RISCV/MCTargetDesc/RISCVAsmBackend.cpp

//===-- RISCVAsmBackend.cpp - RISC-V Assembler Backend --------------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "RISCVAsmBackend.h"
#include "RISCVMCExpr.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/APInt.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCAsmInfo.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCAssembler.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCContext.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCDirectives.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCELFObjectWriter.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCExpr.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCObjectWriter.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCSymbol.h"
#include "llvm/MC/MCValue.h"
#include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Endian.h"
#include "llvm/Support/EndianStream.h"
#include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
#include "llvm/Support/LEB128.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"

using namespace llvm;

static cl::opt<bool> RelaxBranches("riscv-asm-relax-branches", cl::init(true),
                                   cl::Hidden);
// Temporary workaround for old linkers that do not support ULEB128 relocations,
// which are abused by DWARF v5 DW_LLE_offset_pair/DW_RLE_offset_pair
// implemented in Clang/LLVM.
static cl::opt<bool> ULEB128Reloc(
    "riscv-uleb128-reloc", cl::init(true), cl::Hidden,
    cl::desc("Emit R_RISCV_SET_ULEB128/E_RISCV_SUB_ULEB128 if appropriate"));

std::optional<MCFixupKind> RISCVAsmBackend::getFixupKind(StringRef Name) const {
  if (STI.getTargetTriple().isOSBinFormatELF()) {
    unsigned Type;
    Type = llvm::StringSwitch<unsigned>(Name)
#define ELF_RELOC(X, Y) .Case(#X, Y)
#include "llvm/BinaryFormat/ELFRelocs/RISCV.def"
#undef ELF_RELOC
               .Case("BFD_RELOC_NONE", ELF::R_RISCV_NONE)
               .Case("BFD_RELOC_32", ELF::R_RISCV_32)
               .Case("BFD_RELOC_64", ELF::R_RISCV_64)
               .Default(-1u);
    if (Type != -1u)
      return static_cast<MCFixupKind>(FirstLiteralRelocationKind + Type);
  }
  return std::nullopt;
}

const MCFixupKindInfo &
RISCVAsmBackend::getFixupKindInfo(MCFixupKind Kind) const {
  const static MCFixupKindInfo Infos[] = {
      // This table *must* be in the order that the fixup_* kinds are defined in
      // RISCVFixupKinds.h.
      //
      // name                      offset bits  flags
      {"fixup_riscv_hi20", 12, 20, 0},
      {"fixup_riscv_lo12_i", 20, 12, 0},
      {"fixup_riscv_12_i", 20, 12, 0},
      {"fixup_riscv_lo12_s", 0, 32, 0},
      {"fixup_riscv_pcrel_hi20", 12, 20,
       MCFixupKindInfo::FKF_IsPCRel | MCFixupKindInfo::FKF_IsTarget},
      {"fixup_riscv_pcrel_lo12_i", 20, 12,
       MCFixupKindInfo::FKF_IsPCRel | MCFixupKindInfo::FKF_IsTarget},
      {"fixup_riscv_pcrel_lo12_s", 0, 32,
       MCFixupKindInfo::FKF_IsPCRel | MCFixupKindInfo::FKF_IsTarget},
      {"fixup_riscv_got_hi20", 12, 20, MCFixupKindInfo::FKF_IsPCRel},
      {"fixup_riscv_tprel_hi20", 12, 20, 0},
      {"fixup_riscv_tprel_lo12_i", 20, 12, 0},
      {"fixup_riscv_tprel_lo12_s", 0, 32, 0},
      {"fixup_riscv_tprel_add", 0, 0, 0},
      {"fixup_riscv_tls_got_hi20", 12, 20, MCFixupKindInfo::FKF_IsPCRel},
      {"fixup_riscv_tls_gd_hi20", 12, 20, MCFixupKindInfo::FKF_IsPCRel},
      {"fixup_riscv_jal", 12, 20, MCFixupKindInfo::FKF_IsPCRel},
      {"fixup_riscv_branch", 0, 32, MCFixupKindInfo::FKF_IsPCRel},
      {"fixup_riscv_rvc_jump", 2, 11, MCFixupKindInfo::FKF_IsPCRel},
      {"fixup_riscv_rvc_branch", 0, 16, MCFixupKindInfo::FKF_IsPCRel},
      {"fixup_riscv_call", 0, 64, MCFixupKindInfo::FKF_IsPCRel},
      {"fixup_riscv_call_plt", 0, 64, MCFixupKindInfo::FKF_IsPCRel},
      {"fixup_riscv_relax", 0, 0, 0},
      {"fixup_riscv_align", 0, 0, 0},

      {"fixup_riscv_tlsdesc_hi20", 12, 20,
       MCFixupKindInfo::FKF_IsPCRel | MCFixupKindInfo::FKF_IsTarget},
      {"fixup_riscv_tlsdesc_load_lo12", 20, 12, 0},
      {"fixup_riscv_tlsdesc_add_lo12", 20, 12, 0},
      {"fixup_riscv_tlsdesc_call", 0, 0, 0},
  };
  static_assert((std::size(Infos)) == RISCV::NumTargetFixupKinds,
                "Not all fixup kinds added to Infos array");

  // Fixup kinds from .reloc directive are like R_RISCV_NONE. They
  // do not require any extra processing.
  if (Kind >= FirstLiteralRelocationKind)
    return MCAsmBackend::getFixupKindInfo(FK_NONE);

  if (Kind < FirstTargetFixupKind)
    return MCAsmBackend::getFixupKindInfo(Kind);

  assert(unsigned(Kind - FirstTargetFixupKind) < getNumFixupKinds() &&
         "Invalid kind!");
  return Infos[Kind - FirstTargetFixupKind];
}

// If linker relaxation is enabled, or the relax option had previously been
// enabled, always emit relocations even if the fixup can be resolved. This is
// necessary for correctness as offsets may change during relaxation.
bool RISCVAsmBackend::shouldForceRelocation(const MCAssembler &Asm,
                                            const MCFixup &Fixup,
                                            const MCValue &Target,
                                            const MCSubtargetInfo *STI) {
  if (Fixup.getKind() >= FirstLiteralRelocationKind)
    return true;
  switch (Fixup.getTargetKind()) {
  default:
    break;
  case FK_Data_1:
  case FK_Data_2:
  case FK_Data_4:
  case FK_Data_8:
  case FK_Data_leb128:
    if (Target.isAbsolute())
      return false;
    break;
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_got_hi20:
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_tls_got_hi20:
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_tls_gd_hi20:
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_tlsdesc_hi20:
    return true;
  }

  return STI->hasFeature(RISCV::FeatureRelax) || ForceRelocs;
}

bool RISCVAsmBackend::fixupNeedsRelaxationAdvanced(
    const MCAssembler &Asm, const MCFixup &Fixup, bool Resolved, uint64_t Value,
    const MCRelaxableFragment *DF, const bool WasForced) const {
  if (!RelaxBranches)
    return false;

  int64_t Offset = int64_t(Value);
  unsigned Kind = Fixup.getTargetKind();

  // Return true if the symbol is actually unresolved.
  // Resolved could be always false when shouldForceRelocation return true.
  // We use !WasForced to indicate that the symbol is unresolved and not forced
  // by shouldForceRelocation.
  if (!Resolved && !WasForced)
    return true;

  switch (Kind) {
  default:
    return false;
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_rvc_branch:
    // For compressed branch instructions the immediate must be
    // in the range [-256, 254].
    return Offset > 254 || Offset < -256;
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_rvc_jump:
    // For compressed jump instructions the immediate must be
    // in the range [-2048, 2046].
    return Offset > 2046 || Offset < -2048;
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_branch:
    // For conditional branch instructions the immediate must be
    // in the range [-4096, 4095].
    return !isInt<13>(Offset);
  }
}

void RISCVAsmBackend::relaxInstruction(MCInst &Inst,
                                       const MCSubtargetInfo &STI) const {
  MCInst Res;
  switch (Inst.getOpcode()) {
  default:
    llvm_unreachable("Opcode not expected!");
  case RISCV::C_BEQZ:
  case RISCV::C_BNEZ:
  case RISCV::C_J:
  case RISCV::C_JAL: {
    [[maybe_unused]] bool Success = RISCVRVC::uncompress(Res, Inst, STI);
    assert(Success && "Can't uncompress instruction");
    break;
  }
  case RISCV::BEQ:
  case RISCV::BNE:
  case RISCV::BLT:
  case RISCV::BGE:
  case RISCV::BLTU:
  case RISCV::BGEU:
    Res.setOpcode(getRelaxedOpcode(Inst.getOpcode()));
    Res.addOperand(Inst.getOperand(0));
    Res.addOperand(Inst.getOperand(1));
    Res.addOperand(Inst.getOperand(2));
    break;
  }
  Inst = std::move(Res);
}

bool RISCVAsmBackend::relaxDwarfLineAddr(const MCAssembler &Asm,
                                         MCDwarfLineAddrFragment &DF,
                                         bool &WasRelaxed) const {
  MCContext &C = Asm.getContext();

  int64_t LineDelta = DF.getLineDelta();
  const MCExpr &AddrDelta = DF.getAddrDelta();
  SmallVectorImpl<char> &Data = DF.getContents();
  SmallVectorImpl<MCFixup> &Fixups = DF.getFixups();
  size_t OldSize = Data.size();

  int64_t Value;
  [[maybe_unused]] bool IsAbsolute =
      AddrDelta.evaluateKnownAbsolute(Value, Asm);
  assert(IsAbsolute && "CFA with invalid expression");

  Data.clear();
  Fixups.clear();
  raw_svector_ostream OS(Data);

  // INT64_MAX is a signal that this is actually a DW_LNE_end_sequence.
  if (LineDelta != INT64_MAX) {
    OS << uint8_t(dwarf::DW_LNS_advance_line);
    encodeSLEB128(LineDelta, OS);
  }

  unsigned Offset;
  std::pair<MCFixupKind, MCFixupKind> Fixup;

  // According to the DWARF specification, the `DW_LNS_fixed_advance_pc` opcode
  // takes a single unsigned half (unencoded) operand. The maximum encodable
  // value is therefore 65535.  Set a conservative upper bound for relaxation.
  if (Value > 60000) {
    unsigned PtrSize = C.getAsmInfo()->getCodePointerSize();

    OS << uint8_t(dwarf::DW_LNS_extended_op);
    encodeULEB128(PtrSize + 1, OS);

    OS << uint8_t(dwarf::DW_LNE_set_address);
    Offset = OS.tell();
    assert((PtrSize == 4 || PtrSize == 8) && "Unexpected pointer size");
    Fixup = RISCV::getRelocPairForSize(PtrSize);
    OS.write_zeros(PtrSize);
  } else {
    OS << uint8_t(dwarf::DW_LNS_fixed_advance_pc);
    Offset = OS.tell();
    Fixup = RISCV::getRelocPairForSize(2);
    support::endian::write<uint16_t>(OS, 0, llvm::endianness::little);
  }

  const MCBinaryExpr &MBE = cast<MCBinaryExpr>(AddrDelta);
  Fixups.push_back(MCFixup::create(Offset, MBE.getLHS(), std::get<0>(Fixup)));
  Fixups.push_back(MCFixup::create(Offset, MBE.getRHS(), std::get<1>(Fixup)));

  if (LineDelta == INT64_MAX) {
    OS << uint8_t(dwarf::DW_LNS_extended_op);
    OS << uint8_t(1);
    OS << uint8_t(dwarf::DW_LNE_end_sequence);
  } else {
    OS << uint8_t(dwarf::DW_LNS_copy);
  }

  WasRelaxed = OldSize != Data.size();
  return true;
}

bool RISCVAsmBackend::relaxDwarfCFA(const MCAssembler &Asm,
                                    MCDwarfCallFrameFragment &DF,
                                    bool &WasRelaxed) const {
  const MCExpr &AddrDelta = DF.getAddrDelta();
  SmallVectorImpl<char> &Data = DF.getContents();
  SmallVectorImpl<MCFixup> &Fixups = DF.getFixups();
  size_t OldSize = Data.size();

  int64_t Value;
  if (AddrDelta.evaluateAsAbsolute(Value, Asm))
    return false;
  [[maybe_unused]] bool IsAbsolute =
      AddrDelta.evaluateKnownAbsolute(Value, Asm);
  assert(IsAbsolute && "CFA with invalid expression");

  Data.clear();
  Fixups.clear();
  raw_svector_ostream OS(Data);

  assert(Asm.getContext().getAsmInfo()->getMinInstAlignment() == 1 &&
         "expected 1-byte alignment");
  if (Value == 0) {
    WasRelaxed = OldSize != Data.size();
    return true;
  }

  auto AddFixups = [&Fixups, &AddrDelta](unsigned Offset,
                                         std::pair<unsigned, unsigned> Fixup) {
    const MCBinaryExpr &MBE = cast<MCBinaryExpr>(AddrDelta);
    Fixups.push_back(
        MCFixup::create(Offset, MBE.getLHS(),
                        static_cast<MCFixupKind>(FirstLiteralRelocationKind +
                                                 std::get<0>(Fixup))));
    Fixups.push_back(
        MCFixup::create(Offset, MBE.getRHS(),
                        static_cast<MCFixupKind>(FirstLiteralRelocationKind +
                                                 std::get<1>(Fixup))));
  };

  if (isUIntN(6, Value)) {
    OS << uint8_t(dwarf::DW_CFA_advance_loc);
    AddFixups(0, {ELF::R_RISCV_SET6, ELF::R_RISCV_SUB6});
  } else if (isUInt<8>(Value)) {
    OS << uint8_t(dwarf::DW_CFA_advance_loc1);
    support::endian::write<uint8_t>(OS, 0, llvm::endianness::little);
    AddFixups(1, {ELF::R_RISCV_SET8, ELF::R_RISCV_SUB8});
  } else if (isUInt<16>(Value)) {
    OS << uint8_t(dwarf::DW_CFA_advance_loc2);
    support::endian::write<uint16_t>(OS, 0, llvm::endianness::little);
    AddFixups(1, {ELF::R_RISCV_SET16, ELF::R_RISCV_SUB16});
  } else if (isUInt<32>(Value)) {
    OS << uint8_t(dwarf::DW_CFA_advance_loc4);
    support::endian::write<uint32_t>(OS, 0, llvm::endianness::little);
    AddFixups(1, {ELF::R_RISCV_SET32, ELF::R_RISCV_SUB32});
  } else {
    llvm_unreachable("unsupported CFA encoding");
  }

  WasRelaxed = OldSize != Data.size();
  return true;
}

std::pair<bool, bool> RISCVAsmBackend::relaxLEB128(const MCAssembler &Asm,
                                                   MCLEBFragment &LF,
                                                   int64_t &Value) const {
  if (LF.isSigned())
    return std::make_pair(false, false);
  const MCExpr &Expr = LF.getValue();
  if (ULEB128Reloc) {
    LF.getFixups().push_back(
        MCFixup::create(0, &Expr, FK_Data_leb128, Expr.getLoc()));
  }
  return std::make_pair(Expr.evaluateKnownAbsolute(Value, Asm), false);
}

// Given a compressed control flow instruction this function returns
// the expanded instruction.
unsigned RISCVAsmBackend::getRelaxedOpcode(unsigned Op) const {
  switch (Op) {
  default:
    return Op;
  case RISCV::C_BEQZ:
    return RISCV::BEQ;
  case RISCV::C_BNEZ:
    return RISCV::BNE;
  case RISCV::C_J:
  case RISCV::C_JAL: // fall through.
    return RISCV::JAL;
  case RISCV::BEQ:
    return RISCV::PseudoLongBEQ;
  case RISCV::BNE:
    return RISCV::PseudoLongBNE;
  case RISCV::BLT:
    return RISCV::PseudoLongBLT;
  case RISCV::BGE:
    return RISCV::PseudoLongBGE;
  case RISCV::BLTU:
    return RISCV::PseudoLongBLTU;
  case RISCV::BGEU:
    return RISCV::PseudoLongBGEU;
  }
}

bool RISCVAsmBackend::mayNeedRelaxation(const MCInst &Inst,
                                        const MCSubtargetInfo &STI) const {
  return getRelaxedOpcode(Inst.getOpcode()) != Inst.getOpcode();
}

bool RISCVAsmBackend::writeNopData(raw_ostream &OS, uint64_t Count,
                                   const MCSubtargetInfo *STI) const {
  // We mostly follow binutils' convention here: align to even boundary with a
  // 0-fill padding.  We emit up to 1 2-byte nop, though we use c.nop if RVC is
  // enabled or 0-fill otherwise.  The remainder is now padded with 4-byte nops.

  // Instructions always are at even addresses.  We must be in a data area or
  // be unaligned due to some other reason.
  if (Count % 2) {
    OS.write("\0", 1);
    Count -= 1;
  }

  bool UseCompressedNop = STI->hasFeature(RISCV::FeatureStdExtC) ||
                          STI->hasFeature(RISCV::FeatureStdExtZca);
  // The canonical nop on RVC is c.nop.
  if (Count % 4 == 2) {
    OS.write(UseCompressedNop ? "\x01\0" : "\0\0", 2);
    Count -= 2;
  }

  // The canonical nop on RISC-V is addi x0, x0, 0.
  for (; Count >= 4; Count -= 4)
    OS.write("\x13\0\0\0", 4);

  return true;
}

static uint64_t adjustFixupValue(const MCFixup &Fixup, uint64_t Value,
                                 MCContext &Ctx) {
  switch (Fixup.getTargetKind()) {
  default:
    llvm_unreachable("Unknown fixup kind!");
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_got_hi20:
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_tls_got_hi20:
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_tls_gd_hi20:
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_tlsdesc_hi20:
    llvm_unreachable("Relocation should be unconditionally forced\n");
  case FK_Data_1:
  case FK_Data_2:
  case FK_Data_4:
  case FK_Data_8:
  case FK_Data_leb128:
    return Value;
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_lo12_i:
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_pcrel_lo12_i:
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_tprel_lo12_i:
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_tlsdesc_load_lo12:
    return Value & 0xfff;
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_12_i:
    if (!isInt<12>(Value)) {
      Ctx.reportError(Fixup.getLoc(),
                      "operand must be a constant 12-bit integer");
    }
    return Value & 0xfff;
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_lo12_s:
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_pcrel_lo12_s:
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_tprel_lo12_s:
    return (((Value >> 5) & 0x7f) << 25) | ((Value & 0x1f) << 7);
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_hi20:
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_pcrel_hi20:
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_tprel_hi20:
    // Add 1 if bit 11 is 1, to compensate for low 12 bits being negative.
    return ((Value + 0x800) >> 12) & 0xfffff;
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_jal: {
    if (!isInt<21>(Value))
      Ctx.reportError(Fixup.getLoc(), "fixup value out of range");
    if (Value & 0x1)
      Ctx.reportError(Fixup.getLoc(), "fixup value must be 2-byte aligned");
    // Need to produce imm[19|10:1|11|19:12] from the 21-bit Value.
    unsigned Sbit = (Value >> 20) & 0x1;
    unsigned Hi8 = (Value >> 12) & 0xff;
    unsigned Mid1 = (Value >> 11) & 0x1;
    unsigned Lo10 = (Value >> 1) & 0x3ff;
    // Inst{31} = Sbit;
    // Inst{30-21} = Lo10;
    // Inst{20} = Mid1;
    // Inst{19-12} = Hi8;
    Value = (Sbit << 19) | (Lo10 << 9) | (Mid1 << 8) | Hi8;
    return Value;
  }
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_branch: {
    if (!isInt<13>(Value))
      Ctx.reportError(Fixup.getLoc(), "fixup value out of range");
    if (Value & 0x1)
      Ctx.reportError(Fixup.getLoc(), "fixup value must be 2-byte aligned");
    // Need to extract imm[12], imm[10:5], imm[4:1], imm[11] from the 13-bit
    // Value.
    unsigned Sbit = (Value >> 12) & 0x1;
    unsigned Hi1 = (Value >> 11) & 0x1;
    unsigned Mid6 = (Value >> 5) & 0x3f;
    unsigned Lo4 = (Value >> 1) & 0xf;
    // Inst{31} = Sbit;
    // Inst{30-25} = Mid6;
    // Inst{11-8} = Lo4;
    // Inst{7} = Hi1;
    Value = (Sbit << 31) | (Mid6 << 25) | (Lo4 << 8) | (Hi1 << 7);
    return Value;
  }
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_call:
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_call_plt: {
    // Jalr will add UpperImm with the sign-extended 12-bit LowerImm,
    // we need to add 0x800ULL before extract upper bits to reflect the
    // effect of the sign extension.
    uint64_t UpperImm = (Value + 0x800ULL) & 0xfffff000ULL;
    uint64_t LowerImm = Value & 0xfffULL;
    return UpperImm | ((LowerImm << 20) << 32);
  }
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_rvc_jump: {
    if (!isInt<12>(Value))
      Ctx.reportError(Fixup.getLoc(), "fixup value out of range");
    // Need to produce offset[11|4|9:8|10|6|7|3:1|5] from the 11-bit Value.
    unsigned Bit11  = (Value >> 11) & 0x1;
    unsigned Bit4   = (Value >> 4) & 0x1;
    unsigned Bit9_8 = (Value >> 8) & 0x3;
    unsigned Bit10  = (Value >> 10) & 0x1;
    unsigned Bit6   = (Value >> 6) & 0x1;
    unsigned Bit7   = (Value >> 7) & 0x1;
    unsigned Bit3_1 = (Value >> 1) & 0x7;
    unsigned Bit5   = (Value >> 5) & 0x1;
    Value = (Bit11 << 10) | (Bit4 << 9) | (Bit9_8 << 7) | (Bit10 << 6) |
            (Bit6 << 5) | (Bit7 << 4) | (Bit3_1 << 1) | Bit5;
    return Value;
  }
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_rvc_branch: {
    if (!isInt<9>(Value))
      Ctx.reportError(Fixup.getLoc(), "fixup value out of range");
    // Need to produce offset[8|4:3], [reg 3 bit], offset[7:6|2:1|5]
    unsigned Bit8   = (Value >> 8) & 0x1;
    unsigned Bit7_6 = (Value >> 6) & 0x3;
    unsigned Bit5   = (Value >> 5) & 0x1;
    unsigned Bit4_3 = (Value >> 3) & 0x3;
    unsigned Bit2_1 = (Value >> 1) & 0x3;
    Value = (Bit8 << 12) | (Bit4_3 << 10) | (Bit7_6 << 5) | (Bit2_1 << 3) |
            (Bit5 << 2);
    return Value;
  }

  }
}

bool RISCVAsmBackend::evaluateTargetFixup(const MCAssembler &Asm,
                                          const MCFixup &Fixup,
                                          const MCFragment *DF,
                                          const MCValue &Target,
                                          const MCSubtargetInfo *STI,
                                          uint64_t &Value, bool &WasForced) {
  const MCFixup *AUIPCFixup;
  const MCFragment *AUIPCDF;
  MCValue AUIPCTarget;
  switch (Fixup.getTargetKind()) {
  default:
    llvm_unreachable("Unexpected fixup kind!");
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_tlsdesc_hi20:
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_pcrel_hi20:
    AUIPCFixup = &Fixup;
    AUIPCDF = DF;
    AUIPCTarget = Target;
    break;
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_pcrel_lo12_i:
  case RISCV::fixup_riscv_pcrel_lo12_s: {
    AUIPCFixup = cast<RISCVMCExpr>(Fixup.getValue())->getPCRelHiFixup(&AUIPCDF);
    if (!AUIPCFixup) {
      Asm.getContext().reportError(Fixup.getLoc(),
                                   "could not find corresponding %pcrel_hi");
      return true;
    }

    // MCAssembler::evaluateFixup will emit an error for this case when it sees
    // the %pcrel_hi, so don't duplicate it when also seeing the %pcrel_lo.
    const MCExpr *AUIPCExpr = AUIPCFixup->getValue();
    if (!AUIPCExpr->evaluateAsRelocatable(AUIPCTarget, &Asm, AUIPCFixup))
      return true;
    break;
  }
  }

  if (!AUIPCTarget.getSymA() || AUIPCTarget.getSymB())
    return false;

  const MCSymbolRefExpr *A = AUIPCTarget.getSymA();
  const MCSymbol &SA = A->getSymbol();
  if (A->getKind() != MCSymbolRefExpr::VK_None || SA.isUndefined())
    return false;

  bool IsResolved = Asm.getWriter().isSymbolRefDifferenceFullyResolvedImpl(
      Asm, SA, *AUIPCDF, false, true);
  if (!IsResolved)
    return false;

  Value = Asm.getSymbolOffset(SA) + AUIPCTarget.getConstant();
  Value -= Asm.getFragmentOffset(*AUIPCDF) + AUIPCFixup->getOffset();

  if (shouldForceRelocation(Asm, *AUIPCFixup, AUIPCTarget, STI)) {
    WasForced = true;
    return false;
  }

  return true;
}

bool RISCVAsmBackend::handleAddSubRelocations(const MCAssembler &Asm,
                                              const MCFragment &F,
                                              const MCFixup &Fixup,
                                              const MCValue &Target,
                                              uint64_t &FixedValue) const {
  uint64_t FixedValueA, FixedValueB;
  unsigned TA = 0, TB = 0;
  switch (Fixup.getKind()) {
  case llvm::FK_Data_1:
    TA = ELF::R_RISCV_ADD8;
    TB = ELF::R_RISCV_SUB8;
    break;
  case llvm::FK_Data_2:
    TA = ELF::R_RISCV_ADD16;
    TB = ELF::R_RISCV_SUB16;
    break;
  case llvm::FK_Data_4:
    TA = ELF::R_RISCV_ADD32;
    TB = ELF::R_RISCV_SUB32;
    break;
  case llvm::FK_Data_8:
    TA = ELF::R_RISCV_ADD64;
    TB = ELF::R_RISCV_SUB64;
    break;
  case llvm::FK_Data_leb128:
    TA = ELF::R_RISCV_SET_ULEB128;
    TB = ELF::R_RISCV_SUB_ULEB128;
    break;
  default:
    llvm_unreachable("unsupported fixup size");
  }
  MCValue A = MCValue::get(Target.getSymA(), nullptr, Target.getConstant());
  MCValue B = MCValue::get(Target.getSymB());
  auto FA = MCFixup::create(
      Fixup.getOffset(), nullptr,
      static_cast<MCFixupKind>(FirstLiteralRelocationKind + TA));
  auto FB = MCFixup::create(
      Fixup.getOffset(), nullptr,
      static_cast<MCFixupKind>(FirstLiteralRelocationKind + TB));
  auto &Assembler = const_cast<MCAssembler &>(Asm);
  Asm.getWriter().recordRelocation(Assembler, &F, FA, A, FixedValueA);
  Asm.getWriter().recordRelocation(Assembler, &F, FB, B, FixedValueB);
  FixedValue = FixedValueA - FixedValueB;
  return true;
}

void RISCVAsmBackend::applyFixup(const MCAssembler &Asm, const MCFixup &Fixup,
                                 const MCValue &Target,
                                 MutableArrayRef<char> Data, uint64_t Value,
                                 bool IsResolved,
                                 const MCSubtargetInfo *STI) const {
  MCFixupKind Kind = Fixup.getKind();
  if (Kind >= FirstLiteralRelocationKind)
    return;
  MCContext &Ctx = Asm.getContext();
  MCFixupKindInfo Info = getFixupKindInfo(Kind);
  if (!Value)
    return; // Doesn't change encoding.
  // Apply any target-specific value adjustments.
  Value = adjustFixupValue(Fixup, Value, Ctx);

  // Shift the value into position.
  Value <<= Info.TargetOffset;

  unsigned Offset = Fixup.getOffset();
  unsigned NumBytes = alignTo(Info.TargetSize + Info.TargetOffset, 8) / 8;

  assert(Offset + NumBytes <= Data.size() && "Invalid fixup offset!");

  // For each byte of the fragment that the fixup touches, mask in the
  // bits from the fixup value.
  for (unsigned i = 0; i != NumBytes; ++i) {
    Data[Offset + i] |= uint8_t((Value >> (i * 8)) & 0xff);
  }
}

// Linker relaxation may change code size. We have to insert Nops
// for .align directive when linker relaxation enabled. So then Linker
// could satisfy alignment by removing Nops.
// The function return the total Nops Size we need to insert.
bool RISCVAsmBackend::shouldInsertExtraNopBytesForCodeAlign(
    const MCAlignFragment &AF, unsigned &Size) {
  // Calculate Nops Size only when linker relaxation enabled.
  const MCSubtargetInfo *STI = AF.getSubtargetInfo();
  if (!STI->hasFeature(RISCV::FeatureRelax))
    return false;

  bool UseCompressedNop = STI->hasFeature(RISCV::FeatureStdExtC) ||
                          STI->hasFeature(RISCV::FeatureStdExtZca);
  unsigned MinNopLen = UseCompressedNop ? 2 : 4;

  if (AF.getAlignment() <= MinNopLen) {
    return false;
  } else {
    Size = AF.getAlignment().value() - MinNopLen;
    return true;
  }
}

// We need to insert R_RISCV_ALIGN relocation type to indicate the
// position of Nops and the total bytes of the Nops have been inserted
// when linker relaxation enabled.
// The function insert fixup_riscv_align fixup which eventually will
// transfer to R_RISCV_ALIGN relocation type.
bool RISCVAsmBackend::shouldInsertFixupForCodeAlign(MCAssembler &Asm,
                                                    MCAlignFragment &AF) {
  // Insert the fixup only when linker relaxation enabled.
  const MCSubtargetInfo *STI = AF.getSubtargetInfo();
  if (!STI->hasFeature(RISCV::FeatureRelax))
    return false;

  // Calculate total Nops we need to insert. If there are none to insert
  // then simply return.
  unsigned Count;
  if (!shouldInsertExtraNopBytesForCodeAlign(AF, Count) || (Count == 0))
    return false;

  MCContext &Ctx = Asm.getContext();
  const MCExpr *Dummy = MCConstantExpr::create(0, Ctx);
  // Create fixup_riscv_align fixup.
  MCFixup Fixup =
      MCFixup::create(0, Dummy, MCFixupKind(RISCV::fixup_riscv_align), SMLoc());

  uint64_t FixedValue = 0;
  MCValue NopBytes = MCValue::get(Count);

  Asm.getWriter().recordRelocation(Asm, &AF, Fixup, NopBytes, FixedValue);

  return true;
}

std::unique_ptr<MCObjectTargetWriter>
RISCVAsmBackend::createObjectTargetWriter() const {
  return createRISCVELFObjectWriter(OSABI, Is64Bit);
}

MCAsmBackend *llvm::createRISCVAsmBackend(const Target &T,
                                          const MCSubtargetInfo &STI,
                                          const MCRegisterInfo &MRI,
                                          const MCTargetOptions &Options) {
  const Triple &TT = STI.getTargetTriple();
  uint8_t OSABI = MCELFObjectTargetWriter::getOSABI(TT.getOS());
  return new RISCVAsmBackend(STI, OSABI, TT.isArch64Bit(), Options);
}