StaticAnalyzer/Checkers/GenericTaintChecker.cpp

//== GenericTaintChecker.cpp ----------------------------------- -*- C++ -*--=//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This checker defines the attack surface for generic taint propagation.
//
// The taint information produced by it might be useful to other checkers. For
// example, checkers should report errors which involve tainted data more
// aggressively, even if the involved symbols are under constrained.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "Taint.h"
#include "Yaml.h"
#include "clang/AST/Attr.h"
#include "clang/Basic/Builtins.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Checkers/BuiltinCheckerRegistration.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/BugReporter/BugType.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/Checker.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/CheckerManager.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/CheckerContext.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/ProgramStateTrait.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/StringMap.h"
#include "llvm/Support/YAMLTraits.h"
#include <limits>
#include <utility>

using namespace clang;
using namespace ento;
using namespace taint;

namespace {
class GenericTaintChecker
    : public Checker<check::PostStmt<CallExpr>, check::PreStmt<CallExpr>> {
public:
  static void *getTag() {
    static int Tag;
    return &Tag;
  }

  void checkPostStmt(const CallExpr *CE, CheckerContext &C) const;

  void checkPreStmt(const CallExpr *CE, CheckerContext &C) const;

  void printState(raw_ostream &Out, ProgramStateRef State, const char *NL,
                  const char *Sep) const override;

  using ArgVector = SmallVector<unsigned, 2>;
  using SignedArgVector = SmallVector<int, 2>;

  enum class VariadicType { None, Src, Dst };

  /// Used to parse the configuration file.
  struct TaintConfiguration {
    using NameArgsPair = std::pair<std::string, ArgVector>;

    struct Propagation {
      std::string Name;
      ArgVector SrcArgs;
      SignedArgVector DstArgs;
      VariadicType VarType;
      unsigned VarIndex;
    };

    std::vector<Propagation> Propagations;
    std::vector<NameArgsPair> Filters;
    std::vector<NameArgsPair> Sinks;

    TaintConfiguration() = default;
    TaintConfiguration(const TaintConfiguration &) = default;
    TaintConfiguration(TaintConfiguration &&) = default;
    TaintConfiguration &operator=(const TaintConfiguration &) = default;
    TaintConfiguration &operator=(TaintConfiguration &&) = default;
  };

  /// Convert SignedArgVector to ArgVector.
  ArgVector convertToArgVector(CheckerManager &Mgr, const std::string &Option,
                               SignedArgVector Args);

  /// Parse the config.
  void parseConfiguration(CheckerManager &Mgr, const std::string &Option,
                          TaintConfiguration &&Config);

  static const unsigned InvalidArgIndex{std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max()};
  /// Denotes the return vale.
  static const unsigned ReturnValueIndex{std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max() -
                                         1};

private:
  mutable std::unique_ptr<BugType> BT;
  void initBugType() const {
    if (!BT)
      BT.reset(new BugType(this, "Use of Untrusted Data", "Untrusted Data"));
  }

  /// Catch taint related bugs. Check if tainted data is passed to a
  /// system call etc.
  bool checkPre(const CallExpr *CE, CheckerContext &C) const;

  /// Add taint sources on a pre-visit.
  void addSourcesPre(const CallExpr *CE, CheckerContext &C) const;

  /// Propagate taint generated at pre-visit.
  bool propagateFromPre(const CallExpr *CE, CheckerContext &C) const;

  /// Check if the region the expression evaluates to is the standard input,
  /// and thus, is tainted.
  static bool isStdin(const Expr *E, CheckerContext &C);

  /// Given a pointer argument, return the value it points to.
  static Optional<SVal> getPointedToSVal(CheckerContext &C, const Expr *Arg);

  /// Check for CWE-134: Uncontrolled Format String.
  static constexpr llvm::StringLiteral MsgUncontrolledFormatString =
      "Untrusted data is used as a format string "
      "(CWE-134: Uncontrolled Format String)";
  bool checkUncontrolledFormatString(const CallExpr *CE,
                                     CheckerContext &C) const;

  /// Check for:
  /// CERT/STR02-C. "Sanitize data passed to complex subsystems"
  /// CWE-78, "Failure to Sanitize Data into an OS Command"
  static constexpr llvm::StringLiteral MsgSanitizeSystemArgs =
      "Untrusted data is passed to a system call "
      "(CERT/STR02-C. Sanitize data passed to complex subsystems)";
  bool checkSystemCall(const CallExpr *CE, StringRef Name,
                       CheckerContext &C) const;

  /// Check if tainted data is used as a buffer size ins strn.. functions,
  /// and allocators.
  static constexpr llvm::StringLiteral MsgTaintedBufferSize =
      "Untrusted data is used to specify the buffer size "
      "(CERT/STR31-C. Guarantee that storage for strings has sufficient space "
      "for character data and the null terminator)";
  bool checkTaintedBufferSize(const CallExpr *CE, const FunctionDecl *FDecl,
                              CheckerContext &C) const;

  /// Check if tainted data is used as a custom sink's parameter.
  static constexpr llvm::StringLiteral MsgCustomSink =
      "Untrusted data is passed to a user-defined sink";
  bool checkCustomSinks(const CallExpr *CE, StringRef Name,
                        CheckerContext &C) const;

  /// Generate a report if the expression is tainted or points to tainted data.
  bool generateReportIfTainted(const Expr *E, StringRef Msg,
                               CheckerContext &C) const;

  struct TaintPropagationRule;
  using NameRuleMap = llvm::StringMap<TaintPropagationRule>;
  using NameArgMap = llvm::StringMap<ArgVector>;

  /// A struct used to specify taint propagation rules for a function.
  ///
  /// If any of the possible taint source arguments is tainted, all of the
  /// destination arguments should also be tainted. Use InvalidArgIndex in the
  /// src list to specify that all of the arguments can introduce taint. Use
  /// InvalidArgIndex in the dst arguments to signify that all the non-const
  /// pointer and reference arguments might be tainted on return. If
  /// ReturnValueIndex is added to the dst list, the return value will be
  /// tainted.
  struct TaintPropagationRule {
    using PropagationFuncType = bool (*)(bool IsTainted, const CallExpr *,
                                         CheckerContext &C);

    /// List of arguments which can be taint sources and should be checked.
    ArgVector SrcArgs;
    /// List of arguments which should be tainted on function return.
    ArgVector DstArgs;
    /// Index for the first variadic parameter if exist.
    unsigned VariadicIndex;
    /// Show when a function has variadic parameters. If it has, it marks all
    /// of them as source or destination.
    VariadicType VarType;
    /// Special function for tainted source determination. If defined, it can
    /// override the default behavior.
    PropagationFuncType PropagationFunc;

    TaintPropagationRule()
        : VariadicIndex(InvalidArgIndex), VarType(VariadicType::None),
          PropagationFunc(nullptr) {}

    TaintPropagationRule(ArgVector &&Src, ArgVector &&Dst,
                         VariadicType Var = VariadicType::None,
                         unsigned VarIndex = InvalidArgIndex,
                         PropagationFuncType Func = nullptr)
        : SrcArgs(std::move(Src)), DstArgs(std::move(Dst)),
          VariadicIndex(VarIndex), VarType(Var), PropagationFunc(Func) {}

    /// Get the propagation rule for a given function.
    static TaintPropagationRule
    getTaintPropagationRule(const NameRuleMap &CustomPropagations,
                            const FunctionDecl *FDecl, StringRef Name,
                            CheckerContext &C);

    void addSrcArg(unsigned A) { SrcArgs.push_back(A); }
    void addDstArg(unsigned A) { DstArgs.push_back(A); }

    bool isNull() const {
      return SrcArgs.empty() && DstArgs.empty() &&
             VariadicType::None == VarType;
    }

    bool isDestinationArgument(unsigned ArgNum) const {
      return (llvm::find(DstArgs, ArgNum) != DstArgs.end());
    }

    static bool isTaintedOrPointsToTainted(const Expr *E, ProgramStateRef State,
                                           CheckerContext &C) {
      if (isTainted(State, E, C.getLocationContext()) || isStdin(E, C))
        return true;

      if (!E->getType().getTypePtr()->isPointerType())
        return false;

      Optional<SVal> V = getPointedToSVal(C, E);
      return (V && isTainted(State, *V));
    }

    /// Pre-process a function which propagates taint according to the
    /// taint rule.
    ProgramStateRef process(const CallExpr *CE, CheckerContext &C) const;

    // Functions for custom taintedness propagation.
    static bool postSocket(bool IsTainted, const CallExpr *CE,
                           CheckerContext &C);
  };

  /// Defines a map between the propagation function's name and
  /// TaintPropagationRule.
  NameRuleMap CustomPropagations;

  /// Defines a map between the filter function's name and filtering args.
  NameArgMap CustomFilters;

  /// Defines a map between the sink function's name and sinking args.
  NameArgMap CustomSinks;
};

const unsigned GenericTaintChecker::ReturnValueIndex;
const unsigned GenericTaintChecker::InvalidArgIndex;

// FIXME: these lines can be removed in C++17
constexpr llvm::StringLiteral GenericTaintChecker::MsgUncontrolledFormatString;
constexpr llvm::StringLiteral GenericTaintChecker::MsgSanitizeSystemArgs;
constexpr llvm::StringLiteral GenericTaintChecker::MsgTaintedBufferSize;
constexpr llvm::StringLiteral GenericTaintChecker::MsgCustomSink;
} // end of anonymous namespace

using TaintConfig = GenericTaintChecker::TaintConfiguration;

LLVM_YAML_IS_SEQUENCE_VECTOR(TaintConfig::Propagation)
LLVM_YAML_IS_SEQUENCE_VECTOR(TaintConfig::NameArgsPair)

namespace llvm {
namespace yaml {
template <> struct MappingTraits<TaintConfig> {
  static void mapping(IO &IO, TaintConfig &Config) {
    IO.mapOptional("Propagations", Config.Propagations);
    IO.mapOptional("Filters", Config.Filters);
    IO.mapOptional("Sinks", Config.Sinks);
  }
};

template <> struct MappingTraits<TaintConfig::Propagation> {
  static void mapping(IO &IO, TaintConfig::Propagation &Propagation) {
    IO.mapRequired("Name", Propagation.Name);
    IO.mapOptional("SrcArgs", Propagation.SrcArgs);
    IO.mapOptional("DstArgs", Propagation.DstArgs);
    IO.mapOptional("VariadicType", Propagation.VarType,
                   GenericTaintChecker::VariadicType::None);
    IO.mapOptional("VariadicIndex", Propagation.VarIndex,
                   GenericTaintChecker::InvalidArgIndex);
  }
};

template <> struct ScalarEnumerationTraits<GenericTaintChecker::VariadicType> {
  static void enumeration(IO &IO, GenericTaintChecker::VariadicType &Value) {
    IO.enumCase(Value, "None", GenericTaintChecker::VariadicType::None);
    IO.enumCase(Value, "Src", GenericTaintChecker::VariadicType::Src);
    IO.enumCase(Value, "Dst", GenericTaintChecker::VariadicType::Dst);
  }
};

template <> struct MappingTraits<TaintConfig::NameArgsPair> {
  static void mapping(IO &IO, TaintConfig::NameArgsPair &NameArg) {
    IO.mapRequired("Name", NameArg.first);
    IO.mapRequired("Args", NameArg.second);
  }
};
} // namespace yaml
} // namespace llvm

/// A set which is used to pass information from call pre-visit instruction
/// to the call post-visit. The values are unsigned integers, which are either
/// ReturnValueIndex, or indexes of the pointer/reference argument, which
/// points to data, which should be tainted on return.
REGISTER_SET_WITH_PROGRAMSTATE(TaintArgsOnPostVisit, unsigned)

GenericTaintChecker::ArgVector GenericTaintChecker::convertToArgVector(
    CheckerManager &Mgr, const std::string &Option, SignedArgVector Args) {
  ArgVector Result;
  for (int Arg : Args) {
    if (Arg == -1)
      Result.push_back(ReturnValueIndex);
    else if (Arg < -1) {
      Result.push_back(InvalidArgIndex);
      Mgr.reportInvalidCheckerOptionValue(
          this, Option,
          "an argument number for propagation rules greater or equal to -1");
    } else
      Result.push_back(static_cast<unsigned>(Arg));
  }
  return Result;
}

void GenericTaintChecker::parseConfiguration(CheckerManager &Mgr,
                                             const std::string &Option,
                                             TaintConfiguration &&Config) {
  for (auto &P : Config.Propagations) {
    GenericTaintChecker::CustomPropagations.try_emplace(
        P.Name, std::move(P.SrcArgs),
        convertToArgVector(Mgr, Option, P.DstArgs), P.VarType, P.VarIndex);
  }

  for (auto &F : Config.Filters) {
    GenericTaintChecker::CustomFilters.try_emplace(F.first,
                                                   std::move(F.second));
  }

  for (auto &S : Config.Sinks) {
    GenericTaintChecker::CustomSinks.try_emplace(S.first, std::move(S.second));
  }
}

GenericTaintChecker::TaintPropagationRule
GenericTaintChecker::TaintPropagationRule::getTaintPropagationRule(
    const NameRuleMap &CustomPropagations, const FunctionDecl *FDecl,
    StringRef Name, CheckerContext &C) {
  // TODO: Currently, we might lose precision here: we always mark a return
  // value as tainted even if it's just a pointer, pointing to tainted data.

  // Check for exact name match for functions without builtin substitutes.
  TaintPropagationRule Rule =
      llvm::StringSwitch<TaintPropagationRule>(Name)
          // Source functions
          // TODO: Add support for vfscanf & family.
          .Case("fdopen", TaintPropagationRule({}, {ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("fopen", TaintPropagationRule({}, {ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("freopen", TaintPropagationRule({}, {ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("getch", TaintPropagationRule({}, {ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("getchar", TaintPropagationRule({}, {ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("getchar_unlocked",
                TaintPropagationRule({}, {ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("getenv", TaintPropagationRule({}, {ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("gets", TaintPropagationRule({}, {0, ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("scanf", TaintPropagationRule({}, {}, VariadicType::Dst, 1))
          .Case("socket",
                TaintPropagationRule({}, {ReturnValueIndex}, VariadicType::None,
                                     InvalidArgIndex,
                                     &TaintPropagationRule::postSocket))
          .Case("wgetch", TaintPropagationRule({}, {ReturnValueIndex}))
          // Propagating functions
          .Case("atoi", TaintPropagationRule({0}, {ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("atol", TaintPropagationRule({0}, {ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("atoll", TaintPropagationRule({0}, {ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("fgetc", TaintPropagationRule({0}, {ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("fgetln", TaintPropagationRule({0}, {ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("fgets", TaintPropagationRule({2}, {0, ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("fscanf", TaintPropagationRule({0}, {}, VariadicType::Dst, 2))
          .Case("getc", TaintPropagationRule({0}, {ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("getc_unlocked", TaintPropagationRule({0}, {ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("getdelim", TaintPropagationRule({3}, {0}))
          .Case("getline", TaintPropagationRule({2}, {0}))
          .Case("getw", TaintPropagationRule({0}, {ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("pread",
                TaintPropagationRule({0, 1, 2, 3}, {1, ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("read", TaintPropagationRule({0, 2}, {1, ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("strchr", TaintPropagationRule({0}, {ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("strrchr", TaintPropagationRule({0}, {ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("tolower", TaintPropagationRule({0}, {ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Case("toupper", TaintPropagationRule({0}, {ReturnValueIndex}))
          .Default(TaintPropagationRule());

  if (!Rule.isNull())
    return Rule;

  // Check if it's one of the memory setting/copying functions.
  // This check is specialized but faster then calling isCLibraryFunction.
  unsigned BId = 0;
  if ((BId = FDecl->getMemoryFunctionKind()))
    switch (BId) {
    case Builtin::BImemcpy:
    case Builtin::BImemmove:
    case Builtin::BIstrncpy:
    case Builtin::BIstrncat:
      return TaintPropagationRule({1, 2}, {0, ReturnValueIndex});
    case Builtin::BIstrlcpy:
    case Builtin::BIstrlcat:
      return TaintPropagationRule({1, 2}, {0});
    case Builtin::BIstrndup:
      return TaintPropagationRule({0, 1}, {ReturnValueIndex});

    default:
      break;
    };

  // Process all other functions which could be defined as builtins.
  if (Rule.isNull()) {
    if (C.isCLibraryFunction(FDecl, "snprintf"))
      return TaintPropagationRule({1}, {0, ReturnValueIndex}, VariadicType::Src,
                                  3);
    else if (C.isCLibraryFunction(FDecl, "sprintf"))
      return TaintPropagationRule({}, {0, ReturnValueIndex}, VariadicType::Src,
                                  2);
    else if (C.isCLibraryFunction(FDecl, "strcpy") ||
             C.isCLibraryFunction(FDecl, "stpcpy") ||
             C.isCLibraryFunction(FDecl, "strcat"))
      return TaintPropagationRule({1}, {0, ReturnValueIndex});
    else if (C.isCLibraryFunction(FDecl, "bcopy"))
      return TaintPropagationRule({0, 2}, {1});
    else if (C.isCLibraryFunction(FDecl, "strdup") ||
             C.isCLibraryFunction(FDecl, "strdupa"))
      return TaintPropagationRule({0}, {ReturnValueIndex});
    else if (C.isCLibraryFunction(FDecl, "wcsdup"))
      return TaintPropagationRule({0}, {ReturnValueIndex});
  }

  // Skipping the following functions, since they might be used for cleansing
  // or smart memory copy:
  // - memccpy - copying until hitting a special character.

  auto It = CustomPropagations.find(Name);
  if (It != CustomPropagations.end())
    return It->getValue();

  return TaintPropagationRule();
}

void GenericTaintChecker::checkPreStmt(const CallExpr *CE,
                                       CheckerContext &C) const {
  // Check for taintedness related errors first: system call, uncontrolled
  // format string, tainted buffer size.
  if (checkPre(CE, C))
    return;

  // Marks the function's arguments and/or return value tainted if it present in
  // the list.
  addSourcesPre(CE, C);
}

void GenericTaintChecker::checkPostStmt(const CallExpr *CE,
                                        CheckerContext &C) const {
  // Set the marked values as tainted. The return value only accessible from
  // checkPostStmt.
  propagateFromPre(CE, C);
}

void GenericTaintChecker::printState(raw_ostream &Out, ProgramStateRef State,
                                     const char *NL, const char *Sep) const {
  printTaint(State, Out, NL, Sep);
}

void GenericTaintChecker::addSourcesPre(const CallExpr *CE,
                                        CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = nullptr;
  const FunctionDecl *FDecl = C.getCalleeDecl(CE);
  if (!FDecl || FDecl->getKind() != Decl::Function)
    return;

  StringRef Name = C.getCalleeName(FDecl);
  if (Name.empty())
    return;

  // First, try generating a propagation rule for this function.
  TaintPropagationRule Rule = TaintPropagationRule::getTaintPropagationRule(
      this->CustomPropagations, FDecl, Name, C);
  if (!Rule.isNull()) {
    State = Rule.process(CE, C);
    if (!State)
      return;
    C.addTransition(State);
    return;
  }

  if (!State)
    return;
  C.addTransition(State);
}

bool GenericTaintChecker::propagateFromPre(const CallExpr *CE,
                                           CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();

  // Depending on what was tainted at pre-visit, we determined a set of
  // arguments which should be tainted after the function returns. These are
  // stored in the state as TaintArgsOnPostVisit set.
  TaintArgsOnPostVisitTy TaintArgs = State->get<TaintArgsOnPostVisit>();
  if (TaintArgs.isEmpty())
    return false;

  for (unsigned ArgNum : TaintArgs) {
    // Special handling for the tainted return value.
    if (ArgNum == ReturnValueIndex) {
      State = addTaint(State, CE, C.getLocationContext());
      continue;
    }

    // The arguments are pointer arguments. The data they are pointing at is
    // tainted after the call.
    if (CE->getNumArgs() < (ArgNum + 1))
      return false;
    const Expr *Arg = CE->getArg(ArgNum);
    Optional<SVal> V = getPointedToSVal(C, Arg);
    if (V)
      State = addTaint(State, *V);
  }

  // Clear up the taint info from the state.
  State = State->remove<TaintArgsOnPostVisit>();

  if (State != C.getState()) {
    C.addTransition(State);
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

bool GenericTaintChecker::checkPre(const CallExpr *CE,
                                   CheckerContext &C) const {

  if (checkUncontrolledFormatString(CE, C))
    return true;

  const FunctionDecl *FDecl = C.getCalleeDecl(CE);
  if (!FDecl || FDecl->getKind() != Decl::Function)
    return false;

  StringRef Name = C.getCalleeName(FDecl);
  if (Name.empty())
    return false;

  if (checkSystemCall(CE, Name, C))
    return true;

  if (checkTaintedBufferSize(CE, FDecl, C))
    return true;

  if (checkCustomSinks(CE, Name, C))
    return true;

  return false;
}

Optional<SVal> GenericTaintChecker::getPointedToSVal(CheckerContext &C,
                                                     const Expr *Arg) {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  SVal AddrVal = C.getSVal(Arg->IgnoreParens());
  if (AddrVal.isUnknownOrUndef())
    return None;

  Optional<Loc> AddrLoc = AddrVal.getAs<Loc>();
  if (!AddrLoc)
    return None;

  QualType ArgTy = Arg->getType().getCanonicalType();
  if (!ArgTy->isPointerType())
    return None;

  QualType ValTy = ArgTy->getPointeeType();

  // Do not dereference void pointers. Treat them as byte pointers instead.
  // FIXME: we might want to consider more than just the first byte.
  if (ValTy->isVoidType())
    ValTy = C.getASTContext().CharTy;

  return State->getSVal(*AddrLoc, ValTy);
}

ProgramStateRef
GenericTaintChecker::TaintPropagationRule::process(const CallExpr *CE,
                                                   CheckerContext &C) const {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();

  // Check for taint in arguments.
  bool IsTainted = true;
  for (unsigned ArgNum : SrcArgs) {
    if (ArgNum >= CE->getNumArgs())
      continue;

    if ((IsTainted = isTaintedOrPointsToTainted(CE->getArg(ArgNum), State, C)))
      break;
  }

  // Check for taint in variadic arguments.
  if (!IsTainted && VariadicType::Src == VarType) {
    // Check if any of the arguments is tainted
    for (unsigned i = VariadicIndex; i < CE->getNumArgs(); ++i) {
      if ((IsTainted = isTaintedOrPointsToTainted(CE->getArg(i), State, C)))
        break;
    }
  }

  if (PropagationFunc)
    IsTainted = PropagationFunc(IsTainted, CE, C);

  if (!IsTainted)
    return State;

  // Mark the arguments which should be tainted after the function returns.
  for (unsigned ArgNum : DstArgs) {
    // Should mark the return value?
    if (ArgNum == ReturnValueIndex) {
      State = State->add<TaintArgsOnPostVisit>(ReturnValueIndex);
      continue;
    }

    if (ArgNum >= CE->getNumArgs())
      continue;

    // Mark the given argument.
    State = State->add<TaintArgsOnPostVisit>(ArgNum);
  }

  // Mark all variadic arguments tainted if present.
  if (VariadicType::Dst == VarType) {
    // For all pointer and references that were passed in:
    //   If they are not pointing to const data, mark data as tainted.
    //   TODO: So far we are just going one level down; ideally we'd need to
    //         recurse here.
    for (unsigned i = VariadicIndex; i < CE->getNumArgs(); ++i) {
      const Expr *Arg = CE->getArg(i);
      // Process pointer argument.
      const Type *ArgTy = Arg->getType().getTypePtr();
      QualType PType = ArgTy->getPointeeType();
      if ((!PType.isNull() && !PType.isConstQualified()) ||
          (ArgTy->isReferenceType() && !Arg->getType().isConstQualified()))
        State = State->add<TaintArgsOnPostVisit>(i);
    }
  }

  return State;
}

// If argument 0(protocol domain) is network, the return value should get taint.
bool GenericTaintChecker::TaintPropagationRule::postSocket(bool /*IsTainted*/,
                                                           const CallExpr *CE,
                                                           CheckerContext &C) {
  SourceLocation DomLoc = CE->getArg(0)->getExprLoc();
  StringRef DomName = C.getMacroNameOrSpelling(DomLoc);
  // White list the internal communication protocols.
  if (DomName.equals("AF_SYSTEM") || DomName.equals("AF_LOCAL") ||
      DomName.equals("AF_UNIX") || DomName.equals("AF_RESERVED_36"))
    return false;

  return true;
}

bool GenericTaintChecker::isStdin(const Expr *E, CheckerContext &C) {
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  SVal Val = C.getSVal(E);

  // stdin is a pointer, so it would be a region.
  const MemRegion *MemReg = Val.getAsRegion();

  // The region should be symbolic, we do not know it's value.
  const SymbolicRegion *SymReg = dyn_cast_or_null<SymbolicRegion>(MemReg);
  if (!SymReg)
    return false;

  // Get it's symbol and find the declaration region it's pointing to.
  const SymbolRegionValue *Sm =
      dyn_cast<SymbolRegionValue>(SymReg->getSymbol());
  if (!Sm)
    return false;
  const DeclRegion *DeclReg = dyn_cast_or_null<DeclRegion>(Sm->getRegion());
  if (!DeclReg)
    return false;

  // This region corresponds to a declaration, find out if it's a global/extern
  // variable named stdin with the proper type.
  if (const auto *D = dyn_cast_or_null<VarDecl>(DeclReg->getDecl())) {
    D = D->getCanonicalDecl();
    if ((D->getName().find("stdin") != StringRef::npos) && D->isExternC()) {
      const auto *PtrTy = dyn_cast<PointerType>(D->getType().getTypePtr());
      if (PtrTy && PtrTy->getPointeeType().getCanonicalType() ==
                       C.getASTContext().getFILEType().getCanonicalType())
        return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

static bool getPrintfFormatArgumentNum(const CallExpr *CE,
                                       const CheckerContext &C,
                                       unsigned &ArgNum) {
  // Find if the function contains a format string argument.
  // Handles: fprintf, printf, sprintf, snprintf, vfprintf, vprintf, vsprintf,
  // vsnprintf, syslog, custom annotated functions.
  const FunctionDecl *FDecl = C.getCalleeDecl(CE);
  if (!FDecl)
    return false;
  for (const auto *Format : FDecl->specific_attrs<FormatAttr>()) {
    ArgNum = Format->getFormatIdx() - 1;
    if ((Format->getType()->getName() == "printf") && CE->getNumArgs() > ArgNum)
      return true;
  }

  // Or if a function is named setproctitle (this is a heuristic).
  if (C.getCalleeName(CE).find("setproctitle") != StringRef::npos) {
    ArgNum = 0;
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

bool GenericTaintChecker::generateReportIfTainted(const Expr *E, StringRef Msg,
                                                  CheckerContext &C) const {
  assert(E);

  // Check for taint.
  ProgramStateRef State = C.getState();
  Optional<SVal> PointedToSVal = getPointedToSVal(C, E);
  SVal TaintedSVal;
  if (PointedToSVal && isTainted(State, *PointedToSVal))
    TaintedSVal = *PointedToSVal;
  else if (isTainted(State, E, C.getLocationContext()))
    TaintedSVal = C.getSVal(E);
  else
    return false;

  // Generate diagnostic.
  if (ExplodedNode *N = C.generateNonFatalErrorNode()) {
    initBugType();
    auto report = std::make_unique<PathSensitiveBugReport>(*BT, Msg, N);
    report->addRange(E->getSourceRange());
    report->addVisitor(std::make_unique<TaintBugVisitor>(TaintedSVal));
    C.emitReport(std::move(report));
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

bool GenericTaintChecker::checkUncontrolledFormatString(
    const CallExpr *CE, CheckerContext &C) const {
  // Check if the function contains a format string argument.
  unsigned ArgNum = 0;
  if (!getPrintfFormatArgumentNum(CE, C, ArgNum))
    return false;

  // If either the format string content or the pointer itself are tainted,
  // warn.
  return generateReportIfTainted(CE->getArg(ArgNum),
                                 MsgUncontrolledFormatString, C);
}

bool GenericTaintChecker::checkSystemCall(const CallExpr *CE, StringRef Name,
                                          CheckerContext &C) const {
  // TODO: It might make sense to run this check on demand. In some cases,
  // we should check if the environment has been cleansed here. We also might
  // need to know if the user was reset before these calls(seteuid).
  unsigned ArgNum = llvm::StringSwitch<unsigned>(Name)
                        .Case("system", 0)
                        .Case("popen", 0)
                        .Case("execl", 0)
                        .Case("execle", 0)
                        .Case("execlp", 0)
                        .Case("execv", 0)
                        .Case("execvp", 0)
                        .Case("execvP", 0)
                        .Case("execve", 0)
                        .Case("dlopen", 0)
                        .Default(InvalidArgIndex);

  if (ArgNum == InvalidArgIndex || CE->getNumArgs() < (ArgNum + 1))
    return false;

  return generateReportIfTainted(CE->getArg(ArgNum), MsgSanitizeSystemArgs, C);
}

// TODO: Should this check be a part of the CString checker?
// If yes, should taint be a global setting?
bool GenericTaintChecker::checkTaintedBufferSize(const CallExpr *CE,
                                                 const FunctionDecl *FDecl,
                                                 CheckerContext &C) const {
  // If the function has a buffer size argument, set ArgNum.
  unsigned ArgNum = InvalidArgIndex;
  unsigned BId = 0;
  if ((BId = FDecl->getMemoryFunctionKind()))
    switch (BId) {
    case Builtin::BImemcpy:
    case Builtin::BImemmove:
    case Builtin::BIstrncpy:
      ArgNum = 2;
      break;
    case Builtin::BIstrndup:
      ArgNum = 1;
      break;
    default:
      break;
    };

  if (ArgNum == InvalidArgIndex) {
    if (C.isCLibraryFunction(FDecl, "malloc") ||
        C.isCLibraryFunction(FDecl, "calloc") ||
        C.isCLibraryFunction(FDecl, "alloca"))
      ArgNum = 0;
    else if (C.isCLibraryFunction(FDecl, "memccpy"))
      ArgNum = 3;
    else if (C.isCLibraryFunction(FDecl, "realloc"))
      ArgNum = 1;
    else if (C.isCLibraryFunction(FDecl, "bcopy"))
      ArgNum = 2;
  }

  return ArgNum != InvalidArgIndex && CE->getNumArgs() > ArgNum &&
         generateReportIfTainted(CE->getArg(ArgNum), MsgTaintedBufferSize, C);
}

bool GenericTaintChecker::checkCustomSinks(const CallExpr *CE, StringRef Name,
                                           CheckerContext &C) const {
  auto It = CustomSinks.find(Name);
  if (It == CustomSinks.end())
    return false;

  const GenericTaintChecker::ArgVector &Args = It->getValue();
  for (unsigned ArgNum : Args) {
    if (ArgNum >= CE->getNumArgs())
      continue;

    if (generateReportIfTainted(CE->getArg(ArgNum), MsgCustomSink, C))
      return true;
  }

  return false;
}

void ento::registerGenericTaintChecker(CheckerManager &Mgr) {
  auto *Checker = Mgr.registerChecker<GenericTaintChecker>();
  std::string Option{"Config"};
  StringRef ConfigFile =
      Mgr.getAnalyzerOptions().getCheckerStringOption(Checker, Option);
  llvm::Optional<TaintConfig> Config =
      getConfiguration<TaintConfig>(Mgr, Checker, Option, ConfigFile);
  if (Config)
    Checker->parseConfiguration(Mgr, Option, std::move(Config.getValue()));
}

bool ento::shouldRegisterGenericTaintChecker(const LangOptions &LO) {
  return true;
}