1.\" Copyright (c) 2007 S.Sam Arun Raj 2.\" All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 6.\" are met: 7.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 8.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 9.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 10.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 11.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 12.\" 13.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 14.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 15.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 16.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 17.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 18.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 19.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 20.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 21.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 22.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 23.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 24.\" 25.\" $Id: strings.1 3195 2015-05-12 17:22:19Z emaste $ 26.\" 27.Dd December 19, 2011 28.Dt STRINGS 1 29.Os 30.Sh NAME 31.Nm strings 32.Nd "print the strings of printable characters in files" 33.Sh SYNOPSIS 34.Nm 35.Op Fl a | Fl -all 36.Op Fl e Ar encoding | Fl -encoding= Ns Ar encoding 37.Op Fl f | Fl -print-file-name 38.Op Fl h | Fl -help 39.Op Fl n Ar number | Fl -bytes= Ns Ar number | Fl Ar number 40.Op Fl o 41.Op Fl t Ar radix | Fl -radix= Ns Ar radix 42.Op Fl v | Fl -version 43.Op Ar 44.Sh DESCRIPTION 45For each 46.Ar file 47specified, the 48.Nm 49utility prints contiguous sequences of printable 50characters that are at least 51.Va n 52characters long and are followed by an unprintable character. 53The default value of 54.Va n 55is 4. 56By default, the 57.Nm 58utility only scans the initialized and loaded sections of ELF objects; 59for other file types, the entire file is scanned. 60The 61.Nm 62utility is mainly used for determining the contents of non-text files. 63.Pp 64If no file name is specified as an argument, standard input is read. 65.Pp 66The following options are available: 67.Bl -tag -width indent 68.It Fl a | Fl -all 69For ELF objects, scan the entire file for printable strings. 70.It Fl e Ar encoding | Fl -encoding= Ns Ar encoding 71Select the character encoding to be used while searching for strings. 72Valid values for argument 73.Ar encoding 74are: 75.Bl -tag -width indent -compact 76.It Ar s 77for single 7-bit-byte characters (ASCII, ISO 8859). 78.It Ar S 79for single 8-bit-byte characters. 80.It Ar l 81for 16-bit little-endian. 82.It Ar b 83for 16-bit big-endian. 84.It Ar L 85for 32-bit little-endian. 86.It Ar B 87for 32-bit big-endian. 88.El 89The default is to assume that characters are encoded using a single 907-bit byte. 91.It Fl f | Fl -print-file-name 92Print the name of the file before each string. 93.It Fl h | Fl -help 94Print a usage summary and exit. 95.It Xo 96.Fl n Ar number | 97.Fl -bytes= Ns Ar number | 98.Fl Ar number 99.Xc 100Print the contiguous character sequence of at least 101.Ar number 102characters long, instead of the default of 4 characters. 103.It Fl o 104Equivalent to specifying 105.Fl t Ar o . 106.It Fl t Ar radix | Fl -radix= Ns Ar radix 107Print the offset from the start of the file before each string 108using the specified radix. 109Valid values for argument 110.Ar radix 111are: 112.Bl -tag -width indent -compact 113.It Ar d 114for decimal 115.It Ar o 116for octal 117.It Ar x 118for hexadecimal 119.El 120.It Fl v | Fl -version 121Display a version identifier and exit. 122.El 123.Sh EXIT STATUS 124.Ex -std 125.Sh EXAMPLES 126To display strings in 127.Pa /bin/ls 128use: 129.Dl "$ strings /bin/ls" 130.Pp 131To display strings in all sections of 132.Pa /bin/ln 133use: 134.Dl "$ strings -a /bin/ln" 135.Pp 136To display strings in all sections of 137.Pa /bin/cat 138prefixed with the filename and the offset within the file use: 139.Dl "$ strings -a -f -t x /bin/cat" 140.Sh SEE ALSO 141.Xr ar 1 , 142.Xr nm 1 , 143.Xr objdump 1 , 144.Xr ranlib , 145.Xr readelf 1 , 146.Xr size 1 147.Sh HISTORY 148The first FreeBSD 149.Nm 150utility appeared in 151.Fx v3. 152It was later discontinued in 153.Fx v5 , 154when i386-only a.out format was dropped in favor of ELF. 155.Sh AUTHORS 156.An -nosplit 157The 158.Nm 159utility was re-written by 160.An S.Sam Arun Raj Aq Mt samarunraj@gmail.com . 161This manual page was written by 162.An S.Sam Arun Raj Aq Mt samarunraj@gmail.com . 163