Transforms/IPO/DeadArgumentElimination.cpp

//===- DeadArgumentElimination.cpp - Eliminate dead arguments -------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This pass deletes dead arguments from internal functions.  Dead argument
// elimination removes arguments which are directly dead, as well as arguments
// only passed into function calls as dead arguments of other functions.  This
// pass also deletes dead return values in a similar way.
//
// This pass is often useful as a cleanup pass to run after aggressive
// interprocedural passes, which add possibly-dead arguments or return values.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "llvm/Transforms/IPO/DeadArgumentElimination.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/Statistic.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Argument.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Attributes.h"
#include "llvm/IR/BasicBlock.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Constants.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DerivedTypes.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Function.h"
#include "llvm/IR/IRBuilder.h"
#include "llvm/IR/InstrTypes.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Instruction.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Instructions.h"
#include "llvm/IR/IntrinsicInst.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Intrinsics.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Module.h"
#include "llvm/IR/NoFolder.h"
#include "llvm/IR/PassManager.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Type.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Use.h"
#include "llvm/IR/User.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Value.h"
#include "llvm/InitializePasses.h"
#include "llvm/Pass.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Casting.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
#include "llvm/Transforms/IPO.h"
#include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/BasicBlockUtils.h"
#include <cassert>
#include <cstdint>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

using namespace llvm;

#define DEBUG_TYPE "deadargelim"

STATISTIC(NumArgumentsEliminated, "Number of unread args removed");
STATISTIC(NumRetValsEliminated  , "Number of unused return values removed");
STATISTIC(NumArgumentsReplacedWithUndef,
          "Number of unread args replaced with undef");

namespace {

  /// DAE - The dead argument elimination pass.
  class DAE : public ModulePass {
  protected:
    // DAH uses this to specify a different ID.
    explicit DAE(char &ID) : ModulePass(ID) {}

  public:
    static char ID; // Pass identification, replacement for typeid

    DAE() : ModulePass(ID) {
      initializeDAEPass(*PassRegistry::getPassRegistry());
    }

    bool runOnModule(Module &M) override {
      if (skipModule(M))
        return false;
      DeadArgumentEliminationPass DAEP(ShouldHackArguments());
      ModuleAnalysisManager DummyMAM;
      PreservedAnalyses PA = DAEP.run(M, DummyMAM);
      return !PA.areAllPreserved();
    }

    virtual bool ShouldHackArguments() const { return false; }
  };

} // end anonymous namespace

char DAE::ID = 0;

INITIALIZE_PASS(DAE, "deadargelim", "Dead Argument Elimination", false, false)

namespace {

  /// DAH - DeadArgumentHacking pass - Same as dead argument elimination, but
  /// deletes arguments to functions which are external.  This is only for use
  /// by bugpoint.
  struct DAH : public DAE {
    static char ID;

    DAH() : DAE(ID) {}

    bool ShouldHackArguments() const override { return true; }
  };

} // end anonymous namespace

char DAH::ID = 0;

INITIALIZE_PASS(DAH, "deadarghaX0r",
                "Dead Argument Hacking (BUGPOINT USE ONLY; DO NOT USE)",
                false, false)

/// createDeadArgEliminationPass - This pass removes arguments from functions
/// which are not used by the body of the function.
ModulePass *llvm::createDeadArgEliminationPass() { return new DAE(); }

ModulePass *llvm::createDeadArgHackingPass() { return new DAH(); }

/// DeleteDeadVarargs - If this is an function that takes a ... list, and if
/// llvm.vastart is never called, the varargs list is dead for the function.
bool DeadArgumentEliminationPass::DeleteDeadVarargs(Function &Fn) {
  assert(Fn.getFunctionType()->isVarArg() && "Function isn't varargs!");
  if (Fn.isDeclaration() || !Fn.hasLocalLinkage()) return false;

  // Ensure that the function is only directly called.
  if (Fn.hasAddressTaken())
    return false;

  // Don't touch naked functions. The assembly might be using an argument, or
  // otherwise rely on the frame layout in a way that this analysis will not
  // see.
  if (Fn.hasFnAttribute(Attribute::Naked)) {
    return false;
  }

  // Okay, we know we can transform this function if safe.  Scan its body
  // looking for calls marked musttail or calls to llvm.vastart.
  for (BasicBlock &BB : Fn) {
    for (Instruction &I : BB) {
      CallInst *CI = dyn_cast<CallInst>(&I);
      if (!CI)
        continue;
      if (CI->isMustTailCall())
        return false;
      if (IntrinsicInst *II = dyn_cast<IntrinsicInst>(CI)) {
        if (II->getIntrinsicID() == Intrinsic::vastart)
          return false;
      }
    }
  }

  // If we get here, there are no calls to llvm.vastart in the function body,
  // remove the "..." and adjust all the calls.

  // Start by computing a new prototype for the function, which is the same as
  // the old function, but doesn't have isVarArg set.
  FunctionType *FTy = Fn.getFunctionType();

  std::vector<Type *> Params(FTy->param_begin(), FTy->param_end());
  FunctionType *NFTy = FunctionType::get(FTy->getReturnType(),
                                                Params, false);
  unsigned NumArgs = Params.size();

  // Create the new function body and insert it into the module...
  Function *NF = Function::Create(NFTy, Fn.getLinkage(), Fn.getAddressSpace());
  NF->copyAttributesFrom(&Fn);
  NF->setComdat(Fn.getComdat());
  Fn.getParent()->getFunctionList().insert(Fn.getIterator(), NF);
  NF->takeName(&Fn);

  // Loop over all of the callers of the function, transforming the call sites
  // to pass in a smaller number of arguments into the new function.
  //
  std::vector<Value *> Args;
  for (Value::user_iterator I = Fn.user_begin(), E = Fn.user_end(); I != E; ) {
    CallBase *CB = dyn_cast<CallBase>(*I++);
    if (!CB)
      continue;

    // Pass all the same arguments.
    Args.assign(CB->arg_begin(), CB->arg_begin() + NumArgs);

    // Drop any attributes that were on the vararg arguments.
    AttributeList PAL = CB->getAttributes();
    if (!PAL.isEmpty()) {
      SmallVector<AttributeSet, 8> ArgAttrs;
      for (unsigned ArgNo = 0; ArgNo < NumArgs; ++ArgNo)
        ArgAttrs.push_back(PAL.getParamAttributes(ArgNo));
      PAL = AttributeList::get(Fn.getContext(), PAL.getFnAttributes(),
                               PAL.getRetAttributes(), ArgAttrs);
    }

    SmallVector<OperandBundleDef, 1> OpBundles;
    CB->getOperandBundlesAsDefs(OpBundles);

    CallBase *NewCB = nullptr;
    if (InvokeInst *II = dyn_cast<InvokeInst>(CB)) {
      NewCB = InvokeInst::Create(NF, II->getNormalDest(), II->getUnwindDest(),
                                 Args, OpBundles, "", CB);
    } else {
      NewCB = CallInst::Create(NF, Args, OpBundles, "", CB);
      cast<CallInst>(NewCB)->setTailCallKind(
          cast<CallInst>(CB)->getTailCallKind());
    }
    NewCB->setCallingConv(CB->getCallingConv());
    NewCB->setAttributes(PAL);
    NewCB->copyMetadata(*CB, {LLVMContext::MD_prof, LLVMContext::MD_dbg});

    Args.clear();

    if (!CB->use_empty())
      CB->replaceAllUsesWith(NewCB);

    NewCB->takeName(CB);

    // Finally, remove the old call from the program, reducing the use-count of
    // F.
    CB->eraseFromParent();
  }

  // Since we have now created the new function, splice the body of the old
  // function right into the new function, leaving the old rotting hulk of the
  // function empty.
  NF->getBasicBlockList().splice(NF->begin(), Fn.getBasicBlockList());

  // Loop over the argument list, transferring uses of the old arguments over to
  // the new arguments, also transferring over the names as well.  While we're at
  // it, remove the dead arguments from the DeadArguments list.
  for (Function::arg_iterator I = Fn.arg_begin(), E = Fn.arg_end(),
       I2 = NF->arg_begin(); I != E; ++I, ++I2) {
    // Move the name and users over to the new version.
    I->replaceAllUsesWith(&*I2);
    I2->takeName(&*I);
  }

  // Clone metadatas from the old function, including debug info descriptor.
  SmallVector<std::pair<unsigned, MDNode *>, 1> MDs;
  Fn.getAllMetadata(MDs);
  for (auto MD : MDs)
    NF->addMetadata(MD.first, *MD.second);

  // Fix up any BlockAddresses that refer to the function.
  Fn.replaceAllUsesWith(ConstantExpr::getBitCast(NF, Fn.getType()));
  // Delete the bitcast that we just created, so that NF does not
  // appear to be address-taken.
  NF->removeDeadConstantUsers();
  // Finally, nuke the old function.
  Fn.eraseFromParent();
  return true;
}

/// RemoveDeadArgumentsFromCallers - Checks if the given function has any
/// arguments that are unused, and changes the caller parameters to be undefined
/// instead.
bool DeadArgumentEliminationPass::RemoveDeadArgumentsFromCallers(Function &Fn) {
  // We cannot change the arguments if this TU does not define the function or
  // if the linker may choose a function body from another TU, even if the
  // nominal linkage indicates that other copies of the function have the same
  // semantics. In the below example, the dead load from %p may not have been
  // eliminated from the linker-chosen copy of f, so replacing %p with undef
  // in callers may introduce undefined behavior.
  //
  // define linkonce_odr void @f(i32* %p) {
  //   %v = load i32 %p
  //   ret void
  // }
  if (!Fn.hasExactDefinition())
    return false;

  // Functions with local linkage should already have been handled, except the
  // fragile (variadic) ones which we can improve here.
  if (Fn.hasLocalLinkage() && !Fn.getFunctionType()->isVarArg())
    return false;

  // Don't touch naked functions. The assembly might be using an argument, or
  // otherwise rely on the frame layout in a way that this analysis will not
  // see.
  if (Fn.hasFnAttribute(Attribute::Naked))
    return false;

  if (Fn.use_empty())
    return false;

  SmallVector<unsigned, 8> UnusedArgs;
  bool Changed = false;

  for (Argument &Arg : Fn.args()) {
    if (!Arg.hasSwiftErrorAttr() && Arg.use_empty() &&
        !Arg.hasPassPointeeByValueAttr()) {
      if (Arg.isUsedByMetadata()) {
        Arg.replaceAllUsesWith(UndefValue::get(Arg.getType()));
        Changed = true;
      }
      UnusedArgs.push_back(Arg.getArgNo());
    }
  }

  if (UnusedArgs.empty())
    return false;

  for (Use &U : Fn.uses()) {
    CallBase *CB = dyn_cast<CallBase>(U.getUser());
    if (!CB || !CB->isCallee(&U))
      continue;

    // Now go through all unused args and replace them with "undef".
    for (unsigned I = 0, E = UnusedArgs.size(); I != E; ++I) {
      unsigned ArgNo = UnusedArgs[I];

      Value *Arg = CB->getArgOperand(ArgNo);
      CB->setArgOperand(ArgNo, UndefValue::get(Arg->getType()));
      ++NumArgumentsReplacedWithUndef;
      Changed = true;
    }
  }

  return Changed;
}

/// Convenience function that returns the number of return values. It returns 0
/// for void functions and 1 for functions not returning a struct. It returns
/// the number of struct elements for functions returning a struct.
static unsigned NumRetVals(const Function *F) {
  Type *RetTy = F->getReturnType();
  if (RetTy->isVoidTy())
    return 0;
  else if (StructType *STy = dyn_cast<StructType>(RetTy))
    return STy->getNumElements();
  else if (ArrayType *ATy = dyn_cast<ArrayType>(RetTy))
    return ATy->getNumElements();
  else
    return 1;
}

/// Returns the sub-type a function will return at a given Idx. Should
/// correspond to the result type of an ExtractValue instruction executed with
/// just that one Idx (i.e. only top-level structure is considered).
static Type *getRetComponentType(const Function *F, unsigned Idx) {
  Type *RetTy = F->getReturnType();
  assert(!RetTy->isVoidTy() && "void type has no subtype");

  if (StructType *STy = dyn_cast<StructType>(RetTy))
    return STy->getElementType(Idx);
  else if (ArrayType *ATy = dyn_cast<ArrayType>(RetTy))
    return ATy->getElementType();
  else
    return RetTy;
}

/// MarkIfNotLive - This checks Use for liveness in LiveValues. If Use is not
/// live, it adds Use to the MaybeLiveUses argument. Returns the determined
/// liveness of Use.
DeadArgumentEliminationPass::Liveness
DeadArgumentEliminationPass::MarkIfNotLive(RetOrArg Use,
                                           UseVector &MaybeLiveUses) {
  // We're live if our use or its Function is already marked as live.
  if (IsLive(Use))
    return Live;

  // We're maybe live otherwise, but remember that we must become live if
  // Use becomes live.
  MaybeLiveUses.push_back(Use);
  return MaybeLive;
}

/// SurveyUse - This looks at a single use of an argument or return value
/// and determines if it should be alive or not. Adds this use to MaybeLiveUses
/// if it causes the used value to become MaybeLive.
///
/// RetValNum is the return value number to use when this use is used in a
/// return instruction. This is used in the recursion, you should always leave
/// it at 0.
DeadArgumentEliminationPass::Liveness
DeadArgumentEliminationPass::SurveyUse(const Use *U, UseVector &MaybeLiveUses,
                                       unsigned RetValNum) {
    const User *V = U->getUser();
    if (const ReturnInst *RI = dyn_cast<ReturnInst>(V)) {
      // The value is returned from a function. It's only live when the
      // function's return value is live. We use RetValNum here, for the case
      // that U is really a use of an insertvalue instruction that uses the
      // original Use.
      const Function *F = RI->getParent()->getParent();
      if (RetValNum != -1U) {
        RetOrArg Use = CreateRet(F, RetValNum);
        // We might be live, depending on the liveness of Use.
        return MarkIfNotLive(Use, MaybeLiveUses);
      } else {
        DeadArgumentEliminationPass::Liveness Result = MaybeLive;
        for (unsigned Ri = 0; Ri < NumRetVals(F); ++Ri) {
          RetOrArg Use = CreateRet(F, Ri);
          // We might be live, depending on the liveness of Use. If any
          // sub-value is live, then the entire value is considered live. This
          // is a conservative choice, and better tracking is possible.
          DeadArgumentEliminationPass::Liveness SubResult =
              MarkIfNotLive(Use, MaybeLiveUses);
          if (Result != Live)
            Result = SubResult;
        }
        return Result;
      }
    }
    if (const InsertValueInst *IV = dyn_cast<InsertValueInst>(V)) {
      if (U->getOperandNo() != InsertValueInst::getAggregateOperandIndex()
          && IV->hasIndices())
        // The use we are examining is inserted into an aggregate. Our liveness
        // depends on all uses of that aggregate, but if it is used as a return
        // value, only index at which we were inserted counts.
        RetValNum = *IV->idx_begin();

      // Note that if we are used as the aggregate operand to the insertvalue,
      // we don't change RetValNum, but do survey all our uses.

      Liveness Result = MaybeLive;
      for (const Use &UU : IV->uses()) {
        Result = SurveyUse(&UU, MaybeLiveUses, RetValNum);
        if (Result == Live)
          break;
      }
      return Result;
    }

    if (const auto *CB = dyn_cast<CallBase>(V)) {
      const Function *F = CB->getCalledFunction();
      if (F) {
        // Used in a direct call.

        // The function argument is live if it is used as a bundle operand.
        if (CB->isBundleOperand(U))
          return Live;

        // Find the argument number. We know for sure that this use is an
        // argument, since if it was the function argument this would be an
        // indirect call and the we know can't be looking at a value of the
        // label type (for the invoke instruction).
        unsigned ArgNo = CB->getArgOperandNo(U);

        if (ArgNo >= F->getFunctionType()->getNumParams())
          // The value is passed in through a vararg! Must be live.
          return Live;

        assert(CB->getArgOperand(ArgNo) == CB->getOperand(U->getOperandNo()) &&
               "Argument is not where we expected it");

        // Value passed to a normal call. It's only live when the corresponding
        // argument to the called function turns out live.
        RetOrArg Use = CreateArg(F, ArgNo);
        return MarkIfNotLive(Use, MaybeLiveUses);
      }
    }
    // Used in any other way? Value must be live.
    return Live;
}

/// SurveyUses - This looks at all the uses of the given value
/// Returns the Liveness deduced from the uses of this value.
///
/// Adds all uses that cause the result to be MaybeLive to MaybeLiveRetUses. If
/// the result is Live, MaybeLiveUses might be modified but its content should
/// be ignored (since it might not be complete).
DeadArgumentEliminationPass::Liveness
DeadArgumentEliminationPass::SurveyUses(const Value *V,
                                        UseVector &MaybeLiveUses) {
  // Assume it's dead (which will only hold if there are no uses at all..).
  Liveness Result = MaybeLive;
  // Check each use.
  for (const Use &U : V->uses()) {
    Result = SurveyUse(&U, MaybeLiveUses);
    if (Result == Live)
      break;
  }
  return Result;
}

// SurveyFunction - This performs the initial survey of the specified function,
// checking out whether or not it uses any of its incoming arguments or whether
// any callers use the return value.  This fills in the LiveValues set and Uses
// map.
//
// We consider arguments of non-internal functions to be intrinsically alive as
// well as arguments to functions which have their "address taken".
void DeadArgumentEliminationPass::SurveyFunction(const Function &F) {
  // Functions with inalloca/preallocated parameters are expecting args in a
  // particular register and memory layout.
  if (F.getAttributes().hasAttrSomewhere(Attribute::InAlloca) ||
      F.getAttributes().hasAttrSomewhere(Attribute::Preallocated)) {
    MarkLive(F);
    return;
  }

  // Don't touch naked functions. The assembly might be using an argument, or
  // otherwise rely on the frame layout in a way that this analysis will not
  // see.
  if (F.hasFnAttribute(Attribute::Naked)) {
    MarkLive(F);
    return;
  }

  unsigned RetCount = NumRetVals(&F);

  // Assume all return values are dead
  using RetVals = SmallVector<Liveness, 5>;

  RetVals RetValLiveness(RetCount, MaybeLive);

  using RetUses = SmallVector<UseVector, 5>;

  // These vectors map each return value to the uses that make it MaybeLive, so
  // we can add those to the Uses map if the return value really turns out to be
  // MaybeLive. Initialized to a list of RetCount empty lists.
  RetUses MaybeLiveRetUses(RetCount);

  bool HasMustTailCalls = false;

  for (Function::const_iterator BB = F.begin(), E = F.end(); BB != E; ++BB) {
    if (const ReturnInst *RI = dyn_cast<ReturnInst>(BB->getTerminator())) {
      if (RI->getNumOperands() != 0 && RI->getOperand(0)->getType()
          != F.getFunctionType()->getReturnType()) {
        // We don't support old style multiple return values.
        MarkLive(F);
        return;
      }
    }

    // If we have any returns of `musttail` results - the signature can't
    // change
    if (BB->getTerminatingMustTailCall() != nullptr)
      HasMustTailCalls = true;
  }

  if (HasMustTailCalls) {
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "DeadArgumentEliminationPass - " << F.getName()
                      << " has musttail calls\n");
  }

  if (!F.hasLocalLinkage() && (!ShouldHackArguments || F.isIntrinsic())) {
    MarkLive(F);
    return;
  }

  LLVM_DEBUG(
      dbgs() << "DeadArgumentEliminationPass - Inspecting callers for fn: "
             << F.getName() << "\n");
  // Keep track of the number of live retvals, so we can skip checks once all
  // of them turn out to be live.
  unsigned NumLiveRetVals = 0;

  bool HasMustTailCallers = false;

  // Loop all uses of the function.
  for (const Use &U : F.uses()) {
    // If the function is PASSED IN as an argument, its address has been
    // taken.
    const auto *CB = dyn_cast<CallBase>(U.getUser());
    if (!CB || !CB->isCallee(&U)) {
      MarkLive(F);
      return;
    }

    // The number of arguments for `musttail` call must match the number of
    // arguments of the caller
    if (CB->isMustTailCall())
      HasMustTailCallers = true;

    // If we end up here, we are looking at a direct call to our function.

    // Now, check how our return value(s) is/are used in this caller. Don't
    // bother checking return values if all of them are live already.
    if (NumLiveRetVals == RetCount)
      continue;

    // Check all uses of the return value.
    for (const Use &U : CB->uses()) {
      if (ExtractValueInst *Ext = dyn_cast<ExtractValueInst>(U.getUser())) {
        // This use uses a part of our return value, survey the uses of
        // that part and store the results for this index only.
        unsigned Idx = *Ext->idx_begin();
        if (RetValLiveness[Idx] != Live) {
          RetValLiveness[Idx] = SurveyUses(Ext, MaybeLiveRetUses[Idx]);
          if (RetValLiveness[Idx] == Live)
            NumLiveRetVals++;
        }
      } else {
        // Used by something else than extractvalue. Survey, but assume that the
        // result applies to all sub-values.
        UseVector MaybeLiveAggregateUses;
        if (SurveyUse(&U, MaybeLiveAggregateUses) == Live) {
          NumLiveRetVals = RetCount;
          RetValLiveness.assign(RetCount, Live);
          break;
        } else {
          for (unsigned Ri = 0; Ri != RetCount; ++Ri) {
            if (RetValLiveness[Ri] != Live)
              MaybeLiveRetUses[Ri].append(MaybeLiveAggregateUses.begin(),
                                          MaybeLiveAggregateUses.end());
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  if (HasMustTailCallers) {
    LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "DeadArgumentEliminationPass - " << F.getName()
                      << " has musttail callers\n");
  }

  // Now we've inspected all callers, record the liveness of our return values.
  for (unsigned Ri = 0; Ri != RetCount; ++Ri)
    MarkValue(CreateRet(&F, Ri), RetValLiveness[Ri], MaybeLiveRetUses[Ri]);

  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "DeadArgumentEliminationPass - Inspecting args for fn: "
                    << F.getName() << "\n");

  // Now, check all of our arguments.
  unsigned ArgI = 0;
  UseVector MaybeLiveArgUses;
  for (Function::const_arg_iterator AI = F.arg_begin(), E = F.arg_end();
       AI != E; ++AI, ++ArgI) {
    Liveness Result;
    if (F.getFunctionType()->isVarArg() || HasMustTailCallers ||
        HasMustTailCalls) {
      // Variadic functions will already have a va_arg function expanded inside
      // them, making them potentially very sensitive to ABI changes resulting
      // from removing arguments entirely, so don't. For example AArch64 handles
      // register and stack HFAs very differently, and this is reflected in the
      // IR which has already been generated.
      //
      // `musttail` calls to this function restrict argument removal attempts.
      // The signature of the caller must match the signature of the function.
      //
      // `musttail` calls in this function prevents us from changing its
      // signature
      Result = Live;
    } else {
      // See what the effect of this use is (recording any uses that cause
      // MaybeLive in MaybeLiveArgUses).
      Result = SurveyUses(&*AI, MaybeLiveArgUses);
    }

    // Mark the result.
    MarkValue(CreateArg(&F, ArgI), Result, MaybeLiveArgUses);
    // Clear the vector again for the next iteration.
    MaybeLiveArgUses.clear();
  }
}

/// MarkValue - This function marks the liveness of RA depending on L. If L is
/// MaybeLive, it also takes all uses in MaybeLiveUses and records them in Uses,
/// such that RA will be marked live if any use in MaybeLiveUses gets marked
/// live later on.
void DeadArgumentEliminationPass::MarkValue(const RetOrArg &RA, Liveness L,
                                            const UseVector &MaybeLiveUses) {
  switch (L) {
    case Live:
      MarkLive(RA);
      break;
    case MaybeLive:
      assert(!IsLive(RA) && "Use is already live!");
      for (const auto &MaybeLiveUse : MaybeLiveUses) {
        if (IsLive(MaybeLiveUse)) {
          // A use is live, so this value is live.
          MarkLive(RA);
          break;
        } else {
          // Note any uses of this value, so this value can be
          // marked live whenever one of the uses becomes live.
          Uses.insert(std::make_pair(MaybeLiveUse, RA));
        }
      }
      break;
  }
}

/// MarkLive - Mark the given Function as alive, meaning that it cannot be
/// changed in any way. Additionally,
/// mark any values that are used as this function's parameters or by its return
/// values (according to Uses) live as well.
void DeadArgumentEliminationPass::MarkLive(const Function &F) {
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "DeadArgumentEliminationPass - Intrinsically live fn: "
                    << F.getName() << "\n");
  // Mark the function as live.
  LiveFunctions.insert(&F);
  // Mark all arguments as live.
  for (unsigned ArgI = 0, E = F.arg_size(); ArgI != E; ++ArgI)
    PropagateLiveness(CreateArg(&F, ArgI));
  // Mark all return values as live.
  for (unsigned Ri = 0, E = NumRetVals(&F); Ri != E; ++Ri)
    PropagateLiveness(CreateRet(&F, Ri));
}

/// MarkLive - Mark the given return value or argument as live. Additionally,
/// mark any values that are used by this value (according to Uses) live as
/// well.
void DeadArgumentEliminationPass::MarkLive(const RetOrArg &RA) {
  if (IsLive(RA))
    return; // Already marked Live.

  LiveValues.insert(RA);

  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "DeadArgumentEliminationPass - Marking "
                    << RA.getDescription() << " live\n");
  PropagateLiveness(RA);
}

bool DeadArgumentEliminationPass::IsLive(const RetOrArg &RA) {
  return LiveFunctions.count(RA.F) || LiveValues.count(RA);
}

/// PropagateLiveness - Given that RA is a live value, propagate it's liveness
/// to any other values it uses (according to Uses).
void DeadArgumentEliminationPass::PropagateLiveness(const RetOrArg &RA) {
  // We don't use upper_bound (or equal_range) here, because our recursive call
  // to ourselves is likely to cause the upper_bound (which is the first value
  // not belonging to RA) to become erased and the iterator invalidated.
  UseMap::iterator Begin = Uses.lower_bound(RA);
  UseMap::iterator E = Uses.end();
  UseMap::iterator I;
  for (I = Begin; I != E && I->first == RA; ++I)
    MarkLive(I->second);

  // Erase RA from the Uses map (from the lower bound to wherever we ended up
  // after the loop).
  Uses.erase(Begin, I);
}

// RemoveDeadStuffFromFunction - Remove any arguments and return values from F
// that are not in LiveValues. Transform the function and all of the callees of
// the function to not have these arguments and return values.
//
bool DeadArgumentEliminationPass::RemoveDeadStuffFromFunction(Function *F) {
  // Don't modify fully live functions
  if (LiveFunctions.count(F))
    return false;

  // Start by computing a new prototype for the function, which is the same as
  // the old function, but has fewer arguments and a different return type.
  FunctionType *FTy = F->getFunctionType();
  std::vector<Type*> Params;

  // Keep track of if we have a live 'returned' argument
  bool HasLiveReturnedArg = false;

  // Set up to build a new list of parameter attributes.
  SmallVector<AttributeSet, 8> ArgAttrVec;
  const AttributeList &PAL = F->getAttributes();

  // Remember which arguments are still alive.
  SmallVector<bool, 10> ArgAlive(FTy->getNumParams(), false);
  // Construct the new parameter list from non-dead arguments. Also construct
  // a new set of parameter attributes to correspond. Skip the first parameter
  // attribute, since that belongs to the return value.
  unsigned ArgI = 0;
  for (Function::arg_iterator I = F->arg_begin(), E = F->arg_end(); I != E;
       ++I, ++ArgI) {
    RetOrArg Arg = CreateArg(F, ArgI);
    if (LiveValues.erase(Arg)) {
      Params.push_back(I->getType());
      ArgAlive[ArgI] = true;
      ArgAttrVec.push_back(PAL.getParamAttributes(ArgI));
      HasLiveReturnedArg |= PAL.hasParamAttribute(ArgI, Attribute::Returned);
    } else {
      ++NumArgumentsEliminated;
      LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "DeadArgumentEliminationPass - Removing argument "
                        << ArgI << " (" << I->getName() << ") from "
                        << F->getName() << "\n");
    }
  }

  // Find out the new return value.
  Type *RetTy = FTy->getReturnType();
  Type *NRetTy = nullptr;
  unsigned RetCount = NumRetVals(F);

  // -1 means unused, other numbers are the new index
  SmallVector<int, 5> NewRetIdxs(RetCount, -1);
  std::vector<Type*> RetTypes;

  // If there is a function with a live 'returned' argument but a dead return
  // value, then there are two possible actions:
  // 1) Eliminate the return value and take off the 'returned' attribute on the
  //    argument.
  // 2) Retain the 'returned' attribute and treat the return value (but not the
  //    entire function) as live so that it is not eliminated.
  //
  // It's not clear in the general case which option is more profitable because,
  // even in the absence of explicit uses of the return value, code generation
  // is free to use the 'returned' attribute to do things like eliding
  // save/restores of registers across calls. Whether or not this happens is
  // target and ABI-specific as well as depending on the amount of register
  // pressure, so there's no good way for an IR-level pass to figure this out.
  //
  // Fortunately, the only places where 'returned' is currently generated by
  // the FE are places where 'returned' is basically free and almost always a
  // performance win, so the second option can just be used always for now.
  //
  // This should be revisited if 'returned' is ever applied more liberally.
  if (RetTy->isVoidTy() || HasLiveReturnedArg) {
    NRetTy = RetTy;
  } else {
    // Look at each of the original return values individually.
    for (unsigned Ri = 0; Ri != RetCount; ++Ri) {
      RetOrArg Ret = CreateRet(F, Ri);
      if (LiveValues.erase(Ret)) {
        RetTypes.push_back(getRetComponentType(F, Ri));
        NewRetIdxs[Ri] = RetTypes.size() - 1;
      } else {
        ++NumRetValsEliminated;
        LLVM_DEBUG(
            dbgs() << "DeadArgumentEliminationPass - Removing return value "
                   << Ri << " from " << F->getName() << "\n");
      }
    }
    if (RetTypes.size() > 1) {
      // More than one return type? Reduce it down to size.
      if (StructType *STy = dyn_cast<StructType>(RetTy)) {
        // Make the new struct packed if we used to return a packed struct
        // already.
        NRetTy = StructType::get(STy->getContext(), RetTypes, STy->isPacked());
      } else {
        assert(isa<ArrayType>(RetTy) && "unexpected multi-value return");
        NRetTy = ArrayType::get(RetTypes[0], RetTypes.size());
      }
    } else if (RetTypes.size() == 1)
      // One return type? Just a simple value then, but only if we didn't use to
      // return a struct with that simple value before.
      NRetTy = RetTypes.front();
    else if (RetTypes.empty())
      // No return types? Make it void, but only if we didn't use to return {}.
      NRetTy = Type::getVoidTy(F->getContext());
  }

  assert(NRetTy && "No new return type found?");

  // The existing function return attributes.
  AttrBuilder RAttrs(PAL.getRetAttributes());

  // Remove any incompatible attributes, but only if we removed all return
  // values. Otherwise, ensure that we don't have any conflicting attributes
  // here. Currently, this should not be possible, but special handling might be
  // required when new return value attributes are added.
  if (NRetTy->isVoidTy())
    RAttrs.remove(AttributeFuncs::typeIncompatible(NRetTy));
  else
    assert(!RAttrs.overlaps(AttributeFuncs::typeIncompatible(NRetTy)) &&
           "Return attributes no longer compatible?");

  AttributeSet RetAttrs = AttributeSet::get(F->getContext(), RAttrs);

  // Strip allocsize attributes. They might refer to the deleted arguments.
  AttributeSet FnAttrs = PAL.getFnAttributes().removeAttribute(
      F->getContext(), Attribute::AllocSize);

  // Reconstruct the AttributesList based on the vector we constructed.
  assert(ArgAttrVec.size() == Params.size());
  AttributeList NewPAL =
      AttributeList::get(F->getContext(), FnAttrs, RetAttrs, ArgAttrVec);

  // Create the new function type based on the recomputed parameters.
  FunctionType *NFTy = FunctionType::get(NRetTy, Params, FTy->isVarArg());

  // No change?
  if (NFTy == FTy)
    return false;

  // Create the new function body and insert it into the module...
  Function *NF = Function::Create(NFTy, F->getLinkage(), F->getAddressSpace());
  NF->copyAttributesFrom(F);
  NF->setComdat(F->getComdat());
  NF->setAttributes(NewPAL);
  // Insert the new function before the old function, so we won't be processing
  // it again.
  F->getParent()->getFunctionList().insert(F->getIterator(), NF);
  NF->takeName(F);

  // Loop over all of the callers of the function, transforming the call sites
  // to pass in a smaller number of arguments into the new function.
  std::vector<Value*> Args;
  while (!F->use_empty()) {
    CallBase &CB = cast<CallBase>(*F->user_back());

    ArgAttrVec.clear();
    const AttributeList &CallPAL = CB.getAttributes();

    // Adjust the call return attributes in case the function was changed to
    // return void.
    AttrBuilder RAttrs(CallPAL.getRetAttributes());
    RAttrs.remove(AttributeFuncs::typeIncompatible(NRetTy));
    AttributeSet RetAttrs = AttributeSet::get(F->getContext(), RAttrs);

    // Declare these outside of the loops, so we can reuse them for the second
    // loop, which loops the varargs.
    auto I = CB.arg_begin();
    unsigned Pi = 0;
    // Loop over those operands, corresponding to the normal arguments to the
    // original function, and add those that are still alive.
    for (unsigned E = FTy->getNumParams(); Pi != E; ++I, ++Pi)
      if (ArgAlive[Pi]) {
        Args.push_back(*I);
        // Get original parameter attributes, but skip return attributes.
        AttributeSet Attrs = CallPAL.getParamAttributes(Pi);
        if (NRetTy != RetTy && Attrs.hasAttribute(Attribute::Returned)) {
          // If the return type has changed, then get rid of 'returned' on the
          // call site. The alternative is to make all 'returned' attributes on
          // call sites keep the return value alive just like 'returned'
          // attributes on function declaration but it's less clearly a win and
          // this is not an expected case anyway
          ArgAttrVec.push_back(AttributeSet::get(
              F->getContext(),
              AttrBuilder(Attrs).removeAttribute(Attribute::Returned)));
        } else {
          // Otherwise, use the original attributes.
          ArgAttrVec.push_back(Attrs);
        }
      }

    // Push any varargs arguments on the list. Don't forget their attributes.
    for (auto E = CB.arg_end(); I != E; ++I, ++Pi) {
      Args.push_back(*I);
      ArgAttrVec.push_back(CallPAL.getParamAttributes(Pi));
    }

    // Reconstruct the AttributesList based on the vector we constructed.
    assert(ArgAttrVec.size() == Args.size());

    // Again, be sure to remove any allocsize attributes, since their indices
    // may now be incorrect.
    AttributeSet FnAttrs = CallPAL.getFnAttributes().removeAttribute(
        F->getContext(), Attribute::AllocSize);

    AttributeList NewCallPAL = AttributeList::get(
        F->getContext(), FnAttrs, RetAttrs, ArgAttrVec);

    SmallVector<OperandBundleDef, 1> OpBundles;
    CB.getOperandBundlesAsDefs(OpBundles);

    CallBase *NewCB = nullptr;
    if (InvokeInst *II = dyn_cast<InvokeInst>(&CB)) {
      NewCB = InvokeInst::Create(NF, II->getNormalDest(), II->getUnwindDest(),
                                 Args, OpBundles, "", CB.getParent());
    } else {
      NewCB = CallInst::Create(NFTy, NF, Args, OpBundles, "", &CB);
      cast<CallInst>(NewCB)->setTailCallKind(
          cast<CallInst>(&CB)->getTailCallKind());
    }
    NewCB->setCallingConv(CB.getCallingConv());
    NewCB->setAttributes(NewCallPAL);
    NewCB->copyMetadata(CB, {LLVMContext::MD_prof, LLVMContext::MD_dbg});
    Args.clear();
    ArgAttrVec.clear();

    if (!CB.use_empty() || CB.isUsedByMetadata()) {
      if (NewCB->getType() == CB.getType()) {
        // Return type not changed? Just replace users then.
        CB.replaceAllUsesWith(NewCB);
        NewCB->takeName(&CB);
      } else if (NewCB->getType()->isVoidTy()) {
        // If the return value is dead, replace any uses of it with undef
        // (any non-debug value uses will get removed later on).
        if (!CB.getType()->isX86_MMXTy())
          CB.replaceAllUsesWith(UndefValue::get(CB.getType()));
      } else {
        assert((RetTy->isStructTy() || RetTy->isArrayTy()) &&
               "Return type changed, but not into a void. The old return type"
               " must have been a struct or an array!");
        Instruction *InsertPt = &CB;
        if (InvokeInst *II = dyn_cast<InvokeInst>(&CB)) {
          BasicBlock *NewEdge =
              SplitEdge(NewCB->getParent(), II->getNormalDest());
          InsertPt = &*NewEdge->getFirstInsertionPt();
        }

        // We used to return a struct or array. Instead of doing smart stuff
        // with all the uses, we will just rebuild it using extract/insertvalue
        // chaining and let instcombine clean that up.
        //
        // Start out building up our return value from undef
        Value *RetVal = UndefValue::get(RetTy);
        for (unsigned Ri = 0; Ri != RetCount; ++Ri)
          if (NewRetIdxs[Ri] != -1) {
            Value *V;
            IRBuilder<NoFolder> IRB(InsertPt);
            if (RetTypes.size() > 1)
              // We are still returning a struct, so extract the value from our
              // return value
              V = IRB.CreateExtractValue(NewCB, NewRetIdxs[Ri], "newret");
            else
              // We are now returning a single element, so just insert that
              V = NewCB;
            // Insert the value at the old position
            RetVal = IRB.CreateInsertValue(RetVal, V, Ri, "oldret");
          }
        // Now, replace all uses of the old call instruction with the return
        // struct we built
        CB.replaceAllUsesWith(RetVal);
        NewCB->takeName(&CB);
      }
    }

    // Finally, remove the old call from the program, reducing the use-count of
    // F.
    CB.eraseFromParent();
  }

  // Since we have now created the new function, splice the body of the old
  // function right into the new function, leaving the old rotting hulk of the
  // function empty.
  NF->getBasicBlockList().splice(NF->begin(), F->getBasicBlockList());

  // Loop over the argument list, transferring uses of the old arguments over to
  // the new arguments, also transferring over the names as well.
  ArgI = 0;
  for (Function::arg_iterator I = F->arg_begin(), E = F->arg_end(),
                              I2 = NF->arg_begin();
       I != E; ++I, ++ArgI)
    if (ArgAlive[ArgI]) {
      // If this is a live argument, move the name and users over to the new
      // version.
      I->replaceAllUsesWith(&*I2);
      I2->takeName(&*I);
      ++I2;
    } else {
      // If this argument is dead, replace any uses of it with undef
      // (any non-debug value uses will get removed later on).
      if (!I->getType()->isX86_MMXTy())
        I->replaceAllUsesWith(UndefValue::get(I->getType()));
    }

  // If we change the return value of the function we must rewrite any return
  // instructions.  Check this now.
  if (F->getReturnType() != NF->getReturnType())
    for (BasicBlock &BB : *NF)
      if (ReturnInst *RI = dyn_cast<ReturnInst>(BB.getTerminator())) {
        IRBuilder<NoFolder> IRB(RI);
        Value *RetVal = nullptr;

        if (!NFTy->getReturnType()->isVoidTy()) {
          assert(RetTy->isStructTy() || RetTy->isArrayTy());
          // The original return value was a struct or array, insert
          // extractvalue/insertvalue chains to extract only the values we need
          // to return and insert them into our new result.
          // This does generate messy code, but we'll let it to instcombine to
          // clean that up.
          Value *OldRet = RI->getOperand(0);
          // Start out building up our return value from undef
          RetVal = UndefValue::get(NRetTy);
          for (unsigned RetI = 0; RetI != RetCount; ++RetI)
            if (NewRetIdxs[RetI] != -1) {
              Value *EV = IRB.CreateExtractValue(OldRet, RetI, "oldret");

              if (RetTypes.size() > 1) {
                // We're still returning a struct, so reinsert the value into
                // our new return value at the new index

                RetVal = IRB.CreateInsertValue(RetVal, EV, NewRetIdxs[RetI],
                                               "newret");
              } else {
                // We are now only returning a simple value, so just return the
                // extracted value.
                RetVal = EV;
              }
            }
        }
        // Replace the return instruction with one returning the new return
        // value (possibly 0 if we became void).
        auto *NewRet = ReturnInst::Create(F->getContext(), RetVal, RI);
        NewRet->setDebugLoc(RI->getDebugLoc());
        BB.getInstList().erase(RI);
      }

  // Clone metadatas from the old function, including debug info descriptor.
  SmallVector<std::pair<unsigned, MDNode *>, 1> MDs;
  F->getAllMetadata(MDs);
  for (auto MD : MDs)
    NF->addMetadata(MD.first, *MD.second);

  // Now that the old function is dead, delete it.
  F->eraseFromParent();

  return true;
}

PreservedAnalyses DeadArgumentEliminationPass::run(Module &M,
                                                   ModuleAnalysisManager &) {
  bool Changed = false;

  // First pass: Do a simple check to see if any functions can have their "..."
  // removed.  We can do this if they never call va_start.  This loop cannot be
  // fused with the next loop, because deleting a function invalidates
  // information computed while surveying other functions.
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "DeadArgumentEliminationPass - Deleting dead varargs\n");
  for (Module::iterator I = M.begin(), E = M.end(); I != E; ) {
    Function &F = *I++;
    if (F.getFunctionType()->isVarArg())
      Changed |= DeleteDeadVarargs(F);
  }

  // Second phase:loop through the module, determining which arguments are live.
  // We assume all arguments are dead unless proven otherwise (allowing us to
  // determine that dead arguments passed into recursive functions are dead).
  //
  LLVM_DEBUG(dbgs() << "DeadArgumentEliminationPass - Determining liveness\n");
  for (auto &F : M)
    SurveyFunction(F);

  // Now, remove all dead arguments and return values from each function in
  // turn.
  for (Module::iterator I = M.begin(), E = M.end(); I != E; ) {
    // Increment now, because the function will probably get removed (ie.
    // replaced by a new one).
    Function *F = &*I++;
    Changed |= RemoveDeadStuffFromFunction(F);
  }

  // Finally, look for any unused parameters in functions with non-local
  // linkage and replace the passed in parameters with undef.
  for (auto &F : M)
    Changed |= RemoveDeadArgumentsFromCallers(F);

  if (!Changed)
    return PreservedAnalyses::all();
  return PreservedAnalyses::none();
}