atf/atf-c/atf-c.3

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.Dd October 13, 2014
.Dt ATF-C 3
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm atf-c ,
.Nm ATF_CHECK ,
.Nm ATF_CHECK_MSG ,
.Nm ATF_CHECK_EQ ,
.Nm ATF_CHECK_EQ_MSG ,
.Nm ATF_CHECK_MATCH ,
.Nm ATF_CHECK_MATCH_MSG ,
.Nm ATF_CHECK_STREQ ,
.Nm ATF_CHECK_STREQ_MSG ,
.Nm ATF_CHECK_ERRNO ,
.Nm ATF_REQUIRE ,
.Nm ATF_REQUIRE_MSG ,
.Nm ATF_REQUIRE_EQ ,
.Nm ATF_REQUIRE_EQ_MSG ,
.Nm ATF_REQUIRE_MATCH ,
.Nm ATF_REQUIRE_MATCH_MSG ,
.Nm ATF_REQUIRE_STREQ ,
.Nm ATF_REQUIRE_STREQ_MSG ,
.Nm ATF_REQUIRE_ERRNO ,
.Nm ATF_TC ,
.Nm ATF_TC_BODY ,
.Nm ATF_TC_BODY_NAME ,
.Nm ATF_TC_CLEANUP ,
.Nm ATF_TC_CLEANUP_NAME ,
.Nm ATF_TC_HEAD ,
.Nm ATF_TC_HEAD_NAME ,
.Nm ATF_TC_NAME ,
.Nm ATF_TC_WITH_CLEANUP ,
.Nm ATF_TC_WITHOUT_HEAD ,
.Nm ATF_TP_ADD_TC ,
.Nm ATF_TP_ADD_TCS ,
.Nm atf_tc_get_config_var ,
.Nm atf_tc_get_config_var_wd ,
.Nm atf_tc_get_config_var_as_bool ,
.Nm atf_tc_get_config_var_as_bool_wd ,
.Nm atf_tc_get_config_var_as_long ,
.Nm atf_tc_get_config_var_as_long_wd ,
.Nm atf_no_error ,
.Nm atf_tc_expect_death ,
.Nm atf_tc_expect_exit ,
.Nm atf_tc_expect_fail ,
.Nm atf_tc_expect_pass ,
.Nm atf_tc_expect_signal ,
.Nm atf_tc_expect_timeout ,
.Nm atf_tc_fail ,
.Nm atf_tc_fail_nonfatal ,
.Nm atf_tc_pass ,
.Nm atf_tc_skip ,
.Nm atf_utils_cat_file ,
.Nm atf_utils_compare_file ,
.Nm atf_utils_copy_file ,
.Nm atf_utils_create_file ,
.Nm atf_utils_file_exists ,
.Nm atf_utils_fork ,
.Nm atf_utils_free_charpp ,
.Nm atf_utils_grep_file ,
.Nm atf_utils_grep_string ,
.Nm atf_utils_readline ,
.Nm atf_utils_redirect ,
.Nm atf_utils_wait
.Nd C API to write ATF-based test programs
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.In atf-c.h
.\" NO_CHECK_STYLE_BEGIN
.Fn ATF_CHECK "expression"
.Fn ATF_CHECK_MSG "expression" "fail_msg_fmt" ...
.Fn ATF_CHECK_EQ "expected_expression" "actual_expression"
.Fn ATF_CHECK_EQ_MSG "expected_expression" "actual_expression" "fail_msg_fmt" ...
.Fn ATF_CHECK_MATCH "regexp" "string"
.Fn ATF_CHECK_MATCH_MSG "regexp" "string" "fail_msg_fmt" ...
.Fn ATF_CHECK_STREQ "string_1" "string_2"
.Fn ATF_CHECK_STREQ_MSG "string_1" "string_2" "fail_msg_fmt" ...
.Fn ATF_CHECK_ERRNO "expected_errno" "bool_expression"
.Fn ATF_REQUIRE "expression"
.Fn ATF_REQUIRE_MSG "expression" "fail_msg_fmt" ...
.Fn ATF_REQUIRE_EQ "expected_expression" "actual_expression"
.Fn ATF_REQUIRE_EQ_MSG "expected_expression" "actual_expression" "fail_msg_fmt" ...
.Fn ATF_REQUIRE_MATCH "regexp" "string"
.Fn ATF_REQUIRE_MATCH_MSG "regexp" "string" "fail_msg_fmt" ...
.Fn ATF_REQUIRE_STREQ "expected_string" "actual_string"
.Fn ATF_REQUIRE_STREQ_MSG "expected_string" "actual_string" "fail_msg_fmt" ...
.Fn ATF_REQUIRE_ERRNO "expected_errno" "bool_expression"
.\" NO_CHECK_STYLE_END
.Fn ATF_TC "name"
.Fn ATF_TC_BODY "name" "tc"
.Fn ATF_TC_BODY_NAME "name"
.Fn ATF_TC_CLEANUP "name" "tc"
.Fn ATF_TC_CLEANUP_NAME "name"
.Fn ATF_TC_HEAD "name" "tc"
.Fn ATF_TC_HEAD_NAME "name"
.Fn ATF_TC_NAME "name"
.Fn ATF_TC_WITH_CLEANUP "name"
.Fn ATF_TC_WITHOUT_HEAD "name"
.Fn ATF_TP_ADD_TC "tp_name" "tc_name"
.Fn ATF_TP_ADD_TCS "tp_name"
.Fn atf_tc_get_config_var "tc" "varname"
.Fn atf_tc_get_config_var_wd "tc" "variable_name" "default_value"
.Fn atf_tc_get_config_var_as_bool "tc" "variable_name"
.Fn atf_tc_get_config_var_as_bool_wd "tc" "variable_name" "default_value"
.Fn atf_tc_get_config_var_as_long "tc" "variable_name"
.Fn atf_tc_get_config_var_as_long_wd "tc" "variable_name" "default_value"
.Fn atf_no_error
.Fn atf_tc_expect_death "reason" "..."
.Fn atf_tc_expect_exit "exitcode" "reason" "..."
.Fn atf_tc_expect_fail "reason" "..."
.Fn atf_tc_expect_pass
.Fn atf_tc_expect_signal "signo" "reason" "..."
.Fn atf_tc_expect_timeout "reason" "..."
.Fn atf_tc_fail "reason"
.Fn atf_tc_fail_nonfatal "reason"
.Fn atf_tc_pass
.Fn atf_tc_skip "reason"
.Ft void
.Fo atf_utils_cat_file
.Fa "const char *file"
.Fa "const char *prefix"
.Fc
.Ft bool
.Fo atf_utils_compare_file
.Fa "const char *file"
.Fa "const char *contents"
.Fc
.Ft void
.Fo atf_utils_copy_file
.Fa "const char *source"
.Fa "const char *destination"
.Fc
.Ft void
.Fo atf_utils_create_file
.Fa "const char *file"
.Fa "const char *contents"
.Fa "..."
.Fc
.Ft void
.Fo atf_utils_file_exists
.Fa "const char *file"
.Fc
.Ft pid_t
.Fo atf_utils_fork
.Fa "void"
.Fc
.Ft void
.Fo atf_utils_free_charpp
.Fa "char **argv"
.Fc
.Ft bool
.Fo atf_utils_grep_file
.Fa "const char *regexp"
.Fa "const char *file"
.Fa "..."
.Fc
.Ft bool
.Fo atf_utils_grep_string
.Fa "const char *regexp"
.Fa "const char *str"
.Fa "..."
.Fc
.Ft char *
.Fo atf_utils_readline
.Fa "int fd"
.Fc
.Ft void
.Fo atf_utils_redirect
.Fa "const int fd"
.Fa "const char *file"
.Fc
.Ft void
.Fo atf_utils_wait
.Fa "const pid_t pid"
.Fa "const int expected_exit_status"
.Fa "const char *expected_stdout"
.Fa "const char *expected_stderr"
.Fc
.Sh DESCRIPTION
ATF provides a C programming interface to implement test programs.
C-based test programs follow this template:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
.Ns ... C-specific includes go here ...

#include <atf-c.h>

ATF_TC(tc1);
ATF_TC_HEAD(tc1, tc)
{
    ... first test case's header ...
}
ATF_TC_BODY(tc1, tc)
{
    ... first test case's body ...
}

ATF_TC_WITH_CLEANUP(tc2);
ATF_TC_HEAD(tc2, tc)
{
    ... second test case's header ...
}
ATF_TC_BODY(tc2, tc)
{
    ... second test case's body ...
}
ATF_TC_CLEANUP(tc2, tc)
{
    ... second test case's cleanup ...
}

ATF_TC_WITHOUT_HEAD(tc3);
ATF_TC_BODY(tc3, tc)
{
    ... third test case's body ...
}

.Ns ... additional test cases ...

ATF_TP_ADD_TCS(tp)
{
    ATF_TP_ADD_TC(tcs, tc1);
    ATF_TP_ADD_TC(tcs, tc2);
    ATF_TP_ADD_TC(tcs, tc3);
    ... add additional test cases ...

    return atf_no_error();
}
.Ed
.Ss Definition of test cases
Test cases have an identifier and are composed of three different parts:
the header, the body and an optional cleanup routine, all of which are
described in
.Xr atf-test-case 4 .
To define test cases, one can use the
.Fn ATF_TC ,
.Fn ATF_TC_WITH_CLEANUP
or the
.Fn ATF_TC_WITHOUT_HEAD
macros, which take a single parameter specifiying the test case's name.
.Fn ATF_TC ,
requires to define a head and a body for the test case,
.Fn ATF_TC_WITH_CLEANUP
requires to define a head, a body and a cleanup for the test case and
.Fn ATF_TC_WITHOUT_HEAD
requires only a body for the test case.
It is important to note that these
.Em do not
set the test case up for execution when the program is run.
In order to do so, a later registration is needed with the
.Fn ATF_TP_ADD_TC
macro detailed in
.Sx Program initialization .
.Pp
Later on, one must define the three parts of the body by means of three
functions.
Their headers are given by the
.Fn ATF_TC_HEAD ,
.Fn ATF_TC_BODY
and
.Fn ATF_TC_CLEANUP
macros, all of which take the test case name provided to the
.Fn ATF_TC
.Fn ATF_TC_WITH_CLEANUP ,
or
.Fn ATF_TC_WITHOUT_HEAD
macros and the name of the variable that will hold a pointer to the
test case data.
Following each of these, a block of code is expected, surrounded by the
opening and closing brackets.
.Ss Program initialization
The library provides a way to easily define the test program's
.Fn main
function.
You should never define one on your own, but rely on the
library to do it for you.
This is done by using the
.Fn ATF_TP_ADD_TCS
macro, which is passed the name of the object that will hold the test
cases; i.e. the test program instance.
This name can be whatever you want as long as it is a valid variable
identifier.
.Pp
After the macro, you are supposed to provide the body of a function, which
should only use the
.Fn ATF_TP_ADD_TC
macro to register the test cases the test program will execute and return
a success error code.
The first parameter of this macro matches the name you provided in the
former call.
The success status can be returned using the
.Fn atf_no_error
function.
.Ss Header definitions
The test case's header can define the meta-data by using the
.Fn atf_tc_set_md_var
method, which takes three parameters: the first one points to the test
case data, the second one specifies the meta-data variable to be set
and the third one specifies its value.
Both of them are strings.
.Ss Configuration variables
The test case has read-only access to the current configuration variables
by means of the
.Ft bool
.Fn atf_tc_has_config_var ,
.Ft const char *
.Fn atf_tc_get_config_var ,
.Ft const char *
.Fn atf_tc_get_config_var_wd ,
.Ft bool
.Fn atf_tc_get_config_var_as_bool ,
.Ft bool
.Fn atf_tc_get_config_var_as_bool_wd ,
.Ft long
.Fn atf_tc_get_config_var_as_long ,
and the
.Ft long
.Fn atf_tc_get_config_var_as_long_wd
functions, which can be called in any of the three parts of a test case.
.Pp
The
.Sq _wd
variants take a default value for the variable which is returned if the
variable is not defined.
The other functions without the
.Sq _wd
suffix
.Em require
the variable to be defined.
.Ss Access to the source directory
It is possible to get the path to the test case's source directory from any
of its three components by querying the
.Sq srcdir
configuration variable.
.Ss Requiring programs
Aside from the
.Va require.progs
meta-data variable available in the header only, one can also check for
additional programs in the test case's body by using the
.Fn atf_tc_require_prog
function, which takes the base name or full path of a single binary.
Relative paths are forbidden.
If it is not found, the test case will be automatically skipped.
.Ss Test case finalization
The test case finalizes either when the body reaches its end, at which
point the test is assumed to have
.Em passed ,
unless any non-fatal errors were raised using
.Fn atf_tc_fail_nonfatal ,
or at any explicit call to
.Fn atf_tc_pass ,
.Fn atf_tc_fail
or
.Fn atf_tc_skip .
These three functions terminate the execution of the test case immediately.
The cleanup routine will be processed afterwards in a completely automated
way, regardless of the test case's termination reason.
.Pp
.Fn atf_tc_pass
does not take any parameters.
.Fn atf_tc_fail ,
.Fn atf_tc_fail_nonfatal
and
.Fn atf_tc_skip
take a format string and a variable list of parameters, which describe, in
a user-friendly manner, why the test case failed or was skipped,
respectively.
It is very important to provide a clear error message in both cases so that
the user can quickly know why the test did not pass.
.Ss Expectations
Everything explained in the previous section changes when the test case
expectations are redefined by the programmer.
.Pp
Each test case has an internal state called
.Sq expect
that describes what the test case expectations are at any point in time.
The value of this property can change during execution by any of:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Fn atf_tc_expect_death "reason" "..."
Expects the test case to exit prematurely regardless of the nature of the
exit.
.It Fn atf_tc_expect_exit "exitcode" "reason" "..."
Expects the test case to exit cleanly.
If
.Va exitcode
is not
.Sq -1 ,
the runtime engine will validate that the exit code of the test case
matches the one provided in this call.
Otherwise, the exact value will be ignored.
.It Fn atf_tc_expect_fail "reason" "..."
Any failure (be it fatal or non-fatal) raised in this mode is recorded.
However, such failures do not report the test case as failed; instead, the
test case finalizes cleanly and is reported as
.Sq expected failure ;
this report includes the provided
.Fa reason
as part of it.
If no error is raised while running in this mode, then the test case is
reported as
.Sq failed .
.Pp
This mode is useful to reproduce actual known bugs in tests.
Whenever the developer fixes the bug later on, the test case will start
reporting a failure, signaling the developer that the test case must be
adjusted to the new conditions.
In this situation, it is useful, for example, to set
.Fa reason
as the bug number for tracking purposes.
.It Fn atf_tc_expect_pass
This is the normal mode of execution.
In this mode, any failure is reported as such to the user and the test case
is marked as
.Sq failed .
.It Fn atf_tc_expect_signal "signo" "reason" "..."
Expects the test case to terminate due to the reception of a signal.
If
.Va signo
is not
.Sq -1 ,
the runtime engine will validate that the signal that terminated the test
case matches the one provided in this call.
Otherwise, the exact value will be ignored.
.It Fn atf_tc_expect_timeout "reason" "..."
Expects the test case to execute for longer than its timeout.
.El
.Ss Helper macros for common checks
The library provides several macros that are very handy in multiple
situations.
These basically check some condition after executing a given statement or
processing a given expression and, if the condition is not met, they
report the test case as failed.
.Pp
The
.Sq REQUIRE
variant of the macros immediately abort the test case as soon as an error
condition is detected by calling the
.Fn atf_tc_fail
function.
Use this variant whenever it makes no sense to continue the execution of a
test case when the checked condition is not met.
The
.Sq CHECK
variant, on the other hand, reports a failure as soon as it is encountered
using the
.Fn atf_tc_fail_nonfatal
function, but the execution of the test case continues as if nothing had
happened.
Use this variant whenever the checked condition is important as a result of
the test case, but there are other conditions that can be subsequently
checked on the same run without aborting.
.Pp
Additionally, the
.Sq MSG
variants take an extra set of parameters to explicitly specify the failure
message.
This failure message is formatted according to the
.Xr printf 3
formatters.
.Pp
.Fn ATF_CHECK ,
.Fn ATF_CHECK_MSG ,
.Fn ATF_REQUIRE
and
.Fn ATF_REQUIRE_MSG
take an expression and fail if the expression evaluates to false.
.Pp
.Fn ATF_CHECK_EQ ,
.Fn ATF_CHECK_EQ_MSG ,
.Fn ATF_REQUIRE_EQ
and
.Fn ATF_REQUIRE_EQ_MSG
take two expressions and fail if the two evaluated values are not equal.
The common style is to put the expected value in the first parameter and the
actual value in the second parameter.
.Pp
.Fn ATF_CHECK_MATCH ,
.Fn ATF_CHECK_MATCH_MSG ,
.Fn ATF_REQUIRE_MATCH
and
.Fn ATF_REQUIRE_MATCH_MSG
take a regular expression and a string and fail if the regular expression does
not match the given string.
Note that the regular expression is not anchored, so it will match anywhere in
the string.
.Pp
.Fn ATF_CHECK_STREQ ,
.Fn ATF_CHECK_STREQ_MSG ,
.Fn ATF_REQUIRE_STREQ
and
.Fn ATF_REQUIRE_STREQ_MSG
take two strings and fail if the two are not equal character by character.
The common style is to put the expected string in the first parameter and the
actual string in the second parameter.
.Pp
.Fn ATF_CHECK_ERRNO
and
.Fn ATF_REQUIRE_ERRNO
take, first, the error code that the check is expecting to find in the
.Va errno
variable and, second, a boolean expression that, if evaluates to true,
means that a call failed and
.Va errno
has to be checked against the first value.
.Ss Utility functions
The following functions are provided as part of the
.Nm
API to simplify the creation of a variety of tests.
In particular, these are useful to write tests for command-line interfaces.
.Pp
.Ft void
.Fo atf_utils_cat_file
.Fa "const char *file"
.Fa "const char *prefix"
.Fc
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
Prints the contents of
.Fa file
to the standard output, prefixing every line with the string in
.Fa prefix .
.Ed
.Pp
.Ft bool
.Fo atf_utils_compare_file
.Fa "const char *file"
.Fa "const char *contents"
.Fc
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
Returns true if the given
.Fa file
matches exactly the expected inlined
.Fa contents .
.Ed
.Pp
.Ft void
.Fo atf_utils_copy_file
.Fa "const char *source"
.Fa "const char *destination"
.Fc
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
Copies the file
.Fa source
to
.Fa destination .
The permissions of the file are preserved during the code.
.Ed
.Pp
.Ft void
.Fo atf_utils_create_file
.Fa "const char *file"
.Fa "const char *contents"
.Fa "..."
.Fc
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
Creates
.Fa file
with the text given in
.Fa contents ,
which is a formatting string that uses the rest of the variable arguments.
.Ed
.Pp
.Ft void
.Fo atf_utils_file_exists
.Fa "const char *file"
.Fc
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
Checks if
.Fa file
exists.
.Ed
.Pp
.Ft pid_t
.Fo atf_utils_fork
.Fa "void"
.Fc
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
Forks a process and redirects the standard output and standard error of the
child to files for later validation with
.Fn atf_utils_wait .
Fails the test case if the fork fails, so this does not return an error.
.Ed
.Pp
.Ft void
.Fo atf_utils_free_charpp
.Fa "char **argv"
.Fc
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
Frees a dynamically-allocated array of dynamically-allocated strings.
.Ed
.Pp
.Ft bool
.Fo atf_utils_grep_file
.Fa "const char *regexp"
.Fa "const char *file"
.Fa "..."
.Fc
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
Searches for the
.Fa regexp ,
which is a formatting string representing the regular expression,
in the
.Fa file .
The variable arguments are used to construct the regular expression.
.Ed
.Pp
.Ft bool
.Fo atf_utils_grep_string
.Fa "const char *regexp"
.Fa "const char *str"
.Fa "..."
.Fc
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
Searches for the
.Fa regexp ,
which is a formatting string representing the regular expression,
in the literal string
.Fa str .
The variable arguments are used to construct the regular expression.
.Ed
.Pp
.Ft char *
.Fo atf_utils_readline
.Fa "int fd"
.Fc
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
Reads a line from the file descriptor
.Fa fd .
The line, if any, is returned as a dynamically-allocated buffer that must be
released with
.Xr free 3 .
If there was nothing to read, returns
.Sq NULL .
.Ed
.Pp
.Ft void
.Fo atf_utils_redirect
.Fa "const int fd"
.Fa "const char *file"
.Fc
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
Redirects the given file descriptor
.Fa fd
to
.Fa file .
This function exits the process in case of an error and does not properly mark
the test case as failed.
As a result, it should only be used in subprocesses of the test case; specially
those spawned by
.Fn atf_utils_fork .
.Ed
.Pp
.Ft void
.Fo atf_utils_wait
.Fa "const pid_t pid"
.Fa "const int expected_exit_status"
.Fa "const char *expected_stdout"
.Fa "const char *expected_stderr"
.Fc
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
Waits and validates the result of a subprocess spawned with
.Fn atf_utils_wait .
The validation involves checking that the subprocess exited cleanly and returned
the code specified in
.Fa expected_exit_status
and that its standard output and standard error match the strings given in
.Fa expected_stdout
and
.Fa expected_stderr .
.Pp
If any of the
.Fa expected_stdout
or
.Fa expected_stderr
strings are prefixed with
.Sq save: ,
then they specify the name of the file into which to store the stdout or stderr
of the subprocess, and no comparison is performed.
.Ed
.Sh ENVIRONMENT
The following variables are recognized by
.Nm
but should not be overridden other than for testing purposes:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width ATFXBUILDXCXXFLAGSXX -compact
.It Va ATF_BUILD_CC
Path to the C compiler.
.It Va ATF_BUILD_CFLAGS
C compiler flags.
.It Va ATF_BUILD_CPP
Path to the C/C++ preprocessor.
.It Va ATF_BUILD_CPPFLAGS
C/C++ preprocessor flags.
.It Va ATF_BUILD_CXX
Path to the C++ compiler.
.It Va ATF_BUILD_CXXFLAGS
C++ compiler flags.
.El
.Sh EXAMPLES
The following shows a complete test program with a single test case that
validates the addition operator:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
#include <atf-c.h>

ATF_TC(addition);
ATF_TC_HEAD(addition, tc)
{
    atf_tc_set_md_var(tc, "descr",
                      "Sample tests for the addition operator");
}
ATF_TC_BODY(addition, tc)
{
    ATF_CHECK_EQ(0, 0 + 0);
    ATF_CHECK_EQ(1, 0 + 1);
    ATF_CHECK_EQ(1, 1 + 0);

    ATF_CHECK_EQ(2, 1 + 1);

    ATF_CHECK_EQ(300, 100 + 200);
}

ATF_TC(string_formatting);
ATF_TC_HEAD(string_formatting, tc)
{
    atf_tc_set_md_var(tc, "descr",
                      "Sample tests for the snprintf");
}
ATF_TC_BODY(string_formatting, tc)
{
    char buf[1024];
    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "a %s", "string");
    ATF_CHECK_STREQ_MSG("a string", buf, "%s is not working");
}

ATF_TC(open_failure);
ATF_TC_HEAD(open_failure, tc)
{
    atf_tc_set_md_var(tc, "descr",
                      "Sample tests for the open function");
}
ATF_TC_BODY(open_failure, tc)
{
    ATF_CHECK_ERRNO(ENOENT, open("non-existent", O_RDONLY) == -1);
}

ATF_TC(known_bug);
ATF_TC_HEAD(known_bug, tc)
{
    atf_tc_set_md_var(tc, "descr",
                      "Reproduces a known bug");
}
ATF_TC_BODY(known_bug, tc)
{
    atf_tc_expect_fail("See bug number foo/bar");
    ATF_CHECK_EQ(3, 1 + 1);
    atf_tc_expect_pass();
    ATF_CHECK_EQ(3, 1 + 2);
}

ATF_TP_ADD_TCS(tp)
{
    ATF_TP_ADD_TC(tp, addition);
    ATF_TP_ADD_TC(tp, string_formatting);
    ATF_TP_ADD_TC(tp, open_failure);
    ATF_TP_ADD_TC(tp, known_bug);

    return atf_no_error();
}
.Ed
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr atf-test-program 1 ,
.Xr atf-test-case 4