1.\" $Id: mandoc_char.7,v 1.79 2022/06/02 14:51:41 schwarze Exp $ 2.\" 3.\" Copyright (c) 2003 Jason McIntyre <jmc@openbsd.org> 4.\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv> 5.\" Copyright (c) 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017-2020, 2022 6.\" Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org> 7.\" 8.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any 9.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above 10.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies. 11.\" 12.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES 13.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF 14.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR 15.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES 16.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN 17.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF 18.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. 19.\" 20.Dd $Mdocdate: June 2 2022 $ 21.Dt MANDOC_CHAR 7 22.Os 23.Sh NAME 24.Nm mandoc_char 25.Nd mandoc special characters 26.Sh DESCRIPTION 27This page documents the 28.Xr roff 7 29escape sequences accepted by 30.Xr mandoc 1 31to represent special characters in 32.Xr mdoc 7 33and 34.Xr man 7 35documents. 36.Pp 37The rendering depends on the 38.Xr mandoc 1 39output mode; it can be inspected by calling 40.Xr man 1 41on the 42.Nm 43manual page with different 44.Fl T 45arguments. 46In ASCII output, the rendering of some characters may be hard 47to interpret for the reader. 48Many are rendered as descriptive strings like 49.Qq <integral> , 50.Qq <degree> , 51or 52.Qq <Gamma> , 53which may look ugly, and many are replaced by similar ASCII characters. 54In particular, accented characters are usually shown without the accent. 55For that reason, try to avoid using any of the special characters 56documented here except those discussed in the 57.Sx DESCRIPTION , 58unless they are essential for explaining the subject matter at hand, 59for example when documenting complicated mathematical functions. 60.Pp 61In particular, in English manual pages, do not use special-character 62escape sequences to represent national language characters in author 63names; instead, provide ASCII transcriptions of the names. 64.Ss Dashes and Hyphens 65In typography there are different types of dashes of various width: 66the hyphen (\(hy), 67the en-dash (\(en), 68the em-dash (\(em), 69and the mathematical minus sign (\(mi). 70.Pp 71Hyphens are used for adjectives; 72to separate the two parts of a compound word; 73or to separate a word across two successive lines of text. 74The hyphen does not need to be escaped: 75.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 76blue-eyed 77lorry-driver 78.Ed 79.Pp 80The en-dash is used to separate the two elements of a range, 81or can be used the same way as an em-dash. 82It should be written as 83.Sq \e(en : 84.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 85pp. 95\e(en97. 86Go away \e(en or else! 87.Ed 88.Pp 89The em-dash can be used to show an interruption 90or can be used the same way as colons, semi-colons, or parentheses. 91It should be written as 92.Sq \e(em : 93.Bd -unfilled -offset indent 94Three things \e(em apples, oranges, and bananas. 95This is not that \e(em rather, this is that. 96.Ed 97.Pp 98In 99.Xr roff 7 100documents, the minus sign is normally written as 101.Sq \e- . 102In manual pages, some style guides recommend to also use 103.Sq \e- 104if an ASCII 0x2d 105.Dq hyphen-minus 106output glyph that can be copied and pasted is desired in output modes 107supporting it, for example in 108.Fl T Cm utf8 109and 110.Fl T Cm html . 111But currently, no practically relevant manual page formatter requires 112that subtlety, so in manual pages, it is sufficient to write plain 113.Sq - 114to represent hyphen, minus, and hyphen-minus. 115.Pp 116If a word on a text input line contains a hyphen, a formatter may decide 117to insert an output line break after the hyphen if that helps filling 118the current output line, but the whole word would overflow the line. 119If it is important that the word is not broken across lines in this 120way, a zero-width space 121.Pq Sq \e& 122can be inserted before or after the hyphen. 123While 124.Xr mandoc 1 125never breaks the output line after hyphens adjacent to a zero-width 126space, after any of the other dash- or hyphen-like characters 127represented by escape sequences, or after hyphens inside words in 128macro arguments, other software may not respect these rules and may 129break the line even in such cases. 130.Pp 131Some 132.Xr roff 7 133implementations contains dictionaries allowing to break the line 134at syllable boundaries even inside words that contain no hyphens. 135Such automatic hyphenation is not supported by 136.Xr mandoc 1 , 137which only breaks the line at whitespace, and inside words only 138after existing hyphens. 139.Ss Spaces 140To separate words in normal text, for indenting and alignment 141in literal context, and when none of the following special cases apply, 142just use the normal space character 143.Pq Sq \ . 144.Pp 145When filling text, output lines may be broken between words, i.e. at space 146characters. 147To prevent a line break between two particular words, 148use the unpaddable non-breaking space escape sequence 149.Pq Sq \e\ \& 150instead of the normal space character. 151For example, the input string 152.Dq number\e\ 1 153will be kept together as 154.Dq number\ 1 155on the same output line. 156.Pp 157On request and macro lines, the normal space character serves as an 158argument delimiter. 159To include whitespace into arguments, quoting is usually the best choice; 160see the MACRO SYNTAX section in 161.Xr roff 7 . 162In some cases, using the non-breaking space escape sequence 163.Pq Sq \e\ \& 164may be preferable. 165.Pp 166To escape macro names and to protect whitespace at the end 167of input lines, the zero-width space 168.Pq Sq \e& 169is often useful. 170For example, in 171.Xr mdoc 7 , 172a normal space character can be displayed in single quotes in either 173of the following ways: 174.Pp 175.Dl .Sq \(dq \(dq 176.Dl .Sq \e \e& 177.Ss Quotes 178On request and macro lines, the double-quote character 179.Pq Sq \(dq 180is handled specially to allow quoting. 181One way to prevent this special handling is by using the 182.Sq \e(dq 183escape sequence. 184.Pp 185Note that on text lines, literal double-quote characters can be used 186verbatim. 187All other quote-like characters can be used verbatim as well, 188even on request and macro lines. 189.Ss Accents 190In output modes supporting such special output characters, for example 191.Fl T Cm pdf , 192and sometimes less consistently in 193.Fl T Cm utf8 , 194some 195.Xr roff 7 196formatters convert the following ASCII input characters to the 197following Unicode special output characters: 198.Bl -column x(ga U+2018 -offset indent 199.It \(ga Ta U+2018 Ta left single quotation mark 200.It \(aq Ta U+2019 Ta right single quotation mark 201.It \(ti Ta U+02DC Ta small tilde 202.It \(ha Ta U+02C6 Ta modifier letter circumflex 203.El 204.Pp 205In prose, this automatic substitution is often desirable; 206but when these characters have to be displayed as plain ASCII 207characters, for example in source code samples, they require 208escaping to render as follows: 209.Bl -column x(ga U+2018 -offset indent 210.It \e(ga Ta U+0060 Ta grave accent 211.It \e(aq Ta U+0027 Ta apostrophe 212.It \e(ti Ta U+007E Ta tilde 213.It \e(ha Ta U+005E Ta circumflex accent 214.El 215.Ss Periods 216The period 217.Pq Sq \&. 218is handled specially at the beginning of an input line, 219where it introduces a 220.Xr roff 7 221request or a macro, and when appearing alone as a macro argument in 222.Xr mdoc 7 . 223In such situations, prepend a zero-width space 224.Pq Sq \e&.\& 225to make it behave like normal text. 226.Pp 227Do not use the character pair 228.Sq \e. 229to escape a period because 230.Sq \e. 231is not a character escape sequence, does not prevent special handling 232of the period under normal circumstances, and is only intended to 233be used in the very special situation of defining a user-defined 234macro that, when called, defines another user-defined macro, which 235no manual page is ever supposed to do. 236.Ss Backslashes 237To include a literal backslash 238.Pq Sq \e 239into the output, use the 240.Pq Sq \ee 241escape sequence. 242.Pp 243Note that doubling it 244.Pq Sq \e\e 245is not the right way to output a backslash. 246Because 247.Xr mandoc 1 248does not implement full 249.Xr roff 7 250functionality, it may work with 251.Xr mandoc 1 , 252but it may have weird effects on complete 253.Xr roff 7 254implementations. 255.Sh SPECIAL CHARACTERS 256Special characters are encoded as 257.Sq \eX 258.Pq for a one-character escape , 259.Sq \e(XX 260.Pq two-character , 261and 262.Sq \e[N] 263.Pq N-character . 264For details, see the 265.Em Special Characters 266subsection of the 267.Xr roff 7 268manual. 269.Pp 270Spaces, non-breaking unless stated otherwise: 271.Bl -column "Input" "Description" -offset indent -compact 272.It Em Input Ta Em Description 273.It Sq \e\ \& Ta unpaddable space 274.It \e\(ti Ta paddable space 275.It \e0 Ta digit-width space 276.It \e| Ta one-sixth \e(em narrow space, zero width in nroff mode 277.It \e^ Ta one-twelfth \e(em half-narrow space, zero width in nroff 278.It \e& Ta zero-width space 279.It \e) Ta zero-width space transparent to end-of-sentence detection 280.It \e% Ta zero-width space allowing hyphenation 281.It \e: Ta zero-width space allowing line break 282.El 283.Pp 284Lines: 285.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 286.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 287.It \e(ba Ta \(ba Ta bar 288.It \e(br Ta \(br Ta box rule 289.It \e(ul Ta \(ul Ta underscore 290.It \e(ru Ta \(ru Ta underscore (width 0.5m) 291.It \e(rn Ta \(rn Ta overline 292.It \e(bb Ta \(bb Ta broken bar 293.It \e(sl Ta \(sl Ta forward slash 294.It \e(rs Ta \(rs Ta backward slash 295.El 296.Pp 297Text markers: 298.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 299.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 300.It \e(ci Ta \(ci Ta circle 301.It \e(bu Ta \(bu Ta bullet 302.It \e(dd Ta \(dd Ta double dagger 303.It \e(dg Ta \(dg Ta dagger 304.It \e(lz Ta \(lz Ta lozenge 305.It \e(sq Ta \(sq Ta white square 306.It \e(ps Ta \(ps Ta paragraph 307.It \e(sc Ta \(sc Ta section 308.It \e(lh Ta \(lh Ta left hand 309.It \e(rh Ta \(rh Ta right hand 310.It \e(at Ta \(at Ta at 311.It \e(sh Ta \(sh Ta hash (pound) 312.It \e(CR Ta \(CR Ta carriage return 313.It \e(OK Ta \(OK Ta check mark 314.It \e(CL Ta \(CL Ta club suit 315.It \e(SP Ta \(SP Ta spade suit 316.It \e(HE Ta \(HE Ta heart suit 317.It \e(DI Ta \(DI Ta diamond suit 318.El 319.Pp 320Legal symbols: 321.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 322.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 323.It \e(co Ta \(co Ta copyright 324.It \e(rg Ta \(rg Ta registered 325.It \e(tm Ta \(tm Ta trademarked 326.El 327.Pp 328Punctuation: 329.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 330.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 331.It \e(em Ta \(em Ta em-dash 332.It \e(en Ta \(en Ta en-dash 333.It \e(hy Ta \(hy Ta hyphen 334.It \ee Ta \e Ta back-slash 335.It \e(r! Ta \(r! Ta upside-down exclamation 336.It \e(r? Ta \(r? Ta upside-down question 337.El 338.Pp 339Quotes: 340.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 341.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 342.It \e(Bq Ta \(Bq Ta right low double-quote 343.It \e(bq Ta \(bq Ta right low single-quote 344.It \e(lq Ta \(lq Ta left double-quote 345.It \e(rq Ta \(rq Ta right double-quote 346.It \e(oq Ta \(oq Ta left single-quote 347.It \e(cq Ta \(cq Ta right single-quote 348.It \e(aq Ta \(aq Ta apostrophe quote (ASCII character) 349.It \e(dq Ta \(dq Ta double quote (ASCII character) 350.It \e(Fo Ta \(Fo Ta left guillemet 351.It \e(Fc Ta \(Fc Ta right guillemet 352.It \e(fo Ta \(fo Ta left single guillemet 353.It \e(fc Ta \(fc Ta right single guillemet 354.El 355.Pp 356Brackets: 357.Bl -column "xxbracketrightbtx" Rendered Description -offset indent -compact 358.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 359.It \e(lB Ta \(lB Ta left bracket 360.It \e(rB Ta \(rB Ta right bracket 361.It \e(lC Ta \(lC Ta left brace 362.It \e(rC Ta \(rC Ta right brace 363.It \e(la Ta \(la Ta left angle 364.It \e(ra Ta \(ra Ta right angle 365.It \e(bv Ta \(bv Ta brace extension (special font) 366.It \e[braceex] Ta \[braceex] Ta brace extension 367.It \e[bracketlefttp] Ta \[bracketlefttp] Ta top-left hooked bracket 368.It \e[bracketleftbt] Ta \[bracketleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked bracket 369.It \e[bracketleftex] Ta \[bracketleftex] Ta left hooked bracket extension 370.It \e[bracketrighttp] Ta \[bracketrighttp] Ta top-right hooked bracket 371.It \e[bracketrightbt] Ta \[bracketrightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked bracket 372.It \e[bracketrightex] Ta \[bracketrightex] Ta right hooked bracket extension 373.It \e(lt Ta \(lt Ta top-left hooked brace 374.It \e[bracelefttp] Ta \[bracelefttp] Ta top-left hooked brace 375.It \e(lk Ta \(lk Ta mid-left hooked brace 376.It \e[braceleftmid] Ta \[braceleftmid] Ta mid-left hooked brace 377.It \e(lb Ta \(lb Ta bottom-left hooked brace 378.It \e[braceleftbt] Ta \[braceleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked brace 379.It \e[braceleftex] Ta \[braceleftex] Ta left hooked brace extension 380.It \e(rt Ta \(rt Ta top-left hooked brace 381.It \e[bracerighttp] Ta \[bracerighttp] Ta top-right hooked brace 382.It \e(rk Ta \(rk Ta mid-right hooked brace 383.It \e[bracerightmid] Ta \[bracerightmid] Ta mid-right hooked brace 384.It \e(rb Ta \(rb Ta bottom-right hooked brace 385.It \e[bracerightbt] Ta \[bracerightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked brace 386.It \e[bracerightex] Ta \[bracerightex] Ta right hooked brace extension 387.It \e[parenlefttp] Ta \[parenlefttp] Ta top-left hooked parenthesis 388.It \e[parenleftbt] Ta \[parenleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked parenthesis 389.It \e[parenleftex] Ta \[parenleftex] Ta left hooked parenthesis extension 390.It \e[parenrighttp] Ta \[parenrighttp] Ta top-right hooked parenthesis 391.It \e[parenrightbt] Ta \[parenrightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked parenthesis 392.It \e[parenrightex] Ta \[parenrightex] Ta right hooked parenthesis extension 393.El 394.Pp 395Arrows: 396.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 397.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 398.It \e(<- Ta \(<- Ta left arrow 399.It \e(-> Ta \(-> Ta right arrow 400.It \e(<> Ta \(<> Ta left-right arrow 401.It \e(da Ta \(da Ta down arrow 402.It \e(ua Ta \(ua Ta up arrow 403.It \e(va Ta \(va Ta up-down arrow 404.It \e(lA Ta \(lA Ta left double-arrow 405.It \e(rA Ta \(rA Ta right double-arrow 406.It \e(hA Ta \(hA Ta left-right double-arrow 407.It \e(uA Ta \(uA Ta up double-arrow 408.It \e(dA Ta \(dA Ta down double-arrow 409.It \e(vA Ta \(vA Ta up-down double-arrow 410.It \e(an Ta \(an Ta horizontal arrow extension 411.El 412.Pp 413Logical: 414.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 415.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 416.It \e(AN Ta \(AN Ta logical and 417.It \e(OR Ta \(OR Ta logical or 418.It \e[tno] Ta \[tno] Ta logical not (text font) 419.It \e(no Ta \(no Ta logical not (special font) 420.It \e(te Ta \(te Ta existential quantifier 421.It \e(fa Ta \(fa Ta universal quantifier 422.It \e(st Ta \(st Ta such that 423.It \e(tf Ta \(tf Ta therefore 424.It \e(3d Ta \(3d Ta therefore 425.It \e(or Ta \(or Ta bitwise or 426.El 427.Pp 428Mathematical: 429.Bl -column "xxcoproductxx" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 430.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 431.It \e- Ta \- Ta minus (text font) 432.It \e(mi Ta \(mi Ta minus (special font) 433.It + Ta + Ta plus (text font) 434.It \e(pl Ta \(pl Ta plus (special font) 435.It \e(-+ Ta \(-+ Ta minus-plus 436.It \e[t+-] Ta \[t+-] Ta plus-minus (text font) 437.It \e(+- Ta \(+- Ta plus-minus (special font) 438.It \e(pc Ta \(pc Ta center-dot 439.It \e[tmu] Ta \[tmu] Ta multiply (text font) 440.It \e(mu Ta \(mu Ta multiply (special font) 441.It \e(c* Ta \(c* Ta circle-multiply 442.It \e(c+ Ta \(c+ Ta circle-plus 443.It \e[tdi] Ta \[tdi] Ta divide (text font) 444.It \e(di Ta \(di Ta divide (special font) 445.It \e(f/ Ta \(f/ Ta fraction 446.It \e(** Ta \(** Ta asterisk 447.It \e(<= Ta \(<= Ta less-than-equal 448.It \e(>= Ta \(>= Ta greater-than-equal 449.It \e(<< Ta \(<< Ta much less 450.It \e(>> Ta \(>> Ta much greater 451.It \e(eq Ta \(eq Ta equal 452.It \e(!= Ta \(!= Ta not equal 453.It \e(== Ta \(== Ta equivalent 454.It \e(ne Ta \(ne Ta not equivalent 455.It \e(ap Ta \(ap Ta tilde operator 456.It \e(|= Ta \(|= Ta asymptotically equal 457.It \e(=\(ti Ta \(=~ Ta approximately equal 458.It \e(\(ti\(ti Ta \(~~ Ta almost equal 459.It \e(\(ti= Ta \(~= Ta almost equal 460.It \e(pt Ta \(pt Ta proportionate 461.It \e(es Ta \(es Ta empty set 462.It \e(mo Ta \(mo Ta element 463.It \e(nm Ta \(nm Ta not element 464.It \e(sb Ta \(sb Ta proper subset 465.It \e(nb Ta \(nb Ta not subset 466.It \e(sp Ta \(sp Ta proper superset 467.It \e(nc Ta \(nc Ta not superset 468.It \e(ib Ta \(ib Ta reflexive subset 469.It \e(ip Ta \(ip Ta reflexive superset 470.It \e(ca Ta \(ca Ta intersection 471.It \e(cu Ta \(cu Ta union 472.It \e(/_ Ta \(/_ Ta angle 473.It \e(pp Ta \(pp Ta perpendicular 474.It \e(is Ta \(is Ta integral 475.It \e[integral] Ta \[integral] Ta integral 476.It \e[sum] Ta \[sum] Ta summation 477.It \e[product] Ta \[product] Ta product 478.It \e[coproduct] Ta \[coproduct] Ta coproduct 479.It \e(gr Ta \(gr Ta gradient 480.It \e(sr Ta \(sr Ta square root 481.It \e[sqrt] Ta \[sqrt] Ta square root 482.It \e(lc Ta \(lc Ta left-ceiling 483.It \e(rc Ta \(rc Ta right-ceiling 484.It \e(lf Ta \(lf Ta left-floor 485.It \e(rf Ta \(rf Ta right-floor 486.It \e(if Ta \(if Ta infinity 487.It \e(Ah Ta \(Ah Ta aleph 488.It \e(Im Ta \(Im Ta imaginary 489.It \e(Re Ta \(Re Ta real 490.It \e(wp Ta \(wp Ta Weierstrass p 491.It \e(pd Ta \(pd Ta partial differential 492.It \e(-h Ta \(-h Ta Planck constant over 2\(*p 493.It \e[hbar] Ta \[hbar] Ta Planck constant over 2\(*p 494.It \e(12 Ta \(12 Ta one-half 495.It \e(14 Ta \(14 Ta one-fourth 496.It \e(34 Ta \(34 Ta three-fourths 497.It \e(18 Ta \(18 Ta one-eighth 498.It \e(38 Ta \(38 Ta three-eighths 499.It \e(58 Ta \(58 Ta five-eighths 500.It \e(78 Ta \(78 Ta seven-eighths 501.It \e(S1 Ta \(S1 Ta superscript 1 502.It \e(S2 Ta \(S2 Ta superscript 2 503.It \e(S3 Ta \(S3 Ta superscript 3 504.El 505.Pp 506Ligatures: 507.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 508.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 509.It \e(ff Ta \(ff Ta ff ligature 510.It \e(fi Ta \(fi Ta fi ligature 511.It \e(fl Ta \(fl Ta fl ligature 512.It \e(Fi Ta \(Fi Ta ffi ligature 513.It \e(Fl Ta \(Fl Ta ffl ligature 514.It \e(AE Ta \(AE Ta AE 515.It \e(ae Ta \(ae Ta ae 516.It \e(OE Ta \(OE Ta OE 517.It \e(oe Ta \(oe Ta oe 518.It \e(ss Ta \(ss Ta German eszett 519.It \e(IJ Ta \(IJ Ta IJ ligature 520.It \e(ij Ta \(ij Ta ij ligature 521.El 522.Pp 523Accents: 524.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 525.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 526.It \e(a" Ta \(a" Ta Hungarian umlaut 527.It \e(a- Ta \(a- Ta macron 528.It \e(a. Ta \(a. Ta dotted 529.It \e(a^ Ta \(a^ Ta circumflex 530.It \e(aa Ta \(aa Ta acute 531.It \e\(aq Ta \' Ta acute 532.It \e(ga Ta \(ga Ta grave 533.It \e\(ga Ta \` Ta grave 534.It \e(ab Ta \(ab Ta breve 535.It \e(ac Ta \(ac Ta cedilla 536.It \e(ad Ta \(ad Ta dieresis 537.It \e(ah Ta \(ah Ta caron 538.It \e(ao Ta \(ao Ta ring 539.It \e(a\(ti Ta \(a~ Ta tilde 540.It \e(ho Ta \(ho Ta ogonek 541.It \e(ha Ta \(ha Ta hat (ASCII character) 542.It \e(ti Ta \(ti Ta tilde (ASCII character) 543.El 544.Pp 545Accented letters: 546.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 547.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 548.It \e(\(aqA Ta \('A Ta acute A 549.It \e(\(aqE Ta \('E Ta acute E 550.It \e(\(aqI Ta \('I Ta acute I 551.It \e(\(aqO Ta \('O Ta acute O 552.It \e(\(aqU Ta \('U Ta acute U 553.It \e(\(aqY Ta \('Y Ta acute Y 554.It \e(\(aqa Ta \('a Ta acute a 555.It \e(\(aqe Ta \('e Ta acute e 556.It \e(\(aqi Ta \('i Ta acute i 557.It \e(\(aqo Ta \('o Ta acute o 558.It \e(\(aqu Ta \('u Ta acute u 559.It \e(\(aqy Ta \('y Ta acute y 560.It \e(\(gaA Ta \(`A Ta grave A 561.It \e(\(gaE Ta \(`E Ta grave E 562.It \e(\(gaI Ta \(`I Ta grave I 563.It \e(\(gaO Ta \(`O Ta grave O 564.It \e(\(gaU Ta \(`U Ta grave U 565.It \e(\(gaa Ta \(`a Ta grave a 566.It \e(\(gae Ta \(`e Ta grave e 567.It \e(\(gai Ta \(`i Ta grave i 568.It \e(\(gao Ta \(`i Ta grave o 569.It \e(\(gau Ta \(`u Ta grave u 570.It \e(\(tiA Ta \(~A Ta tilde A 571.It \e(\(tiN Ta \(~N Ta tilde N 572.It \e(\(tiO Ta \(~O Ta tilde O 573.It \e(\(tia Ta \(~a Ta tilde a 574.It \e(\(tin Ta \(~n Ta tilde n 575.It \e(\(tio Ta \(~o Ta tilde o 576.It \e(:A Ta \(:A Ta dieresis A 577.It \e(:E Ta \(:E Ta dieresis E 578.It \e(:I Ta \(:I Ta dieresis I 579.It \e(:O Ta \(:O Ta dieresis O 580.It \e(:U Ta \(:U Ta dieresis U 581.It \e(:a Ta \(:a Ta dieresis a 582.It \e(:e Ta \(:e Ta dieresis e 583.It \e(:i Ta \(:i Ta dieresis i 584.It \e(:o Ta \(:o Ta dieresis o 585.It \e(:u Ta \(:u Ta dieresis u 586.It \e(:y Ta \(:y Ta dieresis y 587.It \e(^A Ta \(^A Ta circumflex A 588.It \e(^E Ta \(^E Ta circumflex E 589.It \e(^I Ta \(^I Ta circumflex I 590.It \e(^O Ta \(^O Ta circumflex O 591.It \e(^U Ta \(^U Ta circumflex U 592.It \e(^a Ta \(^a Ta circumflex a 593.It \e(^e Ta \(^e Ta circumflex e 594.It \e(^i Ta \(^i Ta circumflex i 595.It \e(^o Ta \(^o Ta circumflex o 596.It \e(^u Ta \(^u Ta circumflex u 597.It \e(,C Ta \(,C Ta cedilla C 598.It \e(,c Ta \(,c Ta cedilla c 599.It \e(/L Ta \(/L Ta stroke L 600.It \e(/l Ta \(/l Ta stroke l 601.It \e(/O Ta \(/O Ta stroke O 602.It \e(/o Ta \(/o Ta stroke o 603.It \e(oA Ta \(oA Ta ring A 604.It \e(oa Ta \(oa Ta ring a 605.El 606.Pp 607Special letters: 608.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 609.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 610.It \e(-D Ta \(-D Ta Eth 611.It \e(Sd Ta \(Sd Ta eth 612.It \e(TP Ta \(TP Ta Thorn 613.It \e(Tp Ta \(Tp Ta thorn 614.It \e(.i Ta \(.i Ta dotless i 615.It \e(.j Ta \(.j Ta dotless j 616.El 617.Pp 618Currency: 619.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 620.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 621.It \e(Do Ta \(Do Ta dollar 622.It \e(ct Ta \(ct Ta cent 623.It \e(Eu Ta \(Eu Ta Euro symbol 624.It \e(eu Ta \(eu Ta Euro symbol 625.It \e(Ye Ta \(Ye Ta yen 626.It \e(Po Ta \(Po Ta pound 627.It \e(Cs Ta \(Cs Ta Scandinavian 628.It \e(Fn Ta \(Fn Ta florin 629.El 630.Pp 631Units: 632.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 633.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 634.It \e(de Ta \(de Ta degree 635.It \e(%0 Ta \(%0 Ta per-thousand 636.It \e(fm Ta \(fm Ta minute 637.It \e(sd Ta \(sd Ta second 638.It \e(mc Ta \(mc Ta micro 639.It \e(Of Ta \(Of Ta Spanish female ordinal 640.It \e(Om Ta \(Om Ta Spanish masculine ordinal 641.El 642.Pp 643Greek letters: 644.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact 645.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 646.It \e(*A Ta \(*A Ta Alpha 647.It \e(*B Ta \(*B Ta Beta 648.It \e(*G Ta \(*G Ta Gamma 649.It \e(*D Ta \(*D Ta Delta 650.It \e(*E Ta \(*E Ta Epsilon 651.It \e(*Z Ta \(*Z Ta Zeta 652.It \e(*Y Ta \(*Y Ta Eta 653.It \e(*H Ta \(*H Ta Theta 654.It \e(*I Ta \(*I Ta Iota 655.It \e(*K Ta \(*K Ta Kappa 656.It \e(*L Ta \(*L Ta Lambda 657.It \e(*M Ta \(*M Ta Mu 658.It \e(*N Ta \(*N Ta Nu 659.It \e(*C Ta \(*C Ta Xi 660.It \e(*O Ta \(*O Ta Omicron 661.It \e(*P Ta \(*P Ta Pi 662.It \e(*R Ta \(*R Ta Rho 663.It \e(*S Ta \(*S Ta Sigma 664.It \e(*T Ta \(*T Ta Tau 665.It \e(*U Ta \(*U Ta Upsilon 666.It \e(*F Ta \(*F Ta Phi 667.It \e(*X Ta \(*X Ta Chi 668.It \e(*Q Ta \(*Q Ta Psi 669.It \e(*W Ta \(*W Ta Omega 670.It \e(*a Ta \(*a Ta alpha 671.It \e(*b Ta \(*b Ta beta 672.It \e(*g Ta \(*g Ta gamma 673.It \e(*d Ta \(*d Ta delta 674.It \e(*e Ta \(*e Ta epsilon 675.It \e(*z Ta \(*z Ta zeta 676.It \e(*y Ta \(*y Ta eta 677.It \e(*h Ta \(*h Ta theta 678.It \e(*i Ta \(*i Ta iota 679.It \e(*k Ta \(*k Ta kappa 680.It \e(*l Ta \(*l Ta lambda 681.It \e(*m Ta \(*m Ta mu 682.It \e(*n Ta \(*n Ta nu 683.It \e(*c Ta \(*c Ta xi 684.It \e(*o Ta \(*o Ta omicron 685.It \e(*p Ta \(*p Ta pi 686.It \e(*r Ta \(*r Ta rho 687.It \e(*s Ta \(*s Ta sigma 688.It \e(*t Ta \(*t Ta tau 689.It \e(*u Ta \(*u Ta upsilon 690.It \e(*f Ta \(*f Ta phi 691.It \e(*x Ta \(*x Ta chi 692.It \e(*q Ta \(*q Ta psi 693.It \e(*w Ta \(*w Ta omega 694.It \e(+h Ta \(+h Ta theta variant 695.It \e(+f Ta \(+f Ta phi variant 696.It \e(+p Ta \(+p Ta pi variant 697.It \e(+e Ta \(+e Ta epsilon variant 698.It \e(ts Ta \(ts Ta sigma terminal 699.El 700.Sh PREDEFINED STRINGS 701Predefined strings are inherited from the macro packages of historical 702troff implementations. 703They are 704.Em not recommended 705for use, as they differ across implementations. 706Manuals using these predefined strings are almost certainly not 707portable. 708.Pp 709Their syntax is similar to special characters, using 710.Sq \e*X 711.Pq for a one-character escape , 712.Sq \e*(XX 713.Pq two-character , 714and 715.Sq \e*[N] 716.Pq N-character . 717.Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent 718.It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description 719.It \e*(Ba Ta \*(Ba Ta vertical bar 720.It \e*(Ne Ta \*(Ne Ta not equal 721.It \e*(Ge Ta \*(Ge Ta greater-than-equal 722.It \e*(Le Ta \*(Le Ta less-than-equal 723.It \e*(Gt Ta \*(Gt Ta greater-than 724.It \e*(Lt Ta \*(Lt Ta less-than 725.It \e*(Pm Ta \*(Pm Ta plus-minus 726.It \e*(If Ta \*(If Ta infinity 727.It \e*(Pi Ta \*(Pi Ta pi 728.It \e*(Na Ta \*(Na Ta NaN 729.It \e*(Am Ta \*(Am Ta ampersand 730.It \e*R Ta \*R Ta restricted mark 731.It \e*(Tm Ta \*(Tm Ta trade mark 732.It \e*q Ta \*q Ta double-quote 733.It \e*(Rq Ta \*(Rq Ta right-double-quote 734.It \e*(Lq Ta \*(Lq Ta left-double-quote 735.It \e*(lp Ta \*(lp Ta right-parenthesis 736.It \e*(rp Ta \*(rp Ta left-parenthesis 737.It \e*(lq Ta \*(lq Ta left double-quote 738.It \e*(rq Ta \*(rq Ta right double-quote 739.It \e*(ua Ta \*(ua Ta up arrow 740.It \e*(va Ta \*(va Ta up-down arrow 741.It \e*(<= Ta \*(<= Ta less-than-equal 742.It \e*(>= Ta \*(>= Ta greater-than-equal 743.It \e*(aa Ta \*(aa Ta acute 744.It \e*(ga Ta \*(ga Ta grave 745.It \e*(Px Ta \*(Px Ta POSIX standard name 746.It \e*(Ai Ta \*(Ai Ta ANSI standard name 747.El 748.Sh UNICODE CHARACTERS 749The escape sequences 750.Pp 751.Dl \e[uXXXX] and \eC\(aquXXXX\(aq 752.Pp 753are interpreted as Unicode codepoints. 754The codepoint must be in the range above U+0080 and less than U+10FFFF. 755For compatibility, the hexadecimal digits 756.Sq A 757to 758.Sq F 759must be given as uppercase characters, 760and points must be zero-padded to four characters; if 761greater than four characters, no zero padding is allowed. 762Unicode surrogates are not allowed. 763.Sh NUMBERED CHARACTERS 764For backward compatibility with existing manuals, 765.Xr mandoc 1 766also supports the 767.Pp 768.Dl \eN\(aq Ns Ar number Ns \(aq and \e[ Ns Cm char Ns Ar number ] 769.Pp 770escape sequences, inserting the character 771.Ar number 772from the current character set into the output. 773Of course, this is inherently non-portable and is already marked 774as deprecated in the Heirloom roff manual; 775on top of that, the second form is a GNU extension. 776For example, do not use \eN\(aq34\(aq or \e[char34], use \e(dq, 777or even the plain 778.Sq \(dq 779character where possible. 780.Sh COMPATIBILITY 781This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other 782troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff 783.Pq Qq groff . 784.Pp 785.Bl -dash -compact 786.It 787The \eN\(aq\(aq escape sequence is limited to printable characters; in 788groff, it accepts arbitrary character numbers. 789.It 790In 791.Fl T Ns Cm ascii , 792the 793\e(ss, \e(nm, \e(nb, \e(nc, \e(ib, \e(ip, \e(pp, \e[sum], \e[product], 794\e[coproduct], \e(gr, \e(-h, and \e(a. special characters render 795differently between mandoc and groff. 796.It 797In 798.Fl T Ns Cm html , 799the \e(\(ti=, \e(nb, and \e(nc special characters render differently 800between mandoc and groff. 801.It 802The 803.Fl T Ns Cm ps 804and 805.Fl T Ns Cm pdf 806modes format like 807.Fl T Ns Cm ascii 808instead of rendering glyphs as in groff. 809.It 810The \e[radicalex], \e[sqrtex], and \e(ru special characters have been omitted 811from mandoc either because they are poorly documented or they have no 812known representation. 813.El 814.Sh SEE ALSO 815.Xr mandoc 1 , 816.Xr man 7 , 817.Xr mdoc 7 , 818.Xr roff 7 819.Sh AUTHORS 820The 821.Nm 822manual page was written by 823.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv . 824.Sh CAVEATS 825The predefined string 826.Sq \e*(Ba 827mimics the behaviour of the 828.Sq \&| 829character in 830.Xr mdoc 7 ; 831thus, if you wish to render a vertical bar with no side effects, use 832the 833.Sq \e(ba 834escape. 835