lib/Linker/IRMover.cpp

//===- lib/Linker/IRMover.cpp ---------------------------------------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "llvm/Linker/IRMover.h"
#include "LinkDiagnosticInfo.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SetVector.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallString.h"
#include "llvm/IR/AutoUpgrade.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Constants.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DebugInfoMetadata.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DiagnosticPrinter.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Function.h"
#include "llvm/IR/GVMaterializer.h"
#include "llvm/IR/GlobalValue.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Instruction.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Instructions.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Intrinsics.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Module.h"
#include "llvm/IR/PseudoProbe.h"
#include "llvm/IR/TypeFinder.h"
#include "llvm/Object/ModuleSymbolTable.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Error.h"
#include "llvm/TargetParser/Triple.h"
#include "llvm/Transforms/Utils/ValueMapper.h"
#include <optional>
#include <utility>
using namespace llvm;

/// Most of the errors produced by this module are inconvertible StringErrors.
/// This convenience function lets us return one of those more easily.
static Error stringErr(const Twine &T) {
  return make_error<StringError>(T, inconvertibleErrorCode());
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// TypeMap implementation.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

namespace {
class TypeMapTy : public ValueMapTypeRemapper {
  /// This is a mapping from a source type to a destination type to use.
  DenseMap<Type *, Type *> MappedTypes;

public:
  TypeMapTy(IRMover::IdentifiedStructTypeSet &DstStructTypesSet)
      : DstStructTypesSet(DstStructTypesSet) {}

  IRMover::IdentifiedStructTypeSet &DstStructTypesSet;
  /// Indicate that the specified type in the destination module is conceptually
  /// equivalent to the specified type in the source module.
  void addTypeMapping(Type *DstTy, Type *SrcTy);

  /// Return the mapped type to use for the specified input type from the
  /// source module.
  Type *get(Type *SrcTy);

  FunctionType *get(FunctionType *T) {
    return cast<FunctionType>(get((Type *)T));
  }

private:
  Type *remapType(Type *SrcTy) override { return get(SrcTy); }

  bool recursivelyAddMappingIfTypesAreIsomorphic(Type *DstTy, Type *SrcTy);
};
}

void TypeMapTy::addTypeMapping(Type *DstTy, Type *SrcTy) {
  recursivelyAddMappingIfTypesAreIsomorphic(DstTy, SrcTy);
}

/// Recursively walk this pair of types, returning true if they are isomorphic,
/// false if they are not. Types that were determined to be isomorphic are
/// added to MappedTypes.
bool TypeMapTy::recursivelyAddMappingIfTypesAreIsomorphic(Type *DstTy,
                                                          Type *SrcTy) {
  // Two types with differing kinds are clearly not isomorphic.
  if (DstTy->getTypeID() != SrcTy->getTypeID())
    return false;

  // If we have an entry in the MappedTypes table, then we have our answer.
  Type *&Entry = MappedTypes[SrcTy];
  if (Entry)
    return Entry == DstTy;

  // Two identical types are clearly isomorphic.  Remember this
  // non-speculatively.
  if (DstTy == SrcTy) {
    Entry = DstTy;
    return true;
  }

  // Okay, we have two types with identical kinds that we haven't seen before.

  // Always consider opaque struct types non-isomorphic.
  if (StructType *SSTy = dyn_cast<StructType>(SrcTy)) {
    if (SSTy->isOpaque() || cast<StructType>(DstTy)->isOpaque())
      return false;
  }

  // If the number of subtypes disagree between the two types, then we fail.
  if (SrcTy->getNumContainedTypes() != DstTy->getNumContainedTypes())
    return false;

  // Fail if any of the extra properties (e.g. array size) of the type disagree.
  if (isa<IntegerType>(DstTy))
    return false; // bitwidth disagrees.
  if (PointerType *PT = dyn_cast<PointerType>(DstTy)) {
    if (PT->getAddressSpace() != cast<PointerType>(SrcTy)->getAddressSpace())
      return false;
  } else if (FunctionType *FT = dyn_cast<FunctionType>(DstTy)) {
    if (FT->isVarArg() != cast<FunctionType>(SrcTy)->isVarArg())
      return false;
  } else if (StructType *DSTy = dyn_cast<StructType>(DstTy)) {
    StructType *SSTy = cast<StructType>(SrcTy);
    if (DSTy->isLiteral() != SSTy->isLiteral() ||
        DSTy->isPacked() != SSTy->isPacked())
      return false;
  } else if (auto *DArrTy = dyn_cast<ArrayType>(DstTy)) {
    if (DArrTy->getNumElements() != cast<ArrayType>(SrcTy)->getNumElements())
      return false;
  } else if (auto *DVecTy = dyn_cast<VectorType>(DstTy)) {
    if (DVecTy->getElementCount() != cast<VectorType>(SrcTy)->getElementCount())
      return false;
  }

  // Recursively check the subelements.
  for (unsigned I = 0, E = SrcTy->getNumContainedTypes(); I != E; ++I)
    if (!recursivelyAddMappingIfTypesAreIsomorphic(DstTy->getContainedType(I),
                                                   SrcTy->getContainedType(I)))
      return false;

  // If everything seems to have lined up, then everything is great.
  [[maybe_unused]] auto Res = MappedTypes.insert({SrcTy, DstTy});
  assert(!Res.second && "Recursive type?");

  if (auto *STy = dyn_cast<StructType>(SrcTy)) {
    // We clear name of SrcTy to lower amount of renaming in LLVM context.
    // Renaming occurs because we load all source modules to the same context
    // and declaration with existing name gets renamed (i.e Foo -> Foo.42).
    // As a result we may get several different types in the destination
    // module, which are in fact the same.
    if (STy->hasName())
      STy->setName("");
  }

  return true;
}

Type *TypeMapTy::get(Type *Ty) {
  // If we already have an entry for this type, return it.
  Type **Entry = &MappedTypes[Ty];
  if (*Entry)
    return *Entry;

  // These are types that LLVM itself will unique.
  bool IsUniqued = !isa<StructType>(Ty) || cast<StructType>(Ty)->isLiteral();

  if (!IsUniqued) {
#ifndef NDEBUG
    for (auto &Pair : MappedTypes) {
      assert(!(Pair.first != Ty && Pair.second == Ty) &&
             "mapping to a source type");
    }
#endif
  }

  // If this is not a recursive type, then just map all of the elements and
  // then rebuild the type from inside out.
  SmallVector<Type *, 4> ElementTypes;

  // If there are no element types to map, then the type is itself.  This is
  // true for the anonymous {} struct, things like 'float', integers, etc.
  if (Ty->getNumContainedTypes() == 0 && IsUniqued)
    return *Entry = Ty;

  // Remap all of the elements, keeping track of whether any of them change.
  bool AnyChange = false;
  ElementTypes.resize(Ty->getNumContainedTypes());
  for (unsigned I = 0, E = Ty->getNumContainedTypes(); I != E; ++I) {
    ElementTypes[I] = get(Ty->getContainedType(I));
    AnyChange |= ElementTypes[I] != Ty->getContainedType(I);
  }

  // Refresh Entry after recursively processing stuff.
  Entry = &MappedTypes[Ty];
  assert(!*Entry && "Recursive type!");

  // If all of the element types mapped directly over and the type is not
  // a named struct, then the type is usable as-is.
  if (!AnyChange && IsUniqued)
    return *Entry = Ty;

  // Otherwise, rebuild a modified type.
  switch (Ty->getTypeID()) {
  default:
    llvm_unreachable("unknown derived type to remap");
  case Type::ArrayTyID:
    return *Entry = ArrayType::get(ElementTypes[0],
                                   cast<ArrayType>(Ty)->getNumElements());
  case Type::ScalableVectorTyID:
  case Type::FixedVectorTyID:
    return *Entry = VectorType::get(ElementTypes[0],
                                    cast<VectorType>(Ty)->getElementCount());
  case Type::FunctionTyID:
    return *Entry = FunctionType::get(ElementTypes[0],
                                      ArrayRef(ElementTypes).slice(1),
                                      cast<FunctionType>(Ty)->isVarArg());
  case Type::StructTyID: {
    auto *STy = cast<StructType>(Ty);
    bool IsPacked = STy->isPacked();
    if (IsUniqued)
      return *Entry = StructType::get(Ty->getContext(), ElementTypes, IsPacked);

    // If the type is opaque, we can just use it directly.
    if (STy->isOpaque()) {
      DstStructTypesSet.addOpaque(STy);
      return *Entry = Ty;
    }

    if (StructType *OldT =
            DstStructTypesSet.findNonOpaque(ElementTypes, IsPacked)) {
      STy->setName("");
      return *Entry = OldT;
    }

    if (!AnyChange) {
      DstStructTypesSet.addNonOpaque(STy);
      return *Entry = Ty;
    }

    StructType *DTy =
        StructType::create(Ty->getContext(), ElementTypes, "", STy->isPacked());

    // Steal STy's name.
    if (STy->hasName()) {
      SmallString<16> TmpName = STy->getName();
      STy->setName("");
      DTy->setName(TmpName);
    }

    DstStructTypesSet.addNonOpaque(DTy);
    return *Entry = DTy;
  }
  }
}

LinkDiagnosticInfo::LinkDiagnosticInfo(DiagnosticSeverity Severity,
                                       const Twine &Msg)
    : DiagnosticInfo(DK_Linker, Severity), Msg(Msg) {}
void LinkDiagnosticInfo::print(DiagnosticPrinter &DP) const { DP << Msg; }

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// IRLinker implementation.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

namespace {
class IRLinker;

/// Creates prototypes for functions that are lazily linked on the fly. This
/// speeds up linking for modules with many/ lazily linked functions of which
/// few get used.
class GlobalValueMaterializer final : public ValueMaterializer {
  IRLinker &TheIRLinker;

public:
  GlobalValueMaterializer(IRLinker &TheIRLinker) : TheIRLinker(TheIRLinker) {}
  Value *materialize(Value *V) override;
};

class LocalValueMaterializer final : public ValueMaterializer {
  IRLinker &TheIRLinker;

public:
  LocalValueMaterializer(IRLinker &TheIRLinker) : TheIRLinker(TheIRLinker) {}
  Value *materialize(Value *V) override;
};

/// Type of the Metadata map in \a ValueToValueMapTy.
typedef DenseMap<const Metadata *, TrackingMDRef> MDMapT;

/// This is responsible for keeping track of the state used for moving data
/// from SrcM to DstM.
class IRLinker {
  Module &DstM;
  std::unique_ptr<Module> SrcM;

  /// See IRMover::move().
  IRMover::LazyCallback AddLazyFor;

  TypeMapTy TypeMap;
  GlobalValueMaterializer GValMaterializer;
  LocalValueMaterializer LValMaterializer;

  /// A metadata map that's shared between IRLinker instances.
  MDMapT &SharedMDs;

  /// Mapping of values from what they used to be in Src, to what they are now
  /// in DstM.  ValueToValueMapTy is a ValueMap, which involves some overhead
  /// due to the use of Value handles which the Linker doesn't actually need,
  /// but this allows us to reuse the ValueMapper code.
  ValueToValueMapTy ValueMap;
  ValueToValueMapTy IndirectSymbolValueMap;

  DenseSet<GlobalValue *> ValuesToLink;
  std::vector<GlobalValue *> Worklist;
  std::vector<std::pair<GlobalValue *, Value*>> RAUWWorklist;

  /// Set of globals with eagerly copied metadata that may require remapping.
  /// This remapping is performed after metadata linking.
  DenseSet<GlobalObject *> UnmappedMetadata;

  void maybeAdd(GlobalValue *GV) {
    if (ValuesToLink.insert(GV).second)
      Worklist.push_back(GV);
  }

  /// Whether we are importing globals for ThinLTO, as opposed to linking the
  /// source module. If this flag is set, it means that we can rely on some
  /// other object file to define any non-GlobalValue entities defined by the
  /// source module. This currently causes us to not link retained types in
  /// debug info metadata and module inline asm.
  bool IsPerformingImport;

  /// Set to true when all global value body linking is complete (including
  /// lazy linking). Used to prevent metadata linking from creating new
  /// references.
  bool DoneLinkingBodies = false;

  /// The Error encountered during materialization. We use an Optional here to
  /// avoid needing to manage an unconsumed success value.
  std::optional<Error> FoundError;
  void setError(Error E) {
    if (E)
      FoundError = std::move(E);
  }

  /// Entry point for mapping values and alternate context for mapping aliases.
  ValueMapper Mapper;
  unsigned IndirectSymbolMCID;

  /// Handles cloning of a global values from the source module into
  /// the destination module, including setting the attributes and visibility.
  GlobalValue *copyGlobalValueProto(const GlobalValue *SGV, bool ForDefinition);

  void emitWarning(const Twine &Message) {
    SrcM->getContext().diagnose(LinkDiagnosticInfo(DS_Warning, Message));
  }

  /// Given a global in the source module, return the global in the
  /// destination module that is being linked to, if any.
  GlobalValue *getLinkedToGlobal(const GlobalValue *SrcGV) {
    // If the source has no name it can't link.  If it has local linkage,
    // there is no name match-up going on.
    if (!SrcGV->hasName() || SrcGV->hasLocalLinkage())
      return nullptr;

    // Otherwise see if we have a match in the destination module's symtab.
    GlobalValue *DGV = DstM.getNamedValue(SrcGV->getName());
    if (!DGV)
      return nullptr;

    // If we found a global with the same name in the dest module, but it has
    // internal linkage, we are really not doing any linkage here.
    if (DGV->hasLocalLinkage())
      return nullptr;

    // If we found an intrinsic declaration with mismatching prototypes, we
    // probably had a nameclash. Don't use that version.
    if (auto *FDGV = dyn_cast<Function>(DGV))
      if (FDGV->isIntrinsic())
        if (const auto *FSrcGV = dyn_cast<Function>(SrcGV))
          if (FDGV->getFunctionType() != TypeMap.get(FSrcGV->getFunctionType()))
            return nullptr;

    // Otherwise, we do in fact link to the destination global.
    return DGV;
  }

  void computeTypeMapping();

  Expected<Constant *> linkAppendingVarProto(GlobalVariable *DstGV,
                                             const GlobalVariable *SrcGV);

  /// Given the GlobaValue \p SGV in the source module, and the matching
  /// GlobalValue \p DGV (if any), return true if the linker will pull \p SGV
  /// into the destination module.
  ///
  /// Note this code may call the client-provided \p AddLazyFor.
  bool shouldLink(GlobalValue *DGV, GlobalValue &SGV);
  Expected<Constant *> linkGlobalValueProto(GlobalValue *GV,
                                            bool ForIndirectSymbol);

  Error linkModuleFlagsMetadata();

  void linkGlobalVariable(GlobalVariable &Dst, GlobalVariable &Src);
  Error linkFunctionBody(Function &Dst, Function &Src);
  void linkAliasAliasee(GlobalAlias &Dst, GlobalAlias &Src);
  void linkIFuncResolver(GlobalIFunc &Dst, GlobalIFunc &Src);
  Error linkGlobalValueBody(GlobalValue &Dst, GlobalValue &Src);

  /// Replace all types in the source AttributeList with the
  /// corresponding destination type.
  AttributeList mapAttributeTypes(LLVMContext &C, AttributeList Attrs);

  /// Functions that take care of cloning a specific global value type
  /// into the destination module.
  GlobalVariable *copyGlobalVariableProto(const GlobalVariable *SGVar);
  Function *copyFunctionProto(const Function *SF);
  GlobalValue *copyIndirectSymbolProto(const GlobalValue *SGV);

  /// Perform "replace all uses with" operations. These work items need to be
  /// performed as part of materialization, but we postpone them to happen after
  /// materialization is done. The materializer called by ValueMapper is not
  /// expected to delete constants, as ValueMapper is holding pointers to some
  /// of them, but constant destruction may be indirectly triggered by RAUW.
  /// Hence, the need to move this out of the materialization call chain.
  void flushRAUWWorklist();

  /// When importing for ThinLTO, prevent importing of types listed on
  /// the DICompileUnit that we don't need a copy of in the importing
  /// module.
  void prepareCompileUnitsForImport();
  void linkNamedMDNodes();

  ///  Update attributes while linking.
  void updateAttributes(GlobalValue &GV);

public:
  IRLinker(Module &DstM, MDMapT &SharedMDs,
           IRMover::IdentifiedStructTypeSet &Set, std::unique_ptr<Module> SrcM,
           ArrayRef<GlobalValue *> ValuesToLink,
           IRMover::LazyCallback AddLazyFor, bool IsPerformingImport)
      : DstM(DstM), SrcM(std::move(SrcM)), AddLazyFor(std::move(AddLazyFor)),
        TypeMap(Set), GValMaterializer(*this), LValMaterializer(*this),
        SharedMDs(SharedMDs), IsPerformingImport(IsPerformingImport),
        Mapper(ValueMap, RF_ReuseAndMutateDistinctMDs | RF_IgnoreMissingLocals,
               &TypeMap, &GValMaterializer),
        IndirectSymbolMCID(Mapper.registerAlternateMappingContext(
            IndirectSymbolValueMap, &LValMaterializer)) {
    ValueMap.getMDMap() = std::move(SharedMDs);
    for (GlobalValue *GV : ValuesToLink)
      maybeAdd(GV);
    if (IsPerformingImport)
      prepareCompileUnitsForImport();
  }
  ~IRLinker() { SharedMDs = std::move(*ValueMap.getMDMap()); }

  Error run();
  Value *materialize(Value *V, bool ForIndirectSymbol);
};
}

/// The LLVM SymbolTable class autorenames globals that conflict in the symbol
/// table. This is good for all clients except for us. Go through the trouble
/// to force this back.
static void forceRenaming(GlobalValue *GV, StringRef Name) {
  // If the global doesn't force its name or if it already has the right name,
  // there is nothing for us to do.
  if (GV->hasLocalLinkage() || GV->getName() == Name)
    return;

  Module *M = GV->getParent();

  // If there is a conflict, rename the conflict.
  if (GlobalValue *ConflictGV = M->getNamedValue(Name)) {
    GV->takeName(ConflictGV);
    ConflictGV->setName(Name); // This will cause ConflictGV to get renamed
    assert(ConflictGV->getName() != Name && "forceRenaming didn't work");
  } else {
    GV->setName(Name); // Force the name back
  }
}

Value *GlobalValueMaterializer::materialize(Value *SGV) {
  return TheIRLinker.materialize(SGV, false);
}

Value *LocalValueMaterializer::materialize(Value *SGV) {
  return TheIRLinker.materialize(SGV, true);
}

Value *IRLinker::materialize(Value *V, bool ForIndirectSymbol) {
  auto *SGV = dyn_cast<GlobalValue>(V);
  if (!SGV)
    return nullptr;

  // If SGV is from dest, it was already materialized when dest was loaded.
  if (SGV->getParent() == &DstM)
    return nullptr;

  // When linking a global from other modules than source & dest, skip
  // materializing it because it would be mapped later when its containing
  // module is linked. Linking it now would potentially pull in many types that
  // may not be mapped properly.
  if (SGV->getParent() != SrcM.get())
    return nullptr;

  Expected<Constant *> NewProto = linkGlobalValueProto(SGV, ForIndirectSymbol);
  if (!NewProto) {
    setError(NewProto.takeError());
    return nullptr;
  }
  if (!*NewProto)
    return nullptr;

  GlobalValue *New = dyn_cast<GlobalValue>(*NewProto);
  if (!New)
    return *NewProto;

  // If we already created the body, just return.
  if (auto *F = dyn_cast<Function>(New)) {
    if (!F->isDeclaration())
      return New;
  } else if (auto *V = dyn_cast<GlobalVariable>(New)) {
    if (V->hasInitializer() || V->hasAppendingLinkage())
      return New;
  } else if (auto *GA = dyn_cast<GlobalAlias>(New)) {
    if (GA->getAliasee())
      return New;
  } else if (auto *GI = dyn_cast<GlobalIFunc>(New)) {
    if (GI->getResolver())
      return New;
  } else {
    llvm_unreachable("Invalid GlobalValue type");
  }

  // If the global is being linked for an indirect symbol, it may have already
  // been scheduled to satisfy a regular symbol. Similarly, a global being linked
  // for a regular symbol may have already been scheduled for an indirect
  // symbol. Check for these cases by looking in the other value map and
  // confirming the same value has been scheduled.  If there is an entry in the
  // ValueMap but the value is different, it means that the value already had a
  // definition in the destination module (linkonce for instance), but we need a
  // new definition for the indirect symbol ("New" will be different).
  if ((ForIndirectSymbol && ValueMap.lookup(SGV) == New) ||
      (!ForIndirectSymbol && IndirectSymbolValueMap.lookup(SGV) == New))
    return New;

  if (ForIndirectSymbol || shouldLink(New, *SGV))
    setError(linkGlobalValueBody(*New, *SGV));

  updateAttributes(*New);
  return New;
}

/// Loop through the global variables in the src module and merge them into the
/// dest module.
GlobalVariable *IRLinker::copyGlobalVariableProto(const GlobalVariable *SGVar) {
  // No linking to be performed or linking from the source: simply create an
  // identical version of the symbol over in the dest module... the
  // initializer will be filled in later by LinkGlobalInits.
  GlobalVariable *NewDGV =
      new GlobalVariable(DstM, TypeMap.get(SGVar->getValueType()),
                         SGVar->isConstant(), GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage,
                         /*init*/ nullptr, SGVar->getName(),
                         /*insertbefore*/ nullptr, SGVar->getThreadLocalMode(),
                         SGVar->getAddressSpace());
  NewDGV->setAlignment(SGVar->getAlign());
  NewDGV->copyAttributesFrom(SGVar);
  return NewDGV;
}

AttributeList IRLinker::mapAttributeTypes(LLVMContext &C, AttributeList Attrs) {
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < Attrs.getNumAttrSets(); ++i) {
    for (int AttrIdx = Attribute::FirstTypeAttr;
         AttrIdx <= Attribute::LastTypeAttr; AttrIdx++) {
      Attribute::AttrKind TypedAttr = (Attribute::AttrKind)AttrIdx;
      if (Attrs.hasAttributeAtIndex(i, TypedAttr)) {
        if (Type *Ty =
                Attrs.getAttributeAtIndex(i, TypedAttr).getValueAsType()) {
          Attrs = Attrs.replaceAttributeTypeAtIndex(C, i, TypedAttr,
                                                    TypeMap.get(Ty));
          break;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return Attrs;
}

/// Link the function in the source module into the destination module if
/// needed, setting up mapping information.
Function *IRLinker::copyFunctionProto(const Function *SF) {
  // If there is no linkage to be performed or we are linking from the source,
  // bring SF over.
  auto *F = Function::Create(TypeMap.get(SF->getFunctionType()),
                             GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage,
                             SF->getAddressSpace(), SF->getName(), &DstM);
  F->copyAttributesFrom(SF);
  F->setAttributes(mapAttributeTypes(F->getContext(), F->getAttributes()));
  return F;
}

/// Set up prototypes for any indirect symbols that come over from the source
/// module.
GlobalValue *IRLinker::copyIndirectSymbolProto(const GlobalValue *SGV) {
  // If there is no linkage to be performed or we're linking from the source,
  // bring over SGA.
  auto *Ty = TypeMap.get(SGV->getValueType());

  if (auto *GA = dyn_cast<GlobalAlias>(SGV)) {
    auto *DGA = GlobalAlias::create(Ty, SGV->getAddressSpace(),
                                    GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage,
                                    SGV->getName(), &DstM);
    DGA->copyAttributesFrom(GA);
    return DGA;
  }

  if (auto *GI = dyn_cast<GlobalIFunc>(SGV)) {
    auto *DGI = GlobalIFunc::create(Ty, SGV->getAddressSpace(),
                                    GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage,
                                    SGV->getName(), nullptr, &DstM);
    DGI->copyAttributesFrom(GI);
    return DGI;
  }

  llvm_unreachable("Invalid source global value type");
}

GlobalValue *IRLinker::copyGlobalValueProto(const GlobalValue *SGV,
                                            bool ForDefinition) {
  GlobalValue *NewGV;
  if (auto *SGVar = dyn_cast<GlobalVariable>(SGV)) {
    NewGV = copyGlobalVariableProto(SGVar);
  } else if (auto *SF = dyn_cast<Function>(SGV)) {
    NewGV = copyFunctionProto(SF);
  } else {
    if (ForDefinition)
      NewGV = copyIndirectSymbolProto(SGV);
    else if (SGV->getValueType()->isFunctionTy())
      NewGV =
          Function::Create(cast<FunctionType>(TypeMap.get(SGV->getValueType())),
                           GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage, SGV->getAddressSpace(),
                           SGV->getName(), &DstM);
    else
      NewGV =
          new GlobalVariable(DstM, TypeMap.get(SGV->getValueType()),
                             /*isConstant*/ false, GlobalValue::ExternalLinkage,
                             /*init*/ nullptr, SGV->getName(),
                             /*insertbefore*/ nullptr,
                             SGV->getThreadLocalMode(), SGV->getAddressSpace());
  }

  if (ForDefinition)
    NewGV->setLinkage(SGV->getLinkage());
  else if (SGV->hasExternalWeakLinkage())
    NewGV->setLinkage(GlobalValue::ExternalWeakLinkage);

  if (auto *NewGO = dyn_cast<GlobalObject>(NewGV)) {
    // Metadata for global variables and function declarations is copied eagerly.
    if (isa<GlobalVariable>(SGV) || SGV->isDeclaration()) {
      NewGO->copyMetadata(cast<GlobalObject>(SGV), 0);
      if (SGV->isDeclaration() && NewGO->hasMetadata())
        UnmappedMetadata.insert(NewGO);
    }
  }

  // Remove these copied constants in case this stays a declaration, since
  // they point to the source module. If the def is linked the values will
  // be mapped in during linkFunctionBody.
  if (auto *NewF = dyn_cast<Function>(NewGV)) {
    NewF->setPersonalityFn(nullptr);
    NewF->setPrefixData(nullptr);
    NewF->setPrologueData(nullptr);
  }

  return NewGV;
}

static StringRef getTypeNamePrefix(StringRef Name) {
  size_t DotPos = Name.rfind('.');
  return (DotPos == 0 || DotPos == StringRef::npos || Name.back() == '.' ||
          !isdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(Name[DotPos + 1])))
             ? Name
             : Name.substr(0, DotPos);
}

/// Loop over all of the linked values to compute type mappings.  For example,
/// if we link "extern Foo *x" and "Foo *x = NULL", then we have two struct
/// types 'Foo' but one got renamed when the module was loaded into the same
/// LLVMContext.
void IRLinker::computeTypeMapping() {
  for (GlobalValue &SGV : SrcM->globals()) {
    GlobalValue *DGV = getLinkedToGlobal(&SGV);
    if (!DGV)
      continue;

    if (!DGV->hasAppendingLinkage() || !SGV.hasAppendingLinkage()) {
      TypeMap.addTypeMapping(DGV->getType(), SGV.getType());
      continue;
    }

    // Unify the element type of appending arrays.
    ArrayType *DAT = cast<ArrayType>(DGV->getValueType());
    ArrayType *SAT = cast<ArrayType>(SGV.getValueType());
    TypeMap.addTypeMapping(DAT->getElementType(), SAT->getElementType());
  }

  for (GlobalValue &SGV : *SrcM)
    if (GlobalValue *DGV = getLinkedToGlobal(&SGV)) {
      if (DGV->getType() == SGV.getType()) {
        // If the types of DGV and SGV are the same, it means that DGV is from
        // the source module and got added to DstM from a shared metadata.  We
        // shouldn't map this type to itself in case the type's components get
        // remapped to a new type from DstM (for instance, during the loop over
        // SrcM->getIdentifiedStructTypes() below).
        continue;
      }

      TypeMap.addTypeMapping(DGV->getType(), SGV.getType());
    }

  for (GlobalValue &SGV : SrcM->aliases())
    if (GlobalValue *DGV = getLinkedToGlobal(&SGV))
      TypeMap.addTypeMapping(DGV->getType(), SGV.getType());

  // Incorporate types by name, scanning all the types in the source module.
  // At this point, the destination module may have a type "%foo = { i32 }" for
  // example.  When the source module got loaded into the same LLVMContext, if
  // it had the same type, it would have been renamed to "%foo.42 = { i32 }".
  std::vector<StructType *> Types = SrcM->getIdentifiedStructTypes();
  for (StructType *ST : Types) {
    if (!ST->hasName())
      continue;

    if (TypeMap.DstStructTypesSet.hasType(ST)) {
      // This is actually a type from the destination module.
      // getIdentifiedStructTypes() can have found it by walking debug info
      // metadata nodes, some of which get linked by name when ODR Type Uniquing
      // is enabled on the Context, from the source to the destination module.
      continue;
    }

    auto STTypePrefix = getTypeNamePrefix(ST->getName());
    if (STTypePrefix.size() == ST->getName().size())
      continue;

    // Check to see if the destination module has a struct with the prefix name.
    StructType *DST = StructType::getTypeByName(ST->getContext(), STTypePrefix);
    if (!DST)
      continue;

    // Don't use it if this actually came from the source module. They're in
    // the same LLVMContext after all. Also don't use it unless the type is
    // actually used in the destination module. This can happen in situations
    // like this:
    //
    //      Module A                         Module B
    //      --------                         --------
    //   %Z = type { %A }                %B = type { %C.1 }
    //   %A = type { %B.1, [7 x i8] }    %C.1 = type { i8* }
    //   %B.1 = type { %C }              %A.2 = type { %B.3, [5 x i8] }
    //   %C = type { i8* }               %B.3 = type { %C.1 }
    //
    // When we link Module B with Module A, the '%B' in Module B is
    // used. However, that would then use '%C.1'. But when we process '%C.1',
    // we prefer to take the '%C' version. So we are then left with both
    // '%C.1' and '%C' being used for the same types. This leads to some
    // variables using one type and some using the other.
    if (TypeMap.DstStructTypesSet.hasType(DST))
      TypeMap.addTypeMapping(DST, ST);
  }
}

static void getArrayElements(const Constant *C,
                             SmallVectorImpl<Constant *> &Dest) {
  unsigned NumElements = cast<ArrayType>(C->getType())->getNumElements();

  for (unsigned i = 0; i != NumElements; ++i)
    Dest.push_back(C->getAggregateElement(i));
}

/// If there were any appending global variables, link them together now.
Expected<Constant *>
IRLinker::linkAppendingVarProto(GlobalVariable *DstGV,
                                const GlobalVariable *SrcGV) {
  // Check that both variables have compatible properties.
  if (DstGV && !DstGV->isDeclaration() && !SrcGV->isDeclaration()) {
    if (!SrcGV->hasAppendingLinkage() || !DstGV->hasAppendingLinkage())
      return stringErr(
          "Linking globals named '" + SrcGV->getName() +
          "': can only link appending global with another appending "
          "global!");

    if (DstGV->isConstant() != SrcGV->isConstant())
      return stringErr("Appending variables linked with different const'ness!");

    if (DstGV->getAlign() != SrcGV->getAlign())
      return stringErr(
          "Appending variables with different alignment need to be linked!");

    if (DstGV->getVisibility() != SrcGV->getVisibility())
      return stringErr(
          "Appending variables with different visibility need to be linked!");

    if (DstGV->hasGlobalUnnamedAddr() != SrcGV->hasGlobalUnnamedAddr())
      return stringErr(
          "Appending variables with different unnamed_addr need to be linked!");

    if (DstGV->getSection() != SrcGV->getSection())
      return stringErr(
          "Appending variables with different section name need to be linked!");

    if (DstGV->getAddressSpace() != SrcGV->getAddressSpace())
      return stringErr("Appending variables with different address spaces need "
                       "to be linked!");
  }

  // Do not need to do anything if source is a declaration.
  if (SrcGV->isDeclaration())
    return DstGV;

  Type *EltTy = cast<ArrayType>(TypeMap.get(SrcGV->getValueType()))
                    ->getElementType();

  // FIXME: This upgrade is done during linking to support the C API.  Once the
  // old form is deprecated, we should move this upgrade to
  // llvm::UpgradeGlobalVariable() and simplify the logic here and in
  // Mapper::mapAppendingVariable() in ValueMapper.cpp.
  StringRef Name = SrcGV->getName();
  bool IsNewStructor = false;
  bool IsOldStructor = false;
  if (Name == "llvm.global_ctors" || Name == "llvm.global_dtors") {
    if (cast<StructType>(EltTy)->getNumElements() == 3)
      IsNewStructor = true;
    else
      IsOldStructor = true;
  }

  PointerType *VoidPtrTy = PointerType::get(SrcGV->getContext(), 0);
  if (IsOldStructor) {
    auto &ST = *cast<StructType>(EltTy);
    Type *Tys[3] = {ST.getElementType(0), ST.getElementType(1), VoidPtrTy};
    EltTy = StructType::get(SrcGV->getContext(), Tys, false);
  }

  uint64_t DstNumElements = 0;
  if (DstGV && !DstGV->isDeclaration()) {
    ArrayType *DstTy = cast<ArrayType>(DstGV->getValueType());
    DstNumElements = DstTy->getNumElements();

    // Check to see that they two arrays agree on type.
    if (EltTy != DstTy->getElementType())
      return stringErr("Appending variables with different element types!");
  }

  SmallVector<Constant *, 16> SrcElements;
  getArrayElements(SrcGV->getInitializer(), SrcElements);

  if (IsNewStructor) {
    erase_if(SrcElements, [this](Constant *E) {
      auto *Key =
          dyn_cast<GlobalValue>(E->getAggregateElement(2)->stripPointerCasts());
      if (!Key)
        return false;
      GlobalValue *DGV = getLinkedToGlobal(Key);
      return !shouldLink(DGV, *Key);
    });
  }
  uint64_t NewSize = DstNumElements + SrcElements.size();
  ArrayType *NewType = ArrayType::get(EltTy, NewSize);

  // Create the new global variable.
  GlobalVariable *NG = new GlobalVariable(
      DstM, NewType, SrcGV->isConstant(), SrcGV->getLinkage(),
      /*init*/ nullptr, /*name*/ "", DstGV, SrcGV->getThreadLocalMode(),
      SrcGV->getAddressSpace());

  NG->copyAttributesFrom(SrcGV);
  forceRenaming(NG, SrcGV->getName());

  Mapper.scheduleMapAppendingVariable(
      *NG,
      (DstGV && !DstGV->isDeclaration()) ? DstGV->getInitializer() : nullptr,
      IsOldStructor, SrcElements);

  // Replace any uses of the two global variables with uses of the new
  // global.
  if (DstGV) {
    RAUWWorklist.push_back(std::make_pair(DstGV, NG));
  }

  return NG;
}

bool IRLinker::shouldLink(GlobalValue *DGV, GlobalValue &SGV) {
  if (ValuesToLink.count(&SGV) || SGV.hasLocalLinkage())
    return true;

  if (DGV && !DGV->isDeclarationForLinker())
    return false;

  if (SGV.isDeclaration() || DoneLinkingBodies)
    return false;

  // Callback to the client to give a chance to lazily add the Global to the
  // list of value to link.
  bool LazilyAdded = false;
  if (AddLazyFor)
    AddLazyFor(SGV, [this, &LazilyAdded](GlobalValue &GV) {
      maybeAdd(&GV);
      LazilyAdded = true;
    });
  return LazilyAdded;
}

Expected<Constant *> IRLinker::linkGlobalValueProto(GlobalValue *SGV,
                                                    bool ForIndirectSymbol) {
  GlobalValue *DGV = getLinkedToGlobal(SGV);

  bool ShouldLink = shouldLink(DGV, *SGV);

  // just missing from map
  if (ShouldLink) {
    auto I = ValueMap.find(SGV);
    if (I != ValueMap.end())
      return cast<Constant>(I->second);

    I = IndirectSymbolValueMap.find(SGV);
    if (I != IndirectSymbolValueMap.end())
      return cast<Constant>(I->second);
  }

  if (!ShouldLink && ForIndirectSymbol)
    DGV = nullptr;

  // Handle the ultra special appending linkage case first.
  if (SGV->hasAppendingLinkage() || (DGV && DGV->hasAppendingLinkage()))
    return linkAppendingVarProto(cast_or_null<GlobalVariable>(DGV),
                                 cast<GlobalVariable>(SGV));

  bool NeedsRenaming = false;
  GlobalValue *NewGV;
  if (DGV && !ShouldLink) {
    NewGV = DGV;
  } else {
    // If we are done linking global value bodies (i.e. we are performing
    // metadata linking), don't link in the global value due to this
    // reference, simply map it to null.
    if (DoneLinkingBodies)
      return nullptr;

    NewGV = copyGlobalValueProto(SGV, ShouldLink || ForIndirectSymbol);
    if (ShouldLink || !ForIndirectSymbol)
      NeedsRenaming = true;
  }

  // Overloaded intrinsics have overloaded types names as part of their
  // names. If we renamed overloaded types we should rename the intrinsic
  // as well.
  if (Function *F = dyn_cast<Function>(NewGV))
    if (auto Remangled = Intrinsic::remangleIntrinsicFunction(F)) {
      // Note: remangleIntrinsicFunction does not copy metadata and as such
      // F should not occur in the set of objects with unmapped metadata.
      // If this assertion fails then remangleIntrinsicFunction needs updating.
      assert(!UnmappedMetadata.count(F) && "intrinsic has unmapped metadata");
      NewGV->eraseFromParent();
      NewGV = *Remangled;
      NeedsRenaming = false;
    }

  if (NeedsRenaming)
    forceRenaming(NewGV, SGV->getName());

  if (ShouldLink || ForIndirectSymbol) {
    if (const Comdat *SC = SGV->getComdat()) {
      if (auto *GO = dyn_cast<GlobalObject>(NewGV)) {
        Comdat *DC = DstM.getOrInsertComdat(SC->getName());
        DC->setSelectionKind(SC->getSelectionKind());
        GO->setComdat(DC);
      }
    }
  }

  if (!ShouldLink && ForIndirectSymbol)
    NewGV->setLinkage(GlobalValue::InternalLinkage);

  Constant *C = NewGV;
  // Only create a bitcast if necessary. In particular, with
  // DebugTypeODRUniquing we may reach metadata in the destination module
  // containing a GV from the source module, in which case SGV will be
  // the same as DGV and NewGV, and TypeMap.get() will assert since it
  // assumes it is being invoked on a type in the source module.
  if (DGV && NewGV != SGV) {
    C = ConstantExpr::getPointerBitCastOrAddrSpaceCast(
      NewGV, TypeMap.get(SGV->getType()));
  }

  if (DGV && NewGV != DGV) {
    // Schedule "replace all uses with" to happen after materializing is
    // done. It is not safe to do it now, since ValueMapper may be holding
    // pointers to constants that will get deleted if RAUW runs.
    RAUWWorklist.push_back(std::make_pair(
        DGV,
        ConstantExpr::getPointerBitCastOrAddrSpaceCast(NewGV, DGV->getType())));
  }

  return C;
}

/// Update the initializers in the Dest module now that all globals that may be
/// referenced are in Dest.
void IRLinker::linkGlobalVariable(GlobalVariable &Dst, GlobalVariable &Src) {
  // Figure out what the initializer looks like in the dest module.
  Mapper.scheduleMapGlobalInitializer(Dst, *Src.getInitializer());
}

/// Copy the source function over into the dest function and fix up references
/// to values. At this point we know that Dest is an external function, and
/// that Src is not.
Error IRLinker::linkFunctionBody(Function &Dst, Function &Src) {
  assert(Dst.isDeclaration() && !Src.isDeclaration());

  // Materialize if needed.
  if (Error Err = Src.materialize())
    return Err;

  // Link in the operands without remapping.
  if (Src.hasPrefixData())
    Dst.setPrefixData(Src.getPrefixData());
  if (Src.hasPrologueData())
    Dst.setPrologueData(Src.getPrologueData());
  if (Src.hasPersonalityFn())
    Dst.setPersonalityFn(Src.getPersonalityFn());

  // Copy over the metadata attachments without remapping.
  Dst.copyMetadata(&Src, 0);

  // Steal arguments and splice the body of Src into Dst.
  Dst.stealArgumentListFrom(Src);
  Dst.splice(Dst.end(), &Src);

  // Everything has been moved over.  Remap it.
  Mapper.scheduleRemapFunction(Dst);
  return Error::success();
}

void IRLinker::linkAliasAliasee(GlobalAlias &Dst, GlobalAlias &Src) {
  Mapper.scheduleMapGlobalAlias(Dst, *Src.getAliasee(), IndirectSymbolMCID);
}

void IRLinker::linkIFuncResolver(GlobalIFunc &Dst, GlobalIFunc &Src) {
  Mapper.scheduleMapGlobalIFunc(Dst, *Src.getResolver(), IndirectSymbolMCID);
}

Error IRLinker::linkGlobalValueBody(GlobalValue &Dst, GlobalValue &Src) {
  if (auto *F = dyn_cast<Function>(&Src))
    return linkFunctionBody(cast<Function>(Dst), *F);
  if (auto *GVar = dyn_cast<GlobalVariable>(&Src)) {
    linkGlobalVariable(cast<GlobalVariable>(Dst), *GVar);
    return Error::success();
  }
  if (auto *GA = dyn_cast<GlobalAlias>(&Src)) {
    linkAliasAliasee(cast<GlobalAlias>(Dst), *GA);
    return Error::success();
  }
  linkIFuncResolver(cast<GlobalIFunc>(Dst), cast<GlobalIFunc>(Src));
  return Error::success();
}

void IRLinker::flushRAUWWorklist() {
  for (const auto &Elem : RAUWWorklist) {
    GlobalValue *Old;
    Value *New;
    std::tie(Old, New) = Elem;

    Old->replaceAllUsesWith(New);
    Old->eraseFromParent();
  }
  RAUWWorklist.clear();
}

void IRLinker::prepareCompileUnitsForImport() {
  NamedMDNode *SrcCompileUnits = SrcM->getNamedMetadata("llvm.dbg.cu");
  if (!SrcCompileUnits)
    return;
  // When importing for ThinLTO, prevent importing of types listed on
  // the DICompileUnit that we don't need a copy of in the importing
  // module. They will be emitted by the originating module.
  for (MDNode *N : SrcCompileUnits->operands()) {
    auto *CU = cast<DICompileUnit>(N);
    assert(CU && "Expected valid compile unit");
    // Enums, macros, and retained types don't need to be listed on the
    // imported DICompileUnit. This means they will only be imported
    // if reached from the mapped IR.
    CU->replaceEnumTypes(nullptr);
    CU->replaceMacros(nullptr);
    CU->replaceRetainedTypes(nullptr);

    // The original definition (or at least its debug info - if the variable is
    // internalized and optimized away) will remain in the source module, so
    // there's no need to import them.
    // If LLVM ever does more advanced optimizations on global variables
    // (removing/localizing write operations, for instance) that can track
    // through debug info, this decision may need to be revisited - but do so
    // with care when it comes to debug info size. Emitting small CUs containing
    // only a few imported entities into every destination module may be very
    // size inefficient.
    CU->replaceGlobalVariables(nullptr);

    CU->replaceImportedEntities(nullptr);
  }
}

/// Insert all of the named MDNodes in Src into the Dest module.
void IRLinker::linkNamedMDNodes() {
  const NamedMDNode *SrcModFlags = SrcM->getModuleFlagsMetadata();
  for (const NamedMDNode &NMD : SrcM->named_metadata()) {
    // Don't link module flags here. Do them separately.
    if (&NMD == SrcModFlags)
      continue;
    // Don't import pseudo probe descriptors here for thinLTO. They will be
    // emitted by the originating module.
    if (IsPerformingImport && NMD.getName() == PseudoProbeDescMetadataName) {
      if (!DstM.getNamedMetadata(NMD.getName()))
        emitWarning("Pseudo-probe ignored: source module '" +
                    SrcM->getModuleIdentifier() +
                    "' is compiled with -fpseudo-probe-for-profiling while "
                    "destination module '" +
                    DstM.getModuleIdentifier() + "' is not\n");
      continue;
    }
    // The stats are computed per module and will all be merged in the binary.
    // Importing the metadata will cause duplication of the stats.
    if (IsPerformingImport && NMD.getName() == "llvm.stats")
      continue;

    NamedMDNode *DestNMD = DstM.getOrInsertNamedMetadata(NMD.getName());
    // Add Src elements into Dest node.
    for (const MDNode *Op : NMD.operands())
      DestNMD->addOperand(Mapper.mapMDNode(*Op));
  }
}

/// Merge the linker flags in Src into the Dest module.
Error IRLinker::linkModuleFlagsMetadata() {
  // If the source module has no module flags, we are done.
  const NamedMDNode *SrcModFlags = SrcM->getModuleFlagsMetadata();
  if (!SrcModFlags)
    return Error::success();

  // Check for module flag for updates before do anything.
  UpgradeModuleFlags(*SrcM);
  UpgradeNVVMAnnotations(*SrcM);

  // If the destination module doesn't have module flags yet, then just copy
  // over the source module's flags.
  NamedMDNode *DstModFlags = DstM.getOrInsertModuleFlagsMetadata();
  if (DstModFlags->getNumOperands() == 0) {
    for (unsigned I = 0, E = SrcModFlags->getNumOperands(); I != E; ++I)
      DstModFlags->addOperand(SrcModFlags->getOperand(I));

    return Error::success();
  }

  // First build a map of the existing module flags and requirements.
  DenseMap<MDString *, std::pair<MDNode *, unsigned>> Flags;
  SmallSetVector<MDNode *, 16> Requirements;
  SmallVector<unsigned, 0> Mins;
  DenseSet<MDString *> SeenMin;
  for (unsigned I = 0, E = DstModFlags->getNumOperands(); I != E; ++I) {
    MDNode *Op = DstModFlags->getOperand(I);
    uint64_t Behavior =
        mdconst::extract<ConstantInt>(Op->getOperand(0))->getZExtValue();
    MDString *ID = cast<MDString>(Op->getOperand(1));

    if (Behavior == Module::Require) {
      Requirements.insert(cast<MDNode>(Op->getOperand(2)));
    } else {
      if (Behavior == Module::Min)
        Mins.push_back(I);
      Flags[ID] = std::make_pair(Op, I);
    }
  }

  // Merge in the flags from the source module, and also collect its set of
  // requirements.
  for (unsigned I = 0, E = SrcModFlags->getNumOperands(); I != E; ++I) {
    MDNode *SrcOp = SrcModFlags->getOperand(I);
    ConstantInt *SrcBehavior =
        mdconst::extract<ConstantInt>(SrcOp->getOperand(0));
    MDString *ID = cast<MDString>(SrcOp->getOperand(1));
    MDNode *DstOp;
    unsigned DstIndex;
    std::tie(DstOp, DstIndex) = Flags.lookup(ID);
    unsigned SrcBehaviorValue = SrcBehavior->getZExtValue();
    SeenMin.insert(ID);

    // If this is a requirement, add it and continue.
    if (SrcBehaviorValue == Module::Require) {
      // If the destination module does not already have this requirement, add
      // it.
      if (Requirements.insert(cast<MDNode>(SrcOp->getOperand(2)))) {
        DstModFlags->addOperand(SrcOp);
      }
      continue;
    }

    // If there is no existing flag with this ID, just add it.
    if (!DstOp) {
      if (SrcBehaviorValue == Module::Min) {
        Mins.push_back(DstModFlags->getNumOperands());
        SeenMin.erase(ID);
      }
      Flags[ID] = std::make_pair(SrcOp, DstModFlags->getNumOperands());
      DstModFlags->addOperand(SrcOp);
      continue;
    }

    // Otherwise, perform a merge.
    ConstantInt *DstBehavior =
        mdconst::extract<ConstantInt>(DstOp->getOperand(0));
    unsigned DstBehaviorValue = DstBehavior->getZExtValue();

    auto overrideDstValue = [&]() {
      DstModFlags->setOperand(DstIndex, SrcOp);
      Flags[ID].first = SrcOp;
    };

    // If either flag has override behavior, handle it first.
    if (DstBehaviorValue == Module::Override) {
      // Diagnose inconsistent flags which both have override behavior.
      if (SrcBehaviorValue == Module::Override &&
          SrcOp->getOperand(2) != DstOp->getOperand(2))
        return stringErr("linking module flags '" + ID->getString() +
                         "': IDs have conflicting override values in '" +
                         SrcM->getModuleIdentifier() + "' and '" +
                         DstM.getModuleIdentifier() + "'");
      continue;
    } else if (SrcBehaviorValue == Module::Override) {
      // Update the destination flag to that of the source.
      overrideDstValue();
      continue;
    }

    // Diagnose inconsistent merge behavior types.
    if (SrcBehaviorValue != DstBehaviorValue) {
      bool MinAndWarn = (SrcBehaviorValue == Module::Min &&
                         DstBehaviorValue == Module::Warning) ||
                        (DstBehaviorValue == Module::Min &&
                         SrcBehaviorValue == Module::Warning);
      bool MaxAndWarn = (SrcBehaviorValue == Module::Max &&
                         DstBehaviorValue == Module::Warning) ||
                        (DstBehaviorValue == Module::Max &&
                         SrcBehaviorValue == Module::Warning);
      if (!(MaxAndWarn || MinAndWarn))
        return stringErr("linking module flags '" + ID->getString() +
                         "': IDs have conflicting behaviors in '" +
                         SrcM->getModuleIdentifier() + "' and '" +
                         DstM.getModuleIdentifier() + "'");
    }

    auto ensureDistinctOp = [&](MDNode *DstValue) {
      assert(isa<MDTuple>(DstValue) &&
             "Expected MDTuple when appending module flags");
      if (DstValue->isDistinct())
        return dyn_cast<MDTuple>(DstValue);
      ArrayRef<MDOperand> DstOperands = DstValue->operands();
      MDTuple *New = MDTuple::getDistinct(
          DstM.getContext(), SmallVector<Metadata *, 4>(DstOperands));
      Metadata *FlagOps[] = {DstOp->getOperand(0), ID, New};
      MDNode *Flag = MDTuple::getDistinct(DstM.getContext(), FlagOps);
      DstModFlags->setOperand(DstIndex, Flag);
      Flags[ID].first = Flag;
      return New;
    };

    // Emit a warning if the values differ and either source or destination
    // request Warning behavior.
    if ((DstBehaviorValue == Module::Warning ||
         SrcBehaviorValue == Module::Warning) &&
        SrcOp->getOperand(2) != DstOp->getOperand(2)) {
      std::string Str;
      raw_string_ostream(Str)
          << "linking module flags '" << ID->getString()
          << "': IDs have conflicting values ('" << *SrcOp->getOperand(2)
          << "' from " << SrcM->getModuleIdentifier() << " with '"
          << *DstOp->getOperand(2) << "' from " << DstM.getModuleIdentifier()
          << ')';
      emitWarning(Str);
    }

    // Choose the minimum if either source or destination request Min behavior.
    if (DstBehaviorValue == Module::Min || SrcBehaviorValue == Module::Min) {
      ConstantInt *DstValue =
          mdconst::extract<ConstantInt>(DstOp->getOperand(2));
      ConstantInt *SrcValue =
          mdconst::extract<ConstantInt>(SrcOp->getOperand(2));

      // The resulting flag should have a Min behavior, and contain the minimum
      // value from between the source and destination values.
      Metadata *FlagOps[] = {
          (DstBehaviorValue != Module::Min ? SrcOp : DstOp)->getOperand(0), ID,
          (SrcValue->getZExtValue() < DstValue->getZExtValue() ? SrcOp : DstOp)
              ->getOperand(2)};
      MDNode *Flag = MDNode::get(DstM.getContext(), FlagOps);
      DstModFlags->setOperand(DstIndex, Flag);
      Flags[ID].first = Flag;
      continue;
    }

    // Choose the maximum if either source or destination request Max behavior.
    if (DstBehaviorValue == Module::Max || SrcBehaviorValue == Module::Max) {
      ConstantInt *DstValue =
          mdconst::extract<ConstantInt>(DstOp->getOperand(2));
      ConstantInt *SrcValue =
          mdconst::extract<ConstantInt>(SrcOp->getOperand(2));

      // The resulting flag should have a Max behavior, and contain the maximum
      // value from between the source and destination values.
      Metadata *FlagOps[] = {
          (DstBehaviorValue != Module::Max ? SrcOp : DstOp)->getOperand(0), ID,
          (SrcValue->getZExtValue() > DstValue->getZExtValue() ? SrcOp : DstOp)
              ->getOperand(2)};
      MDNode *Flag = MDNode::get(DstM.getContext(), FlagOps);
      DstModFlags->setOperand(DstIndex, Flag);
      Flags[ID].first = Flag;
      continue;
    }

    // Perform the merge for standard behavior types.
    switch (SrcBehaviorValue) {
    case Module::Require:
    case Module::Override:
      llvm_unreachable("not possible");
    case Module::Error: {
      // Emit an error if the values differ.
      if (SrcOp->getOperand(2) != DstOp->getOperand(2)) {
        std::string Str;
        raw_string_ostream(Str)
            << "linking module flags '" << ID->getString()
            << "': IDs have conflicting values: '" << *SrcOp->getOperand(2)
            << "' from " << SrcM->getModuleIdentifier() << ", and '"
            << *DstOp->getOperand(2) << "' from " + DstM.getModuleIdentifier();
        return stringErr(Str);
      }
      continue;
    }
    case Module::Warning: {
      break;
    }
    case Module::Max: {
      break;
    }
    case Module::Append: {
      MDTuple *DstValue = ensureDistinctOp(cast<MDNode>(DstOp->getOperand(2)));
      MDNode *SrcValue = cast<MDNode>(SrcOp->getOperand(2));
      for (const auto &O : SrcValue->operands())
        DstValue->push_back(O);
      break;
    }
    case Module::AppendUnique: {
      SmallSetVector<Metadata *, 16> Elts;
      MDTuple *DstValue = ensureDistinctOp(cast<MDNode>(DstOp->getOperand(2)));
      MDNode *SrcValue = cast<MDNode>(SrcOp->getOperand(2));
      Elts.insert(DstValue->op_begin(), DstValue->op_end());
      Elts.insert(SrcValue->op_begin(), SrcValue->op_end());
      for (auto I = DstValue->getNumOperands(); I < Elts.size(); I++)
        DstValue->push_back(Elts[I]);
      break;
    }
    }

  }

  // For the Min behavior, set the value to 0 if either module does not have the
  // flag.
  for (auto Idx : Mins) {
    MDNode *Op = DstModFlags->getOperand(Idx);
    MDString *ID = cast<MDString>(Op->getOperand(1));
    if (!SeenMin.count(ID)) {
      ConstantInt *V = mdconst::extract<ConstantInt>(Op->getOperand(2));
      Metadata *FlagOps[] = {
          Op->getOperand(0), ID,
          ConstantAsMetadata::get(ConstantInt::get(V->getType(), 0))};
      DstModFlags->setOperand(Idx, MDNode::get(DstM.getContext(), FlagOps));
    }
  }

  // Check all of the requirements.
  for (MDNode *Requirement : Requirements) {
    MDString *Flag = cast<MDString>(Requirement->getOperand(0));
    Metadata *ReqValue = Requirement->getOperand(1);

    MDNode *Op = Flags[Flag].first;
    if (!Op || Op->getOperand(2) != ReqValue)
      return stringErr("linking module flags '" + Flag->getString() +
                       "': does not have the required value");
  }
  return Error::success();
}

/// Return InlineAsm adjusted with target-specific directives if required.
/// For ARM and Thumb, we have to add directives to select the appropriate ISA
/// to support mixing module-level inline assembly from ARM and Thumb modules.
static std::string adjustInlineAsm(const std::string &InlineAsm,
                                   const Triple &Triple) {
  if (Triple.getArch() == Triple::thumb || Triple.getArch() == Triple::thumbeb)
    return ".text\n.balign 2\n.thumb\n" + InlineAsm;
  if (Triple.getArch() == Triple::arm || Triple.getArch() == Triple::armeb)
    return ".text\n.balign 4\n.arm\n" + InlineAsm;
  return InlineAsm;
}

void IRLinker::updateAttributes(GlobalValue &GV) {
  /// Remove nocallback attribute while linking, because nocallback attribute
  /// indicates that the function is only allowed to jump back into caller's
  /// module only by a return or an exception. When modules are linked, this
  /// property cannot be guaranteed anymore. For example, the nocallback
  /// function may contain a call to another module. But if we merge its caller
  /// and callee module here, and not the module containing the nocallback
  /// function definition itself, the nocallback property will be violated
  /// (since the nocallback function will call back into the newly merged module
  /// containing both its caller and callee). This could happen if the module
  /// containing the nocallback function definition is native code, so it does
  /// not participate in the LTO link. Note if the nocallback function does
  /// participate in the LTO link, and thus ends up in the merged module
  /// containing its caller and callee, removing the attribute doesn't hurt as
  /// it has no effect on definitions in the same module.
  if (auto *F = dyn_cast<Function>(&GV)) {
    if (!F->isIntrinsic())
      F->removeFnAttr(llvm::Attribute::NoCallback);

    // Remove nocallback attribute when it is on a call-site.
    for (BasicBlock &BB : *F)
      for (Instruction &I : BB)
        if (CallBase *CI = dyn_cast<CallBase>(&I))
          CI->removeFnAttr(Attribute::NoCallback);
  }
}

Error IRLinker::run() {
  // Ensure metadata materialized before value mapping.
  if (SrcM->getMaterializer())
    if (Error Err = SrcM->getMaterializer()->materializeMetadata())
      return Err;

  // Inherit the target data from the source module if the destination
  // module doesn't have one already.
  if (DstM.getDataLayout().isDefault())
    DstM.setDataLayout(SrcM->getDataLayout());

  // Copy the target triple from the source to dest if the dest's is empty.
  if (DstM.getTargetTriple().empty() && !SrcM->getTargetTriple().empty())
    DstM.setTargetTriple(SrcM->getTargetTriple());

  Triple SrcTriple(SrcM->getTargetTriple()), DstTriple(DstM.getTargetTriple());

  // During CUDA compilation we have to link with the bitcode supplied with
  // CUDA. libdevice bitcode either has no data layout set (pre-CUDA-11), or has
  // the layout that is different from the one used by LLVM/clang (it does not
  // include i128). Issuing a warning is not very helpful as there's not much
  // the user can do about it.
  bool EnableDLWarning = true;
  bool EnableTripleWarning = true;
  if (SrcTriple.isNVPTX() && DstTriple.isNVPTX()) {
    bool SrcHasLibDeviceDL =
        (SrcM->getDataLayoutStr().empty() ||
         SrcM->getDataLayoutStr() == "e-i64:64-v16:16-v32:32-n16:32:64");
    // libdevice bitcode uses nvptx64-nvidia-gpulibs or just
    // 'nvptx-unknown-unknown' triple (before CUDA-10.x) and is compatible with
    // all NVPTX variants.
    bool SrcHasLibDeviceTriple = (SrcTriple.getVendor() == Triple::NVIDIA &&
                                  SrcTriple.getOSName() == "gpulibs") ||
                                 (SrcTriple.getVendorName() == "unknown" &&
                                  SrcTriple.getOSName() == "unknown");
    EnableTripleWarning = !SrcHasLibDeviceTriple;
    EnableDLWarning = !(SrcHasLibDeviceTriple && SrcHasLibDeviceDL);
  }

  if (EnableDLWarning && (SrcM->getDataLayout() != DstM.getDataLayout())) {
    emitWarning("Linking two modules of different data layouts: '" +
                SrcM->getModuleIdentifier() + "' is '" +
                SrcM->getDataLayoutStr() + "' whereas '" +
                DstM.getModuleIdentifier() + "' is '" +
                DstM.getDataLayoutStr() + "'\n");
  }

  if (EnableTripleWarning && !SrcM->getTargetTriple().empty() &&
      !SrcTriple.isCompatibleWith(DstTriple))
    emitWarning("Linking two modules of different target triples: '" +
                SrcM->getModuleIdentifier() + "' is '" +
                SrcM->getTargetTriple().str() + "' whereas '" +
                DstM.getModuleIdentifier() + "' is '" +
                DstM.getTargetTriple().str() + "'\n");

  DstM.setTargetTriple(Triple(SrcTriple.merge(DstTriple)));

  // Loop over all of the linked values to compute type mappings.
  computeTypeMapping();

  std::reverse(Worklist.begin(), Worklist.end());
  while (!Worklist.empty()) {
    GlobalValue *GV = Worklist.back();
    Worklist.pop_back();

    // Already mapped.
    if (ValueMap.find(GV) != ValueMap.end() ||
        IndirectSymbolValueMap.find(GV) != IndirectSymbolValueMap.end())
      continue;

    assert(!GV->isDeclaration());
    Mapper.mapValue(*GV);
    if (FoundError)
      return std::move(*FoundError);
    flushRAUWWorklist();
  }

  // Note that we are done linking global value bodies. This prevents
  // metadata linking from creating new references.
  DoneLinkingBodies = true;
  Mapper.addFlags(RF_NullMapMissingGlobalValues);

  // Remap all of the named MDNodes in Src into the DstM module. We do this
  // after linking GlobalValues so that MDNodes that reference GlobalValues
  // are properly remapped.
  linkNamedMDNodes();

  // Clean up any global objects with potentially unmapped metadata.
  // Specifically declarations which did not become definitions.
  for (GlobalObject *NGO : UnmappedMetadata) {
    if (NGO->isDeclaration())
      Mapper.remapGlobalObjectMetadata(*NGO);
  }

  if (!IsPerformingImport && !SrcM->getModuleInlineAsm().empty()) {
    // Append the module inline asm string.
    DstM.appendModuleInlineAsm(adjustInlineAsm(SrcM->getModuleInlineAsm(),
                                               SrcTriple));
  } else if (IsPerformingImport) {
    // Import any symver directives for symbols in DstM.
    ModuleSymbolTable::CollectAsmSymvers(*SrcM,
                                         [&](StringRef Name, StringRef Alias) {
      if (DstM.getNamedValue(Name)) {
        SmallString<256> S(".symver ");
        S += Name;
        S += ", ";
        S += Alias;
        DstM.appendModuleInlineAsm(S);
      }
    });
  }

  // Reorder the globals just added to the destination module to match their
  // original order in the source module.
  for (GlobalVariable &GV : SrcM->globals()) {
    if (GV.hasAppendingLinkage())
      continue;
    Value *NewValue = Mapper.mapValue(GV);
    if (FoundError)
      return std::move(*FoundError);
    if (NewValue) {
      auto *NewGV = dyn_cast<GlobalVariable>(NewValue->stripPointerCasts());
      if (NewGV) {
        NewGV->removeFromParent();
        DstM.insertGlobalVariable(NewGV);
      }
    }
  }

  // Merge the module flags into the DstM module.
  return linkModuleFlagsMetadata();
}

IRMover::StructTypeKeyInfo::KeyTy::KeyTy(ArrayRef<Type *> E, bool P)
    : ETypes(E), IsPacked(P) {}

IRMover::StructTypeKeyInfo::KeyTy::KeyTy(const StructType *ST)
    : ETypes(ST->elements()), IsPacked(ST->isPacked()) {}

bool IRMover::StructTypeKeyInfo::KeyTy::operator==(const KeyTy &That) const {
  return IsPacked == That.IsPacked && ETypes == That.ETypes;
}

bool IRMover::StructTypeKeyInfo::KeyTy::operator!=(const KeyTy &That) const {
  return !this->operator==(That);
}

StructType *IRMover::StructTypeKeyInfo::getEmptyKey() {
  return DenseMapInfo<StructType *>::getEmptyKey();
}

StructType *IRMover::StructTypeKeyInfo::getTombstoneKey() {
  return DenseMapInfo<StructType *>::getTombstoneKey();
}

unsigned IRMover::StructTypeKeyInfo::getHashValue(const KeyTy &Key) {
  return hash_combine(hash_combine_range(Key.ETypes), Key.IsPacked);
}

unsigned IRMover::StructTypeKeyInfo::getHashValue(const StructType *ST) {
  return getHashValue(KeyTy(ST));
}

bool IRMover::StructTypeKeyInfo::isEqual(const KeyTy &LHS,
                                         const StructType *RHS) {
  if (RHS == getEmptyKey() || RHS == getTombstoneKey())
    return false;
  return LHS == KeyTy(RHS);
}

bool IRMover::StructTypeKeyInfo::isEqual(const StructType *LHS,
                                         const StructType *RHS) {
  if (RHS == getEmptyKey() || RHS == getTombstoneKey())
    return LHS == RHS;
  return KeyTy(LHS) == KeyTy(RHS);
}

void IRMover::IdentifiedStructTypeSet::addNonOpaque(StructType *Ty) {
  assert(!Ty->isOpaque());
  NonOpaqueStructTypes.insert(Ty);
}

void IRMover::IdentifiedStructTypeSet::switchToNonOpaque(StructType *Ty) {
  assert(!Ty->isOpaque());
  NonOpaqueStructTypes.insert(Ty);
  bool Removed = OpaqueStructTypes.erase(Ty);
  (void)Removed;
  assert(Removed);
}

void IRMover::IdentifiedStructTypeSet::addOpaque(StructType *Ty) {
  assert(Ty->isOpaque());
  OpaqueStructTypes.insert(Ty);
}

StructType *
IRMover::IdentifiedStructTypeSet::findNonOpaque(ArrayRef<Type *> ETypes,
                                                bool IsPacked) {
  IRMover::StructTypeKeyInfo::KeyTy Key(ETypes, IsPacked);
  auto I = NonOpaqueStructTypes.find_as(Key);
  return I == NonOpaqueStructTypes.end() ? nullptr : *I;
}

bool IRMover::IdentifiedStructTypeSet::hasType(StructType *Ty) {
  if (Ty->isOpaque())
    return OpaqueStructTypes.count(Ty);
  auto I = NonOpaqueStructTypes.find(Ty);
  return I == NonOpaqueStructTypes.end() ? false : *I == Ty;
}

IRMover::IRMover(Module &M) : Composite(M) {
  TypeFinder StructTypes;
  StructTypes.run(M, /* OnlyNamed */ false);
  for (StructType *Ty : StructTypes) {
    if (Ty->isOpaque())
      IdentifiedStructTypes.addOpaque(Ty);
    else
      IdentifiedStructTypes.addNonOpaque(Ty);
  }
  // Self-map metadatas in the destination module. This is needed when
  // DebugTypeODRUniquing is enabled on the LLVMContext, since metadata in the
  // destination module may be reached from the source module.
  for (const auto *MD : StructTypes.getVisitedMetadata()) {
    SharedMDs[MD].reset(const_cast<MDNode *>(MD));
  }
}

Error IRMover::move(std::unique_ptr<Module> Src,
                    ArrayRef<GlobalValue *> ValuesToLink,
                    LazyCallback AddLazyFor, bool IsPerformingImport) {
  IRLinker TheIRLinker(Composite, SharedMDs, IdentifiedStructTypes,
                       std::move(Src), ValuesToLink, std::move(AddLazyFor),
                       IsPerformingImport);
  return TheIRLinker.run();
}