1# <pre> 2# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 3# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson. 4 5# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, 6# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to 7# tz@iana.org for general use in the future). 8 9# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 10# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is 11# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), 12# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). 13# 14# Gwillim Law writes that a good source 15# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport 16# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), 17# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries 18# of the IATA's data after 1990. 19# 20# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for 21# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards. 22# 23# Other sources occasionally used include: 24# 25# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, 26# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), 27# which I found in the UCLA library. 28# 29# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf"> 30# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition 31# </a> (1914-03) 32# 33# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94 34# <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes: 35# "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables 36# may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society, 37# Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org. 38# 39# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH), 40# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm"> 41# History of Summer Time 42# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese) 43 44# 45# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table; 46# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources. 47# Corrections are welcome! 48# std dst 2dst 49# LMT Local Mean Time 50# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic 51# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland* 52# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland* 53# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer 54# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer 55# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe 56# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)* 57# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)* 58# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe 59# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)* 60# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe 61# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow 62# 63# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain, 64# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). 65 66# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), 67# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy, 68# Luxembourg, the Netherlands. 69# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom. 70# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece. 71# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal. 72# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for 73# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8% 74# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous 75# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice. 76# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.) 77# ... 78# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT. 79# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards. 80# ... 81# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules]. 82# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact 83# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the 84# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed 85# in the Directive. 86 87 88############################################################################### 89 90# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire) 91 92# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06): 93# 94# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about 95# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo 96# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph 97# of the text said: 98# 99# 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands 100# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude 101# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed 102# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They 103# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament, 104# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking 105# along the towpath within a few yards of it.' 106# 107# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's 108# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should 109# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761. 110# 111# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.] 112 113# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18): 114# 115# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time. 116# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time, 117# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country. 118# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828) 119# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903). 120# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway 121# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most 122# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the 123# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be 124# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it. 125# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian, 126# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many 127# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public 128# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock 129# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands, 130# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal 131# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading 132# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13. 133# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition 134# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02. 135# 136# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single 137# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much 138# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time. 139 140# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27): 141# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915), 142# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society 143# who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907) 144# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April, 145# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September. 146# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times, 147# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests. 148# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and 149# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916. 150# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18). 151# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in 152# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular 153# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith, 154# designed by G. W. Miller, is the...William Willett Memorial Sundial, 155# which is permanently set to Summer Time. 156 157# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28): 158# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of 159# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country 160# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which 161# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the 162# foundations of civilization throughout the world. 163# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm"> 164# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly 165# </a> 166 167# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): 168# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving" 169# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this 170# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the 171# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer". 172 173# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19): 174# 175# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's 176# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom. 177 178# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed) 179# From: Jonathan Leffler 180# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament. 181# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in 182# politics making a fortune, not computing. 183 184# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14): 185# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the 186# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published 187# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and 188# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T." 189 190# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02): 191# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the 192# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516) 193# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945). 194 195# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03): 196# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir 197# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any 198# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't 199# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British 200# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally. 201# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png 202# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png 203 204# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21): 205# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time 206# which is to be introduced in May.... 207# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time" 208# which could not be said to run counter to any official description. 209 210# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02): 211# Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common 212# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first, 213# so we use 'BDST'. 214 215# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length 216# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom. 217# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating 218# and extending this list, which can be found in 219# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ 220# <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/"> 221# History of legal time in Britain 222# </a> 223# Rob Crowther (2012-01-04) reports that that URL no longer 224# exists, and the article can now be found at: 225# <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/"> 226# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ 227# </a> 228 229# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06): 230# 231# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC; 232# see Lord Tanlaw's speech 233# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0"> 234# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976) 235# </a>. 236 237# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 238# 239# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948. 240# 241# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger 242# are incorrect: 243# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until 244# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain. 245# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880. 246# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1. 247# It actually just had one transition. 248# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II. 249# Actually, it conformed to Britain. 250# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18. 251# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time. 252# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change). 253# 254# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger: 255# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT 256# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to 257# conform with Great Britain. 258# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise. 259# 260# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful; 261# we'll ignore it for now. 262# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00. 263# 264# 265# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than 266# Shanks & Pottenger. 267# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory 268# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was 269# to London. For example: 270# 271# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time." 272# -- James Joyce, Ulysses 273 274# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26): 275# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include 276# various relating to legal time, for example: 277# 278# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html 279# 280# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html 281# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html 282# 283# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html 284# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html 285# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html 286# 287# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html 288# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html 289# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html 290# 291# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is 292# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.] 293# 294# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these 295# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover 296# the laws applicable in Ireland.) 297# 298# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined 299# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it 300# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time 301# being GMT+1.) 302 303# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28): 304# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31) 305# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time 306# (CT), equivalent to French civil time. 307# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that 308# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door) 309# and Frethun run in CT. 310# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities, 311# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities, 312# and that the time depends on who you're talking to. 313# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason, 314# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST. 315# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST. 316 317# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02): 318# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94, 319# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC. 320# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate 321# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of 322# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is 323# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST". 324 325# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 326# Summer Time Act, 1916 327Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST 328Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT 329# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358 330Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST 331Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT 332# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274 333Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST 334Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT 335# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297 336Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST 337Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT 338# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 339Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST 340# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844 341Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT 342# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363 343Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 344Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT 345# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264 346Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST 347Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT 348# The Summer Time Act, 1922 349Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 350Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 351Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 352Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 353# The Summer Time Act, 1925 354Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 355Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 356Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 357Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 358Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 359Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 360Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 361Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 362Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 363Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 364Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 365# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379 366Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT 367# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883 368Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST 369# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476 370Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 371Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 372# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506 373Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 374# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932 375Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST 376# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312 377Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST 378Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST 379# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208 380Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 381Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 382# The Summer Time Act, 1947 383Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST 384Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST 385Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST 386Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT 387# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495) 388Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST 389Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT 390# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373) 391Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST 392Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT 393# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518) 394# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430) 395# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451) 396Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST 397Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT 398# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925 399Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 400Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT 401Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 402Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 403Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 404Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 405Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST 406# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71) 407# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465) 408# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81) 409Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST 410Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 411# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101) 412# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201) 413# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148) 414Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST 415# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117) 416Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST 417# The British Standard Time Act, 1968 418# (no summer time) 419# The Summer Time Act, 1972 420Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST 421Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT 422# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089) 423# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673) 424# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223) 425# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931) 426Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST 427Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT 428# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985) 429# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729) 430# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798) 431Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT 432# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982) 433# See EU for rules starting in 1996. 434# 435# Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man. 436 437# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 438Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s 439 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 440 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 441 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 442 0:00 EU GMT/BST 443Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey 444Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey 445Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man 446Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 447 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 448 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s 449 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence 450 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00 451 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 452 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 453 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 454 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 455 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 456 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 457 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 458 0:00 EU GMT/IST 459 460############################################################################### 461 462# Europe 463 464# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC, 465# Common Market, etc. 466 467# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 468Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S 469Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 470Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 - 471Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - 472Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S 473Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - 474# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See: 475# <a="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT"> 476# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 477# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements. 478# </a> 479 480# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time. 481Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 482Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 483Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 - 484Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 485Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 486Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 487 488# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables. 489# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time. 490Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 491Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 492Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 493Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 494Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S 495Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 - 496Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S 497Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 - 498Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 499# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 500Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 - 501# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13): 502# 503# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s 504# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was 505# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the 506# tz database itself, as seen below: 507# 508# Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 509# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 510# 511# Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 512# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 513# 514# Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 515# 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 516# 517# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 518# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 519# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 520# 521# The rule line to be changed is: 522# 523# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 - 524# 525# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on 526# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no 527# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items 528# affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms 529# CET and MET: 530# 531# Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 532# Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 533# 534# It this is right then the corrected version would look like: 535# 536# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 537# 538# A small step for mankind though 8-) 539Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 540Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 541Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 542Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 543Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 544Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 545Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 546 547# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time. 548Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 549Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 550Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 551Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 552Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S 553Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 554 555# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 556Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time 557Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time 558Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time 559Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST 560Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST 561Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S 562Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 - 563Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 564Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 565Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S 566Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 567# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24): 568Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 569Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 570# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in 571# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14): 572Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 573Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 574# 575Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S 576Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 - 577Rule Russia 1993 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 578Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 579Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - 580 581# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14): 582# According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev 583# signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011. 584# According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time. 585# 586# Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian): 587# <a href="http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583"> 588# http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583 589# </a> 590# 591# Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian): 592# <a href="http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html"> 593# http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html 594# </a> 595 596# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15): 597# Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered 598# to be standard. 599 600# These are for backward compatibility with older versions. 601 602# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 603Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT 604Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 605Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT 606Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT 607 608# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST 609# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage. 610 611# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12): 612# The official German names ... are 613# 614# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00 615# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00 616# 617# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG), 618# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111).... 619# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution 620# 621# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) 622# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit" 623# Postfach 3345 624# D-38023 Braunschweig 625# phone: +49 531 592-0 626# 627# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB 628# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the 629# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as 630# 631# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00 632# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00 633 634 635# Albania 636# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 637Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S 638Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 639Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S 640Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 - 641Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S 642Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 643Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 644Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 645Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 646Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 647Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S 648Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 649Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S 650Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 651Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S 652Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 653Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S 654Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 655Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S 656Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - 657Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S 658Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 659Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S 660Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 661Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 662# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 663Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 664 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 665 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul 666 1:00 EU CE%sT 667 668# Andorra 669# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 670Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 671 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 672 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 673 1:00 EU CE%sT 674 675# Austria 676 677# Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21. 678 679# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and 680# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and 681# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged" 682# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition 683# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV, 684# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12. 685 686# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 687Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S 688Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 - 689Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 690Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 691Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S 692Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 693Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S 694Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 695# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 696Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr 697 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920 698 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s 699 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 700 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s 701 1:00 - CET 1946 702 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981 703 1:00 EU CE%sT 704 705# Belarus 706# From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16): 707# By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to 708# GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST). 709# 710# Sources (Russian language): 711# 1. 712# <a href="http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html"> 713# http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html 714# </a> 715# 2. 716# <a href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/"> 717# http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/ 718# </a> 719# 3. 720# <a href="http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html"> 721# http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html 722# </a> 723# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 724Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 725 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time 726 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 727 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28 728 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3 729 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 730 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 731 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 732 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s 733 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s 734 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 735 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time 736 737# Belgium 738# 739# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02): 740# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from: 741# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique, 742# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991 743# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC), 744# pp 8-9. 745# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium: 746# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121. 747# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references. 748# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium. 749# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect. 750# 751# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 752Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S 753Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 754Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 755Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 756Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 757Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 758Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 759Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 760Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 761Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S 762Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 763Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 764# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd 765# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier), 766# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15 767# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT. 768Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 769Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 770Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 771Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 772Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S 773Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S 774Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 775Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 776Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S 777Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 778Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 779Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S 780Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S 781Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S 782Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S 783Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 - 784Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S 785Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 - 786Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 787Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 788Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S 789Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 790# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 791Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880 792 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT 793 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8 794 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00 795 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u 796 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s 797 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3 798 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 799 1:00 EU CE%sT 800 801# Bosnia and Herzegovina 802# See Europe/Belgrade. 803 804# Bulgaria 805# 806# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): 807# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says: 808# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ... 809# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October 810# 811# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 812Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S 813Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 814Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S 815Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 - 816Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 - 817# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 818Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 819 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT? 820 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 821 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 822 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00 823 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 824 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00 825 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 826 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 827 2:00 EU EE%sT 828 829# Croatia 830# See Europe/Belgrade. 831 832# Cyprus 833# Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia. 834 835# Czech Republic 836# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 837Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S 838Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 839Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S 840Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 841Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S 842Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 843Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S 844# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 845Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 846 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 847 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 848 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979 849 1:00 EU CE%sT 850# Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia. 851 852# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland 853 854# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26): 855# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law 856# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01.... 857# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL 858# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29. 859# 860# The EU treaty with effect from 1973: 861# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL 862# 863# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes 864# in subsequenet decrees with the law 865# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL 866# 867# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have 868# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST 869# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to 870# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from 871# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know 872# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only 873# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981: 874# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning 875# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which 876# was suspended on that night): 877# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL 878 879# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11): 880# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between 881# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two. 882 883# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11): 884# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not 885# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980. 886 887# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 888Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 889Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 - 890Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 891Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 892Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 - 893Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S 894Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 - 895Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 896Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 - 897Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S 898Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 - 899# 900# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 901Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 902 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT 903 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 904 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 905 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980 906 1:00 EU CE%sT 907Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn 908 0:00 - WET 1981 909 0:00 EU WE%sT 910# 911# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31): 912# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in 913# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones. 914# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard. 915# 916# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 917# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, 918# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU 919# rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab 920# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU 921# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980. 922 923# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing 924# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15), 925# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen: 926# 927# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC 928# is according to the following time line: 929# 930# The military zone near Thule UTC-4 931# Standard Greenland time UTC-3 932# Scoresbysund UTC-1 933# Danmarkshavn UTC 934# 935# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be 936# introduced. 937 938# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01): 939# 940# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at 941# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have 942# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have 943# info from earlier correspondence.] 944# 945# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule 946# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight 947# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time.... 948# 949# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund 950# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst. 951# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the 952# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th 953# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in 954# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the 955# DPC research station at Zackenberg. 956# 957# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use 958# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab). 959# 960# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it 961# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time 962# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules. 963# 964# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and 965# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators 966# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of 967# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be 968# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this. 969 970# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19): 971# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place 972# there at 2:00 AM. 973 974# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 975# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; 976# the 1995 map as like Godthab. 977# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996. 978# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error, 979# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year. 980# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules. 981# 982# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 983Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D 984Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S 985Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D 986Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S 987Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D 988Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S 989# 990# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 991Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 992 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 993 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996 994 0:00 - GMT 995Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit 996 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 997 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29 998 -1:00 EU EG%sT 999Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk 1000 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 1001 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1002Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base 1003 -4:00 Thule A%sT 1004 1005# Estonia 1006# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15): 1007# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards 1008# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it, 1009# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989.... 1010# 1011# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28): 1012# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s, 1013# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:] 1014# "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different 1015# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules 1016# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia.... 1017# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on 1018# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to 1019# summer time next spring." 1020 1021# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited: 1022# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390"> 1023# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law 1024# </a> 1025# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between 1026# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120). 1027# 1028# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation 1029# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg" 1030# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time). 1031 1032# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09) 1033# via Steffen Thorsen: 1034# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time, 1035# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6.... 1036# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European 1037# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory 1038# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do 1039# after that. 1040 1041# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29): 1042# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation 1043# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all 1044# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01. 1045 1046# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21): 1047# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics. 1048# Now we are using again EU rules. 1049# 1050# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28): 1051# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21. 1052 1053# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1054Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 1055 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time 1056 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul 1057 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May 1058 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 1059 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 1060 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 1061 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 1062 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 1063 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22 1064 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1 1065 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21 1066 2:00 EU EE%sT 1067 1068# Finland 1069 1070# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC): 1071# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one, 1072# and it's supposed to change at 4am... 1073 1074# From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15): 1075# 1076# I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982. 1077# During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour 1078# earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made 1079# according to the central European standards. 1080# 1081# This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac 1082# Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in 1083# Finnish) at 1084# 1085# <a href="http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf"> 1086# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf 1087# </a> 1088# 1089# Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings 1090# transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills. 1091# 1092# This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at: 1093# 1094# <a href="http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401"> 1095# http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401 1096# </a> 1097# 1098# The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not 1099# exist tonight." 1100 1101# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1102Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 1103Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1104Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S 1105Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 1106# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1107Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31 1108 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 1109 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983 1110 2:00 EU EE%sT 1111 1112# Aaland Is 1113Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn 1114 1115 1116# France 1117 1118# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20): 1119# 1120# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions 1121# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993 1122# 1123# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur, 1124# Paris, 1991 1125# 1126# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie, 1127# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987 1128 1129 1130# 1131# Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman. 1132# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1133Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1134Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 - 1135Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S 1136Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1137Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 1138Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1139Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 - 1140Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1141Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 - 1142Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 1143# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st 1144# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions 1145# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1146Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1147Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1148Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S 1149Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S 1150Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 1151Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1152Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1153Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 1154Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S 1155Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1156Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 1157Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S 1158Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 1159Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 1160Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1161Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 1162Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1163Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 1164Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 1165Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 1166# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger 1167# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations. 1168# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez, 1169# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La 1170# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes, 1171# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin, 1172# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois, 1173# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie). 1174Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1175# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00, 1176# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12), 1177# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes 1178# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT. 1179Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S 1180Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M 1181Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S 1182Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M 1183Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S 1184Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M 1185Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S 1186Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M 1187Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 - 1188# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00; 1189# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT. 1190Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S 1191Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 - 1192# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05, 1193# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21. 1194# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based 1195# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC. 1196# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1197Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 1198 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT 1199# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre. 1200 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00 1201# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation; 1202# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1203 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25 1204 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1205 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1206 1:00 EU CE%sT 1207 1208# Germany 1209 1210# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29): 1211# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische 1212# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916. 1213# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.] 1214 1215# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23): 1216# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by 1217# <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/"> 1218# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>. 1219 1220# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08): 1221# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf"> 1222# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf 1223# </a> 1224# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20. 1225# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so 1226# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4. 1227 1228 1229# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1230Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S 1231Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 1232Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1233# http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition 1234# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger. 1235# Go with the PTB. 1236Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S 1237Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M 1238Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S 1239Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 1240Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 1241 1242Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer 1243Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S 1244Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 - 1245 1246# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1247Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 1248 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00 1249 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946 1250 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980 1251 1:00 EU CE%sT 1252 1253# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12): 1254# Busingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton 1255# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE 1256# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did. 1257# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1, 1258# which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin. 1259# 1260# Source for the time in Busingen 1980: 1261# http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3 1262 1263# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03): 1264# Busingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970. 1265 1266Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen 1267 1268# Georgia 1269# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi. 1270# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni) 1271# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part. 1272 1273# Gibraltar 1274# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1275Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s 1276 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 1277 1:00 - CET 1982 1278 1:00 EU CE%sT 1279 1280# Greece 1281# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1282# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1283Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S 1284Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 1285# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1286Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S 1287# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1288Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 - 1289Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 1290Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - 1291# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1292Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 1293Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 - 1294Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S 1295Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 - 1296Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S 1297Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 - 1298Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 1299Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 - 1300Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 - 1301Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S 1302Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 - 1303Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 1304Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 1305# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1306Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 1307 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 1308 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30 1309 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4 1310 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981 1311 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981; 1312 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 1313 2:00 EU EE%sT 1314 1315# Hungary 1316# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1317Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S 1318Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 - 1319Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S 1320Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 - 1321Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S 1322Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 - 1323Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S 1324Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 - 1325Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S 1326Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1327Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S 1328Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1329Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 - 1330Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S 1331Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 1332Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 1333Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1334Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S 1335Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 - 1336Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S 1337# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1338Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 1339 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 1340 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00 1341 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 1342 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 1343 1:00 EU CE%sT 1344 1345# Iceland 1346# 1347# From Adam David (1993-11-06): 1348# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT. 1349# 1350# (1993-12-05): 1351# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of 1352# Iceland Almanak. 1353# 1354# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour 1355# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts 1356# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which 1357# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT. 1358# 1359# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks 1360# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the 1361# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always 1362# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars. 1363# 1364# (1993-12-10): 1365# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the 1366# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus 1367# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question. 1368# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day 1369# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday. 1370# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style" 1371# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it 1372# might mean something else (???). 1373# 1374# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1375# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points. 1376# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely 1377# that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that. 1378# 1379# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1380Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S 1381Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 - 1382Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 - 1383Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S 1384Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 - 1385Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S 1386Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 - 1387Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S 1388Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 - 1389Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S 1390Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 - 1391# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter 1392Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 1393Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1394# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter 1395Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S 1396# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week 1397Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 - 1398Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 - 1399Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 - 1400# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1401Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837 1402 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time? 1403 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 1404 0:00 - GMT 1405 1406# Italy 1407# 1408# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06): 1409# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893, 1410# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32). 1411# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time. 1412# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff, 1413# so record only the time in Rome. 1414# 1415# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1416# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and 1417# F. Pollastri 1418# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html"> 1419# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03) 1420# </a> 1421# ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute 1422# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows: 1423# 1424# year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with: 1425# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W 1426# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1427# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S 1428# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W 1429# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S 1430# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W 1431# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S 1432# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1433# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S 1434# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1435# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur) 1436# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1437# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s 1438# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S 1439# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S 1440# 1441# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1442Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S 1443Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1444Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1445Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1446Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S 1447Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 1448Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S 1449Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1450Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 - 1451Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S 1452Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 - 1453Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S 1454Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 - 1455Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S 1456Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 - 1457Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S 1458Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 - 1459Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S 1460Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 - 1461Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 1462Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 - 1463Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 1464Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S 1465Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1466Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S 1467Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 1468Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 1469Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S 1470Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 1471Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S 1472Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S 1473Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 1474Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S 1475Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S 1476Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 1477Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 - 1478# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1479Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 1480 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean 1481 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1482 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 1483 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980 1484 1:00 EU CE%sT 1485 1486Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican 1487Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino 1488 1489# Latvia 1490 1491# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17): 1492 1493# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy 1494# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the 1495# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about 1496# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981.... 1497# 1498# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ... 1499# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24 1500# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1501# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00) 1502# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00). 1503# 1504# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ... 1505# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13 1506# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning 1507# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1508# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of 1509# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day). 1510# 1511# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ... 1512# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14 1513# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, 1514# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the 1515# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia 1516# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00 1517# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of 1518# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00 1519# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is 1520# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock.... 1521# 1522# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of 1523# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of 1524# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union. 1525 1526# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06): 1527# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in 1528# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm"> 1529# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of 1530# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only). 1531 1532# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html"> 1533# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow: 1534# </a> 1535# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will 1536# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported. 1537# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their 1538# clocks one hour in the spring.... 1539# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few 1540# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European 1541# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving 1542# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government 1543# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it 1544# appears that they will not do so.... 1545 1546# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1547Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 1548Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 1549# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1550Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880 1551 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time 1552 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer 1553 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00 1554 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00 1555 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11 1556 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 1557 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 1558 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13 1559 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s 1560 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s 1561 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21 1562 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29 1563 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2 1564 2:00 EU EE%sT 1565 1566# Liechtenstein 1567 1568# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09): 1569# Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich. 1570 1571# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18): 1572# http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf 1573# ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942. 1574# I ... translate only the last two paragraphs: 1575# ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein 1576# introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on 1577# central European time was in force throughout the year. 1578# From a report of the duke's government to the high council, 1579# regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977. 1580 1581Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz 1582 1583 1584# Lithuania 1585 1586# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22): 1587# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is 1588# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too. 1589 1590# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07): 1591# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone 1592# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed. 1593 1594# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29), 1595# via Steffen Thorsen: 1596# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours) 1597# to be valid here starting from October 31, 1598# as decided by the national government on Wednesday.... 1599# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a 1600# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was 1601# already done by Estonia. 1602 1603# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm"> 1604# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism 1605# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving. 1606 1607# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07): 1608# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will 1609# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid 1610# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its 1611# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of 1612# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at 1613# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm 1614 1615 1616# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1617Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 1618 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time 1619 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time 1620 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12 1621 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 1622 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3 1623 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 1624 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 1625 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 1626 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 1627 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 1628 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u 1629 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u 1630 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1 1631 2:00 EU EE%sT 1632 1633# Luxembourg 1634# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; 1635# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1636# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1637Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S 1638Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 1639Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S 1640Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 - 1641Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1642Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 - 1643Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S 1644Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 - 1645Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S 1646Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 - 1647Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S 1648Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 - 1649Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S 1650Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1651Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S 1652Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 - 1653Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S 1654Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 - 1655Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 1656Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S 1657Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S 1658Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S 1659Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S 1660# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1661Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 1662 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25 1663 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 1664 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00 1665 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00 1666 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 1667 1:00 EU CE%sT 1668 1669# Macedonia 1670# See Europe/Belgrade. 1671 1672# Malta 1673# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1674Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S 1675Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 - 1676Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S 1677Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 - 1678Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S 1679Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 - 1680Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 1681# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1682Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta 1683 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1684 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1685 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31 1686 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981 1687 1:00 EU CE%sT 1688 1689# Moldova 1690 1691# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 1692# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write 1693# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00. 1694# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence 1695# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree). 1696# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area 1697# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time. 1698# But [two people] separately reported via 1699# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau. 1700# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now. 1701# 1702# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17): 1703# Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as 1704# "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition 1705# to the Winter Time). 1706# 1707# News (in Russian): 1708# <a href="http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html"> 1709# http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html 1710# </a> 1711# 1712# <a href="http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html"> 1713# http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html 1714# </a> 1715# 1716# The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry) 1717# is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17) 1718# 1719# From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19) 1720# In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol 1721# a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32. 1722# 1723# (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed) 1724# 1725# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26) 1726# NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point. 1727# As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own 1728# decision to abolish DST this winter. 1729# Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- 1730# Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011. 1731# News from Moldova (in russian): 1732# <a href="http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html"> 1733# http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html 1734# </a> 1735 1736 1737# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1738Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880 1739 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT 1740 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 1741 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15 1742 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17 1743 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24 1744 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 1745 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6 1746 2:00 - EET 1991 1747 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 1748 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 1749# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules. 1750 2:00 EU EE%sT 1751 1752# Monaco 1753# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's 1754# more precise 0:09:21. 1755# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1756Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 1757 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 1758 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1759 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1760 1:00 EU CE%sT 1761 1762# Montenegro 1763# See Europe/Belgrade. 1764 1765# Netherlands 1766 1767# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940, 1768# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time. 1769 1770# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01): 1771# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00 1772# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including 1773# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time 1774# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the 1775# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was 1776# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law. 1777# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and 1778# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd"). 1779# 1780# (2001-04-08): 1781# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to 1782# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common 1783# practice of following Amsterdam mean time. 1784# 1785# (2001-04-09): 1786# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the 1787# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe 1788# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was 1789# actually followed. 1790# 1791# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to 1792# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of 1793# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most 1794# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically 1795# adopted Amsterdam mean time. 1796# 1797# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety 1798# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it 1799# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe 1800# Amsterdam mean time. 1801 1802# The data before 1945 are taken from 1803# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>. 1804 1805# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1806Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time 1807Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time 1808Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST 1809Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT 1810Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1811Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT 1812Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 1813Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT 1814Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1815Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST 1816Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST 1817# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week 1818# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend. 1819Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1820Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1821Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST 1822Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST 1823Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S 1824Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 - 1825Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1826Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1827Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1828# 1829# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted 1830# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer. 1831# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1832Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835 1833 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1 1834 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time 1835 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1836 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977 1837 1:00 EU CE%sT 1838 1839# Norway 1840# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks & 1841# Pottenger. 1842# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1843Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S 1844Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 1845Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S 1846Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 - 1847Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S 1848Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 - 1849Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S 1850# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1851Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1 1852 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00 1853 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1854 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980 1855 1:00 EU CE%sT 1856 1857# Svalbard & Jan Mayen 1858 1859# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01): 1860# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and 1861# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the 1862# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared 1863# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan 1864# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From 1865# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and 1866# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation 1867# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came 1868# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a 1869# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From 1870# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been 1871# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100) 1872# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by 1873# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever 1874# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since 1875# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere 1876# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive). 1877 1878# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04): 1879# 1880# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II, 1881# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was 1882# keeping Berlin time. 1883# 1884# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists 1885# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in 1886# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite 1887# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a 1888# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly 1889# the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that 1890# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules. 1891# 1892# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an 1893# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says 1894# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ 1895# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were 1896# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return, 1897# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954) 1898# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html> 1899# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named 1900# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945. 1901# 1902# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo 1903# for these regions. 1904Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen 1905 1906# Poland 1907# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1908Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 - 1909Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S 1910Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S 1911# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1912Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - 1913# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1914Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S 1915Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 1916# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski, 1917# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U., 1918# <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1> 1919# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference. 1920# He also gives these further references: 1921# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm> 1922# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf> 1923Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S 1924Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 - 1925Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S 1926Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 1927Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S 1928Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S 1929Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S 1930Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1931Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S 1932Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S 1933Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 - 1934Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S 1935Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 1936Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 1937# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 1938Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 1939 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 1940 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00 1941 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun 1942 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00 1943 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 1944 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 1945 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988 1946 1:00 EU CE%sT 1947 1948# Portugal 1949# 1950# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12): 1951# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone 1952# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC. 1953# 1954# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve 1955# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring. 1956# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter. 1957# 1958# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12): 1959# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions 1960# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos. 1961# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00. 1962# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00. 1963# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal 1964# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter. 1965# 1966# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 1967# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not 1968# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules. 1969# Go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1970Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S 1971# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1972Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 - 1973Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1974Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1975Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S 1976Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1977Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S 1978Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S 1979Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 1980Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 - 1981Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 1982Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1983Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 1984Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 1985Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 1986Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1987# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1988Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1989Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S 1990Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S 1991# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1992Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 1993# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman. 1994Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S 1995Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S 1996# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1997Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S 1998Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S 1999Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 2000# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2001Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 - 2002Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S 2003# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman. 2004Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 - 2005Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 2006Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S 2007Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 2008Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S 2009Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 - 2010Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M 2011Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S 2012Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M 2013Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S 2014Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2015Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 2016Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 2017# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman. 2018# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2019Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S 2020Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 - 2021Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S 2022Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 - 2023Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S 2024Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 - 2025Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 2026Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 2027Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 2028Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 2029# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2030# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24; 2031# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett. 2032Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884 2033 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time 2034 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 2035 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 2036 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 2037 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 2038 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 2039 0:00 EU WE%sT 2040Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada 2041 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time 2042 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time 2043 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 2044 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 2045 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u 2046 -1:00 EU AZO%sT 2047Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal 2048 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time 2049 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time 2050 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 2051 0:00 EU WE%sT 2052 2053# Romania 2054# 2055# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07): 2056# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html"> 2057# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at 2058# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info, 2059# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997, 2060# the same year as Bulgaria. 2061# 2062# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2063Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S 2064Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 - 2065Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S 2066Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S 2067Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - 2068Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S 2069Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 2070Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S 2071Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 - 2072# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2073Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 2074 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 2075 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 2076 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 2077 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994 2078 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 2079 2:00 EU EE%sT 2080 2081# Russia 2082 2083# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15): 2084# Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011 2085# (Government document 2086# <a href="http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/"> 2087# http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/ 2088# </a> 2089# in Russian) 2090# there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones... 2091# All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English 2092# by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below: 2093# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm"> 2094# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm 2095# </a> 2096 2097# From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27): 2098# Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at: 2099# <a href="http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966"> 2100# http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966 2101# They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian). 2102 2103# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09): 2104# Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia 2105# changed in September 2011: 2106# 2107# One source is 2108# < a href="http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/> 2109# http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/ 2110# </a> 2111# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31, 2112# 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information. 2113# 2114# Another source is 2115# <a href="http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html"> 2116# http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html 2117# </a> 2118# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the 2119# Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also 2120# contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on: 2121# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which 2122# does not contain any "effective date" information. 2123# 2124# Another source is 2125# <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7"> 2126# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7 2127# </a> 2128# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011... 2129# Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication" 2130# but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011. 2131# 2132# The Wikipedia article refers to 2133# <a href="http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896"> 2134# http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896 2135# </a> 2136# which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page. 2137# 2138# Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's 2139# "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication" 2140# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to get 2141# September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias Conradi notes). 2142# 2143# None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks. 2144# 2145# Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s. 2146 2147# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 2148# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations. 2149# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991, 2150# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger, 2151# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 2152# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s. 2153# 2154# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29): 2155# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow! 2156# I do not know why they have decided to make this change; 2157# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching 2158# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch. 2159# 2160# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04): 2161# 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with 2162# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group).... 2163# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor 2164# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there. 2165# 2166# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30): 2167# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from 2168# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ... 2169# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located. 2170# 2171# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from 2172# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07): 2173# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was 2174# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with 2175# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began 2176# enforcing curfew at the wrong time. 2177# 2178# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05): 2179# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in 2180# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the 2181# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan 2182# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok 2183# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are 2184# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have 2185# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan. 2186# 2187# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2188# 2189# Kaliningradskaya oblast'. 2190Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr 2191 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 2192 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946 2193 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2194 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2195 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time 2196# 2197# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 2198# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', 2199# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast', 2200# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast', 2201# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya, 2202# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya, 2203# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, 2204# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi, 2205# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast', 2206# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El, 2207# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast', 2208# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug, 2209# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast', 2210# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast', 2211# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, 2212# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast', 2213# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan, 2214# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast', 2215# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast', 2216# Yaroslavskaya oblast' 2217Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880 2218 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time 2219 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 2220 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct 2221 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2222 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2223 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2224 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2225 4:00 - MSK 2226# 2227# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast', 2228# Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400 2229# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the 2230# others? But we have no data. 2231Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3 2232 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time 2233 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time 2234 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11 2235 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T 2236 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2237 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s 2238 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2239 4:00 - VOLT 2240# 2241# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 2242# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika 2243Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00 2244 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21 2245 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27 2246 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev 2247 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2248 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2249 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00 2250 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time 2251 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2252 4:00 - SAMT 2253 2254# 2255# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 2256# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug, 2257# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast', 2258# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast', 2259# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast', 2260# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug. 2261Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00 2262 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time 2263 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2264 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2265 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2266 6:00 - YEKT # Yekaterinburg Time 2267# 2268# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 2269# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'. 2270Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14 2271 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme 2272 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2273 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2274 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2275 7:00 - OMST 2276# 2277# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's 2278# not clear when it switched from +7 to +6. 2279# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'. 2280Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00 2281 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time 2282 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2283 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2284 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P. 2285 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2286 7:00 - NOVT 2287 2288# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13): 2289# Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on 2290# March 28, 2010: 2291# from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700 2292# to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600 2293# 2294# This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September 2295# 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth 2296# time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600) 2297# 2298# Russian Government web site (Russian language) 2299# <a href="http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archiv"> 2300# http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm 2301# </a> 2302# or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference 2303# map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010 2304# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html"> 2305# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html 2306# </a> 2307# 2308# Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010 2309# Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock. 2310# 2311# As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as 2312# Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic. 2313 2314Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - NMT 1920 Jan 6 2315 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time 2316 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2317 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2318 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s 2319 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2320 7:00 - NOVT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time 2321 2322# 2323# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 2324# Krasnoyarskij kraj, 2325# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, 2326# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug. 2327Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6 2328 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time 2329 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2330 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2331 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2332 8:00 - KRAT 2333# 2334# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 2335# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast', 2336# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug. 2337Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880 2338 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time 2339 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time 2340 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2341 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2342 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2343 9:00 - IRKT 2344# 2345# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 2346# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast', 2347# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'. 2348 2349# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29): 2350# ...some regions of [Russia] were merged with others since 2005... 2351# Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name. 2352# YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj. 2353 2354# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29): 2355# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij, 2356# Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj, 2357# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij, 2358# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij, 2359# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij, 2360# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij. 2361 2362Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 2363 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 2364 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2365 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2366 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2367 10:00 - YAKT 2368# 2369# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 2370# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj, 2371# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 2372 2373# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29): 2374# The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, ... Ust'-Yanskij. 2375Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15 2376 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time 2377 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2378 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2379 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2380 11:00 - VLAT 2381 2382# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09): 2383# Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time 2384# in 2011. 2385# 2386# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25): 2387# Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time. 2388# Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004. 2389# This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info. 2390# 2391Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 2392 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 2393 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2394 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2395 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2004 2396 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2397 11:00 - VLAT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725? 2398 10:00 - YAKT 2399 2400# 2401# Sakhalinskaya oblast'. 2402# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long. 2403Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23 2404 9:00 - CJT 1938 2405 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25 2406 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T. 2407 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2408 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s 2409 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2410 11:00 - SAKT 2411# 2412# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of] 2413# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya). 2414# Probably also: Kuril Islands. 2415 2416# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29): 2417# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij, 2418# Nizhnekolymskij, ... Srednekolymskij. 2419Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 2420 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time 2421 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2422 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2423 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2424 12:00 - MAGT 2425 2426# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09): 2427# Ojmyakonskij and the Kuril Islands switched from 2428# Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011. 2429Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 2430 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 2431 9:00 Russia YAKT 1981 Apr 1 2432 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2433 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2434 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2435 12:00 - MAGT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725? 2436 11:00 - VLAT 2437 2438# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of] 2439# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug. 2440# 2441# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long. 2442Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10 2443 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time 2444 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2445 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2446 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s 2447 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2448 12:00 - PETT 2449# 2450# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug 2451Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 2452 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time 2453 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s 2454 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2455 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 2456 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s 2457 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 2458 12:00 - ANAT 2459 2460# San Marino 2461# See Europe/Rome. 2462 2463# Serbia 2464# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2465Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 2466 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 2467 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 2468 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s 2469 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s 2470# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of 2471# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time. 2472# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj. 2473 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 2474 1:00 EU CE%sT 2475Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia 2476Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro 2477Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina 2478Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia 2479Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia 2480 2481# Slovakia 2482Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava 2483 2484# Slovenia 2485# See Europe/Belgrade. 2486 2487# Spain 2488# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2489# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; 2490# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2491Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S 2492Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 - 2493Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 2494Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S 2495# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2496Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S 2497# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2498Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 - 2499Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S 2500# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2501Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2502Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S 2503Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S 2504Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S 2505# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; 2506# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2507Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S 2508Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 - 2509Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S 2510Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S 2511Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S 2512# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2513Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer 2514Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S 2515Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M 2516Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S 2517Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S 2518Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S 2519Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - 2520Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S 2521Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 - 2522Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S 2523Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 - 2524Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S 2525Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 - 2526Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S 2527Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - 2528# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978. 2529Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S 2530Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2531Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S 2532Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - 2533Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2534Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 - 2535Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 2536Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2537Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 - 2538# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2539Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s 2540 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30 2541 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979 2542 1:00 EU CE%sT 2543Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 2544 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00 2545 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00 2546 0:00 - WET 1924 2547 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929 2548 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16 2549 1:00 - CET 1986 2550 1:00 EU CE%sT 2551Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. 2552 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time 2553 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 2554 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s 2555 0:00 EU WE%sT 2556# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u. 2557# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU. 2558 2559# Sweden 2560 2561# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger: 2562# 2563# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879: 2564# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all 2565# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at 2566# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the 2567# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31. 2568# 2569# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30" 2570# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the 2571# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT.... 2572# 2573# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk 2574# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning 2575# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at 2576# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English 2577# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west 2578# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 2579# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time 2580# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT. 2581# 2582# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states 2583# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is 2584# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00.... 2585# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later". 2586# 2587# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish 2588# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are 2589# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available 2590# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type 2591# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click 2592# the Sok-button). 2593# 2594# (2001-05-13): 2595# 2596# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00 2597# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show 2598# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some 2599# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already 2600# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another 2601# hour before the event took place. 2602# 2603# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left. 2604 2605# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2606Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1 2607 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time 2608 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00 2609 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00 2610 1:00 - CET 1980 2611 1:00 EU CE%sT 2612 2613# Switzerland 2614# From Howse: 2615# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace 2616# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep 2617# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 .... 2618# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2619# From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"): 2620# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S 2621# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 - 2622# From Shanks & Pottenger: 2623# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S 2624# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 - 2625 2626# From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17): 2627# I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies. 2628# 2629# As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values 2630# to be wrong. This is now verified. 2631# 2632# I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal 2633# government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss 2634# federal law collection)... 2635# 2636# DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am 2637# DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am. 2638# 2639# DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am 2640# DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am 2641# 2642# There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully. 2643# It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law 2644# collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any 2645# other years are made. 2646# 2647# Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported 2648# about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous 2649# night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such 2650# a thing had happened in Switzerland. 2651# 2652# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de 2653# l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is 2654# false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled 2655# by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time. 2656# 2657# The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to: 2658# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S 2659# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 - 2660# 2661# The 1940 rules must be deleted. 2662# 2663# One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for 2664# most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ... 2665# describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of 2666# the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not 2667# follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time. 2668# To represent this, an extra zone would be needed. 2669# 2670# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11): 2671# The Federal regulations say 2672# http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html 2673# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26'22.50". 2674# Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s. 2675 2676# From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11): 2677# the "Circulaire du conseil federal" (December 11 1893) 2678# <http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353> ... 2679# clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight 2680# but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one 2681# hour before the beginning of service. 2682 2683# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11): 2684# Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46. 2685# 2686# We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland 2687# except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book: 2688# 2689# Jakob Messerli. Gleichmassig, punktlich, schnell: Zeiteinteilung und 2690# Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995, 2691# ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797. 2692# 2693# suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not 2694# agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the 2695# most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the 2696# "Bundesgesetz uber die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on 2697# 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16 2698# (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in 2699# practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph 2700# offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso" 2701# (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on 2702# 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and 2703# legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date. 2704 2705# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2706Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S 2707Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 - 2708# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2709Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment. 2710 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time 2711 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 2712 1:00 EU CE%sT 2713 2714# Turkey 2715 2716# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03): 2717# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now. 2718# ... The latest rules are available at - 2719# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107 2720# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03): 2721# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that 2722# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure 2723# what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001: 2724# http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm 2725# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT 2726# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM 2727# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016 2728# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021 2729# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027 2730# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03): 2731# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990. 2732 2733# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09): 2734# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC 2735# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07): 2736# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp 2737# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...: 2738# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm 2739# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document 2740# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006: 2741# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm 2742 2743# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10): 2744# 2745# According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer 2746# time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27. 2747# This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th. 2748# 2749# <a href="http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872"> 2750# http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872 2751# </a> 2752# Turkish: 2753# <a href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373"> 2754# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373 2755# </a> 2756 2757# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S 2758Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2759Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2760Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S 2761Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - 2762Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S 2763Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - 2764Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S 2765Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2766# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; 2767# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2768Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S 2769Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2770Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S 2771Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S 2772Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 - 2773Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S 2774Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 - 2775Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S 2776# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; 2777# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 2778Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - 2779Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S 2780Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2781Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2782Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2783Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S 2784Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 2785Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S 2786Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S 2787Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S 2788Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2789Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S 2790Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - 2791Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S 2792Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - 2793Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S 2794Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - 2795Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S 2796Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 - 2797Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S 2798Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 - 2799Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S 2800Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - 2801Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S 2802Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S 2803Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 - 2804Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S 2805Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 - 2806Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S 2807Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S 2808Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - 2809Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S 2810Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 - 2811Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S 2812Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - 2813Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S 2814Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - 2815Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 - 2816# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2817Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 2818 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time? 2819 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15 2820 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time 2821 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007 2822 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u 2823 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u 2824 2:00 EU EE%sT 2825Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents. 2826 2827# Ukraine 2828# 2829# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice, 2830# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27): 2831# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government 2832# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says: 2833# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday 2834# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of 2835# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am" 2836 2837# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20): 2838# On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to 2839# abolish the transfer clock to winter time. 2840# 2841# Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got 2842# approval from 266 deputies. 2843# 2844# Ukraine abolishes transter back to the winter time (in Russian) 2845# <a href="http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/"> 2846# http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/ 2847# </a> 2848# 2849# The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian) 2850# <a href="http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html"> 2851# http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html 2852# </a> 2853# 2854# Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian) 2855# <a href="http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/"> 2856# http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/ 2857# </a> 2858# 2859# From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18): 2860# Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the 2861# Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter 2862# time this year after all. 2863# 2864# From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18): 2865# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone 2866# (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar 2867# to Russia) was reverted today: 2868# 2869# <a href="http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995"> 2870# http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995 2871# </a> 2872# 2873# Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted: 2874# The law documents themselves are at 2875# 2876# <a href="http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484"> 2877# http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484 2878# </a> 2879 2880 2881# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] 2882# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev. 2883# "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but 2884# "Kiev" is more common in English. 2885Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 2886 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time 2887 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2888 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20 2889 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6 2890 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 2891 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 2892 2:00 - EET 1992 2893 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 2894 2:00 EU EE%sT 2895# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991. 2896# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but 2897# "Uzhgorod" is more common in English. 2898Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct 2899 1:00 - CET 1940 2900 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 2901 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26 2902 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29 2903 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 2904 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 2905 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00 2906 2:00 - EET 1992 2907 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 2908 2:00 EU EE%sT 2909# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991. 2910# "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but 2911# "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English 2912# spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in 2913# portable Posix file names. 2914Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880 2915 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T 2916 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2917 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25 2918 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25 2919 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00 2920 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 2921 2:00 EU EE%sT 2922# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997. 2923Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 2924 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T 2925 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 2926 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov 2927 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13 2928 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 2929 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 2930 2:00 - EET 1992 2931# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): 2932# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched 2933# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections. 2934# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened 2935# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say 2936# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it 2937# changed in May. 2938 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May 2939# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev. 2940 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s 2941 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s 2942# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST. 2943# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks. 2944 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997 2945 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u 2946 2:00 EU EE%sT 2947 2948# Vatican City 2949# See Europe/Rome. 2950 2951############################################################################### 2952 2953# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from 2954# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986. 2955# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else. 2956# 2957# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but 2958# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules. 2959# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at 2960# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey 2961# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time 2962# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST) 2963 2964# ... 2965# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100 2966# From: Tom Hofmann 2967# ... 2968# 2969# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when 2970# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only 2971# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according 2972# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on 2973# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following 2974# years... 2975# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions 2976# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST 2977# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep 2978# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now. 2979# 2980# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the 2981# Soviet Union (as far as I know). 2982# 2983# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG, 2984# 4002 Basle, Switzerland 2985# ... 2986 2987# ... 2988# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100 2989# From: Dik T. Winter 2990# ... 2991# 2992# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct. 2993# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information 2994# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969. 2995# 2996# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on 2997# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September... 2998# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that 2999# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982 3000# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in 3001# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch 3002# dates... 3003# 3004# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g. 3005# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST... 3006# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not 3007# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations 3008# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always 3009# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the 3010# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours 3011# in advance of normal time. 3012# 3013# ... 3014# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland 3015# ... 3016 3017# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28): 3018# ... 3019# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates). 3020# Since 1978. Change at midnight. 3021# ... 3022# Monaco: has same DST as France. 3023# ... 3024