xref: /freebsd/bin/sh/expand.c (revision aeb5d065044ee6733a7fee14edb52959a28c1ab4)
1 /*-
2  * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
3  *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
4  * Copyright (c) 1997-2005
5  *	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
6  *
7  * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
8  * Kenneth Almquist.
9  *
10  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
11  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
12  * are met:
13  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
14  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
15  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
16  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
17  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
18  * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
19  *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
20  *    without specific prior written permission.
21  *
22  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
23  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
24  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
25  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
26  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
27  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
28  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
29  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
30  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
31  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
32  * SUCH DAMAGE.
33  */
34 
35 #ifndef lint
36 #if 0
37 static char sccsid[] = "@(#)expand.c	8.5 (Berkeley) 5/15/95";
38 #endif
39 #endif /* not lint */
40 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
41 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
42 
43 #include <sys/types.h>
44 #include <sys/time.h>
45 #include <sys/stat.h>
46 #include <dirent.h>
47 #include <errno.h>
48 #include <inttypes.h>
49 #include <limits.h>
50 #include <pwd.h>
51 #include <stdio.h>
52 #include <stdlib.h>
53 #include <string.h>
54 #include <unistd.h>
55 
56 /*
57  * Routines to expand arguments to commands.  We have to deal with
58  * backquotes, shell variables, and file metacharacters.
59  */
60 
61 #include "shell.h"
62 #include "main.h"
63 #include "nodes.h"
64 #include "eval.h"
65 #include "expand.h"
66 #include "syntax.h"
67 #include "parser.h"
68 #include "jobs.h"
69 #include "options.h"
70 #include "var.h"
71 #include "input.h"
72 #include "output.h"
73 #include "memalloc.h"
74 #include "error.h"
75 #include "mystring.h"
76 #include "arith.h"
77 #include "show.h"
78 
79 /*
80  * Structure specifying which parts of the string should be searched
81  * for IFS characters.
82  */
83 
84 struct ifsregion {
85 	struct ifsregion *next;	/* next region in list */
86 	int begoff;		/* offset of start of region */
87 	int endoff;		/* offset of end of region */
88 	int inquotes;		/* search for nul bytes only */
89 };
90 
91 
92 static char *expdest;			/* output of current string */
93 static struct nodelist *argbackq;	/* list of back quote expressions */
94 static struct ifsregion ifsfirst;	/* first struct in list of ifs regions */
95 static struct ifsregion *ifslastp;	/* last struct in list */
96 static struct arglist exparg;		/* holds expanded arg list */
97 
98 static void argstr(char *, int);
99 static char *exptilde(char *, int);
100 static void expbackq(union node *, int, int);
101 static int subevalvar(char *, char *, int, int, int, int, int);
102 static char *evalvar(char *, int);
103 static int varisset(char *, int);
104 static void varvalue(char *, int, int, int);
105 static void recordregion(int, int, int);
106 static void removerecordregions(int);
107 static void ifsbreakup(char *, struct arglist *);
108 static void expandmeta(struct strlist *, int);
109 static void expmeta(char *, char *);
110 static void addfname(char *);
111 static struct strlist *expsort(struct strlist *);
112 static struct strlist *msort(struct strlist *, int);
113 static char *cvtnum(int, char *);
114 static int collate_range_cmp(int, int);
115 
116 static int
117 collate_range_cmp(int c1, int c2)
118 {
119 	static char s1[2], s2[2];
120 
121 	s1[0] = c1;
122 	s2[0] = c2;
123 	return (strcoll(s1, s2));
124 }
125 
126 /*
127  * Expand shell variables and backquotes inside a here document.
128  *	union node *arg		the document
129  *	int fd;			where to write the expanded version
130  */
131 
132 void
133 expandhere(union node *arg, int fd)
134 {
135 	herefd = fd;
136 	expandarg(arg, (struct arglist *)NULL, 0);
137 	xwrite(fd, stackblock(), expdest - stackblock());
138 }
139 
140 
141 /*
142  * Perform expansions on an argument, placing the resulting list of arguments
143  * in arglist.  Parameter expansion, command substitution and arithmetic
144  * expansion are always performed; additional expansions can be requested
145  * via flag (EXP_*).
146  * The result is left in the stack string.
147  * When arglist is NULL, perform here document expansion.  A partial result
148  * may be written to herefd, which is then not included in the stack string.
149  *
150  * Caution: this function uses global state and is not reentrant.
151  * However, a new invocation after an interrupted invocation is safe
152  * and will reset the global state for the new call.
153  */
154 void
155 expandarg(union node *arg, struct arglist *arglist, int flag)
156 {
157 	struct strlist *sp;
158 	char *p;
159 
160 	argbackq = arg->narg.backquote;
161 	STARTSTACKSTR(expdest);
162 	ifsfirst.next = NULL;
163 	ifslastp = NULL;
164 	argstr(arg->narg.text, flag);
165 	if (arglist == NULL) {
166 		return;			/* here document expanded */
167 	}
168 	STPUTC('\0', expdest);
169 	p = grabstackstr(expdest);
170 	exparg.lastp = &exparg.list;
171 	/*
172 	 * TODO - EXP_REDIR
173 	 */
174 	if (flag & EXP_FULL) {
175 		ifsbreakup(p, &exparg);
176 		*exparg.lastp = NULL;
177 		exparg.lastp = &exparg.list;
178 		expandmeta(exparg.list, flag);
179 	} else {
180 		if (flag & EXP_REDIR) /*XXX - for now, just remove escapes */
181 			rmescapes(p);
182 		sp = (struct strlist *)stalloc(sizeof (struct strlist));
183 		sp->text = p;
184 		*exparg.lastp = sp;
185 		exparg.lastp = &sp->next;
186 	}
187 	while (ifsfirst.next != NULL) {
188 		struct ifsregion *ifsp;
189 		INTOFF;
190 		ifsp = ifsfirst.next->next;
191 		ckfree(ifsfirst.next);
192 		ifsfirst.next = ifsp;
193 		INTON;
194 	}
195 	*exparg.lastp = NULL;
196 	if (exparg.list) {
197 		*arglist->lastp = exparg.list;
198 		arglist->lastp = exparg.lastp;
199 	}
200 }
201 
202 
203 
204 /*
205  * Perform parameter expansion, command substitution and arithmetic
206  * expansion, and tilde expansion if requested via EXP_TILDE/EXP_VARTILDE.
207  * Processing ends at a CTLENDVAR character as well as '\0'.
208  * This is used to expand word in ${var+word} etc.
209  * If EXP_FULL, EXP_CASE or EXP_REDIR are set, keep and/or generate CTLESC
210  * characters to allow for further processing.
211  * If EXP_FULL is set, also preserve CTLQUOTEMARK characters.
212  */
213 static void
214 argstr(char *p, int flag)
215 {
216 	char c;
217 	int quotes = flag & (EXP_FULL | EXP_CASE | EXP_REDIR);	/* do CTLESC */
218 	int firsteq = 1;
219 	int split_lit;
220 	int lit_quoted;
221 
222 	split_lit = flag & EXP_SPLIT_LIT;
223 	lit_quoted = flag & EXP_LIT_QUOTED;
224 	flag &= ~(EXP_SPLIT_LIT | EXP_LIT_QUOTED);
225 	if (*p == '~' && (flag & (EXP_TILDE | EXP_VARTILDE)))
226 		p = exptilde(p, flag);
227 	for (;;) {
228 		switch (c = *p++) {
229 		case '\0':
230 		case CTLENDVAR:
231 			goto breakloop;
232 		case CTLQUOTEMARK:
233 			lit_quoted = 1;
234 			/* "$@" syntax adherence hack */
235 			if (p[0] == CTLVAR && p[2] == '@' && p[3] == '=')
236 				break;
237 			if ((flag & EXP_FULL) != 0)
238 				STPUTC(c, expdest);
239 			break;
240 		case CTLQUOTEEND:
241 			lit_quoted = 0;
242 			break;
243 		case CTLESC:
244 			if (quotes)
245 				STPUTC(c, expdest);
246 			c = *p++;
247 			STPUTC(c, expdest);
248 			if (split_lit && !lit_quoted)
249 				recordregion(expdest - stackblock() -
250 				    (quotes ? 2 : 1),
251 				    expdest - stackblock(), 0);
252 			break;
253 		case CTLVAR:
254 			p = evalvar(p, flag);
255 			break;
256 		case CTLBACKQ:
257 		case CTLBACKQ|CTLQUOTE:
258 			expbackq(argbackq->n, c & CTLQUOTE, flag);
259 			argbackq = argbackq->next;
260 			break;
261 		case CTLENDARI:
262 			expari(flag);
263 			break;
264 		case ':':
265 		case '=':
266 			/*
267 			 * sort of a hack - expand tildes in variable
268 			 * assignments (after the first '=' and after ':'s).
269 			 */
270 			STPUTC(c, expdest);
271 			if (split_lit && !lit_quoted)
272 				recordregion(expdest - stackblock() - 1,
273 				    expdest - stackblock(), 0);
274 			if (flag & EXP_VARTILDE && *p == '~' &&
275 			    (c != '=' || firsteq)) {
276 				if (c == '=')
277 					firsteq = 0;
278 				p = exptilde(p, flag);
279 			}
280 			break;
281 		default:
282 			STPUTC(c, expdest);
283 			if (split_lit && !lit_quoted)
284 				recordregion(expdest - stackblock() - 1,
285 				    expdest - stackblock(), 0);
286 		}
287 	}
288 breakloop:;
289 }
290 
291 /*
292  * Perform tilde expansion, placing the result in the stack string and
293  * returning the next position in the input string to process.
294  */
295 static char *
296 exptilde(char *p, int flag)
297 {
298 	char c, *startp = p;
299 	struct passwd *pw;
300 	char *home;
301 	int quotes = flag & (EXP_FULL | EXP_CASE | EXP_REDIR);
302 
303 	while ((c = *p) != '\0') {
304 		switch(c) {
305 		case CTLESC: /* This means CTL* are always considered quoted. */
306 		case CTLVAR:
307 		case CTLBACKQ:
308 		case CTLBACKQ | CTLQUOTE:
309 		case CTLARI:
310 		case CTLENDARI:
311 		case CTLQUOTEMARK:
312 			return (startp);
313 		case ':':
314 			if (flag & EXP_VARTILDE)
315 				goto done;
316 			break;
317 		case '/':
318 		case CTLENDVAR:
319 			goto done;
320 		}
321 		p++;
322 	}
323 done:
324 	*p = '\0';
325 	if (*(startp+1) == '\0') {
326 		if ((home = lookupvar("HOME")) == NULL)
327 			goto lose;
328 	} else {
329 		if ((pw = getpwnam(startp+1)) == NULL)
330 			goto lose;
331 		home = pw->pw_dir;
332 	}
333 	if (*home == '\0')
334 		goto lose;
335 	*p = c;
336 	while ((c = *home++) != '\0') {
337 		if (quotes && SQSYNTAX[(int)c] == CCTL)
338 			STPUTC(CTLESC, expdest);
339 		STPUTC(c, expdest);
340 	}
341 	return (p);
342 lose:
343 	*p = c;
344 	return (startp);
345 }
346 
347 
348 static void
349 removerecordregions(int endoff)
350 {
351 	if (ifslastp == NULL)
352 		return;
353 
354 	if (ifsfirst.endoff > endoff) {
355 		while (ifsfirst.next != NULL) {
356 			struct ifsregion *ifsp;
357 			INTOFF;
358 			ifsp = ifsfirst.next->next;
359 			ckfree(ifsfirst.next);
360 			ifsfirst.next = ifsp;
361 			INTON;
362 		}
363 		if (ifsfirst.begoff > endoff)
364 			ifslastp = NULL;
365 		else {
366 			ifslastp = &ifsfirst;
367 			ifsfirst.endoff = endoff;
368 		}
369 		return;
370 	}
371 
372 	ifslastp = &ifsfirst;
373 	while (ifslastp->next && ifslastp->next->begoff < endoff)
374 		ifslastp=ifslastp->next;
375 	while (ifslastp->next != NULL) {
376 		struct ifsregion *ifsp;
377 		INTOFF;
378 		ifsp = ifslastp->next->next;
379 		ckfree(ifslastp->next);
380 		ifslastp->next = ifsp;
381 		INTON;
382 	}
383 	if (ifslastp->endoff > endoff)
384 		ifslastp->endoff = endoff;
385 }
386 
387 /*
388  * Expand arithmetic expression.  Backup to start of expression,
389  * evaluate, place result in (backed up) result, adjust string position.
390  */
391 void
392 expari(int flag)
393 {
394 	char *p, *q, *start;
395 	arith_t result;
396 	int begoff;
397 	int quotes = flag & (EXP_FULL | EXP_CASE | EXP_REDIR);
398 	int quoted;
399 
400 	/*
401 	 * This routine is slightly over-complicated for
402 	 * efficiency.  First we make sure there is
403 	 * enough space for the result, which may be bigger
404 	 * than the expression.  Next we
405 	 * scan backwards looking for the start of arithmetic.  If the
406 	 * next previous character is a CTLESC character, then we
407 	 * have to rescan starting from the beginning since CTLESC
408 	 * characters have to be processed left to right.
409 	 */
410 	CHECKSTRSPACE(DIGITS(result) - 2, expdest);
411 	USTPUTC('\0', expdest);
412 	start = stackblock();
413 	p = expdest - 2;
414 	while (p >= start && *p != CTLARI)
415 		--p;
416 	if (p < start || *p != CTLARI)
417 		error("missing CTLARI (shouldn't happen)");
418 	if (p > start && *(p - 1) == CTLESC)
419 		for (p = start; *p != CTLARI; p++)
420 			if (*p == CTLESC)
421 				p++;
422 
423 	if (p[1] == '"')
424 		quoted=1;
425 	else
426 		quoted=0;
427 	begoff = p - start;
428 	removerecordregions(begoff);
429 	if (quotes)
430 		rmescapes(p+2);
431 	q = grabstackstr(expdest);
432 	result = arith(p+2);
433 	ungrabstackstr(q, expdest);
434 	fmtstr(p, DIGITS(result), ARITH_FORMAT_STR, result);
435 	while (*p++)
436 		;
437 	if (quoted == 0)
438 		recordregion(begoff, p - 1 - start, 0);
439 	result = expdest - p + 1;
440 	STADJUST(-result, expdest);
441 }
442 
443 
444 /*
445  * Perform command substitution.
446  */
447 static void
448 expbackq(union node *cmd, int quoted, int flag)
449 {
450 	struct backcmd in;
451 	int i;
452 	char buf[128];
453 	char *p;
454 	char *dest = expdest;
455 	struct ifsregion saveifs, *savelastp;
456 	struct nodelist *saveargbackq;
457 	char lastc;
458 	int startloc = dest - stackblock();
459 	char const *syntax = quoted? DQSYNTAX : BASESYNTAX;
460 	int saveherefd;
461 	int quotes = flag & (EXP_FULL | EXP_CASE | EXP_REDIR);
462 	int nnl;
463 
464 	INTOFF;
465 	saveifs = ifsfirst;
466 	savelastp = ifslastp;
467 	saveargbackq = argbackq;
468 	saveherefd = herefd;
469 	herefd = -1;
470 	p = grabstackstr(dest);
471 	evalbackcmd(cmd, &in);
472 	ungrabstackstr(p, dest);
473 	ifsfirst = saveifs;
474 	ifslastp = savelastp;
475 	argbackq = saveargbackq;
476 	herefd = saveherefd;
477 
478 	p = in.buf;
479 	lastc = '\0';
480 	nnl = 0;
481 	/* Don't copy trailing newlines */
482 	for (;;) {
483 		if (--in.nleft < 0) {
484 			if (in.fd < 0)
485 				break;
486 			while ((i = read(in.fd, buf, sizeof buf)) < 0 && errno == EINTR);
487 			TRACE(("expbackq: read returns %d\n", i));
488 			if (i <= 0)
489 				break;
490 			p = buf;
491 			in.nleft = i - 1;
492 		}
493 		lastc = *p++;
494 		if (lastc != '\0') {
495 			if (quotes && syntax[(int)lastc] == CCTL)
496 				STPUTC(CTLESC, dest);
497 			if (lastc == '\n') {
498 				nnl++;
499 			} else {
500 				while (nnl > 0) {
501 					nnl--;
502 					STPUTC('\n', dest);
503 				}
504 				STPUTC(lastc, dest);
505 			}
506 		}
507 	}
508 
509 	if (in.fd >= 0)
510 		close(in.fd);
511 	if (in.buf)
512 		ckfree(in.buf);
513 	if (in.jp)
514 		exitstatus = waitforjob(in.jp, (int *)NULL);
515 	if (quoted == 0)
516 		recordregion(startloc, dest - stackblock(), 0);
517 	TRACE(("expbackq: size=%td: \"%.*s\"\n",
518 		((dest - stackblock()) - startloc),
519 		(int)((dest - stackblock()) - startloc),
520 		stackblock() + startloc));
521 	expdest = dest;
522 	INTON;
523 }
524 
525 
526 
527 static int
528 subevalvar(char *p, char *str, int strloc, int subtype, int startloc,
529   int varflags, int quotes)
530 {
531 	char *startp;
532 	char *loc = NULL;
533 	char *q;
534 	int c = 0;
535 	int saveherefd = herefd;
536 	struct nodelist *saveargbackq = argbackq;
537 	int amount;
538 
539 	herefd = -1;
540 	argstr(p, (subtype == VSTRIMLEFT || subtype == VSTRIMLEFTMAX ||
541 	    subtype == VSTRIMRIGHT || subtype == VSTRIMRIGHTMAX ?
542 	    EXP_CASE : 0) | EXP_TILDE);
543 	STACKSTRNUL(expdest);
544 	herefd = saveherefd;
545 	argbackq = saveargbackq;
546 	startp = stackblock() + startloc;
547 	if (str == NULL)
548 	    str = stackblock() + strloc;
549 
550 	switch (subtype) {
551 	case VSASSIGN:
552 		setvar(str, startp, 0);
553 		amount = startp - expdest;
554 		STADJUST(amount, expdest);
555 		varflags &= ~VSNUL;
556 		if (c != 0)
557 			*loc = c;
558 		return 1;
559 
560 	case VSQUESTION:
561 		if (*p != CTLENDVAR) {
562 			outfmt(out2, "%s\n", startp);
563 			error((char *)NULL);
564 		}
565 		error("%.*s: parameter %snot set", (int)(p - str - 1),
566 		      str, (varflags & VSNUL) ? "null or "
567 					      : nullstr);
568 		return 0;
569 
570 	case VSTRIMLEFT:
571 		for (loc = startp; loc < str; loc++) {
572 			c = *loc;
573 			*loc = '\0';
574 			if (patmatch(str, startp, quotes)) {
575 				*loc = c;
576 				goto recordleft;
577 			}
578 			*loc = c;
579 			if (quotes && *loc == CTLESC)
580 				loc++;
581 		}
582 		return 0;
583 
584 	case VSTRIMLEFTMAX:
585 		for (loc = str - 1; loc >= startp;) {
586 			c = *loc;
587 			*loc = '\0';
588 			if (patmatch(str, startp, quotes)) {
589 				*loc = c;
590 				goto recordleft;
591 			}
592 			*loc = c;
593 			loc--;
594 			if (quotes && loc > startp && *(loc - 1) == CTLESC) {
595 				for (q = startp; q < loc; q++)
596 					if (*q == CTLESC)
597 						q++;
598 				if (q > loc)
599 					loc--;
600 			}
601 		}
602 		return 0;
603 
604 	case VSTRIMRIGHT:
605 		for (loc = str - 1; loc >= startp;) {
606 			if (patmatch(str, loc, quotes)) {
607 				amount = loc - expdest;
608 				STADJUST(amount, expdest);
609 				return 1;
610 			}
611 			loc--;
612 			if (quotes && loc > startp && *(loc - 1) == CTLESC) {
613 				for (q = startp; q < loc; q++)
614 					if (*q == CTLESC)
615 						q++;
616 				if (q > loc)
617 					loc--;
618 			}
619 		}
620 		return 0;
621 
622 	case VSTRIMRIGHTMAX:
623 		for (loc = startp; loc < str - 1; loc++) {
624 			if (patmatch(str, loc, quotes)) {
625 				amount = loc - expdest;
626 				STADJUST(amount, expdest);
627 				return 1;
628 			}
629 			if (quotes && *loc == CTLESC)
630 				loc++;
631 		}
632 		return 0;
633 
634 
635 	default:
636 		abort();
637 	}
638 
639 recordleft:
640 	amount = ((str - 1) - (loc - startp)) - expdest;
641 	STADJUST(amount, expdest);
642 	while (loc != str - 1)
643 		*startp++ = *loc++;
644 	return 1;
645 }
646 
647 
648 /*
649  * Expand a variable, and return a pointer to the next character in the
650  * input string.
651  */
652 
653 static char *
654 evalvar(char *p, int flag)
655 {
656 	int subtype;
657 	int varflags;
658 	char *var;
659 	char *val;
660 	int patloc;
661 	int c;
662 	int set;
663 	int special;
664 	int startloc;
665 	int varlen;
666 	int easy;
667 	int quotes = flag & (EXP_FULL | EXP_CASE | EXP_REDIR);
668 
669 	varflags = (unsigned char)*p++;
670 	subtype = varflags & VSTYPE;
671 	var = p;
672 	special = 0;
673 	if (! is_name(*p))
674 		special = 1;
675 	p = strchr(p, '=') + 1;
676 again: /* jump here after setting a variable with ${var=text} */
677 	if (varflags & VSLINENO) {
678 		set = 1;
679 		special = 0;
680 		val = var;
681 		p[-1] = '\0';	/* temporarily overwrite '=' to have \0
682 				   terminated string */
683 	} else if (special) {
684 		set = varisset(var, varflags & VSNUL);
685 		val = NULL;
686 	} else {
687 		val = bltinlookup(var, 1);
688 		if (val == NULL || ((varflags & VSNUL) && val[0] == '\0')) {
689 			val = NULL;
690 			set = 0;
691 		} else
692 			set = 1;
693 	}
694 	varlen = 0;
695 	startloc = expdest - stackblock();
696 	if (!set && uflag && *var != '@' && *var != '*') {
697 		switch (subtype) {
698 		case VSNORMAL:
699 		case VSTRIMLEFT:
700 		case VSTRIMLEFTMAX:
701 		case VSTRIMRIGHT:
702 		case VSTRIMRIGHTMAX:
703 		case VSLENGTH:
704 			error("%.*s: parameter not set", (int)(p - var - 1),
705 			    var);
706 		}
707 	}
708 	if (set && subtype != VSPLUS) {
709 		/* insert the value of the variable */
710 		if (special) {
711 			varvalue(var, varflags & VSQUOTE, subtype, flag);
712 			if (subtype == VSLENGTH) {
713 				varlen = expdest - stackblock() - startloc;
714 				STADJUST(-varlen, expdest);
715 			}
716 		} else {
717 			char const *syntax = (varflags & VSQUOTE) ? DQSYNTAX
718 								  : BASESYNTAX;
719 
720 			if (subtype == VSLENGTH) {
721 				for (;*val; val++)
722 					varlen++;
723 			}
724 			else {
725 				while (*val) {
726 					if (quotes &&
727 					    syntax[(int)*val] == CCTL)
728 						STPUTC(CTLESC, expdest);
729 					STPUTC(*val++, expdest);
730 				}
731 
732 			}
733 		}
734 	}
735 
736 	if (subtype == VSPLUS)
737 		set = ! set;
738 
739 	easy = ((varflags & VSQUOTE) == 0 ||
740 		(*var == '@' && shellparam.nparam != 1));
741 
742 
743 	switch (subtype) {
744 	case VSLENGTH:
745 		expdest = cvtnum(varlen, expdest);
746 		goto record;
747 
748 	case VSNORMAL:
749 		if (!easy)
750 			break;
751 record:
752 		recordregion(startloc, expdest - stackblock(),
753 			     varflags & VSQUOTE);
754 		break;
755 
756 	case VSPLUS:
757 	case VSMINUS:
758 		if (!set) {
759 			argstr(p, flag | (flag & EXP_FULL ? EXP_SPLIT_LIT : 0) |
760 			    (varflags & VSQUOTE ? EXP_LIT_QUOTED : 0));
761 			break;
762 		}
763 		if (easy)
764 			goto record;
765 		break;
766 
767 	case VSTRIMLEFT:
768 	case VSTRIMLEFTMAX:
769 	case VSTRIMRIGHT:
770 	case VSTRIMRIGHTMAX:
771 		if (!set)
772 			break;
773 		/*
774 		 * Terminate the string and start recording the pattern
775 		 * right after it
776 		 */
777 		STPUTC('\0', expdest);
778 		patloc = expdest - stackblock();
779 		if (subevalvar(p, NULL, patloc, subtype,
780 		    startloc, varflags, quotes) == 0) {
781 			int amount = (expdest - stackblock() - patloc) + 1;
782 			STADJUST(-amount, expdest);
783 		}
784 		/* Remove any recorded regions beyond start of variable */
785 		removerecordregions(startloc);
786 		goto record;
787 
788 	case VSASSIGN:
789 	case VSQUESTION:
790 		if (!set) {
791 			if (subevalvar(p, var, 0, subtype, startloc, varflags,
792 			    quotes)) {
793 				varflags &= ~VSNUL;
794 				/*
795 				 * Remove any recorded regions beyond
796 				 * start of variable
797 				 */
798 				removerecordregions(startloc);
799 				goto again;
800 			}
801 			break;
802 		}
803 		if (easy)
804 			goto record;
805 		break;
806 
807 	case VSERROR:
808 		c = p - var - 1;
809 		error("${%.*s%s}: Bad substitution", c, var,
810 		    (c > 0 && *p != CTLENDVAR) ? "..." : "");
811 
812 	default:
813 		abort();
814 	}
815 	p[-1] = '=';	/* recover overwritten '=' */
816 
817 	if (subtype != VSNORMAL) {	/* skip to end of alternative */
818 		int nesting = 1;
819 		for (;;) {
820 			if ((c = *p++) == CTLESC)
821 				p++;
822 			else if (c == CTLBACKQ || c == (CTLBACKQ|CTLQUOTE)) {
823 				if (set)
824 					argbackq = argbackq->next;
825 			} else if (c == CTLVAR) {
826 				if ((*p++ & VSTYPE) != VSNORMAL)
827 					nesting++;
828 			} else if (c == CTLENDVAR) {
829 				if (--nesting == 0)
830 					break;
831 			}
832 		}
833 	}
834 	return p;
835 }
836 
837 
838 
839 /*
840  * Test whether a specialized variable is set.
841  */
842 
843 static int
844 varisset(char *name, int nulok)
845 {
846 
847 	if (*name == '!')
848 		return backgndpidset();
849 	else if (*name == '@' || *name == '*') {
850 		if (*shellparam.p == NULL)
851 			return 0;
852 
853 		if (nulok) {
854 			char **av;
855 
856 			for (av = shellparam.p; *av; av++)
857 				if (**av != '\0')
858 					return 1;
859 			return 0;
860 		}
861 	} else if (is_digit(*name)) {
862 		char *ap;
863 		int num = atoi(name);
864 
865 		if (num > shellparam.nparam)
866 			return 0;
867 
868 		if (num == 0)
869 			ap = arg0;
870 		else
871 			ap = shellparam.p[num - 1];
872 
873 		if (nulok && (ap == NULL || *ap == '\0'))
874 			return 0;
875 	}
876 	return 1;
877 }
878 
879 
880 
881 /*
882  * Add the value of a specialized variable to the stack string.
883  */
884 
885 static void
886 varvalue(char *name, int quoted, int subtype, int flag)
887 {
888 	int num;
889 	char *p;
890 	int i;
891 	char sep;
892 	char **ap;
893 	char const *syntax;
894 
895 #define STRTODEST(p) \
896 	do {\
897 	if (flag & (EXP_FULL | EXP_CASE) && subtype != VSLENGTH) { \
898 		syntax = quoted? DQSYNTAX : BASESYNTAX; \
899 		while (*p) { \
900 			if (syntax[(int)*p] == CCTL) \
901 				STPUTC(CTLESC, expdest); \
902 			STPUTC(*p++, expdest); \
903 		} \
904 	} else \
905 		while (*p) \
906 			STPUTC(*p++, expdest); \
907 	} while (0)
908 
909 
910 	switch (*name) {
911 	case '$':
912 		num = rootpid;
913 		goto numvar;
914 	case '?':
915 		num = oexitstatus;
916 		goto numvar;
917 	case '#':
918 		num = shellparam.nparam;
919 		goto numvar;
920 	case '!':
921 		num = backgndpidval();
922 numvar:
923 		expdest = cvtnum(num, expdest);
924 		break;
925 	case '-':
926 		for (i = 0 ; i < NOPTS ; i++) {
927 			if (optlist[i].val)
928 				STPUTC(optlist[i].letter, expdest);
929 		}
930 		break;
931 	case '@':
932 		if (flag & EXP_FULL && quoted) {
933 			for (ap = shellparam.p ; (p = *ap++) != NULL ; ) {
934 				STRTODEST(p);
935 				if (*ap)
936 					STPUTC('\0', expdest);
937 			}
938 			break;
939 		}
940 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
941 	case '*':
942 		if (ifsset())
943 			sep = ifsval()[0];
944 		else
945 			sep = ' ';
946 		for (ap = shellparam.p ; (p = *ap++) != NULL ; ) {
947 			STRTODEST(p);
948 			if (*ap && sep)
949 				STPUTC(sep, expdest);
950 		}
951 		break;
952 	case '0':
953 		p = arg0;
954 		STRTODEST(p);
955 		break;
956 	default:
957 		if (is_digit(*name)) {
958 			num = atoi(name);
959 			if (num > 0 && num <= shellparam.nparam) {
960 				p = shellparam.p[num - 1];
961 				STRTODEST(p);
962 			}
963 		}
964 		break;
965 	}
966 }
967 
968 
969 
970 /*
971  * Record the the fact that we have to scan this region of the
972  * string for IFS characters.
973  */
974 
975 static void
976 recordregion(int start, int end, int inquotes)
977 {
978 	struct ifsregion *ifsp;
979 
980 	if (ifslastp == NULL) {
981 		ifsp = &ifsfirst;
982 	} else {
983 		if (ifslastp->endoff == start
984 		    && ifslastp->inquotes == inquotes) {
985 			/* extend previous area */
986 			ifslastp->endoff = end;
987 			return;
988 		}
989 		ifsp = (struct ifsregion *)ckmalloc(sizeof (struct ifsregion));
990 		ifslastp->next = ifsp;
991 	}
992 	ifslastp = ifsp;
993 	ifslastp->next = NULL;
994 	ifslastp->begoff = start;
995 	ifslastp->endoff = end;
996 	ifslastp->inquotes = inquotes;
997 }
998 
999 
1000 
1001 /*
1002  * Break the argument string into pieces based upon IFS and add the
1003  * strings to the argument list.  The regions of the string to be
1004  * searched for IFS characters have been stored by recordregion.
1005  * CTLESC characters are preserved but have little effect in this pass
1006  * other than escaping CTL* characters.  In particular, they do not escape
1007  * IFS characters: that should be done with the ifsregion mechanism.
1008  * CTLQUOTEMARK characters are used to preserve empty quoted strings.
1009  * This pass treats them as a regular character, making the string non-empty.
1010  * Later, they are removed along with the other CTL* characters.
1011  */
1012 static void
1013 ifsbreakup(char *string, struct arglist *arglist)
1014 {
1015 	struct ifsregion *ifsp;
1016 	struct strlist *sp;
1017 	char *start;
1018 	char *p;
1019 	char *q;
1020 	const char *ifs;
1021 	const char *ifsspc;
1022 	int had_param_ch = 0;
1023 
1024 	start = string;
1025 
1026 	if (ifslastp == NULL) {
1027 		/* Return entire argument, IFS doesn't apply to any of it */
1028 		sp = (struct strlist *)stalloc(sizeof *sp);
1029 		sp->text = start;
1030 		*arglist->lastp = sp;
1031 		arglist->lastp = &sp->next;
1032 		return;
1033 	}
1034 
1035 	ifs = ifsset() ? ifsval() : " \t\n";
1036 
1037 	for (ifsp = &ifsfirst; ifsp != NULL; ifsp = ifsp->next) {
1038 		p = string + ifsp->begoff;
1039 		while (p < string + ifsp->endoff) {
1040 			q = p;
1041 			if (*p == CTLESC)
1042 				p++;
1043 			if (ifsp->inquotes) {
1044 				/* Only NULs (should be from "$@") end args */
1045 				had_param_ch = 1;
1046 				if (*p != 0) {
1047 					p++;
1048 					continue;
1049 				}
1050 				ifsspc = NULL;
1051 			} else {
1052 				if (!strchr(ifs, *p)) {
1053 					had_param_ch = 1;
1054 					p++;
1055 					continue;
1056 				}
1057 				ifsspc = strchr(" \t\n", *p);
1058 
1059 				/* Ignore IFS whitespace at start */
1060 				if (q == start && ifsspc != NULL) {
1061 					p++;
1062 					start = p;
1063 					continue;
1064 				}
1065 				had_param_ch = 0;
1066 			}
1067 
1068 			/* Save this argument... */
1069 			*q = '\0';
1070 			sp = (struct strlist *)stalloc(sizeof *sp);
1071 			sp->text = start;
1072 			*arglist->lastp = sp;
1073 			arglist->lastp = &sp->next;
1074 			p++;
1075 
1076 			if (ifsspc != NULL) {
1077 				/* Ignore further trailing IFS whitespace */
1078 				for (; p < string + ifsp->endoff; p++) {
1079 					q = p;
1080 					if (*p == CTLESC)
1081 						p++;
1082 					if (strchr(ifs, *p) == NULL) {
1083 						p = q;
1084 						break;
1085 					}
1086 					if (strchr(" \t\n", *p) == NULL) {
1087 						p++;
1088 						break;
1089 					}
1090 				}
1091 			}
1092 			start = p;
1093 		}
1094 	}
1095 
1096 	/*
1097 	 * Save anything left as an argument.
1098 	 * Traditionally we have treated 'IFS=':'; set -- x$IFS' as
1099 	 * generating 2 arguments, the second of which is empty.
1100 	 * Some recent clarification of the Posix spec say that it
1101 	 * should only generate one....
1102 	 */
1103 	if (had_param_ch || *start != 0) {
1104 		sp = (struct strlist *)stalloc(sizeof *sp);
1105 		sp->text = start;
1106 		*arglist->lastp = sp;
1107 		arglist->lastp = &sp->next;
1108 	}
1109 }
1110 
1111 
1112 static char expdir[PATH_MAX];
1113 #define expdir_end (expdir + sizeof(expdir))
1114 
1115 /*
1116  * Perform pathname generation and remove control characters.
1117  * At this point, the only control characters should be CTLESC and CTLQUOTEMARK.
1118  * The results are stored in the list exparg.
1119  */
1120 static void
1121 expandmeta(struct strlist *str, int flag __unused)
1122 {
1123 	char *p;
1124 	struct strlist **savelastp;
1125 	struct strlist *sp;
1126 	char c;
1127 	/* TODO - EXP_REDIR */
1128 
1129 	while (str) {
1130 		if (fflag)
1131 			goto nometa;
1132 		p = str->text;
1133 		for (;;) {			/* fast check for meta chars */
1134 			if ((c = *p++) == '\0')
1135 				goto nometa;
1136 			if (c == '*' || c == '?' || c == '[')
1137 				break;
1138 		}
1139 		savelastp = exparg.lastp;
1140 		INTOFF;
1141 		expmeta(expdir, str->text);
1142 		INTON;
1143 		if (exparg.lastp == savelastp) {
1144 			/*
1145 			 * no matches
1146 			 */
1147 nometa:
1148 			*exparg.lastp = str;
1149 			rmescapes(str->text);
1150 			exparg.lastp = &str->next;
1151 		} else {
1152 			*exparg.lastp = NULL;
1153 			*savelastp = sp = expsort(*savelastp);
1154 			while (sp->next != NULL)
1155 				sp = sp->next;
1156 			exparg.lastp = &sp->next;
1157 		}
1158 		str = str->next;
1159 	}
1160 }
1161 
1162 
1163 /*
1164  * Do metacharacter (i.e. *, ?, [...]) expansion.
1165  */
1166 
1167 static void
1168 expmeta(char *enddir, char *name)
1169 {
1170 	char *p;
1171 	char *q;
1172 	char *start;
1173 	char *endname;
1174 	int metaflag;
1175 	struct stat statb;
1176 	DIR *dirp;
1177 	struct dirent *dp;
1178 	int atend;
1179 	int matchdot;
1180 	int esc;
1181 
1182 	metaflag = 0;
1183 	start = name;
1184 	for (p = name; esc = 0, *p; p += esc + 1) {
1185 		if (*p == '*' || *p == '?')
1186 			metaflag = 1;
1187 		else if (*p == '[') {
1188 			q = p + 1;
1189 			if (*q == '!' || *q == '^')
1190 				q++;
1191 			for (;;) {
1192 				while (*q == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1193 					q++;
1194 				if (*q == CTLESC)
1195 					q++;
1196 				if (*q == '/' || *q == '\0')
1197 					break;
1198 				if (*++q == ']') {
1199 					metaflag = 1;
1200 					break;
1201 				}
1202 			}
1203 		} else if (*p == '\0')
1204 			break;
1205 		else if (*p == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1206 			continue;
1207 		else {
1208 			if (*p == CTLESC)
1209 				esc++;
1210 			if (p[esc] == '/') {
1211 				if (metaflag)
1212 					break;
1213 				start = p + esc + 1;
1214 			}
1215 		}
1216 	}
1217 	if (metaflag == 0) {	/* we've reached the end of the file name */
1218 		if (enddir != expdir)
1219 			metaflag++;
1220 		for (p = name ; ; p++) {
1221 			if (*p == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1222 				continue;
1223 			if (*p == CTLESC)
1224 				p++;
1225 			*enddir++ = *p;
1226 			if (*p == '\0')
1227 				break;
1228 			if (enddir == expdir_end)
1229 				return;
1230 		}
1231 		if (metaflag == 0 || lstat(expdir, &statb) >= 0)
1232 			addfname(expdir);
1233 		return;
1234 	}
1235 	endname = p;
1236 	if (start != name) {
1237 		p = name;
1238 		while (p < start) {
1239 			while (*p == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1240 				p++;
1241 			if (*p == CTLESC)
1242 				p++;
1243 			*enddir++ = *p++;
1244 			if (enddir == expdir_end)
1245 				return;
1246 		}
1247 	}
1248 	if (enddir == expdir) {
1249 		p = ".";
1250 	} else if (enddir == expdir + 1 && *expdir == '/') {
1251 		p = "/";
1252 	} else {
1253 		p = expdir;
1254 		enddir[-1] = '\0';
1255 	}
1256 	if ((dirp = opendir(p)) == NULL)
1257 		return;
1258 	if (enddir != expdir)
1259 		enddir[-1] = '/';
1260 	if (*endname == 0) {
1261 		atend = 1;
1262 	} else {
1263 		atend = 0;
1264 		*endname = '\0';
1265 		endname += esc + 1;
1266 	}
1267 	matchdot = 0;
1268 	p = start;
1269 	while (*p == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1270 		p++;
1271 	if (*p == CTLESC)
1272 		p++;
1273 	if (*p == '.')
1274 		matchdot++;
1275 	while (! int_pending() && (dp = readdir(dirp)) != NULL) {
1276 		if (dp->d_name[0] == '.' && ! matchdot)
1277 			continue;
1278 		if (patmatch(start, dp->d_name, 0)) {
1279 			if (enddir + dp->d_namlen + 1 > expdir_end)
1280 				continue;
1281 			memcpy(enddir, dp->d_name, dp->d_namlen + 1);
1282 			if (atend)
1283 				addfname(expdir);
1284 			else {
1285 				if (enddir + dp->d_namlen + 2 > expdir_end)
1286 					continue;
1287 				enddir[dp->d_namlen] = '/';
1288 				enddir[dp->d_namlen + 1] = '\0';
1289 				expmeta(enddir + dp->d_namlen + 1, endname);
1290 			}
1291 		}
1292 	}
1293 	closedir(dirp);
1294 	if (! atend)
1295 		endname[-esc - 1] = esc ? CTLESC : '/';
1296 }
1297 
1298 
1299 /*
1300  * Add a file name to the list.
1301  */
1302 
1303 static void
1304 addfname(char *name)
1305 {
1306 	char *p;
1307 	struct strlist *sp;
1308 
1309 	p = stalloc(strlen(name) + 1);
1310 	scopy(name, p);
1311 	sp = (struct strlist *)stalloc(sizeof *sp);
1312 	sp->text = p;
1313 	*exparg.lastp = sp;
1314 	exparg.lastp = &sp->next;
1315 }
1316 
1317 
1318 /*
1319  * Sort the results of file name expansion.  It calculates the number of
1320  * strings to sort and then calls msort (short for merge sort) to do the
1321  * work.
1322  */
1323 
1324 static struct strlist *
1325 expsort(struct strlist *str)
1326 {
1327 	int len;
1328 	struct strlist *sp;
1329 
1330 	len = 0;
1331 	for (sp = str ; sp ; sp = sp->next)
1332 		len++;
1333 	return msort(str, len);
1334 }
1335 
1336 
1337 static struct strlist *
1338 msort(struct strlist *list, int len)
1339 {
1340 	struct strlist *p, *q = NULL;
1341 	struct strlist **lpp;
1342 	int half;
1343 	int n;
1344 
1345 	if (len <= 1)
1346 		return list;
1347 	half = len >> 1;
1348 	p = list;
1349 	for (n = half ; --n >= 0 ; ) {
1350 		q = p;
1351 		p = p->next;
1352 	}
1353 	q->next = NULL;			/* terminate first half of list */
1354 	q = msort(list, half);		/* sort first half of list */
1355 	p = msort(p, len - half);		/* sort second half */
1356 	lpp = &list;
1357 	for (;;) {
1358 		if (strcmp(p->text, q->text) < 0) {
1359 			*lpp = p;
1360 			lpp = &p->next;
1361 			if ((p = *lpp) == NULL) {
1362 				*lpp = q;
1363 				break;
1364 			}
1365 		} else {
1366 			*lpp = q;
1367 			lpp = &q->next;
1368 			if ((q = *lpp) == NULL) {
1369 				*lpp = p;
1370 				break;
1371 			}
1372 		}
1373 	}
1374 	return list;
1375 }
1376 
1377 
1378 
1379 /*
1380  * Returns true if the pattern matches the string.
1381  */
1382 
1383 int
1384 patmatch(const char *pattern, const char *string, int squoted)
1385 {
1386 	const char *p, *q;
1387 	char c;
1388 
1389 	p = pattern;
1390 	q = string;
1391 	for (;;) {
1392 		switch (c = *p++) {
1393 		case '\0':
1394 			goto breakloop;
1395 		case CTLESC:
1396 			if (squoted && *q == CTLESC)
1397 				q++;
1398 			if (*q++ != *p++)
1399 				return 0;
1400 			break;
1401 		case CTLQUOTEMARK:
1402 			continue;
1403 		case '?':
1404 			if (squoted && *q == CTLESC)
1405 				q++;
1406 			if (*q++ == '\0')
1407 				return 0;
1408 			break;
1409 		case '*':
1410 			c = *p;
1411 			while (c == CTLQUOTEMARK || c == '*')
1412 				c = *++p;
1413 			if (c != CTLESC &&  c != CTLQUOTEMARK &&
1414 			    c != '?' && c != '*' && c != '[') {
1415 				while (*q != c) {
1416 					if (squoted && *q == CTLESC &&
1417 					    q[1] == c)
1418 						break;
1419 					if (*q == '\0')
1420 						return 0;
1421 					if (squoted && *q == CTLESC)
1422 						q++;
1423 					q++;
1424 				}
1425 			}
1426 			do {
1427 				if (patmatch(p, q, squoted))
1428 					return 1;
1429 				if (squoted && *q == CTLESC)
1430 					q++;
1431 			} while (*q++ != '\0');
1432 			return 0;
1433 		case '[': {
1434 			const char *endp;
1435 			int invert, found;
1436 			char chr;
1437 
1438 			endp = p;
1439 			if (*endp == '!' || *endp == '^')
1440 				endp++;
1441 			for (;;) {
1442 				while (*endp == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1443 					endp++;
1444 				if (*endp == '\0')
1445 					goto dft;		/* no matching ] */
1446 				if (*endp == CTLESC)
1447 					endp++;
1448 				if (*++endp == ']')
1449 					break;
1450 			}
1451 			invert = 0;
1452 			if (*p == '!' || *p == '^') {
1453 				invert++;
1454 				p++;
1455 			}
1456 			found = 0;
1457 			chr = *q++;
1458 			if (squoted && chr == CTLESC)
1459 				chr = *q++;
1460 			if (chr == '\0')
1461 				return 0;
1462 			c = *p++;
1463 			do {
1464 				if (c == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1465 					continue;
1466 				if (c == CTLESC)
1467 					c = *p++;
1468 				if (*p == '-' && p[1] != ']') {
1469 					p++;
1470 					while (*p == CTLQUOTEMARK)
1471 						p++;
1472 					if (*p == CTLESC)
1473 						p++;
1474 					if (   collate_range_cmp(chr, c) >= 0
1475 					    && collate_range_cmp(chr, *p) <= 0
1476 					   )
1477 						found = 1;
1478 					p++;
1479 				} else {
1480 					if (chr == c)
1481 						found = 1;
1482 				}
1483 			} while ((c = *p++) != ']');
1484 			if (found == invert)
1485 				return 0;
1486 			break;
1487 		}
1488 dft:	        default:
1489 			if (squoted && *q == CTLESC)
1490 				q++;
1491 			if (*q++ != c)
1492 				return 0;
1493 			break;
1494 		}
1495 	}
1496 breakloop:
1497 	if (*q != '\0')
1498 		return 0;
1499 	return 1;
1500 }
1501 
1502 
1503 
1504 /*
1505  * Remove any CTLESC and CTLQUOTEMARK characters from a string.
1506  */
1507 
1508 void
1509 rmescapes(char *str)
1510 {
1511 	char *p, *q;
1512 
1513 	p = str;
1514 	while (*p != CTLESC && *p != CTLQUOTEMARK && *p != CTLQUOTEEND) {
1515 		if (*p++ == '\0')
1516 			return;
1517 	}
1518 	q = p;
1519 	while (*p) {
1520 		if (*p == CTLQUOTEMARK || *p == CTLQUOTEEND) {
1521 			p++;
1522 			continue;
1523 		}
1524 		if (*p == CTLESC)
1525 			p++;
1526 		*q++ = *p++;
1527 	}
1528 	*q = '\0';
1529 }
1530 
1531 
1532 
1533 /*
1534  * See if a pattern matches in a case statement.
1535  */
1536 
1537 int
1538 casematch(union node *pattern, const char *val)
1539 {
1540 	struct stackmark smark;
1541 	int result;
1542 	char *p;
1543 
1544 	setstackmark(&smark);
1545 	argbackq = pattern->narg.backquote;
1546 	STARTSTACKSTR(expdest);
1547 	ifslastp = NULL;
1548 	argstr(pattern->narg.text, EXP_TILDE | EXP_CASE);
1549 	STPUTC('\0', expdest);
1550 	p = grabstackstr(expdest);
1551 	result = patmatch(p, val, 0);
1552 	popstackmark(&smark);
1553 	return result;
1554 }
1555 
1556 /*
1557  * Our own itoa().
1558  */
1559 
1560 static char *
1561 cvtnum(int num, char *buf)
1562 {
1563 	char temp[32];
1564 	int neg = num < 0;
1565 	char *p = temp + 31;
1566 
1567 	temp[31] = '\0';
1568 
1569 	do {
1570 		*--p = num % 10 + '0';
1571 	} while ((num /= 10) != 0);
1572 
1573 	if (neg)
1574 		*--p = '-';
1575 
1576 	while (*p)
1577 		STPUTC(*p++, buf);
1578 	return buf;
1579 }
1580 
1581 /*
1582  * Do most of the work for wordexp(3).
1583  */
1584 
1585 int
1586 wordexpcmd(int argc, char **argv)
1587 {
1588 	size_t len;
1589 	int i;
1590 
1591 	out1fmt("%08x", argc - 1);
1592 	for (i = 1, len = 0; i < argc; i++)
1593 		len += strlen(argv[i]);
1594 	out1fmt("%08x", (int)len);
1595 	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
1596 		outbin(argv[i], strlen(argv[i]) + 1, out1);
1597         return (0);
1598 }
1599