Krai
2577#
2578# Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
2579# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
2580
2581Zone Asia/Chita	 7:33:52 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
2582			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2583			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2584			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2585			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2586			10:00	-	YAKT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2587			 8:00	-	IRKT
2588
2589
2590# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2591# Asia/Yakutsk covers...
2592# 28	RU-AMU	Amur Oblast
2593#
2594# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2595# 14-02	****	Aldansky District
2596# 14-04	****	Amginsky District
2597# 14-05	****	Anabarsky District
2598# 14-06	****	Bulunsky District
2599# 14-07	****	Verkhnevilyuysky District
2600# 14-10	****	Vilyuysky District
2601# 14-11	****	Gorny District
2602# 14-12	****	Zhigansky District
2603# 14-13	****	Kobyaysky District
2604# 14-14	****	Lensky District
2605# 14-15	****	Megino-Kangalassky District
2606# 14-16	****	Mirninsky District
2607# 14-18	****	Namsky District
2608# 14-19	****	Neryungrinsky District
2609# 14-21	****	Nyurbinsky District
2610# 14-23	****	Olenyoksky District
2611# 14-24	****	Olyokminsky District
2612# 14-26	****	Suntarsky District
2613# 14-27	****	Tattinsky District
2614# 14-29	****	Ust-Aldansky District
2615# 14-32	****	Khangalassky District
2616# 14-33	****	Churapchinsky District
2617# 14-34	****	Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
2618
2619# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2620# Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
2621# Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
2622# Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
2623
2624# Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
2625
2626Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:58 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
2627			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2628			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2629			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2630			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2631			10:00	-	YAKT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2632			 9:00	-	YAKT
2633
2634
2635# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2636# Asia/Vladivostok covers...
2637# 25	RU-PRI	Primorsky Krai
2638# 27	RU-KHA	Khabarovsk Krai
2639# 79	RU-YEV	Jewish Autonomous Oblast
2640#
2641# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2642# 14-09	****	Verkhoyansky District
2643# 14-31	****	Ust-Yansky District
2644
2645# Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
2646# Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
2647# Go with Byalokoz.
2648
2649Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:31 -	LMT	1922 Nov 15
2650			 9:00	-	VLAT	1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2651			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2652			 9:00	Russia	VLA%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2653			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2654			11:00	-	VLAT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2655			10:00	-	VLAT
2656
2657
2658# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2659# Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2660# 14-28	****	Tomponsky District
2661# 14-30	****	Ust-Maysky District
2662
2663# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2664# Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
2665# in 2011.
2666
2667# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
2668# Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
2669# Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
2670# This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
2671
2672Zone Asia/Khandyga	 9:02:13 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
2673			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2674			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2675			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2676			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2004
2677			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2678			11:00	-	VLAT	2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
2679			10:00	-	YAKT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2680			 9:00	-	YAKT
2681
2682
2683# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2684# Asia/Sakhalin covers...
2685# 65	RU-SAK	Sakhalin Oblast
2686# ...with the exception of:
2687# 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
2688
2689# The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2690Zone Asia/Sakhalin	 9:30:48 -	LMT	1905 Aug 23
2691			 9:00	-	JCST	1937 Oct  1
2692			 9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 25
2693			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s # Sakhalin T
2694			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2695			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1997 Mar lastSun  2:00s
2696			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2697			11:00	-	SAKT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2698			10:00	-	SAKT
2699
2700
2701# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2702# Asia/Magadan covers...
2703# 49	RU-MAG	Magadan Oblast
2704
2705# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2706# Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
2707# several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
2708# the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
2709# until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11.  These regions will
2710# need their own zone.
2711
2712Zone Asia/Magadan	10:03:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
2713			10:00	-	MAGT	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2714			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2715			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2716			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2717			12:00	-	MAGT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2718			10:00	-	MAGT
2719
2720
2721# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2722# Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2723# 14-01	****	Abyysky District
2724# 14-03	****	Allaikhovsky District
2725# 14-08	****	Verkhnekolymsky District
2726# 14-17	****	Momsky District
2727# 14-20	****	Nizhnekolymsky District
2728# 14-25	****	Srednekolymsky District
2729#
2730# ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
2731# 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
2732
2733# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
2734# Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
2735# most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
2736# 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
2737# of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
2738# Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
2739
2740# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2741# Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
2742# There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
2743# Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
2744#
2745# Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
2746# districts, but have very similar populations.  In fact, Wikipedia currently
2747# lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
2748# each!  (Yikes!)
2749# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
2750# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
2751# Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
2752#
2753# Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
2754# fluctuated recently.  Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
2755# 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
2756# recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170.  (See pages 195 and 197 of
2757# http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
2758# in Russian.)  In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
2759# settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
2760# Go with Srednekolymsk.
2761#
2762# Since Magadan Oblast moves to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26, we cannot keep using MAGT
2763# as the abbreviation.  Use SRET instead.
2764
2765Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk	10:14:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
2766			10:00	-	MAGT	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2767			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2768			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2769			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2770			12:00	-	MAGT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2771			11:00	-	SRET	# Srednekolymsk Time
2772
2773
2774# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2775# Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2776# 14-22	****	Oymyakonsky District
2777
2778# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2779# Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
2780# Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
2781#
2782# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2783# It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
2784# as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
2785# Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
2786# UTC+12 since at least then, too.
2787
2788Zone Asia/Ust-Nera	 9:32:54 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
2789			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2790			 9:00	Russia	YAKT	1981 Apr  1
2791			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2792			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2793			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2794			12:00	-	MAGT	2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
2795			11:00	-	VLAT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
2796			10:00	-	VLAT
2797
2798
2799# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2800# Asia/Kamchatka covers...
2801# 91	RU-KAM	Kamchatka Krai
2802#
2803# Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
2804# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
2805
2806# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
2807# Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
2808Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1922 Nov 10
2809			11:00	-	PETT	1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2810			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2811			11:00	Russia	PET%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2812			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
2813			11:00	Russia	PET%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2814			12:00	-	PETT
2815
2816
2817# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2818# Asia/Anadyr covers...
2819# 87	RU-CHU	Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
2820
2821Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
2822			12:00	-	ANAT	1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2823			13:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1982 Apr  1  0:00s
2824			12:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
2825			11:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
2826			12:00	Russia	ANA%sT	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
2827			11:00	Russia	ANA%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
2828			12:00	-	ANAT
2829
2830
2831# San Marino
2832# See Europe/Rome.
2833
2834# Serbia
2835# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2836Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
2837			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
2838			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
2839			1:00	-	CET	1945 May  8  2:00s
2840			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
2841# Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
2842# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2843# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
2844			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
2845			1:00	EU	CE%sT
2846Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana	# Slovenia
2847Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica	# Montenegro
2848Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo	# Bosnia and Herzegovina
2849Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje	# Macedonia
2850Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb	# Croatia
2851
2852# Slovakia
2853Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2854
2855# Slovenia
2856# See Europe/Belgrade.
2857
2858# Spain
2859# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2860# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2861# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2862Rule	Spain	1917	only	-	May	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
2863Rule	Spain	1917	1919	-	Oct	 6	23:00s	0	-
2864Rule	Spain	1918	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
2865Rule	Spain	1919	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
2866# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2867Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
2868# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2869Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Oct	 4	23:00s	0	-
2870Rule	Spain	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
2871# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2872Rule	Spain	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
2873Rule	Spain	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
2874Rule	Spain	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
2875Rule	Spain	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
2876# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2877# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2878Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	May	22	23:00s	1:00	S
2879Rule	Spain	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
2880Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Mar	22	23:00s	1:00	S
2881Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
2882Rule	Spain	1940	only	-	Mar	16	23:00s	1:00	S
2883# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2884Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
2885Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	Sep	 1	22:00s	1:00	S
2886Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	22:00s	2:00	M
2887Rule	Spain	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	22:00s	1:00	S
2888Rule	Spain	1944	only	-	Oct	10	22:00s	1:00	S
2889Rule	Spain	1945	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	1:00	S
2890Rule	Spain	1946	only	-	Sep	30	 0:00	0	-
2891Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
2892Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	0	-
2893Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Apr	Sat>=13	23:00	1:00	S
2894Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
2895Rule	Spain	1976	only	-	Mar	27	23:00	1:00	S
2896Rule	Spain	1976	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
2897Rule	Spain	1977	1978	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
2898Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
2899# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2900Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	S
2901Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
2902Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	S
2903Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
2904Rule SpainAfrica 1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
2905Rule SpainAfrica 1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
2906Rule SpainAfrica 1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
2907Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
2908Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
2909# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2910Zone	Europe/Madrid	-0:14:44 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1  0:00s
2911			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1946 Sep 30
2912			 1:00	Spain	CE%sT	1979
2913			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
2914Zone	Africa/Ceuta	-0:21:16 -	LMT	1901
2915			 0:00	-	WET	1918 May  6 23:00
2916			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1918 Oct  7 23:00
2917			 0:00	-	WET	1924
2918			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1929
2919			 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT	1984 Mar 16
2920			 1:00	-	CET	1986
2921			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
2922Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2923			-1:00	-	CANT	1946 Sep 30  1:00 # Canaries T
2924			 0:00	-	WET	1980 Apr  6  0:00s
2925			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1980 Sep 28  0:00s
2926			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
2927# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2928# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2929
2930# Sweden
2931
2932# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2933#
2934# The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2935# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2936# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2937# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2938# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm".  The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2939#
2940# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2941# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time.  Less 12 minutes gives the
2942# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2943#
2944# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2945# författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2946# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2947# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2948# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2949# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2950# 1899-06-16.  In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2951# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2952#
2953# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2954# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2955# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2956# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2957#
2958# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2959# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2960# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2961# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2962# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2963# the Sök-button).
2964#
2965# (2001-05-13):
2966#
2967# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2968# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2969# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time.  The article also reports that some
2970# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2971# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2972# hour before the event took place.
2973#
2974# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2975
2976# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
2977Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
2978			1:00:14	-	SET	1900 Jan  1 # Swedish Time
2979			1:00	-	CET	1916 May 14 23:00
2980			1:00	1:00	CEST	1916 Oct  1  1:00
2981			1:00	-	CET	1980
2982			1:00	EU	CE%sT
2983
2984# Switzerland
2985# From Howse:
2986# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2987# and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
2988# mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
2989# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
2990# From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
2991# Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	S
2992# Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
2993# From Shanks & Pottenger:
2994# Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
2995# Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
2996
2997# From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2998# I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
2999#
3000# As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
3001# to be wrong. This is now verified.
3002#
3003# I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
3004# government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
3005# federal law collection)...
3006#
3007# DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
3008# DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
3009#
3010# DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
3011# DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
3012#
3013# There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
3014# It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
3015# collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
3016# other years are made.
3017#
3018# Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
3019# about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
3020# night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
3021# a thing had happened in Switzerland.
3022#
3023# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3024# l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3025# false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3026# by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3027#
3028# The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3029# Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Mon>=1  1:00    1:00    S
3030# Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Mon>=1  2:00    0       -
3031#
3032# The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3033#
3034# One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3035# most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3036# describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3037# the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3038# follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3039# To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3040#
3041# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3042# The Federal regulations say
3043# http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3044# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
3045# Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3046
3047# From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3048# the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3049# http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3050# clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3051# but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3052# hour before the beginning of service.
3053
3054# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3055# Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3056#
3057# We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3058# except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12.  This book:
3059#
3060#	Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3061#	Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3062#	ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3063#
3064# suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3065# agree about civil time during the transition.  The timekeeping it gives the
3066# most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3067# "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3068# 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3069# (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859).  On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3070# practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3071# offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3072# (Google translation).  For now, model this transition as occurring on
3073# 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3074# legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3075
3076# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
3077Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Mon>=1	1:00	1:00	S
3078Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Mon>=1	2:00	0	-
3079# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3080Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3081			0:29:46	-	BMT	1894 Jun    # Bern Mean Time
3082			1:00	Swiss	CE%sT	1981
3083			1:00	EU	CE%sT
3084
3085# Turkey
3086
3087# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
3088# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
3089# ... The latest rules are available at:
3090# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
3091# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
3092# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
3093# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time.  I am not sure
3094# what happened before that.  One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
3095# http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
3096# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
3097# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
3098# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
3099# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
3100# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
3101# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
3102# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
3103
3104# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3105# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3106# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3107# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3108# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3109# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3110# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3111# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3112# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3113
3114# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3115# According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3116# time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3117# This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3118# http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3119# Turkish:
3120# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
3121
3122# From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3123# The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3124# Turkish Local election....
3125# http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3126# ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3127# From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3128# Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3129# I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3130# change delay.  Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3131# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3132# The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3133# change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not.  See:
3134# Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3135# http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3136# I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3137
3138# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
3139Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3140Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
3141Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
3142Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Oct	25	0:00	0	-
3143Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	0:00	1:00	S
3144Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
3145Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
3146Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
3147# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3148# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3149Rule	Turkey	1924	only	-	May	13	0:00	1:00	S
3150Rule	Turkey	1924	1925	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
3151Rule	Turkey	1925	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3152Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Jun	30	0:00	1:00	S
3153Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	0	-
3154Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3155Rule	Turkey	1941	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	-
3156Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3157# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
3158# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3159Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
3160Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	1:00	S
3161Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
3162Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3163Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
3164Rule	Turkey	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
3165Rule	Turkey	1947	1950	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
3166Rule	Turkey	1949	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	S
3167Rule	Turkey	1950	only	-	Apr	19	0:00	1:00	S
3168Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Apr	22	0:00	1:00	S
3169Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
3170Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
3171Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
3172Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	S
3173Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
3174Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	May	Sun>=2	0:00	1:00	S
3175Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
3176Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	1:00	1:00	S
3177Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Nov	 4	3:00	0	-
3178Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
3179Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Nov	 3	5:00	0	-
3180Rule	Turkey	1975	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
3181Rule	Turkey	1975	1976	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	-
3182Rule	Turkey	1976	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
3183Rule	Turkey	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
3184Rule	Turkey	1977	only	-	Oct	16	0:00	0	-
3185Rule	Turkey	1979	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00	1:00	S
3186Rule	Turkey	1979	1982	-	Oct	Mon>=11	0:00	0	-
3187Rule	Turkey	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	1:00	S
3188Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Jul	31	0:00	1:00	S
3189Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
3190Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Apr	20	0:00	1:00	S
3191Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
3192Rule	Turkey	1986	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	S
3193Rule	Turkey	1986	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
3194Rule	Turkey	1991	2006	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
3195Rule	Turkey	1991	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
3196Rule	Turkey	1996	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
3197# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3198Zone	Europe/Istanbul	1:55:52 -	LMT	1880
3199			1:56:56	-	IMT	1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3200			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	1978 Oct 15
3201			3:00	Turkey	TR%sT	1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
3202			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	2007
3203			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  1:00u
3204			2:00	-	EET	2011 Mar 28  1:00u
3205			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  1:00u
3206			2:00	-	EET	2014 Mar 31  1:00u
3207			2:00	EU	EE%sT
3208Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
3209
3210# Ukraine
3211#
3212# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3213# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3214# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3215# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3216# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3217# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3218# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3219
3220# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3221# On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3222# abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3223#
3224# Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3225# approval from 266 deputies.
3226#
3227# Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3228# http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3229#
3230# The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3231# http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3232#
3233# Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3234# http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3235#
3236# From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3237# Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3238# Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3239# time this year after all.
3240#
3241# From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3242# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3243# (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3244# to Russia) was reverted today:
3245# http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3246#
3247# Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3248# The law documents themselves are at
3249# http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3250
3251# From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3252# First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3253#       03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1       Time Zone 3 with DST
3254#       07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
3255# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3256# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3257#
3258# They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3259# "summer time" was still in action):
3260#       09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
3261# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3262# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3263#
3264# Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3265#       03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
3266#
3267# DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3268#       09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0       Time Zone 2, no DST
3269# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3270# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3271# This is an answer.
3272#
3273# Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3274#       03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1       DST started
3275#       09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0       DST ended
3276# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3277# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3278
3279# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
3280# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
3281# "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3282# "Kiev" is more common in English.
3283Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
3284			2:02:04	-	KMT	1924 May  2 # Kiev Mean Time
3285			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
3286			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 20
3287			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Nov  6
3288			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 Jul  1  2:00
3289			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29  3:00
3290			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
3291			2:00	EU	EE%sT
3292# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3293# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3294# "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3295Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
3296			1:00	-	CET	1940
3297			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
3298			1:00	1:00	CEST	1944 Oct 26
3299			1:00	-	CET	1945 Jun 29
3300			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
3301			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
3302			1:00	-	CET	1991 Mar 31  3:00
3303			2:00	-	EET	1992
3304			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
3305			2:00	EU	EE%sT
3306# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
3307# "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3308# "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English.  Use the common English
3309# spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
3310# portable Posix file names.
3311Zone Europe/Zaporozhye	2:20:40 -	LMT	1880
3312			2:20	-	CUT	1924 May  2 # Central Ukraine T
3313			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
3314			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Aug 25
3315			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Oct 25
3316			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00
3317			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
3318			2:00	EU	EE%sT
3319
3320# Vatican City
3321# See Europe/Rome.
3322
3323###############################################################################
3324
3325# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3326# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3327# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3328#
3329# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3330# uses the WE DST rules.  The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3331# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3332# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST).  It also claims that Turkey
3333# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3334# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3335
3336# ...
3337# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3338# From: Tom Hofmann
3339# ...
3340#
3341# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3342# most European countries started DST.  Before that year, only
3343# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3344# to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
3345# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3346# years...
3347# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3348# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3349# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3350# lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3351#
3352# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3353# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3354#
3355# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3356# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3357# ...
3358
3359# ...
3360# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3361# From: Dik T. Winter
3362# ...
3363#
3364# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3365# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3366# about DST in Europe.  I was able to find all from about 1969.
3367#
3368# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3369# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3370# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3371# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March.  And from 1982
3372# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3373# the Sov[i]et Union.  In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3374# dates...
3375#
3376# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3377# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3378# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3379# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3380# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe.  Another note: it is always
3381# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3382# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3383# in advance of normal time.
3384#
3385# ...
3386# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3387# ...
3388
3389# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3390# ...
3391# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3392# Since 1978.  Change at midnight.
3393# ...
3394# Monaco: has same DST as France.
3395# ...
3396