1.\" $Id: mandoc_char.7,v 1.78 2020/10/31 11:45:16 schwarze Exp $ 2.\" 3.\" Copyright (c) 2003 Jason McIntyre <jmc@openbsd.org> 4.\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv> 5.\" Copyright (c) 2011,2013,2015,2017-2020 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org> 6.\" 7.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any 8.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above 9.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies. 10.\" 11.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES 12.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF 13.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR 14.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES 15.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN 16.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF 17.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. 18.\" 19.Dd $Mdocdate: October 31 2020 $ 20.Dt MANDOC_CHAR 7 21.Os 22.Sh NAME 23.Nm mandoc_char 24.Nd mandoc special characters 25.Sh DESCRIPTION 26This page documents the 27.Xr roff 7 28escape sequences accepted by 29.Xr mandoc 1 30to represent special characters in 31.Xr mdoc 7 32and 33.Xr man 7 34documents. 35.Pp 36The rendering depends on the 37.Xr mandoc 1 38output mode; it can be inspected by calling 39.Xr man 1 40on the 41.Nm 42manual page with different 43.Fl T 44arguments. 45In ASCII output, the rendering of some characters may be hard 46to interpret for the reader. 47Many are rendered as descriptive strings like 48.Qq <integral> , 49.Qq <degree> , 50or 51.Qq <Gamma> , 52which may look ugly, and many are replaced by similar ASCII characters. 53In particular, accented characters are usually shown without the accent. 54For that reason, try to avoid using any of the special characters 55documented here except those discussed in the 56.Sx DESCRIPTION , 57unless they are essential for explaining the subject matter at hand, 58for example when documenting complicated mathematical functions. 59.Pp 60In particular, in English manual pages, do not use special-character 61escape sequences to represent national language characters in author 62names; instead, provide ASCII transcriptions of the names. 63.Ss Dashes and Hyphens 64In typography there are different types of dashes of various width: 65the hyphen (\(hy), 66the en-dash (\(en), 67the em-dash (\(em), 68and the mathematical minus sign (\(mi). 69.Pp 70Hyphens are used for adjectives; 71to separate the two parts of a compound word; 72or to separate a word across two successive lines of text. 73The hyphen does not need to be escaped: 74.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 75blue-eyed 76lorry-driver 77.Ed 78.Pp 79The en-dash is used to separate the two elements of a range, 80or can be used the same way as an em-dash. 81It should be written as 82.Sq \e(en : 83.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 84pp. 95\e(en97. 85Go away \e(en or else! 86.Ed 87.Pp 88The em-dash can be used to show an interruption 89or can be used the same way as colons, semi-colons, or parentheses. 90It should be written as 91.Sq \e(em : 92.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 93Three things \e(em apples, oranges, and bananas. 94This is not that \e(em rather, this is that. 95.Ed 96.Pp 97In 98.Xr roff 7 99documents, the minus sign is normally written as 100.Sq \e- . 101In manual pages, some style guides recommend to also use 102.Sq \e- 103if an ASCII 0x2d 104.Dq hyphen-minus 105output glyph that can be copied and pasted is desired in output modes 106supporting it, for example in 107.Fl T Cm utf8 108and 109.Fl T Cm html . 110But currently, no practically relevant manual page formatter requires 111that subtlety, so in manual pages, it is sufficient to write plain 112.Sq - 113to represent hyphen, minus, and hyphen-minus. 114.Pp 115If a word on a text input line contains a hyphen, a formatter may decide 116to insert an output line break after the hyphen if that helps filling 117the current output line, but the whole word would overflow the line. 118If it is important that the word is not broken across lines in this 119way, a zero-width space 120.Pq Sq \e& 121can be inserted before or after the hyphen. 122While 123.Xr mandoc 1 124never breaks the output line after hyphens adjacent to a zero-width 125space, after any of the other dash- or hyphen-like characters 126represented by escape sequences, or after hyphens inside words in 127macro arguments, other software may not respect these rules and may 128break the line even in such cases. 129.Pp 130Some 131.Xr roff 7 132implementations contains dictionaries allowing to break the line 133at syllable boundaries even inside words that contain no hyphens. 134Such automatic hyphenation is not supported by 135.Xr mandoc 1 , 136which only breaks the line at whitespace, and inside words only 137after existing hyphens. 138.Ss Spaces 139To separate words in normal text, for indenting and alignment 140in literal context, and when none of the following special cases apply, 141just use the normal space character 142.Pq Sq \ . 143.Pp 144When filling text, output lines may be broken between words, i.e. at space 145characters. 146To prevent a line break between two particular words, 147use the unpaddable non-breaking space escape sequence 148.Pq Sq \e\ \& 149instead of the normal space character. 150For example, the input string 151.Dq number\e\ 1 152will be kept together as 153.Dq number\ 1 154on the same output line. 155.Pp 156On request and macro lines, the normal space character serves as an 157argument delimiter. 158To include whitespace into arguments, quoting is usually the best choice; 159see the MACRO SYNTAX section in 160.Xr roff 7 . 161In some cases, using the non-breaking space escape sequence 162.Pq Sq \e\ \& 163may be preferable. 164.Pp 165To escape macro names and to protect whitespace at the end 166of input lines, the zero-width space 167.Pq Sq \e& 168is often useful. 169For example, in 170.Xr mdoc 7 , 171a normal space character can be displayed in single quotes in either 172of the following ways: 173.Pp 174.Dl .Sq \(dq \(dq 175.Dl .Sq \e \e& 176.Ss Quotes 177On request and macro lines, the double-quote character 178.Pq Sq \(dq 179is handled specially to allow quoting. 180One way to prevent this special handling is by using the 181.Sq \e(dq 182escape sequence. 183.Pp 184Note that on text lines, literal double-quote characters can be used 185verbatim. 186All other quote-like characters can be used verbatim as well, 187even on request and macro lines. 188.Ss Accents 189In output modes supporting such special output characters, for example 190.Fl T Cm pdf , 191and sometimes less consistently in 192.Fl T Cm utf8 , 193some 194.Xr roff 7 195formatters convert the following ASCII input characters to the 196following Unicode special output characters: 197.Bl -column x(ga U+2018 -offset indent 198.It \(ga Ta U+2018 Ta left single quotation mark 199.It \(aq Ta U+2019 Ta right single quotation mark 200.It \(ti Ta U+02DC Ta small tilde 201.It \(ha Ta U+02C6 Ta modifier letter circumflex 202.El 203.Pp 204In prose, this automatic substitution is often desirable; 205but when these characters have to be displayed as plain ASCII 206characters, for example in source code samples, they require 207escaping to render as follows: 208.Bl -column x(ga U+2018 -offset indent 209.It \e(ga Ta U+0060 Ta grave accent 210.It \e(aq Ta U+0027 Ta apostrophe 211.It \e(ti Ta U+007E Ta tilde 212.It \e(ha Ta U+005E Ta circumflex accent 213.El 214.Ss Periods 215The period 216.Pq Sq \&. 217is handled specially at the beginning of an input line, 218where it introduces a 219.Xr roff 7 220request or a macro, and when appearing alone as a macro argument in 221.Xr mdoc 7 . 222In such situations, prepend a zero-width space 223.Pq Sq \e&. 224to make it behave like normal text. 225.Pp 226Do not use the 227.Sq \e. 228escape sequence. 229It does not prevent special handling of the period. 230.Ss Backslashes 231To include a literal backslash 232.Pq Sq \e 233into the output, use the 234.Pq Sq \ee 235escape sequence. 236.Pp 237Note that doubling it 238.Pq Sq \e\e 239is not the right way to output a backslash. 240Because 241.Xr mandoc 1 242does not implement full 243.Xr roff 7 244functionality, it may work with 245.Xr mandoc 1 , 246but it may have weird effects on complete 247.Xr roff 7 248implementations. 249.Sh SPECIAL CHARACTERS 250Special characters are encoded as 251.Sq \eX 252.Pq for a one-character escape , 253.Sq \e(XX 254.Pq two-character , 255and 256.Sq \e[N] 257.Pq N-character . 258For details, see the 259.Em Special Characters 260subsection of the 261.Xr roff 7 262manual. 263.Pp 264Spaces, non-breaking unless stated otherwise: 265.Bl -column "Input" "Description" -offset indent -compact 266.It Em Input Ta Em Description 267.It Sq \e\ \& Ta unpaddable space 268.It \e\(ti Ta paddable space 269.It \e0 Ta digit-width space 270.It \e| Ta one-sixth \e(em narrow space, zero width in nroff mode 271.It \e^ Ta one-twelfth \e(em half-narrow space, zero width in nroff 272.It \e& Ta zero-width space 273.It \e) Ta zero-width space transparent to end-of-sentence detection 274.It \e% Ta zero-width space allowing hyphenation 275.It \e: Ta zero-width space allowing line break 276.El 277.Pp 278Lines: 279.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 280.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 281.It \e(ba Ta \(ba Ta bar 282.It \e(br Ta \(br Ta box rule 283.It \e(ul Ta \(ul Ta underscore 284.It \e(ru Ta \(ru Ta underscore (width 0.5m) 285.It \e(rn Ta \(rn Ta overline 286.It \e(bb Ta \(bb Ta broken bar 287.It \e(sl Ta \(sl Ta forward slash 288.It \e(rs Ta \(rs Ta backward slash 289.El 290.Pp 291Text markers: 292.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 293.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 294.It \e(ci Ta \(ci Ta circle 295.It \e(bu Ta \(bu Ta bullet 296.It \e(dd Ta \(dd Ta double dagger 297.It \e(dg Ta \(dg Ta dagger 298.It \e(lz Ta \(lz Ta lozenge 299.It \e(sq Ta \(sq Ta white square 300.It \e(ps Ta \(ps Ta paragraph 301.It \e(sc Ta \(sc Ta section 302.It \e(lh Ta \(lh Ta left hand 303.It \e(rh Ta \(rh Ta right hand 304.It \e(at Ta \(at Ta at 305.It \e(sh Ta \(sh Ta hash (pound) 306.It \e(CR Ta \(CR Ta carriage return 307.It \e(OK Ta \(OK Ta check mark 308.It \e(CL Ta \(CL Ta club suit 309.It \e(SP Ta \(SP Ta spade suit 310.It \e(HE Ta \(HE Ta heart suit 311.It \e(DI Ta \(DI Ta diamond suit 312.El 313.Pp 314Legal symbols: 315.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 316.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 317.It \e(co Ta \(co Ta copyright 318.It \e(rg Ta \(rg Ta registered 319.It \e(tm Ta \(tm Ta trademarked 320.El 321.Pp 322Punctuation: 323.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 324.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 325.It \e(em Ta \(em Ta em-dash 326.It \e(en Ta \(en Ta en-dash 327.It \e(hy Ta \(hy Ta hyphen 328.It \ee Ta \e Ta back-slash 329.It \e. Ta \. Ta period 330.It \e(r! Ta \(r! Ta upside-down exclamation 331.It \e(r? Ta \(r? Ta upside-down question 332.El 333.Pp 334Quotes: 335.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 336.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 337.It \e(Bq Ta \(Bq Ta right low double-quote 338.It \e(bq Ta \(bq Ta right low single-quote 339.It \e(lq Ta \(lq Ta left double-quote 340.It \e(rq Ta \(rq Ta right double-quote 341.It \e(oq Ta \(oq Ta left single-quote 342.It \e(cq Ta \(cq Ta right single-quote 343.It \e(aq Ta \(aq Ta apostrophe quote (ASCII character) 344.It \e(dq Ta \(dq Ta double quote (ASCII character) 345.It \e(Fo Ta \(Fo Ta left guillemet 346.It \e(Fc Ta \(Fc Ta right guillemet 347.It \e(fo Ta \(fo Ta left single guillemet 348.It \e(fc Ta \(fc Ta right single guillemet 349.El 350.Pp 351Brackets: 352.Bl -column "xxbracketrightbtx" Rendered Description -offset indent -compact 353.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 354.It \e(lB Ta \(lB Ta left bracket 355.It \e(rB Ta \(rB Ta right bracket 356.It \e(lC Ta \(lC Ta left brace 357.It \e(rC Ta \(rC Ta right brace 358.It \e(la Ta \(la Ta left angle 359.It \e(ra Ta \(ra Ta right angle 360.It \e(bv Ta \(bv Ta brace extension (special font) 361.It \e[braceex] Ta \[braceex] Ta brace extension 362.It \e[bracketlefttp] Ta \[bracketlefttp] Ta top-left hooked bracket 363.It \e[bracketleftbt] Ta \[bracketleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked bracket 364.It \e[bracketleftex] Ta \[bracketleftex] Ta left hooked bracket extension 365.It \e[bracketrighttp] Ta \[bracketrighttp] Ta top-right hooked bracket 366.It \e[bracketrightbt] Ta \[bracketrightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked bracket 367.It \e[bracketrightex] Ta \[bracketrightex] Ta right hooked bracket extension 368.It \e(lt Ta \(lt Ta top-left hooked brace 369.It \e[bracelefttp] Ta \[bracelefttp] Ta top-left hooked brace 370.It \e(lk Ta \(lk Ta mid-left hooked brace 371.It \e[braceleftmid] Ta \[braceleftmid] Ta mid-left hooked brace 372.It \e(lb Ta \(lb Ta bottom-left hooked brace 373.It \e[braceleftbt] Ta \[braceleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked brace 374.It \e[braceleftex] Ta \[braceleftex] Ta left hooked brace extension 375.It \e(rt Ta \(rt Ta top-left hooked brace 376.It \e[bracerighttp] Ta \[bracerighttp] Ta top-right hooked brace 377.It \e(rk Ta \(rk Ta mid-right hooked brace 378.It \e[bracerightmid] Ta \[bracerightmid] Ta mid-right hooked brace 379.It \e(rb Ta \(rb Ta bottom-right hooked brace 380.It \e[bracerightbt] Ta \[bracerightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked brace 381.It \e[bracerightex] Ta \[bracerightex] Ta right hooked brace extension 382.It \e[parenlefttp] Ta \[parenlefttp] Ta top-left hooked parenthesis 383.It \e[parenleftbt] Ta \[parenleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked parenthesis 384.It \e[parenleftex] Ta \[parenleftex] Ta left hooked parenthesis extension 385.It \e[parenrighttp] Ta \[parenrighttp] Ta top-right hooked parenthesis 386.It \e[parenrightbt] Ta \[parenrightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked parenthesis 387.It \e[parenrightex] Ta \[parenrightex] Ta right hooked parenthesis extension 388.El 389.Pp 390Arrows: 391.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 392.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 393.It \e(<- Ta \(<- Ta left arrow 394.It \e(-> Ta \(-> Ta right arrow 395.It \e(<> Ta \(<> Ta left-right arrow 396.It \e(da Ta \(da Ta down arrow 397.It \e(ua Ta \(ua Ta up arrow 398.It \e(va Ta \(va Ta up-down arrow 399.It \e(lA Ta \(lA Ta left double-arrow 400.It \e(rA Ta \(rA Ta right double-arrow 401.It \e(hA Ta \(hA Ta left-right double-arrow 402.It \e(uA Ta \(uA Ta up double-arrow 403.It \e(dA Ta \(dA Ta down double-arrow 404.It \e(vA Ta \(vA Ta up-down double-arrow 405.It \e(an Ta \(an Ta horizontal arrow extension 406.El 407.Pp 408Logical: 409.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 410.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 411.It \e(AN Ta \(AN Ta logical and 412.It \e(OR Ta \(OR Ta logical or 413.It \e[tno] Ta \[tno] Ta logical not (text font) 414.It \e(no Ta \(no Ta logical not (special font) 415.It \e(te Ta \(te Ta existential quantifier 416.It \e(fa Ta \(fa Ta universal quantifier 417.It \e(st Ta \(st Ta such that 418.It \e(tf Ta \(tf Ta therefore 419.It \e(3d Ta \(3d Ta therefore 420.It \e(or Ta \(or Ta bitwise or 421.El 422.Pp 423Mathematical: 424.Bl -column "xxcoproductxx" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 425.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 426.It \e- Ta \- Ta minus (text font) 427.It \e(mi Ta \(mi Ta minus (special font) 428.It + Ta + Ta plus (text font) 429.It \e(pl Ta \(pl Ta plus (special font) 430.It \e(-+ Ta \(-+ Ta minus-plus 431.It \e[t+-] Ta \[t+-] Ta plus-minus (text font) 432.It \e(+- Ta \(+- Ta plus-minus (special font) 433.It \e(pc Ta \(pc Ta center-dot 434.It \e[tmu] Ta \[tmu] Ta multiply (text font) 435.It \e(mu Ta \(mu Ta multiply (special font) 436.It \e(c* Ta \(c* Ta circle-multiply 437.It \e(c+ Ta \(c+ Ta circle-plus 438.It \e[tdi] Ta \[tdi] Ta divide (text font) 439.It \e(di Ta \(di Ta divide (special font) 440.It \e(f/ Ta \(f/ Ta fraction 441.It \e(** Ta \(** Ta asterisk 442.It \e(<= Ta \(<= Ta less-than-equal 443.It \e(>= Ta \(>= Ta greater-than-equal 444.It \e(<< Ta \(<< Ta much less 445.It \e(>> Ta \(>> Ta much greater 446.It \e(eq Ta \(eq Ta equal 447.It \e(!= Ta \(!= Ta not equal 448.It \e(== Ta \(== Ta equivalent 449.It \e(ne Ta \(ne Ta not equivalent 450.It \e(ap Ta \(ap Ta tilde operator 451.It \e(|= Ta \(|= Ta asymptotically equal 452.It \e(=\(ti Ta \(=~ Ta approximately equal 453.It \e(\(ti\(ti Ta \(~~ Ta almost equal 454.It \e(\(ti= Ta \(~= Ta almost equal 455.It \e(pt Ta \(pt Ta proportionate 456.It \e(es Ta \(es Ta empty set 457.It \e(mo Ta \(mo Ta element 458.It \e(nm Ta \(nm Ta not element 459.It \e(sb Ta \(sb Ta proper subset 460.It \e(nb Ta \(nb Ta not subset 461.It \e(sp Ta \(sp Ta proper superset 462.It \e(nc Ta \(nc Ta not superset 463.It \e(ib Ta \(ib Ta reflexive subset 464.It \e(ip Ta \(ip Ta reflexive superset 465.It \e(ca Ta \(ca Ta intersection 466.It \e(cu Ta \(cu Ta union 467.It \e(/_ Ta \(/_ Ta angle 468.It \e(pp Ta \(pp Ta perpendicular 469.It \e(is Ta \(is Ta integral 470.It \e[integral] Ta \[integral] Ta integral 471.It \e[sum] Ta \[sum] Ta summation 472.It \e[product] Ta \[product] Ta product 473.It \e[coproduct] Ta \[coproduct] Ta coproduct 474.It \e(gr Ta \(gr Ta gradient 475.It \e(sr Ta \(sr Ta square root 476.It \e[sqrt] Ta \[sqrt] Ta square root 477.It \e(lc Ta \(lc Ta left-ceiling 478.It \e(rc Ta \(rc Ta right-ceiling 479.It \e(lf Ta \(lf Ta left-floor 480.It \e(rf Ta \(rf Ta right-floor 481.It \e(if Ta \(if Ta infinity 482.It \e(Ah Ta \(Ah Ta aleph 483.It \e(Im Ta \(Im Ta imaginary 484.It \e(Re Ta \(Re Ta real 485.It \e(wp Ta \(wp Ta Weierstrass p 486.It \e(pd Ta \(pd Ta partial differential 487.It \e(-h Ta \(-h Ta Planck constant over 2\(*p 488.It \e[hbar] Ta \[hbar] Ta Planck constant over 2\(*p 489.It \e(12 Ta \(12 Ta one-half 490.It \e(14 Ta \(14 Ta one-fourth 491.It \e(34 Ta \(34 Ta three-fourths 492.It \e(18 Ta \(18 Ta one-eighth 493.It \e(38 Ta \(38 Ta three-eighths 494.It \e(58 Ta \(58 Ta five-eighths 495.It \e(78 Ta \(78 Ta seven-eighths 496.It \e(S1 Ta \(S1 Ta superscript 1 497.It \e(S2 Ta \(S2 Ta superscript 2 498.It \e(S3 Ta \(S3 Ta superscript 3 499.El 500.Pp 501Ligatures: 502.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 503.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 504.It \e(ff Ta \(ff Ta ff ligature 505.It \e(fi Ta \(fi Ta fi ligature 506.It \e(fl Ta \(fl Ta fl ligature 507.It \e(Fi Ta \(Fi Ta ffi ligature 508.It \e(Fl Ta \(Fl Ta ffl ligature 509.It \e(AE Ta \(AE Ta AE 510.It \e(ae Ta \(ae Ta ae 511.It \e(OE Ta \(OE Ta OE 512.It \e(oe Ta \(oe Ta oe 513.It \e(ss Ta \(ss Ta German eszett 514.It \e(IJ Ta \(IJ Ta IJ ligature 515.It \e(ij Ta \(ij Ta ij ligature 516.El 517.Pp 518Accents: 519.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 520.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 521.It \e(a" Ta \(a" Ta Hungarian umlaut 522.It \e(a- Ta \(a- Ta macron 523.It \e(a. Ta \(a. Ta dotted 524.It \e(a^ Ta \(a^ Ta circumflex 525.It \e(aa Ta \(aa Ta acute 526.It \e\(aq Ta \' Ta acute 527.It \e(ga Ta \(ga Ta grave 528.It \e\(ga Ta \` Ta grave 529.It \e(ab Ta \(ab Ta breve 530.It \e(ac Ta \(ac Ta cedilla 531.It \e(ad Ta \(ad Ta dieresis 532.It \e(ah Ta \(ah Ta caron 533.It \e(ao Ta \(ao Ta ring 534.It \e(a\(ti Ta \(a~ Ta tilde 535.It \e(ho Ta \(ho Ta ogonek 536.It \e(ha Ta \(ha Ta hat (ASCII character) 537.It \e(ti Ta \(ti Ta tilde (ASCII character) 538.El 539.Pp 540Accented letters: 541.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 542.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 543.It \e(\(aqA Ta \('A Ta acute A 544.It \e(\(aqE Ta \('E Ta acute E 545.It \e(\(aqI Ta \('I Ta acute I 546.It \e(\(aqO Ta \('O Ta acute O 547.It \e(\(aqU Ta \('U Ta acute U 548.It \e(\(aqY Ta \('Y Ta acute Y 549.It \e(\(aqa Ta \('a Ta acute a 550.It \e(\(aqe Ta \('e Ta acute e 551.It \e(\(aqi Ta \('i Ta acute i 552.It \e(\(aqo Ta \('o Ta acute o 553.It \e(\(aqu Ta \('u Ta acute u 554.It \e(\(aqy Ta \('y Ta acute y 555.It \e(\(gaA Ta \(`A Ta grave A 556.It \e(\(gaE Ta \(`E Ta grave E 557.It \e(\(gaI Ta \(`I Ta grave I 558.It \e(\(gaO Ta \(`O Ta grave O 559.It \e(\(gaU Ta \(`U Ta grave U 560.It \e(\(gaa Ta \(`a Ta grave a 561.It \e(\(gae Ta \(`e Ta grave e 562.It \e(\(gai Ta \(`i Ta grave i 563.It \e(\(gao Ta \(`i Ta grave o 564.It \e(\(gau Ta \(`u Ta grave u 565.It \e(\(tiA Ta \(~A Ta tilde A 566.It \e(\(tiN Ta \(~N Ta tilde N 567.It \e(\(tiO Ta \(~O Ta tilde O 568.It \e(\(tia Ta \(~a Ta tilde a 569.It \e(\(tin Ta \(~n Ta tilde n 570.It \e(\(tio Ta \(~o Ta tilde o 571.It \e(:A Ta \(:A Ta dieresis A 572.It \e(:E Ta \(:E Ta dieresis E 573.It \e(:I Ta \(:I Ta dieresis I 574.It \e(:O Ta \(:O Ta dieresis O 575.It \e(:U Ta \(:U Ta dieresis U 576.It \e(:a Ta \(:a Ta dieresis a 577.It \e(:e Ta \(:e Ta dieresis e 578.It \e(:i Ta \(:i Ta dieresis i 579.It \e(:o Ta \(:o Ta dieresis o 580.It \e(:u Ta \(:u Ta dieresis u 581.It \e(:y Ta \(:y Ta dieresis y 582.It \e(^A Ta \(^A Ta circumflex A 583.It \e(^E Ta \(^E Ta circumflex E 584.It \e(^I Ta \(^I Ta circumflex I 585.It \e(^O Ta \(^O Ta circumflex O 586.It \e(^U Ta \(^U Ta circumflex U 587.It \e(^a Ta \(^a Ta circumflex a 588.It \e(^e Ta \(^e Ta circumflex e 589.It \e(^i Ta \(^i Ta circumflex i 590.It \e(^o Ta \(^o Ta circumflex o 591.It \e(^u Ta \(^u Ta circumflex u 592.It \e(,C Ta \(,C Ta cedilla C 593.It \e(,c Ta \(,c Ta cedilla c 594.It \e(/L Ta \(/L Ta stroke L 595.It \e(/l Ta \(/l Ta stroke l 596.It \e(/O Ta \(/O Ta stroke O 597.It \e(/o Ta \(/o Ta stroke o 598.It \e(oA Ta \(oA Ta ring A 599.It \e(oa Ta \(oa Ta ring a 600.El 601.Pp 602Special letters: 603.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 604.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 605.It \e(-D Ta \(-D Ta Eth 606.It \e(Sd Ta \(Sd Ta eth 607.It \e(TP Ta \(TP Ta Thorn 608.It \e(Tp Ta \(Tp Ta thorn 609.It \e(.i Ta \(.i Ta dotless i 610.It \e(.j Ta \(.j Ta dotless j 611.El 612.Pp 613Currency: 614.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 615.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 616.It \e(Do Ta \(Do Ta dollar 617.It \e(ct Ta \(ct Ta cent 618.It \e(Eu Ta \(Eu Ta Euro symbol 619.It \e(eu Ta \(eu Ta Euro symbol 620.It \e(Ye Ta \(Ye Ta yen 621.It \e(Po Ta \(Po Ta pound 622.It \e(Cs Ta \(Cs Ta Scandinavian 623.It \e(Fn Ta \(Fn Ta florin 624.El 625.Pp 626Units: 627.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 628.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 629.It \e(de Ta \(de Ta degree 630.It \e(%0 Ta \(%0 Ta per-thousand 631.It \e(fm Ta \(fm Ta minute 632.It \e(sd Ta \(sd Ta second 633.It \e(mc Ta \(mc Ta micro 634.It \e(Of Ta \(Of Ta Spanish female ordinal 635.It \e(Om Ta \(Om Ta Spanish masculine ordinal 636.El 637.Pp 638Greek letters: 639.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 640.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 641.It \e(*A Ta \(*A Ta Alpha 642.It \e(*B Ta \(*B Ta Beta 643.It \e(*G Ta \(*G Ta Gamma 644.It \e(*D Ta \(*D Ta Delta 645.It \e(*E Ta \(*E Ta Epsilon 646.It \e(*Z Ta \(*Z Ta Zeta 647.It \e(*Y Ta \(*Y Ta Eta 648.It \e(*H Ta \(*H Ta Theta 649.It \e(*I Ta \(*I Ta Iota 650.It \e(*K Ta \(*K Ta Kappa 651.It \e(*L Ta \(*L Ta Lambda 652.It \e(*M Ta \(*M Ta Mu 653.It \e(*N Ta \(*N Ta Nu 654.It \e(*C Ta \(*C Ta Xi 655.It \e(*O Ta \(*O Ta Omicron 656.It \e(*P Ta \(*P Ta Pi 657.It \e(*R Ta \(*R Ta Rho 658.It \e(*S Ta \(*S Ta Sigma 659.It \e(*T Ta \(*T Ta Tau 660.It \e(*U Ta \(*U Ta Upsilon 661.It \e(*F Ta \(*F Ta Phi 662.It \e(*X Ta \(*X Ta Chi 663.It \e(*Q Ta \(*Q Ta Psi 664.It \e(*W Ta \(*W Ta Omega 665.It \e(*a Ta \(*a Ta alpha 666.It \e(*b Ta \(*b Ta beta 667.It \e(*g Ta \(*g Ta gamma 668.It \e(*d Ta \(*d Ta delta 669.It \e(*e Ta \(*e Ta epsilon 670.It \e(*z Ta \(*z Ta zeta 671.It \e(*y Ta \(*y Ta eta 672.It \e(*h Ta \(*h Ta theta 673.It \e(*i Ta \(*i Ta iota 674.It \e(*k Ta \(*k Ta kappa 675.It \e(*l Ta \(*l Ta lambda 676.It \e(*m Ta \(*m Ta mu 677.It \e(*n Ta \(*n Ta nu 678.It \e(*c Ta \(*c Ta xi 679.It \e(*o Ta \(*o Ta omicron 680.It \e(*p Ta \(*p Ta pi 681.It \e(*r Ta \(*r Ta rho 682.It \e(*s Ta \(*s Ta sigma 683.It \e(*t Ta \(*t Ta tau 684.It \e(*u Ta \(*u Ta upsilon 685.It \e(*f Ta \(*f Ta phi 686.It \e(*x Ta \(*x Ta chi 687.It \e(*q Ta \(*q Ta psi 688.It \e(*w Ta \(*w Ta omega 689.It \e(+h Ta \(+h Ta theta variant 690.It \e(+f Ta \(+f Ta phi variant 691.It \e(+p Ta \(+p Ta pi variant 692.It \e(+e Ta \(+e Ta epsilon variant 693.It \e(ts Ta \(ts Ta sigma terminal 694.El 695.Sh PREDEFINED STRINGS 696Predefined strings are inherited from the macro packages of historical 697troff implementations. 698They are 699.Em not recommended 700for use, as they differ across implementations. 701Manuals using these predefined strings are almost certainly not 702portable. 703.Pp 704Their syntax is similar to special characters, using 705.Sq \e*X 706.Pq for a one-character escape , 707.Sq \e*(XX 708.Pq two-character , 709and 710.Sq \e*[N] 711.Pq N-character . 712.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent 713.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 714.It \e*(Ba Ta \*(Ba Ta vertical bar 715.It \e*(Ne Ta \*(Ne Ta not equal 716.It \e*(Ge Ta \*(Ge Ta greater-than-equal 717.It \e*(Le Ta \*(Le Ta less-than-equal 718.It \e*(Gt Ta \*(Gt Ta greater-than 719.It \e*(Lt Ta \*(Lt Ta less-than 720.It \e*(Pm Ta \*(Pm Ta plus-minus 721.It \e*(If Ta \*(If Ta infinity 722.It \e*(Pi Ta \*(Pi Ta pi 723.It \e*(Na Ta \*(Na Ta NaN 724.It \e*(Am Ta \*(Am Ta ampersand 725.It \e*R Ta \*R Ta restricted mark 726.It \e*(Tm Ta \*(Tm Ta trade mark 727.It \e*q Ta \*q Ta double-quote 728.It \e*(Rq Ta \*(Rq Ta right-double-quote 729.It \e*(Lq Ta \*(Lq Ta left-double-quote 730.It \e*(lp Ta \*(lp Ta right-parenthesis 731.It \e*(rp Ta \*(rp Ta left-parenthesis 732.It \e*(lq Ta \*(lq Ta left double-quote 733.It \e*(rq Ta \*(rq Ta right double-quote 734.It \e*(ua Ta \*(ua Ta up arrow 735.It \e*(va Ta \*(va Ta up-down arrow 736.It \e*(<= Ta \*(<= Ta less-than-equal 737.It \e*(>= Ta \*(>= Ta greater-than-equal 738.It \e*(aa Ta \*(aa Ta acute 739.It \e*(ga Ta \*(ga Ta grave 740.It \e*(Px Ta \*(Px Ta POSIX standard name 741.It \e*(Ai Ta \*(Ai Ta ANSI standard name 742.El 743.Sh UNICODE CHARACTERS 744The escape sequences 745.Pp 746.Dl \e[uXXXX] and \eC\(aquXXXX\(aq 747.Pp 748are interpreted as Unicode codepoints. 749The codepoint must be in the range above U+0080 and less than U+10FFFF. 750For compatibility, the hexadecimal digits 751.Sq A 752to 753.Sq F 754must be given as uppercase characters, 755and points must be zero-padded to four characters; if 756greater than four characters, no zero padding is allowed. 757Unicode surrogates are not allowed. 758.Sh NUMBERED CHARACTERS 759For backward compatibility with existing manuals, 760.Xr mandoc 1 761also supports the 762.Pp 763.Dl \eN\(aq Ns Ar number Ns \(aq and \e[ Ns Cm char Ns Ar number ] 764.Pp 765escape sequences, inserting the character 766.Ar number 767from the current character set into the output. 768Of course, this is inherently non-portable and is already marked 769as deprecated in the Heirloom roff manual; 770on top of that, the second form is a GNU extension. 771For example, do not use \eN\(aq34\(aq or \e[char34], use \e(dq, 772or even the plain 773.Sq \(dq 774character where possible. 775.Sh COMPATIBILITY 776This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other 777troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff 778.Pq Qq groff . 779.Pp 780.Bl -dash -compact 781.It 782The \eN\(aq\(aq escape sequence is limited to printable characters; in 783groff, it accepts arbitrary character numbers. 784.It 785In 786.Fl T Ns Cm ascii , 787the 788\e(ss, \e(nm, \e(nb, \e(nc, \e(ib, \e(ip, \e(pp, \e[sum], \e[product], 789\e[coproduct], \e(gr, \e(-h, and \e(a. special characters render 790differently between mandoc and groff. 791.It 792In 793.Fl T Ns Cm html , 794the \e(\(ti=, \e(nb, and \e(nc special characters render differently 795between mandoc and groff. 796.It 797The 798.Fl T Ns Cm ps 799and 800.Fl T Ns Cm pdf 801modes format like 802.Fl T Ns Cm ascii 803instead of rendering glyphs as in groff. 804.It 805The \e[radicalex], \e[sqrtex], and \e(ru special characters have been omitted 806from mandoc either because they are poorly documented or they have no 807known representation. 808.El 809.Sh SEE ALSO 810.Xr mandoc 1 , 811.Xr man 7 , 812.Xr mdoc 7 , 813.Xr roff 7 814.Sh AUTHORS 815The 816.Nm 817manual page was written by 818.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv . 819.Sh CAVEATS 820The predefined string 821.Sq \e*(Ba 822mimics the behaviour of the 823.Sq \&| 824character in 825.Xr mdoc 7 ; 826thus, if you wish to render a vertical bar with no side effects, use 827the 828.Sq \e(ba 829escape. 830