StaticAnalyzer/Checkers/StreamChecker.cpp

//===-- StreamChecker.cpp -----------------------------------------*- C++ -*--//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This file defines checkers that model and check stream handling functions.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "NoOwnershipChangeVisitor.h"
#include "clang/ASTMatchers/ASTMatchFinder.h"
#include "clang/ASTMatchers/ASTMatchers.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Checkers/BuiltinCheckerRegistration.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/BugReporter/BugType.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/Checker.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/CheckerManager.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/CallDescription.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/CallEvent.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/CheckerContext.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/CheckerHelpers.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/ProgramState.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/ProgramStateTrait.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/SymbolManager.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/Sequence.h"
#include <functional>
#include <optional>

using namespace clang;
using namespace ento;
using namespace std::placeholders;

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Definition of state data structures.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

namespace {

struct FnDescription;

/// State of the stream error flags.
/// Sometimes it is not known to the checker what error flags are set.
/// This is indicated by setting more than one flag to true.
/// This is an optimization to avoid state splits.
/// A stream can either be in FEOF or FERROR but not both at the same time.
/// Multiple flags are set to handle the corresponding states together.
struct StreamErrorState {
  /// The stream can be in state where none of the error flags set.
  bool NoError = true;
  /// The stream can be in state where the EOF indicator is set.
  bool FEof = false;
  /// The stream can be in state where the error indicator is set.
  bool FError = false;

  bool isNoError() const { return NoError && !FEof && !FError; }
  bool isFEof() const { return !NoError && FEof && !FError; }
  bool isFError() const { return !NoError && !FEof && FError; }

  bool operator==(const StreamErrorState &ES) const {
    return NoError == ES.NoError && FEof == ES.FEof && FError == ES.FError;
  }

  bool operator!=(const StreamErrorState &ES) const { return !(*this == ES); }

  StreamErrorState operator|(const StreamErrorState &E) const {
    return {NoError || E.NoError, FEof || E.FEof, FError || E.FError};
  }

  StreamErrorState operator&(const StreamErrorState &E) const {
    return {NoError && E.NoError, FEof && E.FEof, FError && E.FError};
  }

  StreamErrorState operator~() const { return {!NoError, !FEof, !FError}; }

  /// Returns if the StreamErrorState is a valid object.
  operator bool() const { return NoError || FEof || FError; }

  LLVM_DUMP_METHOD void dump() const { dumpToStream(llvm::errs()); }
  LLVM_DUMP_METHOD void dumpToStream(llvm::raw_ostream &os) const {
    os << "NoError: " << NoError << ", FEof: " << FEof
       << ", FError: " << FError;
  }

  void Profile(llvm::FoldingSetNodeID &ID) const {
    ID.AddBoolean(NoError);
    ID.AddBoolean(FEof);
    ID.AddBoolean(FError);
  }
};

const StreamErrorState ErrorNone{true, false, false};
const StreamErrorState ErrorFEof{false, true, false};
const StreamErrorState ErrorFError{false, false, true};

/// Full state information about a stream pointer.
struct StreamState {
  /// The last file operation called in the stream.
  /// Can be nullptr.
  const FnDescription *LastOperation;

  /// State of a stream symbol.
  enum KindTy {
    Opened, /// Stream is opened.
    Closed, /// Closed stream (an invalid stream pointer after it was closed).
    OpenFailed /// The last open operation has failed.
  } State;

  StringRef getKindStr() const {
    switch (State) {
    case Opened:
      return "Opened";
    case Closed:
      return "Closed";
    case OpenFailed:
      return "OpenFailed";
    }
    llvm_unreachable("Unknown StreamState!");
  }

  /// State of the error flags.
  /// Ignored in non-opened stream state but must be NoError.
  StreamErrorState const ErrorState;

  /// Indicate if the file has an "indeterminate file position indicator".
  /// This can be set at a failing read or write or seek operation.
  /// If it is set no more read or write is allowed.
  /// This value is not dependent on the stream error flags:
  /// The error flag may be cleared with `clearerr` but the file position
  /// remains still indeterminate.
  /// This value applies to all error states in ErrorState except FEOF.
  /// An EOF+indeterminate state is the same as EOF state.
  bool const FilePositionIndeterminate = false;

  StreamState(const FnDescription *L, KindTy S, const StreamErrorState &ES,
              bool IsFilePositionIndeterminate)
      : LastOperation(L), State(S), ErrorState(ES),
        FilePositionIndeterminate(IsFilePositionIndeterminate) {
    assert((!ES.isFEof() || !IsFilePositionIndeterminate) &&
           "FilePositionIndeterminate should be false in FEof case.");
    assert((State == Opened || ErrorState.isNoError()) &&
           "ErrorState should be None in non-opened stream state.");
  }

  bool isOpened() const { return State == Opened; }
  bool isClosed() const { return State == Closed; }
  bool isOpenFailed() const { return State == OpenFailed; }

  bool operator==(const StreamState &X) const {
    // In not opened state error state should always NoError, so comparison
    // here is no problem.
    return LastOperation == X.LastOperation && State == X.State &&
           ErrorState == X.ErrorState &&
           FilePositionIndeterminate == X.FilePositionIndeterminate;
  }

  static StreamState getOpened(const FnDescription *L,
                               const StreamErrorState &ES = ErrorNone,
                               bool IsFilePositionIndeterminate = false) {
    return StreamState{L, Opened, ES, IsFilePositionIndeterminate};
  }
  static StreamState getClosed(const FnDescription *L) {
    return StreamState{L, Closed, {}, false};
  }
  static StreamState getOpenFailed(const FnDescription *L) {
    return StreamState{L, OpenFailed, {}, false};
  }

  LLVM_DUMP_METHOD void dump() const { dumpToStream(llvm::errs()); }
  LLVM_DUMP_METHOD void dumpToStream(llvm::raw_ostream &os) const;

  void Profile(llvm::FoldingSetNodeID &ID) const {
    ID.AddPointer(LastOperation);
    ID.AddInteger(State);
    ErrorState.Profile(ID);
    ID.AddBoolean(FilePositionIndeterminate);
  }
};

} // namespace

// This map holds the state of a stream.
// The stream is identified with a SymbolRef that is created when a stream
// opening function is modeled by the checker.
REGISTER_MAP_WITH_PROGRAMSTATE(StreamMap, SymbolRef, StreamState)

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// StreamChecker class and utility functions.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

namespace {

class StreamChecker;
using FnCheck = std::function<void(const StreamChecker *, const FnDescription *,
                                   const CallEvent &, CheckerContext &)>;

using ArgNoTy = unsigned int;
static const ArgNoTy ArgNone = std::numeric_limits<ArgNoTy>::max();

const char *FeofNote = "Assuming stream reaches end-of-file here";
const char *FerrorNote = "Assuming this stream operation fails";

struct FnDescription {
  FnCheck PreFn;
  FnCheck EvalFn;
  ArgNoTy StreamArgNo;
};

LLVM_DUMP_METHOD void StreamState::dumpToStream(llvm::raw_ostream &os) const {
  os << "{Kind: " << getKindStr() << ", Last operation: " << LastOperation
     << ", ErrorState: ";
  ErrorState.dumpToStream(os);
  os << ", FilePos: " << (FilePositionIndeterminate ? "Indeterminate" : "OK")
     << '}';
}

/// Get the value of the stream argument out of the passed call event.
/// The call should contain a function that is described by Desc.
SVal getStreamArg(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call) {
  assert(Desc && Desc->StreamArgNo != ArgNone &&
         "Try to get a non-existing stream argument.");
  return Call.getArgSVal(Desc->StreamArgNo);
}

/// Create a conjured symbol return value for a call expression.
DefinedSVal makeRetVal(CheckerContext &C, ConstCFGElementRef Elem) {
  return C.getSValBuilder()
      .conjureSymbolVal(/*symbolTag=*/nullptr, Elem, C.getLocationContext(),
                        C.blockCount())
      .castAs<DefinedSVal>();
}

ProgramStateRef bindAndAssumeTrue(ProgramStateRef State, CheckerContext &C,
                                  const CallExpr *CE, ConstCFGElementRef Elem) {
  DefinedSVal RetVal = makeRetVal(C, Elem);
  State = State->BindExpr(CE, C.getLocationContext(), RetVal);
  State = State->assume(RetVal, true);
  assert(State && "Assumption on new value should not fail.");
  return State;
}

ProgramStateRef bindInt(uint64_t Value, ProgramStateRef State,
                        CheckerContext &C, const CallExpr *CE) {
  State = State->BindExpr(CE, C.getLocationContext(),
                          C.getSValBuilder().makeIntVal(Value, CE->getType()));
  return State;
}

inline void assertStreamStateOpened(const StreamState *SS) {
  assert(SS->isOpened() && "Stream is expected to be opened");
}

class StreamChecker : public Checker<check::PreCall, eval::Call,
                                     check::DeadSymbols, check::PointerEscape,
                                     check::ASTDecl<TranslationUnitDecl>> {
  BugType BT_FileNull{this, "NULL stream pointer", "Stream handling error"};
  BugType BT_UseAfterClose{this, "Closed stream", "Stream handling error"};
  BugType BT_UseAfterOpenFailed{this, "Invalid stream",
                                "Stream handling error"};
  BugType BT_IndeterminatePosition{this, "Invalid stream state",
                                   "Stream handling error"};
  BugType BT_IllegalWhence{this, "Illegal whence argument",
                           "Stream handling error"};
  BugType BT_StreamEof{this, "Stream already in EOF", "Stream handling error"};
  BugType BT_ResourceLeak{this, "Resource leak", "Stream handling error",
                          /*SuppressOnSink =*/true};

public:
  void checkPreCall(const CallEvent &Call, CheckerContext &C) const;
  bool evalCall(const CallEvent &Call, CheckerContext &C) const;
  void checkDeadSymbols(SymbolReaper &SymReaper, CheckerContext &C) const;
  ProgramStateRef checkPointerEscape(ProgramStateRef State,
                                     const InvalidatedSymbols &Escaped,
                                     const CallEvent *Call,
                                     PointerEscapeKind Kind) const;

  /// Finds the declarations of 'FILE *stdin, *stdout, *stderr'.
  void checkASTDecl(const TranslationUnitDecl *TU, AnalysisManager &,
                    BugReporter &) const;

  const BugType *getBT_StreamEof() const { return &BT_StreamEof; }
  const BugType *getBT_IndeterminatePosition() const {
    return &BT_IndeterminatePosition;
  }

  /// Assumes that the result of 'fopen' can't alias with the pointee of
  /// 'stdin', 'stdout' or 'stderr'.
  ProgramStateRef assumeNoAliasingWithStdStreams(ProgramStateRef State,
                                                 DefinedSVal RetVal,
                                                 CheckerContext &C) const;

  const NoteTag *constructSetEofNoteTag(CheckerContext &C,
                                        SymbolRef StreamSym) const {
    return C.getNoteTag([this, StreamSym](PathSensitiveBugReport &BR) {
      if (!BR.isInteresting(StreamSym) ||
          &BR.getBugType() != this->getBT_StreamEof())
        return "";

      BR.markNotInteresting(StreamSym);

      return FeofNote;
    });
  }

  const NoteTag *constructSetErrorNoteTag(CheckerContext &C,
                                          SymbolRef StreamSym) const {
    return C.getNoteTag([this, StreamSym](PathSensitiveBugReport &BR) {
      if (!BR.isInteresting(StreamSym) ||
          &BR.getBugType() != this->getBT_IndeterminatePosition())
        return "";

      BR.markNotInteresting(StreamSym);

      return FerrorNote;
    });
  }

  const NoteTag *constructSetEofOrErrorNoteTag(CheckerContext &C,
                                               SymbolRef StreamSym) const {
    return C.getNoteTag([this, StreamSym](PathSensitiveBugReport &BR) {
      if (!BR.isInteresting(StreamSym))
        return "";

      if (&BR.getBugType() == this->getBT_StreamEof()) {
        BR.markNotInteresting(StreamSym);
        return FeofNote;
      }
      if (&BR.getBugType() == this->getBT_IndeterminatePosition()) {
        BR.markNotInteresting(StreamSym);
        return FerrorNote;
      }

      return "";
    });
  }

  /// If true, evaluate special testing stream functions.
  bool TestMode = false;

  /// If true, generate failure branches for cases that are often not checked.
  bool PedanticMode = false;

  const CallDescription FCloseDesc = {CDM::CLibrary, {"fclose"}, 1};

private:
  CallDescriptionMap<FnDescription> FnDescriptions = {
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"fopen"}, 2},
       {nullptr, &StreamChecker::evalFopen, ArgNone}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"fdopen"}, 2},
       {nullptr, &StreamChecker::evalFopen, ArgNone}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"freopen"}, 3},
       {&StreamChecker::preFreopen, &StreamChecker::evalFreopen, 2}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"tmpfile"}, 0},
       {nullptr, &StreamChecker::evalFopen, ArgNone}},
      {FCloseDesc, {&StreamChecker::preDefault, &StreamChecker::evalFclose, 0}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"fread"}, 4},
       {&StreamChecker::preRead,
        std::bind(&StreamChecker::evalFreadFwrite, _1, _2, _3, _4, true), 3}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"fwrite"}, 4},
       {&StreamChecker::preWrite,
        std::bind(&StreamChecker::evalFreadFwrite, _1, _2, _3, _4, false), 3}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"fgetc"}, 1},
       {&StreamChecker::preRead,
        std::bind(&StreamChecker::evalFgetx, _1, _2, _3, _4, true), 0}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"fgets"}, 3},
       {&StreamChecker::preRead,
        std::bind(&StreamChecker::evalFgetx, _1, _2, _3, _4, false), 2}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"getc"}, 1},
       {&StreamChecker::preRead,
        std::bind(&StreamChecker::evalFgetx, _1, _2, _3, _4, true), 0}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"fputc"}, 2},
       {&StreamChecker::preWrite,
        std::bind(&StreamChecker::evalFputx, _1, _2, _3, _4, true), 1}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"fputs"}, 2},
       {&StreamChecker::preWrite,
        std::bind(&StreamChecker::evalFputx, _1, _2, _3, _4, false), 1}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"putc"}, 2},
       {&StreamChecker::preWrite,
        std::bind(&StreamChecker::evalFputx, _1, _2, _3, _4, true), 1}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"fprintf"}},
       {&StreamChecker::preWrite,
        std::bind(&StreamChecker::evalFprintf, _1, _2, _3, _4), 0}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"vfprintf"}, 3},
       {&StreamChecker::preWrite,
        std::bind(&StreamChecker::evalFprintf, _1, _2, _3, _4), 0}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"fscanf"}},
       {&StreamChecker::preRead,
        std::bind(&StreamChecker::evalFscanf, _1, _2, _3, _4), 0}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"vfscanf"}, 3},
       {&StreamChecker::preRead,
        std::bind(&StreamChecker::evalFscanf, _1, _2, _3, _4), 0}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"ungetc"}, 2},
       {&StreamChecker::preWrite,
        std::bind(&StreamChecker::evalUngetc, _1, _2, _3, _4), 1}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"getdelim"}, 4},
       {&StreamChecker::preRead,
        std::bind(&StreamChecker::evalGetdelim, _1, _2, _3, _4), 3}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"getline"}, 3},
       {&StreamChecker::preRead,
        std::bind(&StreamChecker::evalGetdelim, _1, _2, _3, _4), 2}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"fseek"}, 3},
       {&StreamChecker::preFseek, &StreamChecker::evalFseek, 0}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"fseeko"}, 3},
       {&StreamChecker::preFseek, &StreamChecker::evalFseek, 0}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"ftell"}, 1},
       {&StreamChecker::preWrite, &StreamChecker::evalFtell, 0}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"ftello"}, 1},
       {&StreamChecker::preWrite, &StreamChecker::evalFtell, 0}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"fflush"}, 1},
       {&StreamChecker::preFflush, &StreamChecker::evalFflush, 0}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"rewind"}, 1},
       {&StreamChecker::preDefault, &StreamChecker::evalRewind, 0}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"fgetpos"}, 2},
       {&StreamChecker::preWrite, &StreamChecker::evalFgetpos, 0}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"fsetpos"}, 2},
       {&StreamChecker::preDefault, &StreamChecker::evalFsetpos, 0}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"clearerr"}, 1},
       {&StreamChecker::preDefault, &StreamChecker::evalClearerr, 0}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"feof"}, 1},
       {&StreamChecker::preDefault,
        std::bind(&StreamChecker::evalFeofFerror, _1, _2, _3, _4, ErrorFEof),
        0}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"ferror"}, 1},
       {&StreamChecker::preDefault,
        std::bind(&StreamChecker::evalFeofFerror, _1, _2, _3, _4, ErrorFError),
        0}},
      {{CDM::CLibrary, {"fileno"}, 1},
       {&StreamChecker::preDefault, &StreamChecker::evalFileno, 0}},
  };

  CallDescriptionMap<FnDescription> FnTestDescriptions = {
      {{CDM::SimpleFunc, {"StreamTesterChecker_make_feof_stream"}, 1},
       {nullptr,
        std::bind(&StreamChecker::evalSetFeofFerror, _1, _2, _3, _4, ErrorFEof,
                  false),
        0}},
      {{CDM::SimpleFunc, {"StreamTesterChecker_make_ferror_stream"}, 1},
       {nullptr,
        std::bind(&StreamChecker::evalSetFeofFerror, _1, _2, _3, _4,
                  ErrorFError, false),
        0}},
      {{CDM::SimpleFunc,
        {"StreamTesterChecker_make_ferror_indeterminate_stream"},
        1},
       {nullptr,
        std::bind(&StreamChecker::evalSetFeofFerror, _1, _2, _3, _4,
                  ErrorFError, true),
        0}},
  };

  /// Expanded value of EOF, empty before initialization.
  mutable std::optional<int> EofVal;
  /// Expanded value of SEEK_SET, 0 if not found.
  mutable int SeekSetVal = 0;
  /// Expanded value of SEEK_CUR, 1 if not found.
  mutable int SeekCurVal = 1;
  /// Expanded value of SEEK_END, 2 if not found.
  mutable int SeekEndVal = 2;
  /// The built-in va_list type is platform-specific
  mutable QualType VaListType;

  mutable const VarDecl *StdinDecl = nullptr;
  mutable const VarDecl *StdoutDecl = nullptr;
  mutable const VarDecl *StderrDecl = nullptr;

  void evalFopen(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                 CheckerContext &C) const;

  void preFreopen(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                  CheckerContext &C) const;
  void evalFreopen(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                   CheckerContext &C) const;

  void evalFclose(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                  CheckerContext &C) const;

  void preRead(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
               CheckerContext &C) const;

  void preWrite(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                CheckerContext &C) const;

  void evalFreadFwrite(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                       CheckerContext &C, bool IsFread) const;

  void evalFgetx(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                 CheckerContext &C, bool SingleChar) const;

  void evalFputx(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                 CheckerContext &C, bool IsSingleChar) const;

  void evalFprintf(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                   CheckerContext &C) const;

  void evalFscanf(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                  CheckerContext &C) const;

  void evalUngetc(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                  CheckerContext &C) const;

  void evalGetdelim(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                    CheckerContext &C) const;

  void preFseek(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                CheckerContext &C) const;
  void evalFseek(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                 CheckerContext &C) const;

  void evalFgetpos(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                   CheckerContext &C) const;

  void evalFsetpos(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                   CheckerContext &C) const;

  void evalFtell(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                 CheckerContext &C) const;

  void evalRewind(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                  CheckerContext &C) const;

  void preDefault(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                  CheckerContext &C) const;

  void evalClearerr(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                    CheckerContext &C) const;

  void evalFeofFerror(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                      CheckerContext &C,
                      const StreamErrorState &ErrorKind) const;

  void evalSetFeofFerror(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                         CheckerContext &C, const StreamErrorState &ErrorKind,
                         bool Indeterminate) const;

  void preFflush(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                 CheckerContext &C) const;

  void evalFflush(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                  CheckerContext &C) const;

  void evalFileno(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                  CheckerContext &C) const;

  /// Check that the stream (in StreamVal) is not NULL.
  /// If it can only be NULL a fatal error is emitted and nullptr returned.
  /// Otherwise the return value is a new state where the stream is constrained
  /// to be non-null.
  ProgramStateRef ensureStreamNonNull(SVal StreamVal, const Expr *StreamE,
                                      CheckerContext &C,
                                      ProgramStateRef State) const;

  /// Check that the stream is the opened state.
  /// If the stream is known to be not opened an error is generated
  /// and nullptr returned, otherwise the original state is returned.
  ProgramStateRef ensureStreamOpened(SVal StreamVal, CheckerContext &C,
                                     ProgramStateRef State) const;

  /// Check that the stream has not an invalid ("indeterminate") file position,
  /// generate warning for it.
  /// (EOF is not an invalid position.)
  /// The returned state can be nullptr if a fatal error was generated.
  /// It can return non-null state if the stream has not an invalid position or
  /// there is execution path with non-invalid position.
  ProgramStateRef
  ensureNoFilePositionIndeterminate(SVal StreamVal, CheckerContext &C,
                                    ProgramStateRef State) const;

  /// Check the legality of the 'whence' argument of 'fseek'.
  /// Generate error and return nullptr if it is found to be illegal.
  /// Otherwise returns the state.
  /// (State is not changed here because the "whence" value is already known.)
  ProgramStateRef ensureFseekWhenceCorrect(SVal WhenceVal, CheckerContext &C,
                                           ProgramStateRef State) const;

  /// Generate warning about stream in EOF state.
  /// There will be always a state transition into the passed State,
  /// by the new non-fatal error node or (if failed) a normal transition,
  /// to ensure uniform handling.
  void reportFEofWarning(SymbolRef StreamSym, CheckerContext &C,
                         ProgramStateRef State) const;

  /// Emit resource leak warnings for the given symbols.
  /// Createn a non-fatal error node for these, and returns it (if any warnings
  /// were generated). Return value is non-null.
  ExplodedNode *reportLeaks(const SmallVector<SymbolRef, 2> &LeakedSyms,
                            CheckerContext &C, ExplodedNode *Pred) const;

  /// Find the description data of the function called by a call event.
  /// Returns nullptr if no function is recognized.
  const FnDescription *lookupFn(const CallEvent &Call) const {
    // Recognize "global C functions" with only integral or pointer arguments
    // (and matching name) as stream functions.
    for (auto *P : Call.parameters()) {
      QualType T = P->getType();
      if (!T->isIntegralOrEnumerationType() && !T->isPointerType() &&
          T.getCanonicalType() != VaListType)
        return nullptr;
    }

    return FnDescriptions.lookup(Call);
  }

  /// Generate a message for BugReporterVisitor if the stored symbol is
  /// marked as interesting by the actual bug report.
  const NoteTag *constructLeakNoteTag(CheckerContext &C, SymbolRef StreamSym,
                                      const std::string &Message) const {
    return C.getNoteTag([this, StreamSym,
                         Message](PathSensitiveBugReport &BR) -> std::string {
      if (BR.isInteresting(StreamSym) && &BR.getBugType() == &BT_ResourceLeak)
        return Message;
      return "";
    });
  }

  void initMacroValues(const Preprocessor &PP) const {
    if (EofVal)
      return;

    if (const std::optional<int> OptInt = tryExpandAsInteger("EOF", PP))
      EofVal = *OptInt;
    else
      EofVal = -1;
    if (const std::optional<int> OptInt = tryExpandAsInteger("SEEK_SET", PP))
      SeekSetVal = *OptInt;
    if (const std::optional<int> OptInt = tryExpandAsInteger("SEEK_END", PP))
      SeekEndVal = *OptInt;
    if (const std::optional<int> OptInt = tryExpandAsInteger("SEEK_CUR", PP))
      SeekCurVal = *OptInt;
  }

  /// Searches for the ExplodedNode where the file descriptor was acquired for
  /// StreamSym.
  static const ExplodedNode *getAcquisitionSite(const ExplodedNode *N,
                                                SymbolRef StreamSym,
                                                CheckerContext &C);
};

struct StreamOperationEvaluator {
  SValBuilder &SVB;
  const ASTContext &ACtx;

  SymbolRef StreamSym = nullptr;
  const StreamState *SS = nullptr;
  const CallExpr *CE = nullptr;
  std::optional<ConstCFGElementRef> Elem;
  StreamErrorState NewES;

  StreamOperationEvaluator(CheckerContext &C)
      : SVB(C.getSValBuilder()), ACtx(C.getASTContext()) {
    ;
  }

  bool Init(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call, CheckerContext &C,
            ProgramStateRef State) {
    StreamSym = getStreamArg(Desc, Call).getAsSymbol();
    if (!StreamSym)
      return false;
    SS = State->get<StreamMap>(StreamSym);
    if (!SS)
      return false;
    NewES = SS->ErrorState;
    CE = dyn_cast_or_null<CallExpr>(Call.getOriginExpr());
    if (!CE)
      return false;
    Elem = Call.getCFGElementRef();

    assertStreamStateOpened(SS);

    return true;
  }

  bool isStreamEof() const { return SS->ErrorState == ErrorFEof; }

  NonLoc getZeroVal(const CallEvent &Call) {
    return *SVB.makeZeroVal(Call.getResultType()).getAs<NonLoc>();
  }

  ProgramStateRef setStreamState(ProgramStateRef State,
                                 const StreamState &NewSS) {
    NewES = NewSS.ErrorState;
    return State->set<StreamMap>(StreamSym, NewSS);
  }

  ProgramStateRef makeAndBindRetVal(ProgramStateRef State, CheckerContext &C) {
    NonLoc RetVal = makeRetVal(C, Elem.value()).castAs<NonLoc>();
    return State->BindExpr(CE, C.getLocationContext(), RetVal);
  }

  ProgramStateRef bindReturnValue(ProgramStateRef State, CheckerContext &C,
                                  uint64_t Val) {
    return State->BindExpr(CE, C.getLocationContext(),
                           SVB.makeIntVal(Val, CE->getCallReturnType(ACtx)));
  }

  ProgramStateRef bindReturnValue(ProgramStateRef State, CheckerContext &C,
                                  SVal Val) {
    return State->BindExpr(CE, C.getLocationContext(), Val);
  }

  ProgramStateRef bindNullReturnValue(ProgramStateRef State,
                                      CheckerContext &C) {
    return State->BindExpr(CE, C.getLocationContext(),
                           C.getSValBuilder().makeNullWithType(CE->getType()));
  }

  ProgramStateRef assumeBinOpNN(ProgramStateRef State,
                                BinaryOperator::Opcode Op, NonLoc LHS,
                                NonLoc RHS) {
    auto Cond = SVB.evalBinOpNN(State, Op, LHS, RHS, SVB.getConditionType())
                    .getAs<DefinedOrUnknownSVal>();
    if (!Cond)
      return nullptr;
    return State->assume(*Cond, true);
  }

  ConstraintManager::ProgramStatePair
  makeRetValAndAssumeDual(ProgramStateRef State, CheckerContext &C) {
    DefinedSVal RetVal = makeRetVal(C, Elem.value());
    State = State->BindExpr(CE, C.getLocationContext(), RetVal);
    return C.getConstraintManager().assumeDual(State, RetVal);
  }

  const NoteTag *getFailureNoteTag(const StreamChecker *Ch, CheckerContext &C) {
    bool SetFeof = NewES.FEof && !SS->ErrorState.FEof;
    bool SetFerror = NewES.FError && !SS->ErrorState.FError;
    if (SetFeof && !SetFerror)
      return Ch->constructSetEofNoteTag(C, StreamSym);
    if (!SetFeof && SetFerror)
      return Ch->constructSetErrorNoteTag(C, StreamSym);
    if (SetFeof && SetFerror)
      return Ch->constructSetEofOrErrorNoteTag(C, StreamSym);
    return nullptr;
  }
};

} // end anonymous namespace

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Definition of NoStreamStateChangeVisitor.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

namespace {
class NoStreamStateChangeVisitor final : public NoOwnershipChangeVisitor {
protected:
  /// Syntactically checks whether the callee is a closing function. Since
  /// we have no path-sensitive information on this call (we would need a
  /// CallEvent instead of a CallExpr for that), its possible that a
  /// closing function was called indirectly through a function pointer,
  /// but we are not able to tell, so this is a best effort analysis.
  bool isClosingCallAsWritten(const CallExpr &Call) const {
    const auto *StreamChk = static_cast<const StreamChecker *>(&Checker);
    return StreamChk->FCloseDesc.matchesAsWritten(Call);
  }

  bool doesFnIntendToHandleOwnership(const Decl *Callee,
                                     ASTContext &ACtx) final {
    const FunctionDecl *FD = dyn_cast<FunctionDecl>(Callee);

    // Given that the stack frame was entered, the body should always be
    // theoretically obtainable. In case of body farms, the synthesized body
    // is not attached to declaration, thus triggering the '!FD->hasBody()'
    // branch. That said, would a synthesized body ever intend to handle
    // ownership? As of today they don't. And if they did, how would we
    // put notes inside it, given that it doesn't match any source locations?
    if (!FD || !FD->hasBody())
      return false;
    using namespace clang::ast_matchers;

    auto Matches =
        match(findAll(callExpr().bind("call")), *FD->getBody(), ACtx);
    for (BoundNodes Match : Matches) {
      if (const auto *Call = Match.getNodeAs<CallExpr>("call"))
        if (isClosingCallAsWritten(*Call))
          return true;
    }
    // TODO: Ownership might change with an attempt to store stream object, not
    // only through closing it. Check for attempted stores as well.
    return false;
  }

  bool hasResourceStateChanged(ProgramStateRef CallEnterState,
                               ProgramStateRef CallExitEndState) final {
    return CallEnterState->get<StreamMap>(Sym) !=
           CallExitEndState->get<StreamMap>(Sym);
  }

  PathDiagnosticPieceRef emitNote(const ExplodedNode *N) override {
    PathDiagnosticLocation L = PathDiagnosticLocation::create(
        N->getLocation(),
        N->getState()->getStateManager().getContext().getSourceManager());
    return std::make_shared<PathDiagnosticEventPiece>(
        L, "Returning without closing stream object or storing it for later "
           "release");
  }

public:
  NoStreamStateChangeVisitor(SymbolRef Sym, const StreamChecker *Checker)
      : NoOwnershipChangeVisitor(Sym, Checker) {}
};

} // end anonymous namespace

const ExplodedNode *StreamChecker::getAcquisitionSite(const ExplodedNode *N,
                                                      SymbolRef StreamSym,
                                                      CheckerContext &C) {
  ProgramStateRef State = N->getState();
  // When bug type is resource leak, exploded node N may not have state info
  // for leaked file descriptor, but predecessor should have it.
  if (!State->get<StreamMap>(StreamSym))
    N = N->getFirstPred();

  const ExplodedNode *Pred = N;
  while (N) {
    State = N->getState();
    if (!State->get<StreamMap>(StreamSym))
      return Pred;
    Pred = N;
    N = N->getFirstPred();
  }

  return nullptr;
}

static std::optional<int64_t> getKnownValue(ProgramStateRef State, SVal V) {
  SValBuilder &SVB = State->getStateManager().getSValBuilder();
  if (const llvm::APSInt *Int = SVB.getKnownValue(State, V))
    return Int->tryExtValue();
  return std::nullopt;
}

/// Invalidate only the requested elements instead of the whole buffer.
/// This is basically a refinement of the more generic 'escapeArgs' or
/// the plain old 'invalidateRegions'.
static ProgramStateRef
escapeByStartIndexAndCount(ProgramStateRef State, const CallEvent &Call,
                           unsigned BlockCount, const SubRegion *Buffer,
                           QualType ElemType, int64_t StartIndex,
                           int64_t ElementCount) {
  constexpr auto DoNotInvalidateSuperRegion =
      RegionAndSymbolInvalidationTraits::InvalidationKinds::
          TK_DoNotInvalidateSuperRegion;

  const LocationContext *LCtx = Call.getLocationContext();
  const ASTContext &Ctx = State->getStateManager().getContext();
  SValBuilder &SVB = State->getStateManager().getSValBuilder();
  auto &RegionManager = Buffer->getMemRegionManager();

  SmallVector<SVal> EscapingVals;
  EscapingVals.reserve(ElementCount);

  RegionAndSymbolInvalidationTraits ITraits;
  for (auto Idx : llvm::seq(StartIndex, StartIndex + ElementCount)) {
    NonLoc Index = SVB.makeArrayIndex(Idx);
    const auto *Element =
        RegionManager.getElementRegion(ElemType, Index, Buffer, Ctx);
    EscapingVals.push_back(loc::MemRegionVal(Element));
    ITraits.setTrait(Element, DoNotInvalidateSuperRegion);
  }
  return State->invalidateRegions(
      EscapingVals, Call.getCFGElementRef(), BlockCount, LCtx,
      /*CausesPointerEscape=*/false,
      /*InvalidatedSymbols=*/nullptr, &Call, &ITraits);
}

static ProgramStateRef escapeArgs(ProgramStateRef State, CheckerContext &C,
                                  const CallEvent &Call,
                                  ArrayRef<unsigned int> EscapingArgs) {
  auto GetArgSVal = [&Call](int Idx) { return Call.getArgSVal(Idx); };
  auto EscapingVals = to_vector(map_range(EscapingArgs, GetArgSVal));
  State = State->invalidateRegions(EscapingVals, Call.getCFGElementRef(),
                                   C.blockCount(), C.getLocationContext(),
                                   /*CausesPointerEscape=*/false,
                                   /*InvalidatedSymbols=*/nullptr);
  return State;
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Methods of StreamChecker.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

void StreamChecker::checkPreCall(const CallEvent &Call,
                                 CheckerContext &C) const {
  const FnDescription *Desc = lookupFn(Call);
  if (!Desc || !Desc->PreFn)
    return;

  Desc->PreFn(this, Desc, Call, C);
}

bool StreamChecker::evalCall(const CallEvent &Call, CheckerContext &C) const {
  const FnDescription *Desc = lookupFn(Call);
  if (!Desc && TestMode)
    Desc = FnTestDescriptions.lookup(Call);
  if (!Desc || !Desc->EvalFn)
    return false;

  Desc->EvalFn(this, Desc, Call, C);

  return C.isDifferent();
}

ProgramStateRef StreamChecker::assumeNoAliasingWithStdStreams(
    ProgramStateRef State, DefinedSVal RetVal, CheckerContext &C) const {
  auto assumeRetNE = [&C, RetVal](ProgramStateRef State,
                                  const VarDecl *Var) -> ProgramStateRef {
    if (!Var)
      return State;
    const auto *LCtx = C.getLocationContext();
    auto &StoreMgr = C.getStoreManager();
    auto &SVB = C.getSValBuilder();
    SVal VarValue = State->getSVal(StoreMgr.getLValueVar(Var, LCtx));
    auto NoAliasState =
        SVB.evalBinOp(State, BO_NE, RetVal, VarValue, SVB.getConditionType())
            .castAs<DefinedOrUnknownSVal>();
    return State->assume(NoAliasState, true);
  };

  assert(State);
  State = assumeRetNE(State, StdinDecl);
  State = assumeRetNE(State, StdoutDecl);
  State = assumeRetNE(State, StderrDecl);
  assert(State);
  return State;
}

void StreamChecker::evalFopen(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                              CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  const CallExpr *CE = dyn_cast_or_null<CallExpr>(Call.getOriginExpr());
  if (!CE)
    return;

  DefinedSVal RetVal = makeRetVal(C, Call.getCFGElementRef());
  SymbolRef RetSym = RetVal.getAsSymbol();
  assert(RetSym && "RetVal must be a symbol here.");

  State = State->BindExpr(CE, C.getLocationContext(), RetVal);

  // Bifurcate the state into two: one with a valid FILE* pointer, the other
  // with a NULL.
  ProgramStateRef StateNotNull, StateNull;
  std::tie(StateNotNull, StateNull) =
      C.getConstraintManager().assumeDual(State, RetVal);

  StateNotNull =
      StateNotNull->set<StreamMap>(RetSym, StreamState::getOpened(Desc));
  StateNull =
      StateNull->set<StreamMap>(RetSym, StreamState::getOpenFailed(Desc));

  StateNotNull = assumeNoAliasingWithStdStreams(StateNotNull, RetVal, C);

  C.addTransition(StateNotNull,
                  constructLeakNoteTag(C, RetSym, "Stream opened here"));
  C.addTransition(StateNull);
}

void StreamChecker::preFreopen(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                               CheckerContext &C) const {
  // Do not allow NULL as passed stream pointer but allow a closed stream.
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  State = ensureStreamNonNull(getStreamArg(Desc, Call),
                              Call.getArgExpr(Desc->StreamArgNo), C, State);
  if (!State)
    return;

  C.addTransition(State);
}

void StreamChecker::evalFreopen(const FnDescription *Desc,
                                const CallEvent &Call,
                                CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();

  auto *CE = dyn_cast_or_null<CallExpr>(Call.getOriginExpr());
  if (!CE)
    return;

  std::optional<DefinedSVal> StreamVal =
      getStreamArg(Desc, Call).getAs<DefinedSVal>();
  if (!StreamVal)
    return;

  SymbolRef StreamSym = StreamVal->getAsSymbol();
  // Do not care about concrete values for stream ("(FILE *)0x12345"?).
  // FIXME: Can be stdin, stdout, stderr such values?
  if (!StreamSym)
    return;

  // Do not handle untracked stream. It is probably escaped.
  if (!State->get<StreamMap>(StreamSym))
    return;

  // Generate state for non-failed case.
  // Return value is the passed stream pointer.
  // According to the documentations, the stream is closed first
  // but any close error is ignored. The state changes to (or remains) opened.
  ProgramStateRef StateRetNotNull =
      State->BindExpr(CE, C.getLocationContext(), *StreamVal);
  // Generate state for NULL return value.
  // Stream switches to OpenFailed state.
  ProgramStateRef StateRetNull =
      State->BindExpr(CE, C.getLocationContext(),
                      C.getSValBuilder().makeNullWithType(CE->getType()));

  StateRetNotNull =
      StateRetNotNull->set<StreamMap>(StreamSym, StreamState::getOpened(Desc));
  StateRetNull =
      StateRetNull->set<StreamMap>(StreamSym, StreamState::getOpenFailed(Desc));

  C.addTransition(StateRetNotNull,
                  constructLeakNoteTag(C, StreamSym, "Stream reopened here"));
  C.addTransition(StateRetNull);
}

void StreamChecker::evalFclose(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                               CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  StreamOperationEvaluator E(C);
  if (!E.Init(Desc, Call, C, State))
    return;

  // Close the File Descriptor.
  // Regardless if the close fails or not, stream becomes "closed"
  // and can not be used any more.
  State = E.setStreamState(State, StreamState::getClosed(Desc));

  // Return 0 on success, EOF on failure.
  C.addTransition(E.bindReturnValue(State, C, 0));
  C.addTransition(E.bindReturnValue(State, C, *EofVal));
}

void StreamChecker::preRead(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                            CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  SVal StreamVal = getStreamArg(Desc, Call);
  State = ensureStreamNonNull(StreamVal, Call.getArgExpr(Desc->StreamArgNo), C,
                              State);
  if (!State)
    return;
  State = ensureStreamOpened(StreamVal, C, State);
  if (!State)
    return;
  State = ensureNoFilePositionIndeterminate(StreamVal, C, State);
  if (!State)
    return;

  SymbolRef Sym = StreamVal.getAsSymbol();
  if (Sym && State->get<StreamMap>(Sym)) {
    const StreamState *SS = State->get<StreamMap>(Sym);
    if (SS->ErrorState & ErrorFEof)
      reportFEofWarning(Sym, C, State);
  } else {
    C.addTransition(State);
  }
}

void StreamChecker::preWrite(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                             CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  SVal StreamVal = getStreamArg(Desc, Call);
  State = ensureStreamNonNull(StreamVal, Call.getArgExpr(Desc->StreamArgNo), C,
                              State);
  if (!State)
    return;
  State = ensureStreamOpened(StreamVal, C, State);
  if (!State)
    return;
  State = ensureNoFilePositionIndeterminate(StreamVal, C, State);
  if (!State)
    return;

  C.addTransition(State);
}

static QualType getPointeeType(const MemRegion *R) {
  if (!R)
    return {};
  if (const auto *ER = dyn_cast<ElementRegion>(R))
    return ER->getElementType();
  if (const auto *TR = dyn_cast<TypedValueRegion>(R))
    return TR->getValueType();
  if (const auto *SR = dyn_cast<SymbolicRegion>(R))
    return SR->getPointeeStaticType();
  return {};
}

static std::optional<NonLoc> getStartIndex(SValBuilder &SVB,
                                           const MemRegion *R) {
  if (!R)
    return std::nullopt;

  auto Zero = [&SVB] {
    BasicValueFactory &BVF = SVB.getBasicValueFactory();
    return nonloc::ConcreteInt(BVF.getIntValue(0, /*isUnsigned=*/false));
  };

  if (const auto *ER = dyn_cast<ElementRegion>(R))
    return ER->getIndex();
  if (isa<TypedValueRegion>(R))
    return Zero();
  if (isa<SymbolicRegion>(R))
    return Zero();
  return std::nullopt;
}

static ProgramStateRef
tryToInvalidateFReadBufferByElements(ProgramStateRef State, CheckerContext &C,
                                     const CallEvent &Call, NonLoc SizeVal,
                                     NonLoc NMembVal) {
  // Try to invalidate the individual elements.
  const auto *Buffer =
      dyn_cast_or_null<SubRegion>(Call.getArgSVal(0).getAsRegion());

  const ASTContext &Ctx = C.getASTContext();
  QualType ElemTy = getPointeeType(Buffer);
  std::optional<SVal> StartElementIndex =
      getStartIndex(C.getSValBuilder(), Buffer);

  // Drop the outermost ElementRegion to get the buffer.
  if (const auto *ER = dyn_cast_or_null<ElementRegion>(Buffer))
    Buffer = dyn_cast<SubRegion>(ER->getSuperRegion());

  std::optional<int64_t> CountVal = getKnownValue(State, NMembVal);
  std::optional<int64_t> Size = getKnownValue(State, SizeVal);
  std::optional<int64_t> StartIndexVal =
      getKnownValue(State, StartElementIndex.value_or(UnknownVal()));

  if (!ElemTy.isNull() && CountVal && Size && StartIndexVal) {
    int64_t NumBytesRead = Size.value() * CountVal.value();
    int64_t ElemSizeInChars = Ctx.getTypeSizeInChars(ElemTy).getQuantity();
    if (ElemSizeInChars == 0 || NumBytesRead < 0)
      return nullptr;

    bool IncompleteLastElement = (NumBytesRead % ElemSizeInChars) != 0;
    int64_t NumCompleteOrIncompleteElementsRead =
        NumBytesRead / ElemSizeInChars + IncompleteLastElement;

    constexpr int MaxInvalidatedElementsLimit = 64;
    if (NumCompleteOrIncompleteElementsRead <= MaxInvalidatedElementsLimit) {
      return escapeByStartIndexAndCount(State, Call, C.blockCount(), Buffer,
                                        ElemTy, *StartIndexVal,
                                        NumCompleteOrIncompleteElementsRead);
    }
  }
  return nullptr;
}

void StreamChecker::evalFreadFwrite(const FnDescription *Desc,
                                    const CallEvent &Call, CheckerContext &C,
                                    bool IsFread) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  StreamOperationEvaluator E(C);
  if (!E.Init(Desc, Call, C, State))
    return;

  std::optional<NonLoc> SizeVal = Call.getArgSVal(1).getAs<NonLoc>();
  if (!SizeVal)
    return;
  std::optional<NonLoc> NMembVal = Call.getArgSVal(2).getAs<NonLoc>();
  if (!NMembVal)
    return;

  // C'99 standard, §7.19.8.1.3, the return value of fread:
  // The fread function returns the number of elements successfully read, which
  // may be less than nmemb if a read error or end-of-file is encountered. If
  // size or nmemb is zero, fread returns zero and the contents of the array and
  // the state of the stream remain unchanged.
  if (State->isNull(*SizeVal).isConstrainedTrue() ||
      State->isNull(*NMembVal).isConstrainedTrue()) {
    // This is the "size or nmemb is zero" case.
    // Just return 0, do nothing more (not clear the error flags).
    C.addTransition(E.bindReturnValue(State, C, 0));
    return;
  }

  // At read, invalidate the buffer in any case of error or success,
  // except if EOF was already present.
  if (IsFread && !E.isStreamEof()) {
    // Try to invalidate the individual elements.
    // Otherwise just fall back to invalidating the whole buffer.
    ProgramStateRef InvalidatedState = tryToInvalidateFReadBufferByElements(
        State, C, Call, *SizeVal, *NMembVal);
    State =
        InvalidatedState ? InvalidatedState : escapeArgs(State, C, Call, {0});
  }

  // Generate a transition for the success state.
  // If we know the state to be FEOF at fread, do not add a success state.
  if (!IsFread || !E.isStreamEof()) {
    ProgramStateRef StateNotFailed =
        State->BindExpr(E.CE, C.getLocationContext(), *NMembVal);
    StateNotFailed =
        E.setStreamState(StateNotFailed, StreamState::getOpened(Desc));
    C.addTransition(StateNotFailed);
  }

  // Add transition for the failed state.
  // At write, add failure case only if "pedantic mode" is on.
  if (!IsFread && !PedanticMode)
    return;

  NonLoc RetVal = makeRetVal(C, E.Elem.value()).castAs<NonLoc>();
  ProgramStateRef StateFailed =
      State->BindExpr(E.CE, C.getLocationContext(), RetVal);
  StateFailed = E.assumeBinOpNN(StateFailed, BO_LT, RetVal, *NMembVal);
  if (!StateFailed)
    return;

  StreamErrorState NewES;
  if (IsFread)
    NewES = E.isStreamEof() ? ErrorFEof : ErrorFEof | ErrorFError;
  else
    NewES = ErrorFError;
  // If a (non-EOF) error occurs, the resulting value of the file position
  // indicator for the stream is indeterminate.
  StateFailed = E.setStreamState(
      StateFailed, StreamState::getOpened(Desc, NewES, !NewES.isFEof()));
  C.addTransition(StateFailed, E.getFailureNoteTag(this, C));
}

void StreamChecker::evalFgetx(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                              CheckerContext &C, bool SingleChar) const {
  // `fgetc` returns the read character on success, otherwise returns EOF.
  // `fgets` returns the read buffer address on success, otherwise returns NULL.

  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  StreamOperationEvaluator E(C);
  if (!E.Init(Desc, Call, C, State))
    return;

  if (!E.isStreamEof()) {
    // If there was already EOF, assume that read buffer is not changed.
    // Otherwise it may change at success or failure.
    State = escapeArgs(State, C, Call, {0});
    if (SingleChar) {
      // Generate a transition for the success state of `fgetc`.
      NonLoc RetVal = makeRetVal(C, E.Elem.value()).castAs<NonLoc>();
      ProgramStateRef StateNotFailed =
          State->BindExpr(E.CE, C.getLocationContext(), RetVal);
      // The returned 'unsigned char' of `fgetc` is converted to 'int',
      // so we need to check if it is in range [0, 255].
      StateNotFailed = StateNotFailed->assumeInclusiveRange(
          RetVal,
          E.SVB.getBasicValueFactory().getValue(0, E.ACtx.UnsignedCharTy),
          E.SVB.getBasicValueFactory().getMaxValue(E.ACtx.UnsignedCharTy),
          true);
      if (!StateNotFailed)
        return;
      C.addTransition(StateNotFailed);
    } else {
      // Generate a transition for the success state of `fgets`.
      std::optional<DefinedSVal> GetBuf =
          Call.getArgSVal(0).getAs<DefinedSVal>();
      if (!GetBuf)
        return;
      ProgramStateRef StateNotFailed =
          State->BindExpr(E.CE, C.getLocationContext(), *GetBuf);
      StateNotFailed =
          E.setStreamState(StateNotFailed, StreamState::getOpened(Desc));
      C.addTransition(StateNotFailed);
    }
  }

  // Add transition for the failed state.
  ProgramStateRef StateFailed;
  if (SingleChar)
    StateFailed = E.bindReturnValue(State, C, *EofVal);
  else
    StateFailed = E.bindNullReturnValue(State, C);

  // If a (non-EOF) error occurs, the resulting value of the file position
  // indicator for the stream is indeterminate.
  StreamErrorState NewES =
      E.isStreamEof() ? ErrorFEof : ErrorFEof | ErrorFError;
  StateFailed = E.setStreamState(
      StateFailed, StreamState::getOpened(Desc, NewES, !NewES.isFEof()));
  C.addTransition(StateFailed, E.getFailureNoteTag(this, C));
}

void StreamChecker::evalFputx(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                              CheckerContext &C, bool IsSingleChar) const {
  // `fputc` returns the written character on success, otherwise returns EOF.
  // `fputs` returns a nonnegative value on success, otherwise returns EOF.

  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  StreamOperationEvaluator E(C);
  if (!E.Init(Desc, Call, C, State))
    return;

  if (IsSingleChar) {
    // Generate a transition for the success state of `fputc`.
    std::optional<NonLoc> PutVal = Call.getArgSVal(0).getAs<NonLoc>();
    if (!PutVal)
      return;
    ProgramStateRef StateNotFailed =
        State->BindExpr(E.CE, C.getLocationContext(), *PutVal);
    StateNotFailed =
        E.setStreamState(StateNotFailed, StreamState::getOpened(Desc));
    C.addTransition(StateNotFailed);
  } else {
    // Generate a transition for the success state of `fputs`.
    NonLoc RetVal = makeRetVal(C, E.Elem.value()).castAs<NonLoc>();
    ProgramStateRef StateNotFailed =
        State->BindExpr(E.CE, C.getLocationContext(), RetVal);
    StateNotFailed =
        E.assumeBinOpNN(StateNotFailed, BO_GE, RetVal, E.getZeroVal(Call));
    if (!StateNotFailed)
      return;
    StateNotFailed =
        E.setStreamState(StateNotFailed, StreamState::getOpened(Desc));
    C.addTransition(StateNotFailed);
  }

  if (!PedanticMode)
    return;

  // Add transition for the failed state. The resulting value of the file
  // position indicator for the stream is indeterminate.
  ProgramStateRef StateFailed = E.bindReturnValue(State, C, *EofVal);
  StateFailed = E.setStreamState(
      StateFailed, StreamState::getOpened(Desc, ErrorFError, true));
  C.addTransition(StateFailed, E.getFailureNoteTag(this, C));
}

void StreamChecker::evalFprintf(const FnDescription *Desc,
                                const CallEvent &Call,
                                CheckerContext &C) const {
  if (Call.getNumArgs() < 2)
    return;

  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  StreamOperationEvaluator E(C);
  if (!E.Init(Desc, Call, C, State))
    return;

  NonLoc RetVal = makeRetVal(C, E.Elem.value()).castAs<NonLoc>();
  State = State->BindExpr(E.CE, C.getLocationContext(), RetVal);
  auto Cond =
      E.SVB
          .evalBinOp(State, BO_GE, RetVal, E.SVB.makeZeroVal(E.ACtx.IntTy),
                     E.SVB.getConditionType())
          .getAs<DefinedOrUnknownSVal>();
  if (!Cond)
    return;
  ProgramStateRef StateNotFailed, StateFailed;
  std::tie(StateNotFailed, StateFailed) = State->assume(*Cond);

  StateNotFailed =
      E.setStreamState(StateNotFailed, StreamState::getOpened(Desc));
  C.addTransition(StateNotFailed);

  if (!PedanticMode)
    return;

  // Add transition for the failed state. The resulting value of the file
  // position indicator for the stream is indeterminate.
  StateFailed = E.setStreamState(
      StateFailed, StreamState::getOpened(Desc, ErrorFError, true));
  C.addTransition(StateFailed, E.getFailureNoteTag(this, C));
}

void StreamChecker::evalFscanf(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                               CheckerContext &C) const {
  if (Call.getNumArgs() < 2)
    return;

  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  StreamOperationEvaluator E(C);
  if (!E.Init(Desc, Call, C, State))
    return;

  // Add the success state.
  // In this context "success" means there is not an EOF or other read error
  // before any item is matched in 'fscanf'. But there may be match failure,
  // therefore return value can be 0 or greater.
  // It is not specified what happens if some items (not all) are matched and
  // then EOF or read error happens. Now this case is handled like a "success"
  // case, and no error flags are set on the stream. This is probably not
  // accurate, and the POSIX documentation does not tell more.
  if (!E.isStreamEof()) {
    NonLoc RetVal = makeRetVal(C, E.Elem.value()).castAs<NonLoc>();
    ProgramStateRef StateNotFailed =
        State->BindExpr(E.CE, C.getLocationContext(), RetVal);
    StateNotFailed =
        E.assumeBinOpNN(StateNotFailed, BO_GE, RetVal, E.getZeroVal(Call));
    if (!StateNotFailed)
      return;

    if (auto const *Callee = Call.getCalleeIdentifier();
        !Callee || Callee->getName() != "vfscanf") {
      SmallVector<unsigned int> EscArgs;
      for (auto EscArg : llvm::seq(2u, Call.getNumArgs()))
        EscArgs.push_back(EscArg);
      StateNotFailed = escapeArgs(StateNotFailed, C, Call, EscArgs);
    }

    if (StateNotFailed)
      C.addTransition(StateNotFailed);
  }

  // Add transition for the failed state.
  // Error occurs if nothing is matched yet and reading the input fails.
  // Error can be EOF, or other error. At "other error" FERROR or 'errno' can
  // be set but it is not further specified if all are required to be set.
  // Documentation does not mention, but file position will be set to
  // indeterminate similarly as at 'fread'.
  ProgramStateRef StateFailed = E.bindReturnValue(State, C, *EofVal);
  StreamErrorState NewES =
      E.isStreamEof() ? ErrorFEof : ErrorNone | ErrorFEof | ErrorFError;
  StateFailed = E.setStreamState(
      StateFailed, StreamState::getOpened(Desc, NewES, !NewES.isFEof()));
  C.addTransition(StateFailed, E.getFailureNoteTag(this, C));
}

void StreamChecker::evalUngetc(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                               CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  StreamOperationEvaluator E(C);
  if (!E.Init(Desc, Call, C, State))
    return;

  // Generate a transition for the success state.
  std::optional<NonLoc> PutVal = Call.getArgSVal(0).getAs<NonLoc>();
  if (!PutVal)
    return;
  ProgramStateRef StateNotFailed = E.bindReturnValue(State, C, *PutVal);
  StateNotFailed =
      E.setStreamState(StateNotFailed, StreamState::getOpened(Desc));
  C.addTransition(StateNotFailed);

  // Add transition for the failed state.
  // Failure of 'ungetc' does not result in feof or ferror state.
  // If the PutVal has value of EofVal the function should "fail", but this is
  // the same transition as the success state.
  // In this case only one state transition is added by the analyzer (the two
  // new states may be similar).
  ProgramStateRef StateFailed = E.bindReturnValue(State, C, *EofVal);
  StateFailed = E.setStreamState(StateFailed, StreamState::getOpened(Desc));
  C.addTransition(StateFailed);
}

void StreamChecker::evalGetdelim(const FnDescription *Desc,
                                 const CallEvent &Call,
                                 CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  StreamOperationEvaluator E(C);
  if (!E.Init(Desc, Call, C, State))
    return;

  // Upon successful completion, the getline() and getdelim() functions shall
  // return the number of bytes written into the buffer.
  // If the end-of-file indicator for the stream is set, the function shall
  // return -1.
  // If an error occurs, the function shall return -1 and set 'errno'.

  if (!E.isStreamEof()) {
    // Escape buffer and size (may change by the call).
    // May happen even at error (partial read?).
    State = escapeArgs(State, C, Call, {0, 1});

    // Add transition for the successful state.
    NonLoc RetVal = makeRetVal(C, E.Elem.value()).castAs<NonLoc>();
    ProgramStateRef StateNotFailed = E.bindReturnValue(State, C, RetVal);
    StateNotFailed =
        E.assumeBinOpNN(StateNotFailed, BO_GE, RetVal, E.getZeroVal(Call));

    // On success, a buffer is allocated.
    auto NewLinePtr = getPointeeVal(Call.getArgSVal(0), State);
    if (NewLinePtr && isa<DefinedOrUnknownSVal>(*NewLinePtr))
      StateNotFailed = StateNotFailed->assume(
          NewLinePtr->castAs<DefinedOrUnknownSVal>(), true);

    // The buffer size `*n` must be enough to hold the whole line, and
    // greater than the return value, since it has to account for '\0'.
    SVal SizePtrSval = Call.getArgSVal(1);
    auto NVal = getPointeeVal(SizePtrSval, State);
    if (NVal && isa<NonLoc>(*NVal)) {
      StateNotFailed = E.assumeBinOpNN(StateNotFailed, BO_GT,
                                       NVal->castAs<NonLoc>(), RetVal);
      StateNotFailed = E.bindReturnValue(StateNotFailed, C, RetVal);
    }
    if (!StateNotFailed)
      return;
    C.addTransition(StateNotFailed);
  }

  // Add transition for the failed state.
  // If a (non-EOF) error occurs, the resulting value of the file position
  // indicator for the stream is indeterminate.
  ProgramStateRef StateFailed = E.bindReturnValue(State, C, -1);
  StreamErrorState NewES =
      E.isStreamEof() ? ErrorFEof : ErrorFEof | ErrorFError;
  StateFailed = E.setStreamState(
      StateFailed, StreamState::getOpened(Desc, NewES, !NewES.isFEof()));
  // On failure, the content of the buffer is undefined.
  if (auto NewLinePtr = getPointeeVal(Call.getArgSVal(0), State))
    StateFailed = StateFailed->bindLoc(*NewLinePtr, UndefinedVal(),
                                       C.getLocationContext());
  C.addTransition(StateFailed, E.getFailureNoteTag(this, C));
}

void StreamChecker::preFseek(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                             CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  SVal StreamVal = getStreamArg(Desc, Call);
  State = ensureStreamNonNull(StreamVal, Call.getArgExpr(Desc->StreamArgNo), C,
                              State);
  if (!State)
    return;
  State = ensureStreamOpened(StreamVal, C, State);
  if (!State)
    return;
  State = ensureFseekWhenceCorrect(Call.getArgSVal(2), C, State);
  if (!State)
    return;

  C.addTransition(State);
}

void StreamChecker::evalFseek(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                              CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  StreamOperationEvaluator E(C);
  if (!E.Init(Desc, Call, C, State))
    return;

  // Add success state.
  ProgramStateRef StateNotFailed = E.bindReturnValue(State, C, 0);
  // No failure: Reset the state to opened with no error.
  StateNotFailed =
      E.setStreamState(StateNotFailed, StreamState::getOpened(Desc));
  C.addTransition(StateNotFailed);

  if (!PedanticMode)
    return;

  // Add failure state.
  // At error it is possible that fseek fails but sets none of the error flags.
  // If fseek failed, assume that the file position becomes indeterminate in any
  // case.
  // It is allowed to set the position beyond the end of the file. EOF error
  // should not occur.
  ProgramStateRef StateFailed = E.bindReturnValue(State, C, -1);
  StateFailed = E.setStreamState(
      StateFailed, StreamState::getOpened(Desc, ErrorNone | ErrorFError, true));
  C.addTransition(StateFailed, E.getFailureNoteTag(this, C));
}

void StreamChecker::evalFgetpos(const FnDescription *Desc,
                                const CallEvent &Call,
                                CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  StreamOperationEvaluator E(C);
  if (!E.Init(Desc, Call, C, State))
    return;

  ProgramStateRef StateNotFailed, StateFailed;
  std::tie(StateFailed, StateNotFailed) = E.makeRetValAndAssumeDual(State, C);
  StateNotFailed = escapeArgs(StateNotFailed, C, Call, {1});

  // This function does not affect the stream state.
  // Still we add success and failure state with the appropriate return value.
  // StdLibraryFunctionsChecker can change these states (set the 'errno' state).
  C.addTransition(StateNotFailed);
  C.addTransition(StateFailed);
}

void StreamChecker::evalFsetpos(const FnDescription *Desc,
                                const CallEvent &Call,
                                CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  StreamOperationEvaluator E(C);
  if (!E.Init(Desc, Call, C, State))
    return;

  ProgramStateRef StateNotFailed, StateFailed;
  std::tie(StateFailed, StateNotFailed) = E.makeRetValAndAssumeDual(State, C);

  StateNotFailed = E.setStreamState(
      StateNotFailed, StreamState::getOpened(Desc, ErrorNone, false));
  C.addTransition(StateNotFailed);

  if (!PedanticMode)
    return;

  // At failure ferror could be set.
  // The standards do not tell what happens with the file position at failure.
  // But we can assume that it is dangerous to make a next I/O operation after
  // the position was not set correctly (similar to 'fseek').
  StateFailed = E.setStreamState(
      StateFailed, StreamState::getOpened(Desc, ErrorNone | ErrorFError, true));

  C.addTransition(StateFailed, E.getFailureNoteTag(this, C));
}

void StreamChecker::evalFtell(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                              CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  StreamOperationEvaluator E(C);
  if (!E.Init(Desc, Call, C, State))
    return;

  NonLoc RetVal = makeRetVal(C, E.Elem.value()).castAs<NonLoc>();
  ProgramStateRef StateNotFailed =
      State->BindExpr(E.CE, C.getLocationContext(), RetVal);
  StateNotFailed =
      E.assumeBinOpNN(StateNotFailed, BO_GE, RetVal, E.getZeroVal(Call));
  if (!StateNotFailed)
    return;

  ProgramStateRef StateFailed = E.bindReturnValue(State, C, -1);

  // This function does not affect the stream state.
  // Still we add success and failure state with the appropriate return value.
  // StdLibraryFunctionsChecker can change these states (set the 'errno' state).
  C.addTransition(StateNotFailed);
  C.addTransition(StateFailed);
}

void StreamChecker::evalRewind(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                               CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  StreamOperationEvaluator E(C);
  if (!E.Init(Desc, Call, C, State))
    return;

  State =
      E.setStreamState(State, StreamState::getOpened(Desc, ErrorNone, false));
  C.addTransition(State);
}

void StreamChecker::preFflush(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                              CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  SVal StreamVal = getStreamArg(Desc, Call);
  std::optional<DefinedSVal> Stream = StreamVal.getAs<DefinedSVal>();
  if (!Stream)
    return;

  ProgramStateRef StateNotNull, StateNull;
  std::tie(StateNotNull, StateNull) =
      C.getConstraintManager().assumeDual(State, *Stream);
  if (StateNotNull && !StateNull)
    ensureStreamOpened(StreamVal, C, StateNotNull);
}

void StreamChecker::evalFflush(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                               CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  SVal StreamVal = getStreamArg(Desc, Call);
  std::optional<DefinedSVal> Stream = StreamVal.getAs<DefinedSVal>();
  if (!Stream)
    return;

  // Skip if the stream can be both NULL and non-NULL.
  ProgramStateRef StateNotNull, StateNull;
  std::tie(StateNotNull, StateNull) =
      C.getConstraintManager().assumeDual(State, *Stream);
  if (StateNotNull && StateNull)
    return;
  if (StateNotNull && !StateNull)
    State = StateNotNull;
  else
    State = StateNull;

  const CallExpr *CE = dyn_cast_or_null<CallExpr>(Call.getOriginExpr());
  if (!CE)
    return;

  // `fflush` returns EOF on failure, otherwise returns 0.
  ProgramStateRef StateFailed = bindInt(*EofVal, State, C, CE);
  ProgramStateRef StateNotFailed = bindInt(0, State, C, CE);

  // Clear error states if `fflush` returns 0, but retain their EOF flags.
  auto ClearErrorInNotFailed = [&StateNotFailed, Desc](SymbolRef Sym,
                                                       const StreamState *SS) {
    if (SS->ErrorState & ErrorFError) {
      StreamErrorState NewES =
          (SS->ErrorState & ErrorFEof) ? ErrorFEof : ErrorNone;
      StreamState NewSS = StreamState::getOpened(Desc, NewES, false);
      StateNotFailed = StateNotFailed->set<StreamMap>(Sym, NewSS);
    }
  };

  if (StateNotNull && !StateNull) {
    // Skip if the input stream's state is unknown, open-failed or closed.
    if (SymbolRef StreamSym = StreamVal.getAsSymbol()) {
      const StreamState *SS = State->get<StreamMap>(StreamSym);
      if (SS) {
        assert(SS->isOpened() && "Stream is expected to be opened");
        ClearErrorInNotFailed(StreamSym, SS);
      } else
        return;
    }
  } else {
    // Clear error states for all streams.
    const StreamMapTy &Map = StateNotFailed->get<StreamMap>();
    for (const auto &I : Map) {
      SymbolRef Sym = I.first;
      const StreamState &SS = I.second;
      if (SS.isOpened())
        ClearErrorInNotFailed(Sym, &SS);
    }
  }

  C.addTransition(StateNotFailed);
  C.addTransition(StateFailed);
}

void StreamChecker::evalClearerr(const FnDescription *Desc,
                                 const CallEvent &Call,
                                 CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  StreamOperationEvaluator E(C);
  if (!E.Init(Desc, Call, C, State))
    return;

  // FilePositionIndeterminate is not cleared.
  State = E.setStreamState(
      State,
      StreamState::getOpened(Desc, ErrorNone, E.SS->FilePositionIndeterminate));
  C.addTransition(State);
}

void StreamChecker::evalFeofFerror(const FnDescription *Desc,
                                   const CallEvent &Call, CheckerContext &C,
                                   const StreamErrorState &ErrorKind) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  StreamOperationEvaluator E(C);
  if (!E.Init(Desc, Call, C, State))
    return;

  if (E.SS->ErrorState & ErrorKind) {
    // Execution path with error of ErrorKind.
    // Function returns true.
    // From now on it is the only one error state.
    ProgramStateRef TrueState =
        bindAndAssumeTrue(State, C, E.CE, E.Elem.value());
    C.addTransition(E.setStreamState(
        TrueState, StreamState::getOpened(Desc, ErrorKind,
                                          E.SS->FilePositionIndeterminate &&
                                              !ErrorKind.isFEof())));
  }
  if (StreamErrorState NewES = E.SS->ErrorState & (~ErrorKind)) {
    // Execution path(s) with ErrorKind not set.
    // Function returns false.
    // New error state is everything before minus ErrorKind.
    ProgramStateRef FalseState = E.bindReturnValue(State, C, 0);
    C.addTransition(E.setStreamState(
        FalseState,
        StreamState::getOpened(
            Desc, NewES, E.SS->FilePositionIndeterminate && !NewES.isFEof())));
  }
}

void StreamChecker::evalFileno(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                               CheckerContext &C) const {
  // Fileno should fail only if the passed pointer is invalid.
  // Some of the preconditions are checked already in preDefault.
  // Here we can assume that the operation does not fail, because if we
  // introduced a separate branch where fileno() returns -1, then it would cause
  // many unexpected and unwanted warnings in situations where fileno() is
  // called on valid streams.
  // The stream error states are not modified by 'fileno', and 'errno' is also
  // left unchanged (so this evalCall does not invalidate it, but we have a
  // custom evalCall instead of the default that would invalidate it).
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  StreamOperationEvaluator E(C);
  if (!E.Init(Desc, Call, C, State))
    return;

  NonLoc RetVal = makeRetVal(C, E.Elem.value()).castAs<NonLoc>();
  State = State->BindExpr(E.CE, C.getLocationContext(), RetVal);
  State = E.assumeBinOpNN(State, BO_GE, RetVal, E.getZeroVal(Call));
  if (!State)
    return;

  C.addTransition(State);
}

void StreamChecker::preDefault(const FnDescription *Desc, const CallEvent &Call,
                               CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  SVal StreamVal = getStreamArg(Desc, Call);
  State = ensureStreamNonNull(StreamVal, Call.getArgExpr(Desc->StreamArgNo), C,
                              State);
  if (!State)
    return;
  State = ensureStreamOpened(StreamVal, C, State);
  if (!State)
    return;

  C.addTransition(State);
}

void StreamChecker::evalSetFeofFerror(const FnDescription *Desc,
                                      const CallEvent &Call, CheckerContext &C,
                                      const StreamErrorState &ErrorKind,
                                      bool Indeterminate) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  SymbolRef StreamSym = getStreamArg(Desc, Call).getAsSymbol();
  assert(StreamSym && "Operation not permitted on non-symbolic stream value.");
  const StreamState *SS = State->get<StreamMap>(StreamSym);
  assert(SS && "Stream should be tracked by the checker.");
  State = State->set<StreamMap>(
      StreamSym,
      StreamState::getOpened(SS->LastOperation, ErrorKind, Indeterminate));
  C.addTransition(State);
}

ProgramStateRef
StreamChecker::ensureStreamNonNull(SVal StreamVal, const Expr *StreamE,
                                   CheckerContext &C,
                                   ProgramStateRef State) const {
  auto Stream = StreamVal.getAs<DefinedSVal>();
  if (!Stream)
    return State;

  ConstraintManager &CM = C.getConstraintManager();

  ProgramStateRef StateNotNull, StateNull;
  std::tie(StateNotNull, StateNull) = CM.assumeDual(State, *Stream);

  if (!StateNotNull && StateNull) {
    if (ExplodedNode *N = C.generateErrorNode(StateNull)) {
      auto R = std::make_unique<PathSensitiveBugReport>(
          BT_FileNull, "Stream pointer might be NULL.", N);
      if (StreamE)
        bugreporter::trackExpressionValue(N, StreamE, *R);
      C.emitReport(std::move(R));
    }
    return nullptr;
  }

  return StateNotNull;
}

namespace {
class StreamClosedVisitor final : public BugReporterVisitor {
  const SymbolRef StreamSym;
  bool Satisfied = false;

public:
  explicit StreamClosedVisitor(SymbolRef StreamSym) : StreamSym(StreamSym) {}

  static void *getTag() {
    static int Tag = 0;
    return &Tag;
  }

  void Profile(llvm::FoldingSetNodeID &ID) const override {
    ID.AddPointer(getTag());
    ID.AddPointer(StreamSym);
  }

  PathDiagnosticPieceRef VisitNode(const ExplodedNode *N,
                                   BugReporterContext &BRC,
                                   PathSensitiveBugReport &BR) override {
    if (Satisfied)
      return nullptr;
    const StreamState *PredSS =
        N->getFirstPred()->getState()->get<StreamMap>(StreamSym);
    if (PredSS && PredSS->isClosed())
      return nullptr;

    const Stmt *S = N->getStmtForDiagnostics();
    if (!S)
      return nullptr;
    Satisfied = true;
    PathDiagnosticLocation Pos(S, BRC.getSourceManager(),
                               N->getLocationContext());
    llvm::StringLiteral Msg = "Stream is closed here";
    return std::make_shared<PathDiagnosticEventPiece>(Pos, Msg);
  }
};
} // namespace

ProgramStateRef StreamChecker::ensureStreamOpened(SVal StreamVal,
                                                  CheckerContext &C,
                                                  ProgramStateRef State) const {
  SymbolRef Sym = StreamVal.getAsSymbol();
  if (!Sym)
    return State;

  const StreamState *SS = State->get<StreamMap>(Sym);
  if (!SS)
    return State;

  if (SS->isClosed()) {
    // Using a stream pointer after 'fclose' causes undefined behavior
    // according to cppreference.com .
    if (ExplodedNode *N = C.generateErrorNode()) {
      auto R = std::make_unique<PathSensitiveBugReport>(
          BT_UseAfterClose, "Use of a stream that might be already closed", N);
      R->addVisitor<StreamClosedVisitor>(Sym);
      C.emitReport(std::move(R));
      return nullptr;
    }

    return State;
  }

  if (SS->isOpenFailed()) {
    // Using a stream that has failed to open is likely to cause problems.
    // This should usually not occur because stream pointer is NULL.
    // But freopen can cause a state when stream pointer remains non-null but
    // failed to open.
    ExplodedNode *N = C.generateErrorNode();
    if (N) {
      C.emitReport(std::make_unique<PathSensitiveBugReport>(
          BT_UseAfterOpenFailed,
          "Stream might be invalid after "
          "(re-)opening it has failed. "
          "Can cause undefined behaviour.",
          N));
      return nullptr;
    }
  }

  return State;
}

ProgramStateRef StreamChecker::ensureNoFilePositionIndeterminate(
    SVal StreamVal, CheckerContext &C, ProgramStateRef State) const {
  static const char *BugMessage =
      "File position of the stream might be 'indeterminate' "
      "after a failed operation. "
      "Can cause undefined behavior.";

  SymbolRef Sym = StreamVal.getAsSymbol();
  if (!Sym)
    return State;

  const StreamState *SS = State->get<StreamMap>(Sym);
  if (!SS)
    return State;

  assert(SS->isOpened() && "First ensure that stream is opened.");

  if (SS->FilePositionIndeterminate) {
    if (SS->ErrorState & ErrorFEof) {
      // The error is unknown but may be FEOF.
      // Continue analysis with the FEOF error state.
      // Report warning because the other possible error states.
      ExplodedNode *N = C.generateNonFatalErrorNode(State);
      if (!N)
        return nullptr;

      auto R = std::make_unique<PathSensitiveBugReport>(
          BT_IndeterminatePosition, BugMessage, N);
      R->markInteresting(Sym);
      C.emitReport(std::move(R));
      return State->set<StreamMap>(
          Sym, StreamState::getOpened(SS->LastOperation, ErrorFEof, false));
    }

    // Known or unknown error state without FEOF possible.
    // Stop analysis, report error.
    if (ExplodedNode *N = C.generateErrorNode(State)) {
      auto R = std::make_unique<PathSensitiveBugReport>(
          BT_IndeterminatePosition, BugMessage, N);
      R->markInteresting(Sym);
      C.emitReport(std::move(R));
    }

    return nullptr;
  }

  return State;
}

ProgramStateRef
StreamChecker::ensureFseekWhenceCorrect(SVal WhenceVal, CheckerContext &C,
                                        ProgramStateRef State) const {
  std::optional<nonloc::ConcreteInt> CI =
      WhenceVal.getAs<nonloc::ConcreteInt>();
  if (!CI)
    return State;

  int64_t X = CI->getValue()->getSExtValue();
  if (X == SeekSetVal || X == SeekCurVal || X == SeekEndVal)
    return State;

  if (ExplodedNode *N = C.generateNonFatalErrorNode(State)) {
    C.emitReport(std::make_unique<PathSensitiveBugReport>(
        BT_IllegalWhence,
        "The whence argument to fseek() should be "
        "SEEK_SET, SEEK_END, or SEEK_CUR.",
        N));
    return nullptr;
  }

  return State;
}

void StreamChecker::reportFEofWarning(SymbolRef StreamSym, CheckerContext &C,
                                      ProgramStateRef State) const {
  if (ExplodedNode *N = C.generateNonFatalErrorNode(State)) {
    auto R = std::make_unique<PathSensitiveBugReport>(
        BT_StreamEof,
        "Read function called when stream is in EOF state. "
        "Function has no effect.",
        N);
    R->markInteresting(StreamSym);
    C.emitReport(std::move(R));
    return;
  }
  C.addTransition(State);
}

ExplodedNode *
StreamChecker::reportLeaks(const SmallVector<SymbolRef, 2> &LeakedSyms,
                           CheckerContext &C, ExplodedNode *Pred) const {
  ExplodedNode *Err = C.generateNonFatalErrorNode(C.getState(), Pred);
  if (!Err)
    return Pred;

  for (SymbolRef LeakSym : LeakedSyms) {
    // Resource leaks can result in multiple warning that describe the same kind
    // of programming error:
    //  void f() {
    //    FILE *F = fopen("a.txt");
    //    if (rand()) // state split
    //      return; // warning
    //  } // warning
    // While this isn't necessarily true (leaking the same stream could result
    // from a different kinds of errors), the reduction in redundant reports
    // makes this a worthwhile heuristic.
    // FIXME: Add a checker option to turn this uniqueing feature off.
    const ExplodedNode *StreamOpenNode = getAcquisitionSite(Err, LeakSym, C);
    assert(StreamOpenNode && "Could not find place of stream opening.");

    PathDiagnosticLocation LocUsedForUniqueing;
    if (const Stmt *StreamStmt = StreamOpenNode->getStmtForDiagnostics())
      LocUsedForUniqueing = PathDiagnosticLocation::createBegin(
          StreamStmt, C.getSourceManager(),
          StreamOpenNode->getLocationContext());

    std::unique_ptr<PathSensitiveBugReport> R =
        std::make_unique<PathSensitiveBugReport>(
            BT_ResourceLeak,
            "Opened stream never closed. Potential resource leak.", Err,
            LocUsedForUniqueing,
            StreamOpenNode->getLocationContext()->getDecl());
    R->markInteresting(LeakSym);
    R->addVisitor<NoStreamStateChangeVisitor>(LeakSym, this);
    C.emitReport(std::move(R));
  }

  return Err;
}

void StreamChecker::checkDeadSymbols(SymbolReaper &SymReaper,
                                     CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();

  llvm::SmallVector<SymbolRef, 2> LeakedSyms;

  const StreamMapTy &Map = State->get<StreamMap>();
  for (const auto &I : Map) {
    SymbolRef Sym = I.first;
    const StreamState &SS = I.second;
    if (!SymReaper.isDead(Sym))
      continue;
    if (SS.isOpened())
      LeakedSyms.push_back(Sym);
    State = State->remove<StreamMap>(Sym);
  }

  ExplodedNode *N = C.getPredecessor();
  if (!LeakedSyms.empty())
    N = reportLeaks(LeakedSyms, C, N);

  C.addTransition(State, N);
}

ProgramStateRef StreamChecker::checkPointerEscape(
    ProgramStateRef State, const InvalidatedSymbols &Escaped,
    const CallEvent *Call, PointerEscapeKind Kind) const {
  // Check for file-handling system call that is not handled by the checker.
  // FIXME: The checker should be updated to handle all system calls that take
  // 'FILE*' argument. These are now ignored.
  if (Kind == PSK_DirectEscapeOnCall && Call->isInSystemHeader())
    return State;

  for (SymbolRef Sym : Escaped) {
    // The symbol escaped.
    // From now the stream can be manipulated in unknown way to the checker,
    // it is not possible to handle it any more.
    // Optimistically, assume that the corresponding file handle will be closed
    // somewhere else.
    // Remove symbol from state so the following stream calls on this symbol are
    // not handled by the checker.
    State = State->remove<StreamMap>(Sym);
  }
  return State;
}

static const VarDecl *
getGlobalStreamPointerByName(const TranslationUnitDecl *TU, StringRef VarName) {
  ASTContext &Ctx = TU->getASTContext();
  const auto &SM = Ctx.getSourceManager();
  const QualType FileTy = Ctx.getFILEType();

  if (FileTy.isNull())
    return nullptr;

  const QualType FilePtrTy = Ctx.getPointerType(FileTy).getCanonicalType();

  auto LookupRes = TU->lookup(&Ctx.Idents.get(VarName));
  for (const Decl *D : LookupRes) {
    if (auto *VD = dyn_cast_or_null<VarDecl>(D)) {
      if (SM.isInSystemHeader(VD->getLocation()) && VD->hasExternalStorage() &&
          VD->getType().getCanonicalType() == FilePtrTy) {
        return VD;
      }
    }
  }
  return nullptr;
}

void StreamChecker::checkASTDecl(const TranslationUnitDecl *TU,
                                 AnalysisManager &Mgr, BugReporter &) const {
  StdinDecl = getGlobalStreamPointerByName(TU, "stdin");
  StdoutDecl = getGlobalStreamPointerByName(TU, "stdout");
  StderrDecl = getGlobalStreamPointerByName(TU, "stderr");
  VaListType = TU->getASTContext().getBuiltinVaListType().getCanonicalType();
  initMacroValues(Mgr.getPreprocessor());
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Checker registration.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

void ento::registerStreamChecker(CheckerManager &Mgr) {
  auto *Checker = Mgr.registerChecker<StreamChecker>();
  Checker->PedanticMode =
      Mgr.getAnalyzerOptions().getCheckerBooleanOption(Checker, "Pedantic");
}

bool ento::shouldRegisterStreamChecker(const CheckerManager &Mgr) {
  return true;
}

void ento::registerStreamTesterChecker(CheckerManager &Mgr) {
  auto *Checker = Mgr.getChecker<StreamChecker>();
  Checker->TestMode = true;
}

bool ento::shouldRegisterStreamTesterChecker(const CheckerManager &Mgr) {
  return true;
}