1 /*- 2 * Copyright (c) 1990, 1993, 1994 3 * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 4 * 5 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 6 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 7 * are met: 8 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 9 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 10 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 11 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 12 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 13 * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 14 * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 15 * without specific prior written permission. 16 * 17 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 18 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 19 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 20 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 21 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 22 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 23 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 24 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 25 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 26 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 27 * SUCH DAMAGE. 28 * ------+---------+---------+-------- + --------+---------+---------+---------* 29 * Copyright (c) 2004 - Garance Alistair Drosehn <gad@FreeBSD.org>. 30 * All rights reserved. 31 * 32 * Significant modifications made to bring `ps' options somewhat closer 33 * to the standard for `ps' as described in SingleUnixSpec-v3. 34 * ------+---------+---------+-------- + --------+---------+---------+---------* 35 */ 36 37 #ifndef lint 38 static const char copyright[] = 39 "@(#) Copyright (c) 1990, 1993, 1994\n\ 40 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.\n"; 41 #endif /* not lint */ 42 43 #if 0 44 #ifndef lint 45 static char sccsid[] = "@(#)ps.c 8.4 (Berkeley) 4/2/94"; 46 #endif /* not lint */ 47 #endif 48 49 #include <sys/cdefs.h> 50 __FBSDID("$FreeBSD$"); 51 52 #include <sys/param.h> 53 #include <sys/jail.h> 54 #include <sys/proc.h> 55 #include <sys/user.h> 56 #include <sys/stat.h> 57 #include <sys/ioctl.h> 58 #include <sys/sysctl.h> 59 #include <sys/mount.h> 60 61 #include <ctype.h> 62 #include <err.h> 63 #include <errno.h> 64 #include <fcntl.h> 65 #include <grp.h> 66 #include <jail.h> 67 #include <kvm.h> 68 #include <limits.h> 69 #include <locale.h> 70 #include <paths.h> 71 #include <pwd.h> 72 #include <stdio.h> 73 #include <stdlib.h> 74 #include <string.h> 75 #include <unistd.h> 76 77 #include "ps.h" 78 79 #define _PATH_PTS "/dev/pts/" 80 81 #define W_SEP " \t" /* "Whitespace" list separators */ 82 #define T_SEP "," /* "Terminate-element" list separators */ 83 84 #ifdef LAZY_PS 85 #define DEF_UREAD 0 86 #define OPT_LAZY_f "f" 87 #else 88 #define DEF_UREAD 1 /* Always do the more-expensive read. */ 89 #define OPT_LAZY_f /* I.e., the `-f' option is not added. */ 90 #endif 91 92 /* 93 * isdigit takes an `int', but expects values in the range of unsigned char. 94 * This wrapper ensures that values from a 'char' end up in the correct range. 95 */ 96 #define isdigitch(Anychar) isdigit((u_char)(Anychar)) 97 98 int cflag; /* -c */ 99 int eval; /* Exit value */ 100 time_t now; /* Current time(3) value */ 101 int rawcpu; /* -C */ 102 int sumrusage; /* -S */ 103 int termwidth; /* Width of the screen (0 == infinity). */ 104 int showthreads; /* will threads be shown? */ 105 106 struct velisthead varlist = STAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(varlist); 107 108 static int forceuread = DEF_UREAD; /* Do extra work to get u-area. */ 109 static kvm_t *kd; 110 static int needcomm; /* -o "command" */ 111 static int needenv; /* -e */ 112 static int needuser; /* -o "user" */ 113 static int optfatal; /* Fatal error parsing some list-option. */ 114 static int pid_max; /* kern.max_pid */ 115 116 static enum sort { DEFAULT, SORTMEM, SORTCPU } sortby = DEFAULT; 117 118 struct listinfo; 119 typedef int addelem_rtn(struct listinfo *_inf, const char *_elem); 120 121 struct listinfo { 122 int count; 123 int maxcount; 124 int elemsize; 125 addelem_rtn *addelem; 126 const char *lname; 127 union { 128 gid_t *gids; 129 int *jids; 130 pid_t *pids; 131 dev_t *ttys; 132 uid_t *uids; 133 void *ptr; 134 } l; 135 }; 136 137 static int addelem_gid(struct listinfo *, const char *); 138 static int addelem_jid(struct listinfo *, const char *); 139 static int addelem_pid(struct listinfo *, const char *); 140 static int addelem_tty(struct listinfo *, const char *); 141 static int addelem_uid(struct listinfo *, const char *); 142 static void add_list(struct listinfo *, const char *); 143 static void descendant_sort(KINFO *, int); 144 static void format_output(KINFO *); 145 static void *expand_list(struct listinfo *); 146 static const char * 147 fmt(char **(*)(kvm_t *, const struct kinfo_proc *, int), 148 KINFO *, char *, char *, int); 149 static void free_list(struct listinfo *); 150 static void init_list(struct listinfo *, addelem_rtn, int, const char *); 151 static char *kludge_oldps_options(const char *, char *, const char *); 152 static int pscomp(const void *, const void *); 153 static void saveuser(KINFO *); 154 static void scanvars(void); 155 static void sizevars(void); 156 static void pidmax_init(void); 157 static void usage(void); 158 159 static char dfmt[] = "pid,tt,state,time,command"; 160 static char jfmt[] = "user,pid,ppid,pgid,sid,jobc,state,tt,time,command"; 161 static char lfmt[] = "uid,pid,ppid,cpu,pri,nice,vsz,rss,mwchan,state," 162 "tt,time,command"; 163 static char o1[] = "pid"; 164 static char o2[] = "tt,state,time,command"; 165 static char ufmt[] = "user,pid,%cpu,%mem,vsz,rss,tt,state,start,time,command"; 166 static char vfmt[] = "pid,state,time,sl,re,pagein,vsz,rss,lim,tsiz," 167 "%cpu,%mem,command"; 168 static char Zfmt[] = "label"; 169 170 #define PS_ARGS "AaCcde" OPT_LAZY_f "G:gHhjJ:LlM:mN:O:o:p:rSTt:U:uvwXxZ" 171 172 int 173 main(int argc, char *argv[]) 174 { 175 struct listinfo gidlist, jidlist, pgrplist, pidlist; 176 struct listinfo ruidlist, sesslist, ttylist, uidlist; 177 struct kinfo_proc *kp; 178 KINFO *kinfo = NULL, *next_KINFO; 179 KINFO_STR *ks; 180 struct varent *vent; 181 struct winsize ws; 182 const char *nlistf, *memf, *fmtstr, *str; 183 char *cols; 184 int all, ch, elem, flag, _fmt, i, lineno, linelen, left; 185 int descendancy, nentries, nkept, nselectors; 186 int prtheader, wflag, what, xkeep, xkeep_implied; 187 char errbuf[_POSIX2_LINE_MAX]; 188 189 (void) setlocale(LC_ALL, ""); 190 time(&now); /* Used by routines in print.c. */ 191 192 if ((cols = getenv("COLUMNS")) != NULL && *cols != '\0') 193 termwidth = atoi(cols); 194 else if ((ioctl(STDOUT_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, (char *)&ws) == -1 && 195 ioctl(STDERR_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, (char *)&ws) == -1 && 196 ioctl(STDIN_FILENO, TIOCGWINSZ, (char *)&ws) == -1) || 197 ws.ws_col == 0) 198 termwidth = 79; 199 else 200 termwidth = ws.ws_col - 1; 201 202 /* 203 * Hide a number of option-processing kludges in a separate routine, 204 * to support some historical BSD behaviors, such as `ps axu'. 205 */ 206 if (argc > 1) 207 argv[1] = kludge_oldps_options(PS_ARGS, argv[1], argv[2]); 208 209 pidmax_init(); 210 211 all = descendancy = _fmt = nselectors = optfatal = 0; 212 prtheader = showthreads = wflag = xkeep_implied = 0; 213 xkeep = -1; /* Neither -x nor -X. */ 214 init_list(&gidlist, addelem_gid, sizeof(gid_t), "group"); 215 init_list(&jidlist, addelem_jid, sizeof(int), "jail id"); 216 init_list(&pgrplist, addelem_pid, sizeof(pid_t), "process group"); 217 init_list(&pidlist, addelem_pid, sizeof(pid_t), "process id"); 218 init_list(&ruidlist, addelem_uid, sizeof(uid_t), "ruser"); 219 init_list(&sesslist, addelem_pid, sizeof(pid_t), "session id"); 220 init_list(&ttylist, addelem_tty, sizeof(dev_t), "tty"); 221 init_list(&uidlist, addelem_uid, sizeof(uid_t), "user"); 222 memf = _PATH_DEVNULL; 223 nlistf = NULL; 224 while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, PS_ARGS)) != -1) 225 switch (ch) { 226 case 'A': 227 /* 228 * Exactly the same as `-ax'. This has been 229 * added for compatibility with SUSv3, but for 230 * now it will not be described in the man page. 231 */ 232 nselectors++; 233 all = xkeep = 1; 234 break; 235 case 'a': 236 nselectors++; 237 all = 1; 238 break; 239 case 'C': 240 rawcpu = 1; 241 break; 242 case 'c': 243 cflag = 1; 244 break; 245 case 'd': 246 descendancy = 1; 247 break; 248 case 'e': /* XXX set ufmt */ 249 needenv = 1; 250 break; 251 #ifdef LAZY_PS 252 case 'f': 253 if (getuid() == 0 || getgid() == 0) 254 forceuread = 1; 255 break; 256 #endif 257 case 'G': 258 add_list(&gidlist, optarg); 259 xkeep_implied = 1; 260 nselectors++; 261 break; 262 case 'g': 263 #if 0 264 /*- 265 * XXX - This SUSv3 behavior is still under debate 266 * since it conflicts with the (undocumented) 267 * `-g' option. So we skip it for now. 268 */ 269 add_list(&pgrplist, optarg); 270 xkeep_implied = 1; 271 nselectors++; 272 break; 273 #else 274 /* The historical BSD-ish (from SunOS) behavior. */ 275 break; /* no-op */ 276 #endif 277 case 'H': 278 showthreads = KERN_PROC_INC_THREAD; 279 break; 280 case 'h': 281 prtheader = ws.ws_row > 5 ? ws.ws_row : 22; 282 break; 283 case 'J': 284 add_list(&jidlist, optarg); 285 xkeep_implied = 1; 286 nselectors++; 287 break; 288 case 'j': 289 parsefmt(jfmt, 0); 290 _fmt = 1; 291 jfmt[0] = '\0'; 292 break; 293 case 'L': 294 showkey(); 295 exit(0); 296 case 'l': 297 parsefmt(lfmt, 0); 298 _fmt = 1; 299 lfmt[0] = '\0'; 300 break; 301 case 'M': 302 memf = optarg; 303 break; 304 case 'm': 305 sortby = SORTMEM; 306 break; 307 case 'N': 308 nlistf = optarg; 309 break; 310 case 'O': 311 parsefmt(o1, 1); 312 parsefmt(optarg, 1); 313 parsefmt(o2, 1); 314 o1[0] = o2[0] = '\0'; 315 _fmt = 1; 316 break; 317 case 'o': 318 parsefmt(optarg, 1); 319 _fmt = 1; 320 break; 321 case 'p': 322 add_list(&pidlist, optarg); 323 /* 324 * Note: `-p' does not *set* xkeep, but any values 325 * from pidlist are checked before xkeep is. That 326 * way they are always matched, even if the user 327 * specifies `-X'. 328 */ 329 nselectors++; 330 break; 331 #if 0 332 case 'R': 333 /*- 334 * XXX - This un-standard option is still under 335 * debate. This is what SUSv3 defines as 336 * the `-U' option, and while it would be 337 * nice to have, it could cause even more 338 * confusion to implement it as `-R'. 339 */ 340 add_list(&ruidlist, optarg); 341 xkeep_implied = 1; 342 nselectors++; 343 break; 344 #endif 345 case 'r': 346 sortby = SORTCPU; 347 break; 348 case 'S': 349 sumrusage = 1; 350 break; 351 #if 0 352 case 's': 353 /*- 354 * XXX - This non-standard option is still under 355 * debate. This *is* supported on Solaris, 356 * Linux, and IRIX, but conflicts with `-s' 357 * on NetBSD and maybe some older BSD's. 358 */ 359 add_list(&sesslist, optarg); 360 xkeep_implied = 1; 361 nselectors++; 362 break; 363 #endif 364 case 'T': 365 if ((optarg = ttyname(STDIN_FILENO)) == NULL) 366 errx(1, "stdin: not a terminal"); 367 /* FALLTHROUGH */ 368 case 't': 369 add_list(&ttylist, optarg); 370 xkeep_implied = 1; 371 nselectors++; 372 break; 373 case 'U': 374 /* This is what SUSv3 defines as the `-u' option. */ 375 add_list(&uidlist, optarg); 376 xkeep_implied = 1; 377 nselectors++; 378 break; 379 case 'u': 380 parsefmt(ufmt, 0); 381 sortby = SORTCPU; 382 _fmt = 1; 383 ufmt[0] = '\0'; 384 break; 385 case 'v': 386 parsefmt(vfmt, 0); 387 sortby = SORTMEM; 388 _fmt = 1; 389 vfmt[0] = '\0'; 390 break; 391 case 'w': 392 if (wflag) 393 termwidth = UNLIMITED; 394 else if (termwidth < 131) 395 termwidth = 131; 396 wflag++; 397 break; 398 case 'X': 399 /* 400 * Note that `-X' and `-x' are not standard "selector" 401 * options. For most selector-options, we check *all* 402 * processes to see if any are matched by the given 403 * value(s). After we have a set of all the matched 404 * processes, then `-X' and `-x' govern whether we 405 * modify that *matched* set for processes which do 406 * not have a controlling terminal. `-X' causes 407 * those processes to be deleted from the matched 408 * set, while `-x' causes them to be kept. 409 */ 410 xkeep = 0; 411 break; 412 case 'x': 413 xkeep = 1; 414 break; 415 case 'Z': 416 parsefmt(Zfmt, 0); 417 Zfmt[0] = '\0'; 418 break; 419 case '?': 420 default: 421 usage(); 422 } 423 argc -= optind; 424 argv += optind; 425 426 /* 427 * If there arguments after processing all the options, attempt 428 * to treat them as a list of process ids. 429 */ 430 while (*argv) { 431 if (!isdigitch(**argv)) 432 break; 433 add_list(&pidlist, *argv); 434 argv++; 435 } 436 if (*argv) { 437 fprintf(stderr, "%s: illegal argument: %s\n", 438 getprogname(), *argv); 439 usage(); 440 } 441 if (optfatal) 442 exit(1); /* Error messages already printed. */ 443 if (xkeep < 0) /* Neither -X nor -x was specified. */ 444 xkeep = xkeep_implied; 445 446 kd = kvm_openfiles(nlistf, memf, NULL, O_RDONLY, errbuf); 447 if (kd == 0) 448 errx(1, "%s", errbuf); 449 450 if (!_fmt) 451 parsefmt(dfmt, 0); 452 453 if (nselectors == 0) { 454 uidlist.l.ptr = malloc(sizeof(uid_t)); 455 if (uidlist.l.ptr == NULL) 456 errx(1, "malloc failed"); 457 nselectors = 1; 458 uidlist.count = uidlist.maxcount = 1; 459 *uidlist.l.uids = getuid(); 460 } 461 462 /* 463 * scan requested variables, noting what structures are needed, 464 * and adjusting header widths as appropriate. 465 */ 466 scanvars(); 467 468 /* 469 * Get process list. If the user requested just one selector- 470 * option, then kvm_getprocs can be asked to return just those 471 * processes. Otherwise, have it return all processes, and 472 * then this routine will search that full list and select the 473 * processes which match any of the user's selector-options. 474 */ 475 what = showthreads != 0 ? KERN_PROC_ALL : KERN_PROC_PROC; 476 flag = 0; 477 if (nselectors == 1) { 478 if (gidlist.count == 1) { 479 what = KERN_PROC_RGID | showthreads; 480 flag = *gidlist.l.gids; 481 nselectors = 0; 482 } else if (pgrplist.count == 1) { 483 what = KERN_PROC_PGRP | showthreads; 484 flag = *pgrplist.l.pids; 485 nselectors = 0; 486 } else if (pidlist.count == 1) { 487 what = KERN_PROC_PID | showthreads; 488 flag = *pidlist.l.pids; 489 nselectors = 0; 490 } else if (ruidlist.count == 1) { 491 what = KERN_PROC_RUID | showthreads; 492 flag = *ruidlist.l.uids; 493 nselectors = 0; 494 } else if (sesslist.count == 1) { 495 what = KERN_PROC_SESSION | showthreads; 496 flag = *sesslist.l.pids; 497 nselectors = 0; 498 } else if (ttylist.count == 1) { 499 what = KERN_PROC_TTY | showthreads; 500 flag = *ttylist.l.ttys; 501 nselectors = 0; 502 } else if (uidlist.count == 1) { 503 what = KERN_PROC_UID | showthreads; 504 flag = *uidlist.l.uids; 505 nselectors = 0; 506 } else if (all) { 507 /* No need for this routine to select processes. */ 508 nselectors = 0; 509 } 510 } 511 512 /* 513 * select procs 514 */ 515 nentries = -1; 516 kp = kvm_getprocs(kd, what, flag, &nentries); 517 if ((kp == NULL && nentries > 0) || (kp != NULL && nentries < 0)) 518 errx(1, "%s", kvm_geterr(kd)); 519 nkept = 0; 520 if (nentries > 0) { 521 if ((kinfo = malloc(nentries * sizeof(*kinfo))) == NULL) 522 errx(1, "malloc failed"); 523 for (i = nentries; --i >= 0; ++kp) { 524 /* 525 * If the user specified multiple selection-criteria, 526 * then keep any process matched by the inclusive OR 527 * of all the selection-criteria given. 528 */ 529 if (pidlist.count > 0) { 530 for (elem = 0; elem < pidlist.count; elem++) 531 if (kp->ki_pid == pidlist.l.pids[elem]) 532 goto keepit; 533 } 534 /* 535 * Note that we had to process pidlist before 536 * filtering out processes which do not have 537 * a controlling terminal. 538 */ 539 if (xkeep == 0) { 540 if ((kp->ki_tdev == NODEV || 541 (kp->ki_flag & P_CONTROLT) == 0)) 542 continue; 543 } 544 if (nselectors == 0) 545 goto keepit; 546 if (gidlist.count > 0) { 547 for (elem = 0; elem < gidlist.count; elem++) 548 if (kp->ki_rgid == gidlist.l.gids[elem]) 549 goto keepit; 550 } 551 if (jidlist.count > 0) { 552 for (elem = 0; elem < jidlist.count; elem++) 553 if (kp->ki_jid == jidlist.l.jids[elem]) 554 goto keepit; 555 } 556 if (pgrplist.count > 0) { 557 for (elem = 0; elem < pgrplist.count; elem++) 558 if (kp->ki_pgid == 559 pgrplist.l.pids[elem]) 560 goto keepit; 561 } 562 if (ruidlist.count > 0) { 563 for (elem = 0; elem < ruidlist.count; elem++) 564 if (kp->ki_ruid == 565 ruidlist.l.uids[elem]) 566 goto keepit; 567 } 568 if (sesslist.count > 0) { 569 for (elem = 0; elem < sesslist.count; elem++) 570 if (kp->ki_sid == sesslist.l.pids[elem]) 571 goto keepit; 572 } 573 if (ttylist.count > 0) { 574 for (elem = 0; elem < ttylist.count; elem++) 575 if (kp->ki_tdev == ttylist.l.ttys[elem]) 576 goto keepit; 577 } 578 if (uidlist.count > 0) { 579 for (elem = 0; elem < uidlist.count; elem++) 580 if (kp->ki_uid == uidlist.l.uids[elem]) 581 goto keepit; 582 } 583 /* 584 * This process did not match any of the user's 585 * selector-options, so skip the process. 586 */ 587 continue; 588 589 keepit: 590 next_KINFO = &kinfo[nkept]; 591 next_KINFO->ki_p = kp; 592 next_KINFO->ki_d.level = 0; 593 next_KINFO->ki_d.prefix = NULL; 594 next_KINFO->ki_pcpu = getpcpu(next_KINFO); 595 if (sortby == SORTMEM) 596 next_KINFO->ki_memsize = kp->ki_tsize + 597 kp->ki_dsize + kp->ki_ssize; 598 if (needuser) 599 saveuser(next_KINFO); 600 nkept++; 601 } 602 } 603 604 sizevars(); 605 606 if (nkept == 0) { 607 printheader(); 608 exit(1); 609 } 610 611 /* 612 * sort proc list 613 */ 614 qsort(kinfo, nkept, sizeof(KINFO), pscomp); 615 616 /* 617 * We want things in descendant order 618 */ 619 if (descendancy) 620 descendant_sort(kinfo, nkept); 621 622 623 /* 624 * Prepare formatted output. 625 */ 626 for (i = 0; i < nkept; i++) 627 format_output(&kinfo[i]); 628 629 /* 630 * Print header. 631 */ 632 printheader(); 633 634 /* 635 * Output formatted lines. 636 */ 637 for (i = lineno = 0; i < nkept; i++) { 638 linelen = 0; 639 STAILQ_FOREACH(vent, &varlist, next_ve) { 640 if (vent->var->flag & LJUST) 641 fmtstr = "%-*s"; 642 else 643 fmtstr = "%*s"; 644 645 ks = STAILQ_FIRST(&kinfo[i].ki_ks); 646 STAILQ_REMOVE_HEAD(&kinfo[i].ki_ks, ks_next); 647 /* Truncate rightmost column if necessary. */ 648 if (STAILQ_NEXT(vent, next_ve) == NULL && 649 termwidth != UNLIMITED && ks->ks_str != NULL) { 650 left = termwidth - linelen; 651 if (left > 0 && left < (int)strlen(ks->ks_str)) 652 ks->ks_str[left] = '\0'; 653 } 654 str = ks->ks_str; 655 if (str == NULL) 656 str = "-"; 657 /* No padding for the last column, if it's LJUST. */ 658 if (STAILQ_NEXT(vent, next_ve) == NULL && 659 vent->var->flag & LJUST) 660 linelen += printf(fmtstr, 0, str); 661 else 662 linelen += printf(fmtstr, vent->var->width, str); 663 664 if (ks->ks_str != NULL) { 665 free(ks->ks_str); 666 ks->ks_str = NULL; 667 } 668 free(ks); 669 ks = NULL; 670 671 if (STAILQ_NEXT(vent, next_ve) != NULL) { 672 (void)putchar(' '); 673 linelen++; 674 } 675 } 676 (void)putchar('\n'); 677 if (prtheader && lineno++ == prtheader - 4) { 678 (void)putchar('\n'); 679 printheader(); 680 lineno = 0; 681 } 682 } 683 free_list(&gidlist); 684 free_list(&jidlist); 685 free_list(&pidlist); 686 free_list(&pgrplist); 687 free_list(&ruidlist); 688 free_list(&sesslist); 689 free_list(&ttylist); 690 free_list(&uidlist); 691 for (i = 0; i < nkept; i++) 692 free(kinfo[i].ki_d.prefix); 693 free(kinfo); 694 695 exit(eval); 696 } 697 698 static int 699 addelem_gid(struct listinfo *inf, const char *elem) 700 { 701 struct group *grp; 702 const char *nameorID; 703 char *endp; 704 u_long bigtemp; 705 706 if (*elem == '\0' || strlen(elem) >= MAXLOGNAME) { 707 if (*elem == '\0') 708 warnx("Invalid (zero-length) %s name", inf->lname); 709 else 710 warnx("%s name too long: %s", inf->lname, elem); 711 optfatal = 1; 712 return (0); /* Do not add this value. */ 713 } 714 715 /* 716 * SUSv3 states that `ps -G grouplist' should match "real-group 717 * ID numbers", and does not mention group-names. I do want to 718 * also support group-names, so this tries for a group-id first, 719 * and only tries for a name if that doesn't work. This is the 720 * opposite order of what is done in addelem_uid(), but in 721 * practice the order would only matter for group-names which 722 * are all-numeric. 723 */ 724 grp = NULL; 725 nameorID = "named"; 726 errno = 0; 727 bigtemp = strtoul(elem, &endp, 10); 728 if (errno == 0 && *endp == '\0' && bigtemp <= GID_MAX) { 729 nameorID = "name or ID matches"; 730 grp = getgrgid((gid_t)bigtemp); 731 } 732 if (grp == NULL) 733 grp = getgrnam(elem); 734 if (grp == NULL) { 735 warnx("No %s %s '%s'", inf->lname, nameorID, elem); 736 optfatal = 1; 737 return (0); 738 } 739 if (inf->count >= inf->maxcount) 740 expand_list(inf); 741 inf->l.gids[(inf->count)++] = grp->gr_gid; 742 return (1); 743 } 744 745 static int 746 addelem_jid(struct listinfo *inf, const char *elem) 747 { 748 int tempid; 749 750 if (*elem == '\0') { 751 warnx("Invalid (zero-length) jail id"); 752 optfatal = 1; 753 return (0); /* Do not add this value. */ 754 } 755 756 tempid = jail_getid(elem); 757 if (tempid < 0) { 758 warnx("Invalid %s: %s", inf->lname, elem); 759 optfatal = 1; 760 return (0); 761 } 762 763 if (inf->count >= inf->maxcount) 764 expand_list(inf); 765 inf->l.jids[(inf->count)++] = tempid; 766 return (1); 767 } 768 769 static int 770 addelem_pid(struct listinfo *inf, const char *elem) 771 { 772 char *endp; 773 long tempid; 774 775 if (*elem == '\0') { 776 warnx("Invalid (zero-length) process id"); 777 optfatal = 1; 778 return (0); /* Do not add this value. */ 779 } 780 781 errno = 0; 782 tempid = strtol(elem, &endp, 10); 783 if (*endp != '\0' || tempid < 0 || elem == endp) { 784 warnx("Invalid %s: %s", inf->lname, elem); 785 errno = ERANGE; 786 } else if (errno != 0 || tempid > pid_max) { 787 warnx("%s too large: %s", inf->lname, elem); 788 errno = ERANGE; 789 } 790 if (errno == ERANGE) { 791 optfatal = 1; 792 return (0); 793 } 794 if (inf->count >= inf->maxcount) 795 expand_list(inf); 796 inf->l.pids[(inf->count)++] = tempid; 797 return (1); 798 } 799 800 /*- 801 * The user can specify a device via one of three formats: 802 * 1) fully qualified, e.g.: /dev/ttyp0 /dev/console /dev/pts/0 803 * 2) missing "/dev", e.g.: ttyp0 console pts/0 804 * 3) two-letters, e.g.: p0 co 0 805 * (matching letters that would be seen in the "TT" column) 806 */ 807 static int 808 addelem_tty(struct listinfo *inf, const char *elem) 809 { 810 const char *ttypath; 811 struct stat sb; 812 char pathbuf[PATH_MAX], pathbuf2[PATH_MAX], pathbuf3[PATH_MAX]; 813 814 ttypath = NULL; 815 pathbuf2[0] = '\0'; 816 pathbuf3[0] = '\0'; 817 switch (*elem) { 818 case '/': 819 ttypath = elem; 820 break; 821 case 'c': 822 if (strcmp(elem, "co") == 0) { 823 ttypath = _PATH_CONSOLE; 824 break; 825 } 826 /* FALLTHROUGH */ 827 default: 828 strlcpy(pathbuf, _PATH_DEV, sizeof(pathbuf)); 829 strlcat(pathbuf, elem, sizeof(pathbuf)); 830 ttypath = pathbuf; 831 if (strncmp(pathbuf, _PATH_TTY, strlen(_PATH_TTY)) == 0) 832 break; 833 if (strncmp(pathbuf, _PATH_PTS, strlen(_PATH_PTS)) == 0) 834 break; 835 if (strcmp(pathbuf, _PATH_CONSOLE) == 0) 836 break; 837 /* Check to see if /dev/tty${elem} exists */ 838 strlcpy(pathbuf2, _PATH_TTY, sizeof(pathbuf2)); 839 strlcat(pathbuf2, elem, sizeof(pathbuf2)); 840 if (stat(pathbuf2, &sb) == 0 && S_ISCHR(sb.st_mode)) { 841 /* No need to repeat stat() && S_ISCHR() checks */ 842 ttypath = NULL; 843 break; 844 } 845 /* Check to see if /dev/pts/${elem} exists */ 846 strlcpy(pathbuf3, _PATH_PTS, sizeof(pathbuf3)); 847 strlcat(pathbuf3, elem, sizeof(pathbuf3)); 848 if (stat(pathbuf3, &sb) == 0 && S_ISCHR(sb.st_mode)) { 849 /* No need to repeat stat() && S_ISCHR() checks */ 850 ttypath = NULL; 851 break; 852 } 853 break; 854 } 855 if (ttypath) { 856 if (stat(ttypath, &sb) == -1) { 857 if (pathbuf3[0] != '\0') 858 warn("%s, %s, and %s", pathbuf3, pathbuf2, 859 ttypath); 860 else 861 warn("%s", ttypath); 862 optfatal = 1; 863 return (0); 864 } 865 if (!S_ISCHR(sb.st_mode)) { 866 if (pathbuf3[0] != '\0') 867 warnx("%s, %s, and %s: Not a terminal", 868 pathbuf3, pathbuf2, ttypath); 869 else 870 warnx("%s: Not a terminal", ttypath); 871 optfatal = 1; 872 return (0); 873 } 874 } 875 if (inf->count >= inf->maxcount) 876 expand_list(inf); 877 inf->l.ttys[(inf->count)++] = sb.st_rdev; 878 return (1); 879 } 880 881 static int 882 addelem_uid(struct listinfo *inf, const char *elem) 883 { 884 struct passwd *pwd; 885 char *endp; 886 u_long bigtemp; 887 888 if (*elem == '\0' || strlen(elem) >= MAXLOGNAME) { 889 if (*elem == '\0') 890 warnx("Invalid (zero-length) %s name", inf->lname); 891 else 892 warnx("%s name too long: %s", inf->lname, elem); 893 optfatal = 1; 894 return (0); /* Do not add this value. */ 895 } 896 897 pwd = getpwnam(elem); 898 if (pwd == NULL) { 899 errno = 0; 900 bigtemp = strtoul(elem, &endp, 10); 901 if (errno != 0 || *endp != '\0' || bigtemp > UID_MAX) 902 warnx("No %s named '%s'", inf->lname, elem); 903 else { 904 /* The string is all digits, so it might be a userID. */ 905 pwd = getpwuid((uid_t)bigtemp); 906 if (pwd == NULL) 907 warnx("No %s name or ID matches '%s'", 908 inf->lname, elem); 909 } 910 } 911 if (pwd == NULL) { 912 /* 913 * These used to be treated as minor warnings (and the 914 * option was simply ignored), but now they are fatal 915 * errors (and the command will be aborted). 916 */ 917 optfatal = 1; 918 return (0); 919 } 920 if (inf->count >= inf->maxcount) 921 expand_list(inf); 922 inf->l.uids[(inf->count)++] = pwd->pw_uid; 923 return (1); 924 } 925 926 static void 927 add_list(struct listinfo *inf, const char *argp) 928 { 929 const char *savep; 930 char *cp, *endp; 931 int toolong; 932 char elemcopy[PATH_MAX]; 933 934 if (*argp == '\0') 935 inf->addelem(inf, argp); 936 while (*argp != '\0') { 937 while (*argp != '\0' && strchr(W_SEP, *argp) != NULL) 938 argp++; 939 savep = argp; 940 toolong = 0; 941 cp = elemcopy; 942 if (strchr(T_SEP, *argp) == NULL) { 943 endp = elemcopy + sizeof(elemcopy) - 1; 944 while (*argp != '\0' && cp <= endp && 945 strchr(W_SEP T_SEP, *argp) == NULL) 946 *cp++ = *argp++; 947 if (cp > endp) 948 toolong = 1; 949 } 950 if (!toolong) { 951 *cp = '\0'; 952 /* 953 * Add this single element to the given list. 954 */ 955 inf->addelem(inf, elemcopy); 956 } else { 957 /* 958 * The string is too long to copy. Find the end 959 * of the string to print out the warning message. 960 */ 961 while (*argp != '\0' && strchr(W_SEP T_SEP, 962 *argp) == NULL) 963 argp++; 964 warnx("Value too long: %.*s", (int)(argp - savep), 965 savep); 966 optfatal = 1; 967 } 968 /* 969 * Skip over any number of trailing whitespace characters, 970 * but only one (at most) trailing element-terminating 971 * character. 972 */ 973 while (*argp != '\0' && strchr(W_SEP, *argp) != NULL) 974 argp++; 975 if (*argp != '\0' && strchr(T_SEP, *argp) != NULL) { 976 argp++; 977 /* Catch case where string ended with a comma. */ 978 if (*argp == '\0') 979 inf->addelem(inf, argp); 980 } 981 } 982 } 983 984 static void 985 descendant_sort(KINFO *ki, int items) 986 { 987 int dst, lvl, maxlvl, n, ndst, nsrc, siblings, src; 988 unsigned char *path; 989 KINFO kn; 990 991 /* 992 * First, sort the entries by descendancy, tracking the descendancy 993 * depth in the ki_d.level field. 994 */ 995 src = 0; 996 maxlvl = 0; 997 while (src < items) { 998 if (ki[src].ki_d.level) { 999 src++; 1000 continue; 1001 } 1002 for (nsrc = 1; src + nsrc < items; nsrc++) 1003 if (!ki[src + nsrc].ki_d.level) 1004 break; 1005 1006 for (dst = 0; dst < items; dst++) { 1007 if (ki[dst].ki_p->ki_pid == ki[src].ki_p->ki_pid) 1008 continue; 1009 if (ki[dst].ki_p->ki_pid == ki[src].ki_p->ki_ppid) 1010 break; 1011 } 1012 1013 if (dst == items) { 1014 src += nsrc; 1015 continue; 1016 } 1017 1018 for (ndst = 1; dst + ndst < items; ndst++) 1019 if (ki[dst + ndst].ki_d.level <= ki[dst].ki_d.level) 1020 break; 1021 1022 for (n = src; n < src + nsrc; n++) { 1023 ki[n].ki_d.level += ki[dst].ki_d.level + 1; 1024 if (maxlvl < ki[n].ki_d.level) 1025 maxlvl = ki[n].ki_d.level; 1026 } 1027 1028 while (nsrc) { 1029 if (src < dst) { 1030 kn = ki[src]; 1031 memmove(ki + src, ki + src + 1, 1032 (dst - src + ndst - 1) * sizeof *ki); 1033 ki[dst + ndst - 1] = kn; 1034 nsrc--; 1035 dst--; 1036 ndst++; 1037 } else if (src != dst + ndst) { 1038 kn = ki[src]; 1039 memmove(ki + dst + ndst + 1, ki + dst + ndst, 1040 (src - dst - ndst) * sizeof *ki); 1041 ki[dst + ndst] = kn; 1042 ndst++; 1043 nsrc--; 1044 src++; 1045 } else { 1046 ndst += nsrc; 1047 src += nsrc; 1048 nsrc = 0; 1049 } 1050 } 1051 } 1052 1053 /* 1054 * Now populate ki_d.prefix (instead of ki_d.level) with the command 1055 * prefix used to show descendancies. 1056 */ 1057 path = malloc((maxlvl + 7) / 8); 1058 memset(path, '\0', (maxlvl + 7) / 8); 1059 for (src = 0; src < items; src++) { 1060 if ((lvl = ki[src].ki_d.level) == 0) { 1061 ki[src].ki_d.prefix = NULL; 1062 continue; 1063 } 1064 if ((ki[src].ki_d.prefix = malloc(lvl * 2 + 1)) == NULL) 1065 errx(1, "malloc failed"); 1066 for (n = 0; n < lvl - 2; n++) { 1067 ki[src].ki_d.prefix[n * 2] = 1068 path[n / 8] & 1 << (n % 8) ? '|' : ' '; 1069 ki[src].ki_d.prefix[n * 2 + 1] = ' '; 1070 } 1071 if (n == lvl - 2) { 1072 /* Have I any more siblings? */ 1073 for (siblings = 0, dst = src + 1; dst < items; dst++) { 1074 if (ki[dst].ki_d.level > lvl) 1075 continue; 1076 if (ki[dst].ki_d.level == lvl) 1077 siblings = 1; 1078 break; 1079 } 1080 if (siblings) 1081 path[n / 8] |= 1 << (n % 8); 1082 else 1083 path[n / 8] &= ~(1 << (n % 8)); 1084 ki[src].ki_d.prefix[n * 2] = siblings ? '|' : '`'; 1085 ki[src].ki_d.prefix[n * 2 + 1] = '-'; 1086 n++; 1087 } 1088 strcpy(ki[src].ki_d.prefix + n * 2, "- "); 1089 } 1090 free(path); 1091 } 1092 1093 static void * 1094 expand_list(struct listinfo *inf) 1095 { 1096 void *newlist; 1097 int newmax; 1098 1099 newmax = (inf->maxcount + 1) << 1; 1100 newlist = realloc(inf->l.ptr, newmax * inf->elemsize); 1101 if (newlist == NULL) { 1102 free(inf->l.ptr); 1103 errx(1, "realloc to %d %ss failed", newmax, inf->lname); 1104 } 1105 inf->maxcount = newmax; 1106 inf->l.ptr = newlist; 1107 1108 return (newlist); 1109 } 1110 1111 static void 1112 free_list(struct listinfo *inf) 1113 { 1114 1115 inf->count = inf->elemsize = inf->maxcount = 0; 1116 if (inf->l.ptr != NULL) 1117 free(inf->l.ptr); 1118 inf->addelem = NULL; 1119 inf->lname = NULL; 1120 inf->l.ptr = NULL; 1121 } 1122 1123 static void 1124 init_list(struct listinfo *inf, addelem_rtn artn, int elemsize, 1125 const char *lname) 1126 { 1127 1128 inf->count = inf->maxcount = 0; 1129 inf->elemsize = elemsize; 1130 inf->addelem = artn; 1131 inf->lname = lname; 1132 inf->l.ptr = NULL; 1133 } 1134 1135 VARENT * 1136 find_varentry(VAR *v) 1137 { 1138 struct varent *vent; 1139 1140 STAILQ_FOREACH(vent, &varlist, next_ve) { 1141 if (strcmp(vent->var->name, v->name) == 0) 1142 return vent; 1143 } 1144 return NULL; 1145 } 1146 1147 static void 1148 scanvars(void) 1149 { 1150 struct varent *vent; 1151 VAR *v; 1152 1153 STAILQ_FOREACH(vent, &varlist, next_ve) { 1154 v = vent->var; 1155 if (v->flag & USER) 1156 needuser = 1; 1157 if (v->flag & COMM) 1158 needcomm = 1; 1159 } 1160 } 1161 1162 static void 1163 format_output(KINFO *ki) 1164 { 1165 struct varent *vent; 1166 VAR *v; 1167 KINFO_STR *ks; 1168 char *str; 1169 int len; 1170 1171 STAILQ_INIT(&ki->ki_ks); 1172 STAILQ_FOREACH(vent, &varlist, next_ve) { 1173 v = vent->var; 1174 str = (v->oproc)(ki, vent); 1175 ks = malloc(sizeof(*ks)); 1176 if (ks == NULL) 1177 errx(1, "malloc failed"); 1178 ks->ks_str = str; 1179 STAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&ki->ki_ks, ks, ks_next); 1180 if (str != NULL) { 1181 len = strlen(str); 1182 } else 1183 len = 1; /* "-" */ 1184 if (v->width < len) 1185 v->width = len; 1186 } 1187 } 1188 1189 static void 1190 sizevars(void) 1191 { 1192 struct varent *vent; 1193 VAR *v; 1194 int i; 1195 1196 STAILQ_FOREACH(vent, &varlist, next_ve) { 1197 v = vent->var; 1198 i = strlen(vent->header); 1199 if (v->width < i) 1200 v->width = i; 1201 } 1202 } 1203 1204 static const char * 1205 fmt(char **(*fn)(kvm_t *, const struct kinfo_proc *, int), KINFO *ki, 1206 char *comm, char *thread, int maxlen) 1207 { 1208 const char *s; 1209 1210 s = fmt_argv((*fn)(kd, ki->ki_p, termwidth), comm, 1211 showthreads && ki->ki_p->ki_numthreads > 1 ? thread : NULL, maxlen); 1212 return (s); 1213 } 1214 1215 #define UREADOK(ki) (forceuread || (ki->ki_p->ki_flag & P_INMEM)) 1216 1217 static void 1218 saveuser(KINFO *ki) 1219 { 1220 1221 if (ki->ki_p->ki_flag & P_INMEM) { 1222 /* 1223 * The u-area might be swapped out, and we can't get 1224 * at it because we have a crashdump and no swap. 1225 * If it's here fill in these fields, otherwise, just 1226 * leave them 0. 1227 */ 1228 ki->ki_valid = 1; 1229 } else 1230 ki->ki_valid = 0; 1231 /* 1232 * save arguments if needed 1233 */ 1234 if (needcomm) { 1235 if (ki->ki_p->ki_stat == SZOMB) 1236 ki->ki_args = strdup("<defunct>"); 1237 else if (UREADOK(ki) || (ki->ki_p->ki_args != NULL)) 1238 ki->ki_args = strdup(fmt(kvm_getargv, ki, 1239 ki->ki_p->ki_comm, ki->ki_p->ki_tdname, MAXCOMLEN)); 1240 else 1241 asprintf(&ki->ki_args, "(%s)", ki->ki_p->ki_comm); 1242 if (ki->ki_args == NULL) 1243 errx(1, "malloc failed"); 1244 } else { 1245 ki->ki_args = NULL; 1246 } 1247 if (needenv) { 1248 if (UREADOK(ki)) 1249 ki->ki_env = strdup(fmt(kvm_getenvv, ki, 1250 (char *)NULL, (char *)NULL, 0)); 1251 else 1252 ki->ki_env = strdup("()"); 1253 if (ki->ki_env == NULL) 1254 errx(1, "malloc failed"); 1255 } else { 1256 ki->ki_env = NULL; 1257 } 1258 } 1259 1260 /* A macro used to improve the readability of pscomp(). */ 1261 #define DIFF_RETURN(a, b, field) do { \ 1262 if ((a)->field != (b)->field) \ 1263 return (((a)->field < (b)->field) ? -1 : 1); \ 1264 } while (0) 1265 1266 static int 1267 pscomp(const void *a, const void *b) 1268 { 1269 const KINFO *ka, *kb; 1270 1271 ka = a; 1272 kb = b; 1273 /* SORTCPU and SORTMEM are sorted in descending order. */ 1274 if (sortby == SORTCPU) 1275 DIFF_RETURN(kb, ka, ki_pcpu); 1276 if (sortby == SORTMEM) 1277 DIFF_RETURN(kb, ka, ki_memsize); 1278 /* 1279 * TTY's are sorted in ascending order, except that all NODEV 1280 * processes come before all processes with a device. 1281 */ 1282 if (ka->ki_p->ki_tdev != kb->ki_p->ki_tdev) { 1283 if (ka->ki_p->ki_tdev == NODEV) 1284 return (-1); 1285 if (kb->ki_p->ki_tdev == NODEV) 1286 return (1); 1287 DIFF_RETURN(ka, kb, ki_p->ki_tdev); 1288 } 1289 1290 /* PID's and TID's (threads) are sorted in ascending order. */ 1291 DIFF_RETURN(ka, kb, ki_p->ki_pid); 1292 DIFF_RETURN(ka, kb, ki_p->ki_tid); 1293 return (0); 1294 } 1295 #undef DIFF_RETURN 1296 1297 /* 1298 * ICK (all for getopt), would rather hide the ugliness 1299 * here than taint the main code. 1300 * 1301 * ps foo -> ps -foo 1302 * ps 34 -> ps -p34 1303 * 1304 * The old convention that 't' with no trailing tty arg means the users 1305 * tty, is only supported if argv[1] doesn't begin with a '-'. This same 1306 * feature is available with the option 'T', which takes no argument. 1307 */ 1308 static char * 1309 kludge_oldps_options(const char *optlist, char *origval, const char *nextarg) 1310 { 1311 size_t len; 1312 char *argp, *cp, *newopts, *ns, *optp, *pidp; 1313 1314 /* 1315 * See if the original value includes any option which takes an 1316 * argument (and will thus use up the remainder of the string). 1317 */ 1318 argp = NULL; 1319 if (optlist != NULL) { 1320 for (cp = origval; *cp != '\0'; cp++) { 1321 optp = strchr(optlist, *cp); 1322 if ((optp != NULL) && *(optp + 1) == ':') { 1323 argp = cp; 1324 break; 1325 } 1326 } 1327 } 1328 if (argp != NULL && *origval == '-') 1329 return (origval); 1330 1331 /* 1332 * if last letter is a 't' flag with no argument (in the context 1333 * of the oldps options -- option string NOT starting with a '-' -- 1334 * then convert to 'T' (meaning *this* terminal, i.e. ttyname(0)). 1335 * 1336 * However, if a flag accepting a string argument is found earlier 1337 * in the option string (including a possible `t' flag), then the 1338 * remainder of the string must be the argument to that flag; so 1339 * do not modify that argument. Note that a trailing `t' would 1340 * cause argp to be set, if argp was not already set by some 1341 * earlier option. 1342 */ 1343 len = strlen(origval); 1344 cp = origval + len - 1; 1345 pidp = NULL; 1346 if (*cp == 't' && *origval != '-' && cp == argp) { 1347 if (nextarg == NULL || *nextarg == '-' || isdigitch(*nextarg)) 1348 *cp = 'T'; 1349 } else if (argp == NULL) { 1350 /* 1351 * The original value did not include any option which takes 1352 * an argument (and that would include `p' and `t'), so check 1353 * the value for trailing number, or comma-separated list of 1354 * numbers, which we will treat as a pid request. 1355 */ 1356 if (isdigitch(*cp)) { 1357 while (cp >= origval && (*cp == ',' || isdigitch(*cp))) 1358 --cp; 1359 pidp = cp + 1; 1360 } 1361 } 1362 1363 /* 1364 * If nothing needs to be added to the string, then return 1365 * the "original" (although possibly modified) value. 1366 */ 1367 if (*origval == '-' && pidp == NULL) 1368 return (origval); 1369 1370 /* 1371 * Create a copy of the string to add '-' and/or 'p' to the 1372 * original value. 1373 */ 1374 if ((newopts = ns = malloc(len + 3)) == NULL) 1375 errx(1, "malloc failed"); 1376 1377 if (*origval != '-') 1378 *ns++ = '-'; /* add option flag */ 1379 1380 if (pidp == NULL) 1381 strcpy(ns, origval); 1382 else { 1383 /* 1384 * Copy everything before the pid string, add the `p', 1385 * and then copy the pid string. 1386 */ 1387 len = pidp - origval; 1388 memcpy(ns, origval, len); 1389 ns += len; 1390 *ns++ = 'p'; 1391 strcpy(ns, pidp); 1392 } 1393 1394 return (newopts); 1395 } 1396 1397 static void 1398 pidmax_init(void) 1399 { 1400 size_t intsize; 1401 1402 intsize = sizeof(pid_max); 1403 if (sysctlbyname("kern.pid_max", &pid_max, &intsize, NULL, 0) < 0) { 1404 warn("unable to read kern.pid_max"); 1405 pid_max = 99999; 1406 } 1407 } 1408 1409 static void 1410 usage(void) 1411 { 1412 #define SINGLE_OPTS "[-aCcde" OPT_LAZY_f "HhjlmrSTuvwXxZ]" 1413 1414 (void)fprintf(stderr, "%s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n", 1415 "usage: ps " SINGLE_OPTS " [-O fmt | -o fmt] [-G gid[,gid...]]", 1416 " [-J jid[,jid...]] [-M core] [-N system]", 1417 " [-p pid[,pid...]] [-t tty[,tty...]] [-U user[,user...]]", 1418 " ps [-L]"); 1419 exit(1); 1420 } 1421