xref: /freebsd/contrib/tcpdump/addrtoname.c (revision 87569f75a91f298c52a71823c04d41cf53c88889)
1 /*
2  * Copyright (c) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997
3  *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
4  *
5  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
6  * modification, are permitted provided that: (1) source code distributions
7  * retain the above copyright notice and this paragraph in its entirety, (2)
8  * distributions including binary code include the above copyright notice and
9  * this paragraph in its entirety in the documentation or other materials
10  * provided with the distribution, and (3) all advertising materials mentioning
11  * features or use of this software display the following acknowledgement:
12  * ``This product includes software developed by the University of California,
13  * Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and its contributors.'' Neither the name of
14  * the University nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse
15  * or promote products derived from this software without specific prior
16  * written permission.
17  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
18  * WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
19  * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
20  *
21  *  Internet, ethernet, port, and protocol string to address
22  *  and address to string conversion routines
23  *
24  * $FreeBSD$
25  */
26 #ifndef lint
27 static const char rcsid[] _U_ =
28     "@(#) $Header: /tcpdump/master/tcpdump/addrtoname.c,v 1.108.2.5 2005/04/25 08:43:05 guy Exp $ (LBL)";
29 #endif
30 
31 #ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
32 #include "config.h"
33 #endif
34 
35 #include <tcpdump-stdinc.h>
36 
37 #ifdef USE_ETHER_NTOHOST
38 #ifdef HAVE_NETINET_IF_ETHER_H
39 struct mbuf;		/* Squelch compiler warnings on some platforms for */
40 struct rtentry;		/* declarations in <net/if.h> */
41 #include <net/if.h>	/* for "struct ifnet" in "struct arpcom" on Solaris */
42 #include <netinet/if_ether.h>
43 #endif /* HAVE_NETINET_IF_ETHER_H */
44 #ifdef NETINET_ETHER_H_DECLARES_ETHER_NTOHOST
45 #include <netinet/ether.h>
46 #endif /* NETINET_ETHER_H_DECLARES_ETHER_NTOHOST */
47 
48 #if !defined(HAVE_DECL_ETHER_NTOHOST) || !HAVE_DECL_ETHER_NTOHOST
49 #ifndef HAVE_STRUCT_ETHER_ADDR
50 struct ether_addr {
51 	unsigned char ether_addr_octet[6];
52 };
53 #endif
54 extern int ether_ntohost(char *, const struct ether_addr *);
55 #endif
56 
57 #endif /* USE_ETHER_NTOHOST */
58 
59 #include <pcap.h>
60 #include <pcap-namedb.h>
61 #include <signal.h>
62 #include <stdio.h>
63 #include <string.h>
64 #include <stdlib.h>
65 
66 #include "interface.h"
67 #include "addrtoname.h"
68 #include "llc.h"
69 #include "setsignal.h"
70 #include "extract.h"
71 #include "oui.h"
72 
73 /*
74  * hash tables for whatever-to-name translations
75  *
76  * XXX there has to be error checks against strdup(3) failure
77  */
78 
79 #define HASHNAMESIZE 4096
80 #define BUFSIZE 128
81 
82 struct hnamemem {
83 	u_int32_t addr;
84 	const char *name;
85 	struct hnamemem *nxt;
86 };
87 
88 struct hnamemem hnametable[HASHNAMESIZE];
89 struct hnamemem tporttable[HASHNAMESIZE];
90 struct hnamemem uporttable[HASHNAMESIZE];
91 struct hnamemem eprototable[HASHNAMESIZE];
92 struct hnamemem dnaddrtable[HASHNAMESIZE];
93 struct hnamemem llcsaptable[HASHNAMESIZE];
94 struct hnamemem ipxsaptable[HASHNAMESIZE];
95 
96 #if defined(INET6) && defined(WIN32)
97 /*
98  * fake gethostbyaddr for Win2k/XP
99  * gethostbyaddr() returns incorrect value when AF_INET6 is passed
100  * to 3rd argument.
101  *
102  * h_name in struct hostent is only valid.
103  */
104 static struct hostent *
105 win32_gethostbyaddr(const char *addr, int len, int type)
106 {
107 	static struct hostent host;
108 	static char hostbuf[NI_MAXHOST];
109 	char hname[NI_MAXHOST];
110 	struct sockaddr_in6 addr6;
111 
112 	host.h_name = hostbuf;
113 	switch (type) {
114 	case AF_INET:
115 		return gethostbyaddr(addr, len, type);
116 		break;
117 	case AF_INET6:
118 		memset(&addr6, 0, sizeof(addr6));
119 		addr6.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
120 		memcpy(&addr6.sin6_addr, addr, len);
121 		if (getnameinfo((struct sockaddr *)&addr6, sizeof(addr6),
122 		    hname, sizeof(hname), NULL, 0, 0)) {
123 			return NULL;
124 		} else {
125 			strcpy(host.h_name, hname);
126 			return &host;
127 		}
128 		break;
129 	default:
130 		return NULL;
131 	}
132 }
133 #define gethostbyaddr win32_gethostbyaddr
134 #endif /* INET6 & WIN32 */
135 
136 #ifdef INET6
137 struct h6namemem {
138 	struct in6_addr addr;
139 	char *name;
140 	struct h6namemem *nxt;
141 };
142 
143 struct h6namemem h6nametable[HASHNAMESIZE];
144 #endif /* INET6 */
145 
146 struct enamemem {
147 	u_short e_addr0;
148 	u_short e_addr1;
149 	u_short e_addr2;
150 	const char *e_name;
151 	u_char *e_nsap;			/* used only for nsaptable[] */
152 #define e_bs e_nsap			/* for bytestringtable */
153 	struct enamemem *e_nxt;
154 };
155 
156 struct enamemem enametable[HASHNAMESIZE];
157 struct enamemem nsaptable[HASHNAMESIZE];
158 struct enamemem bytestringtable[HASHNAMESIZE];
159 
160 struct protoidmem {
161 	u_int32_t p_oui;
162 	u_short p_proto;
163 	const char *p_name;
164 	struct protoidmem *p_nxt;
165 };
166 
167 struct protoidmem protoidtable[HASHNAMESIZE];
168 
169 /*
170  * A faster replacement for inet_ntoa().
171  */
172 const char *
173 intoa(u_int32_t addr)
174 {
175 	register char *cp;
176 	register u_int byte;
177 	register int n;
178 	static char buf[sizeof(".xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx")];
179 
180 	NTOHL(addr);
181 	cp = buf + sizeof(buf);
182 	*--cp = '\0';
183 
184 	n = 4;
185 	do {
186 		byte = addr & 0xff;
187 		*--cp = byte % 10 + '0';
188 		byte /= 10;
189 		if (byte > 0) {
190 			*--cp = byte % 10 + '0';
191 			byte /= 10;
192 			if (byte > 0)
193 				*--cp = byte + '0';
194 		}
195 		*--cp = '.';
196 		addr >>= 8;
197 	} while (--n > 0);
198 
199 	return cp + 1;
200 }
201 
202 static u_int32_t f_netmask;
203 static u_int32_t f_localnet;
204 
205 /*
206  * Return a name for the IP address pointed to by ap.  This address
207  * is assumed to be in network byte order.
208  *
209  * NOTE: ap is *NOT* necessarily part of the packet data (not even if
210  * this is being called with the "ipaddr_string()" macro), so you
211  * *CANNOT* use the TCHECK{2}/TTEST{2} macros on it.  Furthermore,
212  * even in cases where it *is* part of the packet data, the caller
213  * would still have to check for a null return value, even if it's
214  * just printing the return value with "%s" - not all versions of
215  * printf print "(null)" with "%s" and a null pointer, some of them
216  * don't check for a null pointer and crash in that case.
217  *
218  * The callers of this routine should, before handing this routine
219  * a pointer to packet data, be sure that the data is present in
220  * the packet buffer.  They should probably do those checks anyway,
221  * as other data at that layer might not be IP addresses, and it
222  * also needs to check whether they're present in the packet buffer.
223  */
224 const char *
225 getname(const u_char *ap)
226 {
227 	register struct hostent *hp;
228 	u_int32_t addr;
229 	static struct hnamemem *p;		/* static for longjmp() */
230 
231 	memcpy(&addr, ap, sizeof(addr));
232 	p = &hnametable[addr & (HASHNAMESIZE-1)];
233 	for (; p->nxt; p = p->nxt) {
234 		if (p->addr == addr)
235 			return (p->name);
236 	}
237 	p->addr = addr;
238 	p->nxt = newhnamemem();
239 
240 	/*
241 	 * Print names unless:
242 	 *	(1) -n was given.
243 	 *      (2) Address is foreign and -f was given. (If -f was not
244 	 *	    given, f_netmask and f_localnet are 0 and the test
245 	 *	    evaluates to true)
246 	 */
247 	if (!nflag &&
248 	    (addr & f_netmask) == f_localnet) {
249 		hp = gethostbyaddr((char *)&addr, 4, AF_INET);
250 		if (hp) {
251 			char *dotp;
252 
253 			p->name = strdup(hp->h_name);
254 			if (Nflag) {
255 				/* Remove domain qualifications */
256 				dotp = strchr(p->name, '.');
257 				if (dotp)
258 					*dotp = '\0';
259 			}
260 			return (p->name);
261 		}
262 	}
263 	p->name = strdup(intoa(addr));
264 	return (p->name);
265 }
266 
267 #ifdef INET6
268 /*
269  * Return a name for the IP6 address pointed to by ap.  This address
270  * is assumed to be in network byte order.
271  */
272 const char *
273 getname6(const u_char *ap)
274 {
275 	register struct hostent *hp;
276 	struct in6_addr addr;
277 	static struct h6namemem *p;		/* static for longjmp() */
278 	register const char *cp;
279 	char ntop_buf[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
280 
281 	memcpy(&addr, ap, sizeof(addr));
282 	p = &h6nametable[*(u_int16_t *)&addr.s6_addr[14] & (HASHNAMESIZE-1)];
283 	for (; p->nxt; p = p->nxt) {
284 		if (memcmp(&p->addr, &addr, sizeof(addr)) == 0)
285 			return (p->name);
286 	}
287 	p->addr = addr;
288 	p->nxt = newh6namemem();
289 
290 	/*
291 	 * Do not print names if -n was given.
292 	 */
293 	if (!nflag) {
294 		hp = gethostbyaddr((char *)&addr, sizeof(addr), AF_INET6);
295 		if (hp) {
296 			char *dotp;
297 
298 			p->name = strdup(hp->h_name);
299 			if (Nflag) {
300 				/* Remove domain qualifications */
301 				dotp = strchr(p->name, '.');
302 				if (dotp)
303 					*dotp = '\0';
304 			}
305 			return (p->name);
306 		}
307 	}
308 	cp = inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &addr, ntop_buf, sizeof(ntop_buf));
309 	p->name = strdup(cp);
310 	return (p->name);
311 }
312 #endif /* INET6 */
313 
314 static char hex[] = "0123456789abcdef";
315 
316 
317 /* Find the hash node that corresponds the ether address 'ep' */
318 
319 static inline struct enamemem *
320 lookup_emem(const u_char *ep)
321 {
322 	register u_int i, j, k;
323 	struct enamemem *tp;
324 
325 	k = (ep[0] << 8) | ep[1];
326 	j = (ep[2] << 8) | ep[3];
327 	i = (ep[4] << 8) | ep[5];
328 
329 	tp = &enametable[(i ^ j) & (HASHNAMESIZE-1)];
330 	while (tp->e_nxt)
331 		if (tp->e_addr0 == i &&
332 		    tp->e_addr1 == j &&
333 		    tp->e_addr2 == k)
334 			return tp;
335 		else
336 			tp = tp->e_nxt;
337 	tp->e_addr0 = i;
338 	tp->e_addr1 = j;
339 	tp->e_addr2 = k;
340 	tp->e_nxt = (struct enamemem *)calloc(1, sizeof(*tp));
341 	if (tp->e_nxt == NULL)
342 		error("lookup_emem: calloc");
343 
344 	return tp;
345 }
346 
347 /*
348  * Find the hash node that corresponds to the bytestring 'bs'
349  * with length 'nlen'
350  */
351 
352 static inline struct enamemem *
353 lookup_bytestring(register const u_char *bs, const unsigned int nlen)
354 {
355 	struct enamemem *tp;
356 	register u_int i, j, k;
357 
358 	if (nlen >= 6) {
359 		k = (bs[0] << 8) | bs[1];
360 		j = (bs[2] << 8) | bs[3];
361 		i = (bs[4] << 8) | bs[5];
362 	} else if (nlen >= 4) {
363 		k = (bs[0] << 8) | bs[1];
364 		j = (bs[2] << 8) | bs[3];
365 		i = 0;
366 	} else
367 		i = j = k = 0;
368 
369 	tp = &bytestringtable[(i ^ j) & (HASHNAMESIZE-1)];
370 	while (tp->e_nxt)
371 		if (tp->e_addr0 == i &&
372 		    tp->e_addr1 == j &&
373 		    tp->e_addr2 == k &&
374 		    memcmp((const char *)bs, (const char *)(tp->e_bs), nlen) == 0)
375 			return tp;
376 		else
377 			tp = tp->e_nxt;
378 
379 	tp->e_addr0 = i;
380 	tp->e_addr1 = j;
381 	tp->e_addr2 = k;
382 
383 	tp->e_bs = (u_char *) calloc(1, nlen + 1);
384 	memcpy(tp->e_bs, bs, nlen);
385 	tp->e_nxt = (struct enamemem *)calloc(1, sizeof(*tp));
386 	if (tp->e_nxt == NULL)
387 		error("lookup_bytestring: calloc");
388 
389 	return tp;
390 }
391 
392 /* Find the hash node that corresponds the NSAP 'nsap' */
393 
394 static inline struct enamemem *
395 lookup_nsap(register const u_char *nsap)
396 {
397 	register u_int i, j, k;
398 	unsigned int nlen = *nsap;
399 	struct enamemem *tp;
400 	const u_char *ensap = nsap + nlen - 6;
401 
402 	if (nlen > 6) {
403 		k = (ensap[0] << 8) | ensap[1];
404 		j = (ensap[2] << 8) | ensap[3];
405 		i = (ensap[4] << 8) | ensap[5];
406 	}
407 	else
408 		i = j = k = 0;
409 
410 	tp = &nsaptable[(i ^ j) & (HASHNAMESIZE-1)];
411 	while (tp->e_nxt)
412 		if (tp->e_addr0 == i &&
413 		    tp->e_addr1 == j &&
414 		    tp->e_addr2 == k &&
415 		    tp->e_nsap[0] == nlen &&
416 		    memcmp((const char *)&(nsap[1]),
417 			(char *)&(tp->e_nsap[1]), nlen) == 0)
418 			return tp;
419 		else
420 			tp = tp->e_nxt;
421 	tp->e_addr0 = i;
422 	tp->e_addr1 = j;
423 	tp->e_addr2 = k;
424 	tp->e_nsap = (u_char *)malloc(nlen + 1);
425 	if (tp->e_nsap == NULL)
426 		error("lookup_nsap: malloc");
427 	memcpy((char *)tp->e_nsap, (const char *)nsap, nlen + 1);
428 	tp->e_nxt = (struct enamemem *)calloc(1, sizeof(*tp));
429 	if (tp->e_nxt == NULL)
430 		error("lookup_nsap: calloc");
431 
432 	return tp;
433 }
434 
435 /* Find the hash node that corresponds the protoid 'pi'. */
436 
437 static inline struct protoidmem *
438 lookup_protoid(const u_char *pi)
439 {
440 	register u_int i, j;
441 	struct protoidmem *tp;
442 
443 	/* 5 octets won't be aligned */
444 	i = (((pi[0] << 8) + pi[1]) << 8) + pi[2];
445 	j =   (pi[3] << 8) + pi[4];
446 	/* XXX should be endian-insensitive, but do big-endian testing  XXX */
447 
448 	tp = &protoidtable[(i ^ j) & (HASHNAMESIZE-1)];
449 	while (tp->p_nxt)
450 		if (tp->p_oui == i && tp->p_proto == j)
451 			return tp;
452 		else
453 			tp = tp->p_nxt;
454 	tp->p_oui = i;
455 	tp->p_proto = j;
456 	tp->p_nxt = (struct protoidmem *)calloc(1, sizeof(*tp));
457 	if (tp->p_nxt == NULL)
458 		error("lookup_protoid: calloc");
459 
460 	return tp;
461 }
462 
463 const char *
464 etheraddr_string(register const u_char *ep)
465 {
466 	register u_int i, oui;
467 	register char *cp;
468 	register struct enamemem *tp;
469 	char buf[BUFSIZE];
470 
471 	tp = lookup_emem(ep);
472 	if (tp->e_name)
473 		return (tp->e_name);
474 #ifdef USE_ETHER_NTOHOST
475 	if (!nflag) {
476 		char buf2[BUFSIZE];
477 
478 		/*
479 		 * We don't cast it to "const struct ether_addr *"
480 		 * because some systems don't modify the Ethernet
481 		 * address but fail to declare the second argument
482 		 * as a "const" pointer.
483 		 */
484 		if (ether_ntohost(buf2, (struct ether_addr *)ep) == 0) {
485 			tp->e_name = strdup(buf2);
486 			return (tp->e_name);
487 		}
488 	}
489 #endif
490 	cp = buf;
491         oui=EXTRACT_24BITS(ep);
492 	*cp++ = hex[*ep >> 4 ];
493 	*cp++ = hex[*ep++ & 0xf];
494         for (i = 5; (int)--i >= 0;) {
495             *cp++ = ':';
496             *cp++ = hex[*ep >> 4 ];
497             *cp++ = hex[*ep++ & 0xf];
498         }
499 
500         if (!nflag) {
501             snprintf(cp,BUFSIZE," (oui %s)",
502                      tok2str(oui_values,"Unknown",oui));
503         } else
504             *cp = '\0';
505 	tp->e_name = strdup(buf);
506 	return (tp->e_name);
507 }
508 
509 const char *
510 linkaddr_string(const u_char *ep, const unsigned int len)
511 {
512 	register u_int i;
513 	register char *cp;
514 	register struct enamemem *tp;
515 
516 	if (len == 6)	/* XXX not totally correct... */
517 		return etheraddr_string(ep);
518 
519 	tp = lookup_bytestring(ep, len);
520 	if (tp->e_name)
521 		return (tp->e_name);
522 
523 	tp->e_name = cp = (char *)malloc(len*3);
524 	if (tp->e_name == NULL)
525 		error("linkaddr_string: malloc");
526 	*cp++ = hex[*ep >> 4];
527 	*cp++ = hex[*ep++ & 0xf];
528 	for (i = len-1; i > 0 ; --i) {
529 		*cp++ = ':';
530 		*cp++ = hex[*ep >> 4];
531 		*cp++ = hex[*ep++ & 0xf];
532 	}
533 	*cp = '\0';
534 	return (tp->e_name);
535 }
536 
537 const char *
538 etherproto_string(u_short port)
539 {
540 	register char *cp;
541 	register struct hnamemem *tp;
542 	register u_int32_t i = port;
543 	char buf[sizeof("0000")];
544 
545 	for (tp = &eprototable[i & (HASHNAMESIZE-1)]; tp->nxt; tp = tp->nxt)
546 		if (tp->addr == i)
547 			return (tp->name);
548 
549 	tp->addr = i;
550 	tp->nxt = newhnamemem();
551 
552 	cp = buf;
553 	NTOHS(port);
554 	*cp++ = hex[port >> 12 & 0xf];
555 	*cp++ = hex[port >> 8 & 0xf];
556 	*cp++ = hex[port >> 4 & 0xf];
557 	*cp++ = hex[port & 0xf];
558 	*cp++ = '\0';
559 	tp->name = strdup(buf);
560 	return (tp->name);
561 }
562 
563 const char *
564 protoid_string(register const u_char *pi)
565 {
566 	register u_int i, j;
567 	register char *cp;
568 	register struct protoidmem *tp;
569 	char buf[sizeof("00:00:00:00:00")];
570 
571 	tp = lookup_protoid(pi);
572 	if (tp->p_name)
573 		return tp->p_name;
574 
575 	cp = buf;
576 	if ((j = *pi >> 4) != 0)
577 		*cp++ = hex[j];
578 	*cp++ = hex[*pi++ & 0xf];
579 	for (i = 4; (int)--i >= 0;) {
580 		*cp++ = ':';
581 		if ((j = *pi >> 4) != 0)
582 			*cp++ = hex[j];
583 		*cp++ = hex[*pi++ & 0xf];
584 	}
585 	*cp = '\0';
586 	tp->p_name = strdup(buf);
587 	return (tp->p_name);
588 }
589 
590 const char *
591 llcsap_string(u_char sap)
592 {
593 	register struct hnamemem *tp;
594 	register u_int32_t i = sap;
595 	char buf[sizeof("sap 00")];
596 
597 	for (tp = &llcsaptable[i & (HASHNAMESIZE-1)]; tp->nxt; tp = tp->nxt)
598 		if (tp->addr == i)
599 			return (tp->name);
600 
601 	tp->addr = i;
602 	tp->nxt = newhnamemem();
603 
604 	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "sap %02x", sap & 0xff);
605 	tp->name = strdup(buf);
606 	return (tp->name);
607 }
608 
609 #define ISONSAP_MAX_LENGTH 20
610 const char *
611 isonsap_string(const u_char *nsap, register u_int nsap_length)
612 {
613 	register u_int nsap_idx;
614 	register char *cp;
615 	register struct enamemem *tp;
616 
617 	if (nsap_length < 1 || nsap_length > ISONSAP_MAX_LENGTH)
618 		return ("isonsap_string: illegal length");
619 
620 	tp = lookup_nsap(nsap);
621 	if (tp->e_name)
622 		return tp->e_name;
623 
624 	tp->e_name = cp = (char *)malloc(sizeof("xx.xxxx.xxxx.xxxx.xxxx.xxxx.xxxx.xxxx.xxxx.xxxx.xx"));
625 	if (cp == NULL)
626 		error("isonsap_string: malloc");
627 
628 	for (nsap_idx = 0; nsap_idx < nsap_length; nsap_idx++) {
629 		*cp++ = hex[*nsap >> 4];
630 		*cp++ = hex[*nsap++ & 0xf];
631 		if (((nsap_idx & 1) == 0) &&
632 		     (nsap_idx + 1 < nsap_length)) {
633 		     	*cp++ = '.';
634 		}
635 	}
636 	*cp = '\0';
637 	return (tp->e_name);
638 }
639 
640 const char *
641 tcpport_string(u_short port)
642 {
643 	register struct hnamemem *tp;
644 	register u_int32_t i = port;
645 	char buf[sizeof("00000")];
646 
647 	for (tp = &tporttable[i & (HASHNAMESIZE-1)]; tp->nxt; tp = tp->nxt)
648 		if (tp->addr == i)
649 			return (tp->name);
650 
651 	tp->addr = i;
652 	tp->nxt = newhnamemem();
653 
654 	(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%u", i);
655 	tp->name = strdup(buf);
656 	return (tp->name);
657 }
658 
659 const char *
660 udpport_string(register u_short port)
661 {
662 	register struct hnamemem *tp;
663 	register u_int32_t i = port;
664 	char buf[sizeof("00000")];
665 
666 	for (tp = &uporttable[i & (HASHNAMESIZE-1)]; tp->nxt; tp = tp->nxt)
667 		if (tp->addr == i)
668 			return (tp->name);
669 
670 	tp->addr = i;
671 	tp->nxt = newhnamemem();
672 
673 	(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%u", i);
674 	tp->name = strdup(buf);
675 	return (tp->name);
676 }
677 
678 const char *
679 ipxsap_string(u_short port)
680 {
681 	register char *cp;
682 	register struct hnamemem *tp;
683 	register u_int32_t i = port;
684 	char buf[sizeof("0000")];
685 
686 	for (tp = &ipxsaptable[i & (HASHNAMESIZE-1)]; tp->nxt; tp = tp->nxt)
687 		if (tp->addr == i)
688 			return (tp->name);
689 
690 	tp->addr = i;
691 	tp->nxt = newhnamemem();
692 
693 	cp = buf;
694 	NTOHS(port);
695 	*cp++ = hex[port >> 12 & 0xf];
696 	*cp++ = hex[port >> 8 & 0xf];
697 	*cp++ = hex[port >> 4 & 0xf];
698 	*cp++ = hex[port & 0xf];
699 	*cp++ = '\0';
700 	tp->name = strdup(buf);
701 	return (tp->name);
702 }
703 
704 static void
705 init_servarray(void)
706 {
707 	struct servent *sv;
708 	register struct hnamemem *table;
709 	register int i;
710 	char buf[sizeof("0000000000")];
711 
712 	while ((sv = getservent()) != NULL) {
713 		int port = ntohs(sv->s_port);
714 		i = port & (HASHNAMESIZE-1);
715 		if (strcmp(sv->s_proto, "tcp") == 0)
716 			table = &tporttable[i];
717 		else if (strcmp(sv->s_proto, "udp") == 0)
718 			table = &uporttable[i];
719 		else
720 			continue;
721 
722 		while (table->name)
723 			table = table->nxt;
724 		if (nflag) {
725 			(void)snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d", port);
726 			table->name = strdup(buf);
727 		} else
728 			table->name = strdup(sv->s_name);
729 		table->addr = port;
730 		table->nxt = newhnamemem();
731 	}
732 	endservent();
733 }
734 
735 /* in libpcap.a (nametoaddr.c) */
736 #if defined(WIN32) && !defined(USE_STATIC_LIBPCAP)
737 __declspec(dllimport)
738 #else
739 extern
740 #endif
741 const struct eproto {
742 	const char *s;
743 	u_short p;
744 } eproto_db[];
745 
746 static void
747 init_eprotoarray(void)
748 {
749 	register int i;
750 	register struct hnamemem *table;
751 
752 	for (i = 0; eproto_db[i].s; i++) {
753 		int j = htons(eproto_db[i].p) & (HASHNAMESIZE-1);
754 		table = &eprototable[j];
755 		while (table->name)
756 			table = table->nxt;
757 		table->name = eproto_db[i].s;
758 		table->addr = htons(eproto_db[i].p);
759 		table->nxt = newhnamemem();
760 	}
761 }
762 
763 static struct protoidlist {
764 	const u_char protoid[5];
765 	const char *name;
766 } protoidlist[] = {
767 	{{ 0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x01, 0x07 }, "CiscoMLS" },
768 	{{ 0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x20, 0x00 }, "CiscoCDP" },
769 	{{ 0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x20, 0x01 }, "CiscoCGMP" },
770 	{{ 0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x20, 0x03 }, "CiscoVTP" },
771 	{{ 0x00, 0xe0, 0x2b, 0x00, 0xbb }, "ExtremeEDP" },
772 	{{ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 }, NULL }
773 };
774 
775 /*
776  * SNAP proto IDs with org code 0:0:0 are actually encapsulated Ethernet
777  * types.
778  */
779 static void
780 init_protoidarray(void)
781 {
782 	register int i;
783 	register struct protoidmem *tp;
784 	struct protoidlist *pl;
785 	u_char protoid[5];
786 
787 	protoid[0] = 0;
788 	protoid[1] = 0;
789 	protoid[2] = 0;
790 	for (i = 0; eproto_db[i].s; i++) {
791 		u_short etype = htons(eproto_db[i].p);
792 
793 		memcpy((char *)&protoid[3], (char *)&etype, 2);
794 		tp = lookup_protoid(protoid);
795 		tp->p_name = strdup(eproto_db[i].s);
796 	}
797 	/* Hardwire some SNAP proto ID names */
798 	for (pl = protoidlist; pl->name != NULL; ++pl) {
799 		tp = lookup_protoid(pl->protoid);
800 		/* Don't override existing name */
801 		if (tp->p_name != NULL)
802 			continue;
803 
804 		tp->p_name = pl->name;
805 	}
806 }
807 
808 static struct etherlist {
809 	const u_char addr[6];
810 	const char *name;
811 } etherlist[] = {
812 	{{ 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff }, "Broadcast" },
813 	{{ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 }, NULL }
814 };
815 
816 /*
817  * Initialize the ethers hash table.  We take two different approaches
818  * depending on whether or not the system provides the ethers name
819  * service.  If it does, we just wire in a few names at startup,
820  * and etheraddr_string() fills in the table on demand.  If it doesn't,
821  * then we suck in the entire /etc/ethers file at startup.  The idea
822  * is that parsing the local file will be fast, but spinning through
823  * all the ethers entries via NIS & next_etherent might be very slow.
824  *
825  * XXX pcap_next_etherent doesn't belong in the pcap interface, but
826  * since the pcap module already does name-to-address translation,
827  * it's already does most of the work for the ethernet address-to-name
828  * translation, so we just pcap_next_etherent as a convenience.
829  */
830 static void
831 init_etherarray(void)
832 {
833 	register struct etherlist *el;
834 	register struct enamemem *tp;
835 #ifdef USE_ETHER_NTOHOST
836 	char name[256];
837 #else
838 	register struct pcap_etherent *ep;
839 	register FILE *fp;
840 
841 	/* Suck in entire ethers file */
842 	fp = fopen(PCAP_ETHERS_FILE, "r");
843 	if (fp != NULL) {
844 		while ((ep = pcap_next_etherent(fp)) != NULL) {
845 			tp = lookup_emem(ep->addr);
846 			tp->e_name = strdup(ep->name);
847 		}
848 		(void)fclose(fp);
849 	}
850 #endif
851 
852 	/* Hardwire some ethernet names */
853 	for (el = etherlist; el->name != NULL; ++el) {
854 		tp = lookup_emem(el->addr);
855 		/* Don't override existing name */
856 		if (tp->e_name != NULL)
857 			continue;
858 
859 #ifdef USE_ETHER_NTOHOST
860 		/*
861 		 * Use YP/NIS version of name if available.
862 		 *
863 		 * We don't cast it to "const struct ether_addr *"
864 		 * because some systems don't modify the Ethernet
865 		 * address but fail to declare the second argument
866 		 * as a "const" pointer.
867 		 */
868 		if (ether_ntohost(name, (struct ether_addr *)el->addr) == 0) {
869 			tp->e_name = strdup(name);
870 			continue;
871 		}
872 #endif
873 		tp->e_name = el->name;
874 	}
875 }
876 
877 static struct tok llcsap_db[] = {
878 	{ LLCSAP_NULL,		"null" },
879 	{ LLCSAP_8021B_I,	"802.1b-gsap" },
880 	{ LLCSAP_8021B_G,	"802.1b-isap" },
881 	{ LLCSAP_IP,		"ip-sap" },
882 	{ LLCSAP_PROWAYNM,	"proway-nm" },
883 	{ LLCSAP_8021D,		"802.1d" },
884 	{ LLCSAP_RS511,		"eia-rs511" },
885 	{ LLCSAP_ISO8208,	"x.25/llc2" },
886 	{ LLCSAP_PROWAY,	"proway" },
887 	{ LLCSAP_SNAP,		"snap" },
888 	{ LLCSAP_IPX,		"IPX" },
889 	{ LLCSAP_NETBEUI,	"netbeui" },
890 	{ LLCSAP_ISONS,		"iso-clns" },
891 	{ LLCSAP_GLOBAL,	"global" },
892 	{ 0,			NULL }
893 };
894 
895 static void
896 init_llcsaparray(void)
897 {
898 	register int i;
899 	register struct hnamemem *table;
900 
901 	for (i = 0; llcsap_db[i].s != NULL; i++) {
902 		table = &llcsaptable[llcsap_db[i].v];
903 		while (table->name)
904 			table = table->nxt;
905 		table->name = llcsap_db[i].s;
906 		table->addr = llcsap_db[i].v;
907 		table->nxt = newhnamemem();
908 	}
909 }
910 
911 static struct tok ipxsap_db[] = {
912 	{ 0x0000, "Unknown" },
913 	{ 0x0001, "User" },
914 	{ 0x0002, "User Group" },
915 	{ 0x0003, "PrintQueue" },
916 	{ 0x0004, "FileServer" },
917 	{ 0x0005, "JobServer" },
918 	{ 0x0006, "Gateway" },
919 	{ 0x0007, "PrintServer" },
920 	{ 0x0008, "ArchiveQueue" },
921 	{ 0x0009, "ArchiveServer" },
922 	{ 0x000a, "JobQueue" },
923 	{ 0x000b, "Administration" },
924 	{ 0x000F, "Novell TI-RPC" },
925 	{ 0x0017, "Diagnostics" },
926 	{ 0x0020, "NetBIOS" },
927 	{ 0x0021, "NAS SNA Gateway" },
928 	{ 0x0023, "NACS AsyncGateway" },
929 	{ 0x0024, "RemoteBridge/RoutingService" },
930 	{ 0x0026, "BridgeServer" },
931 	{ 0x0027, "TCP/IP Gateway" },
932 	{ 0x0028, "Point-to-point X.25 BridgeServer" },
933 	{ 0x0029, "3270 Gateway" },
934 	{ 0x002a, "CHI Corp" },
935 	{ 0x002c, "PC Chalkboard" },
936 	{ 0x002d, "TimeSynchServer" },
937 	{ 0x002e, "ARCserve5.0/PalindromeBackup" },
938 	{ 0x0045, "DI3270 Gateway" },
939 	{ 0x0047, "AdvertisingPrintServer" },
940 	{ 0x004a, "NetBlazerModems" },
941 	{ 0x004b, "BtrieveVAP" },
942 	{ 0x004c, "NetwareSQL" },
943 	{ 0x004d, "XtreeNetwork" },
944 	{ 0x0050, "BtrieveVAP4.11" },
945 	{ 0x0052, "QuickLink" },
946 	{ 0x0053, "PrintQueueUser" },
947 	{ 0x0058, "Multipoint X.25 Router" },
948 	{ 0x0060, "STLB/NLM" },
949 	{ 0x0064, "ARCserve" },
950 	{ 0x0066, "ARCserve3.0" },
951 	{ 0x0072, "WAN CopyUtility" },
952 	{ 0x007a, "TES-NetwareVMS" },
953 	{ 0x0092, "WATCOM Debugger/EmeraldTapeBackupServer" },
954 	{ 0x0095, "DDA OBGYN" },
955 	{ 0x0098, "NetwareAccessServer" },
956 	{ 0x009a, "Netware for VMS II/NamedPipeServer" },
957 	{ 0x009b, "NetwareAccessServer" },
958 	{ 0x009e, "PortableNetwareServer/SunLinkNVT" },
959 	{ 0x00a1, "PowerchuteAPC UPS" },
960 	{ 0x00aa, "LAWserve" },
961 	{ 0x00ac, "CompaqIDA StatusMonitor" },
962 	{ 0x0100, "PIPE STAIL" },
963 	{ 0x0102, "LAN ProtectBindery" },
964 	{ 0x0103, "OracleDataBaseServer" },
965 	{ 0x0107, "Netware386/RSPX RemoteConsole" },
966 	{ 0x010f, "NovellSNA Gateway" },
967 	{ 0x0111, "TestServer" },
968 	{ 0x0112, "HP PrintServer" },
969 	{ 0x0114, "CSA MUX" },
970 	{ 0x0115, "CSA LCA" },
971 	{ 0x0116, "CSA CM" },
972 	{ 0x0117, "CSA SMA" },
973 	{ 0x0118, "CSA DBA" },
974 	{ 0x0119, "CSA NMA" },
975 	{ 0x011a, "CSA SSA" },
976 	{ 0x011b, "CSA STATUS" },
977 	{ 0x011e, "CSA APPC" },
978 	{ 0x0126, "SNA TEST SSA Profile" },
979 	{ 0x012a, "CSA TRACE" },
980 	{ 0x012b, "NetwareSAA" },
981 	{ 0x012e, "IKARUS VirusScan" },
982 	{ 0x0130, "CommunicationsExecutive" },
983 	{ 0x0133, "NNS DomainServer/NetwareNamingServicesDomain" },
984 	{ 0x0135, "NetwareNamingServicesProfile" },
985 	{ 0x0137, "Netware386 PrintQueue/NNS PrintQueue" },
986 	{ 0x0141, "LAN SpoolServer" },
987 	{ 0x0152, "IRMALAN Gateway" },
988 	{ 0x0154, "NamedPipeServer" },
989 	{ 0x0166, "NetWareManagement" },
990 	{ 0x0168, "Intel PICKIT CommServer/Intel CAS TalkServer" },
991 	{ 0x0173, "Compaq" },
992 	{ 0x0174, "Compaq SNMP Agent" },
993 	{ 0x0175, "Compaq" },
994 	{ 0x0180, "XTreeServer/XTreeTools" },
995 	{ 0x018A, "NASI ServicesBroadcastServer" },
996 	{ 0x01b0, "GARP Gateway" },
997 	{ 0x01b1, "Binfview" },
998 	{ 0x01bf, "IntelLanDeskManager" },
999 	{ 0x01ca, "AXTEC" },
1000 	{ 0x01cb, "ShivaNetModem/E" },
1001 	{ 0x01cc, "ShivaLanRover/E" },
1002 	{ 0x01cd, "ShivaLanRover/T" },
1003 	{ 0x01ce, "ShivaUniversal" },
1004 	{ 0x01d8, "CastelleFAXPressServer" },
1005 	{ 0x01da, "CastelleLANPressPrintServer" },
1006 	{ 0x01dc, "CastelleFAX/Xerox7033 FaxServer/ExcelLanFax" },
1007 	{ 0x01f0, "LEGATO" },
1008 	{ 0x01f5, "LEGATO" },
1009 	{ 0x0233, "NMS Agent/NetwareManagementAgent" },
1010 	{ 0x0237, "NMS IPX Discovery/LANternReadWriteChannel" },
1011 	{ 0x0238, "NMS IP Discovery/LANternTrapAlarmChannel" },
1012 	{ 0x023a, "LANtern" },
1013 	{ 0x023c, "MAVERICK" },
1014 	{ 0x023f, "NovellSMDR" },
1015 	{ 0x024e, "NetwareConnect" },
1016 	{ 0x024f, "NASI ServerBroadcast Cisco" },
1017 	{ 0x026a, "NMS ServiceConsole" },
1018 	{ 0x026b, "TimeSynchronizationServer Netware 4.x" },
1019 	{ 0x0278, "DirectoryServer Netware 4.x" },
1020 	{ 0x027b, "NetwareManagementAgent" },
1021 	{ 0x0280, "Novell File and Printer Sharing Service for PC" },
1022 	{ 0x0304, "NovellSAA Gateway" },
1023 	{ 0x0308, "COM/VERMED" },
1024 	{ 0x030a, "GalacticommWorldgroupServer" },
1025 	{ 0x030c, "IntelNetport2/HP JetDirect/HP Quicksilver" },
1026 	{ 0x0320, "AttachmateGateway" },
1027 	{ 0x0327, "MicrosoftDiagnostiocs" },
1028 	{ 0x0328, "WATCOM SQL Server" },
1029 	{ 0x0335, "MultiTechSystems MultisynchCommServer" },
1030 	{ 0x0343, "Xylogics RemoteAccessServer/LANModem" },
1031 	{ 0x0355, "ArcadaBackupExec" },
1032 	{ 0x0358, "MSLCD1" },
1033 	{ 0x0361, "NETINELO" },
1034 	{ 0x037e, "Powerchute UPS Monitoring" },
1035 	{ 0x037f, "ViruSafeNotify" },
1036 	{ 0x0386, "HP Bridge" },
1037 	{ 0x0387, "HP Hub" },
1038 	{ 0x0394, "NetWare SAA Gateway" },
1039 	{ 0x039b, "LotusNotes" },
1040 	{ 0x03b7, "CertusAntiVirus" },
1041 	{ 0x03c4, "ARCserve4.0" },
1042 	{ 0x03c7, "LANspool3.5" },
1043 	{ 0x03d7, "LexmarkPrinterServer" },
1044 	{ 0x03d8, "LexmarkXLE PrinterServer" },
1045 	{ 0x03dd, "BanyanENS NetwareClient" },
1046 	{ 0x03de, "GuptaSequelBaseServer/NetWareSQL" },
1047 	{ 0x03e1, "UnivelUnixware" },
1048 	{ 0x03e4, "UnivelUnixware" },
1049 	{ 0x03fc, "IntelNetport" },
1050 	{ 0x03fd, "PrintServerQueue" },
1051 	{ 0x040A, "ipnServer" },
1052 	{ 0x040D, "LVERRMAN" },
1053 	{ 0x040E, "LVLIC" },
1054 	{ 0x0414, "NET Silicon (DPI)/Kyocera" },
1055 	{ 0x0429, "SiteLockVirus" },
1056 	{ 0x0432, "UFHELPR???" },
1057 	{ 0x0433, "Synoptics281xAdvancedSNMPAgent" },
1058 	{ 0x0444, "MicrosoftNT SNA Server" },
1059 	{ 0x0448, "Oracle" },
1060 	{ 0x044c, "ARCserve5.01" },
1061 	{ 0x0457, "CanonGP55" },
1062 	{ 0x045a, "QMS Printers" },
1063 	{ 0x045b, "DellSCSI Array" },
1064 	{ 0x0491, "NetBlazerModems" },
1065 	{ 0x04ac, "OnTimeScheduler" },
1066 	{ 0x04b0, "CD-Net" },
1067 	{ 0x0513, "EmulexNQA" },
1068 	{ 0x0520, "SiteLockChecks" },
1069 	{ 0x0529, "SiteLockChecks" },
1070 	{ 0x052d, "CitrixOS2 AppServer" },
1071 	{ 0x0535, "Tektronix" },
1072 	{ 0x0536, "Milan" },
1073 	{ 0x055d, "Attachmate SNA gateway" },
1074 	{ 0x056b, "IBM8235 ModemServer" },
1075 	{ 0x056c, "ShivaLanRover/E PLUS" },
1076 	{ 0x056d, "ShivaLanRover/T PLUS" },
1077 	{ 0x0580, "McAfeeNetShield" },
1078 	{ 0x05B8, "NLM to workstation communication (Revelation Software)" },
1079 	{ 0x05BA, "CompatibleSystemsRouters" },
1080 	{ 0x05BE, "CheyenneHierarchicalStorageManager" },
1081 	{ 0x0606, "JCWatermarkImaging" },
1082 	{ 0x060c, "AXISNetworkPrinter" },
1083 	{ 0x0610, "AdaptecSCSIManagement" },
1084 	{ 0x0621, "IBM AntiVirus" },
1085 	{ 0x0640, "Windows95 RemoteRegistryService" },
1086 	{ 0x064e, "MicrosoftIIS" },
1087 	{ 0x067b, "Microsoft Win95/98 File and Print Sharing for NetWare" },
1088 	{ 0x067c, "Microsoft Win95/98 File and Print Sharing for NetWare" },
1089 	{ 0x076C, "Xerox" },
1090 	{ 0x079b, "ShivaLanRover/E 115" },
1091 	{ 0x079c, "ShivaLanRover/T 115" },
1092 	{ 0x07B4, "CubixWorldDesk" },
1093 	{ 0x07c2, "Quarterdeck IWare Connect V2.x NLM" },
1094 	{ 0x07c1, "Quarterdeck IWare Connect V3.x NLM" },
1095 	{ 0x0810, "ELAN License Server Demo" },
1096 	{ 0x0824, "ShivaLanRoverAccessSwitch/E" },
1097 	{ 0x086a, "ISSC Collector" },
1098 	{ 0x087f, "ISSC DAS AgentAIX" },
1099 	{ 0x0880, "Intel Netport PRO" },
1100 	{ 0x0881, "Intel Netport PRO" },
1101 	{ 0x0b29, "SiteLock" },
1102 	{ 0x0c29, "SiteLockApplications" },
1103 	{ 0x0c2c, "LicensingServer" },
1104 	{ 0x2101, "PerformanceTechnologyInstantInternet" },
1105 	{ 0x2380, "LAI SiteLock" },
1106 	{ 0x238c, "MeetingMaker" },
1107 	{ 0x4808, "SiteLockServer/SiteLockMetering" },
1108 	{ 0x5555, "SiteLockUser" },
1109 	{ 0x6312, "Tapeware" },
1110 	{ 0x6f00, "RabbitGateway" },
1111 	{ 0x7703, "MODEM" },
1112 	{ 0x8002, "NetPortPrinters" },
1113 	{ 0x8008, "WordPerfectNetworkVersion" },
1114 	{ 0x85BE, "Cisco EIGRP" },
1115 	{ 0x8888, "WordPerfectNetworkVersion/QuickNetworkManagement" },
1116 	{ 0x9000, "McAfeeNetShield" },
1117 	{ 0x9604, "CSA-NT_MON" },
1118 	{ 0xb6a8, "OceanIsleReachoutRemoteControl" },
1119 	{ 0xf11f, "SiteLockMetering" },
1120 	{ 0xf1ff, "SiteLock" },
1121 	{ 0xf503, "Microsoft SQL Server" },
1122 	{ 0xF905, "IBM TimeAndPlace" },
1123 	{ 0xfbfb, "TopCallIII FaxServer" },
1124 	{ 0xffff, "AnyService/Wildcard" },
1125 	{ 0, (char *)0 }
1126 };
1127 
1128 static void
1129 init_ipxsaparray(void)
1130 {
1131 	register int i;
1132 	register struct hnamemem *table;
1133 
1134 	for (i = 0; ipxsap_db[i].s != NULL; i++) {
1135 		int j = htons(ipxsap_db[i].v) & (HASHNAMESIZE-1);
1136 		table = &ipxsaptable[j];
1137 		while (table->name)
1138 			table = table->nxt;
1139 		table->name = ipxsap_db[i].s;
1140 		table->addr = htons(ipxsap_db[i].v);
1141 		table->nxt = newhnamemem();
1142 	}
1143 }
1144 
1145 /*
1146  * Initialize the address to name translation machinery.  We map all
1147  * non-local IP addresses to numeric addresses if fflag is true (i.e.,
1148  * to prevent blocking on the nameserver).  localnet is the IP address
1149  * of the local network.  mask is its subnet mask.
1150  */
1151 void
1152 init_addrtoname(u_int32_t localnet, u_int32_t mask)
1153 {
1154 	if (fflag) {
1155 		f_localnet = localnet;
1156 		f_netmask = mask;
1157 	}
1158 	if (nflag)
1159 		/*
1160 		 * Simplest way to suppress names.
1161 		 */
1162 		return;
1163 
1164 	init_etherarray();
1165 	init_servarray();
1166 	init_eprotoarray();
1167 	init_llcsaparray();
1168 	init_protoidarray();
1169 	init_ipxsaparray();
1170 }
1171 
1172 const char *
1173 dnaddr_string(u_short dnaddr)
1174 {
1175 	register struct hnamemem *tp;
1176 
1177 	for (tp = &dnaddrtable[dnaddr & (HASHNAMESIZE-1)]; tp->nxt != 0;
1178 	     tp = tp->nxt)
1179 		if (tp->addr == dnaddr)
1180 			return (tp->name);
1181 
1182 	tp->addr = dnaddr;
1183 	tp->nxt = newhnamemem();
1184 	if (nflag)
1185 		tp->name = dnnum_string(dnaddr);
1186 	else
1187 		tp->name = dnname_string(dnaddr);
1188 
1189 	return(tp->name);
1190 }
1191 
1192 /* Return a zero'ed hnamemem struct and cuts down on calloc() overhead */
1193 struct hnamemem *
1194 newhnamemem(void)
1195 {
1196 	register struct hnamemem *p;
1197 	static struct hnamemem *ptr = NULL;
1198 	static u_int num = 0;
1199 
1200 	if (num  <= 0) {
1201 		num = 64;
1202 		ptr = (struct hnamemem *)calloc(num, sizeof (*ptr));
1203 		if (ptr == NULL)
1204 			error("newhnamemem: calloc");
1205 	}
1206 	--num;
1207 	p = ptr++;
1208 	return (p);
1209 }
1210 
1211 #ifdef INET6
1212 /* Return a zero'ed h6namemem struct and cuts down on calloc() overhead */
1213 struct h6namemem *
1214 newh6namemem(void)
1215 {
1216 	register struct h6namemem *p;
1217 	static struct h6namemem *ptr = NULL;
1218 	static u_int num = 0;
1219 
1220 	if (num  <= 0) {
1221 		num = 64;
1222 		ptr = (struct h6namemem *)calloc(num, sizeof (*ptr));
1223 		if (ptr == NULL)
1224 			error("newh6namemem: calloc");
1225 	}
1226 	--num;
1227 	p = ptr++;
1228 	return (p);
1229 }
1230 #endif /* INET6 */
1231