xref: /freebsd/bin/ps/ps.1 (revision 9268022b74279434ed6300244e3f977e56a8ceb5)
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29.\"     @(#)ps.1	8.3 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
30.\" $FreeBSD$
31.\"
32.Dd August 27, 2014
33.Dt PS 1
34.Os
35.Sh NAME
36.Nm ps
37.Nd process status
38.Sh SYNOPSIS
39.Nm
40.Op Fl aCcdefHhjlmrSTuvwXxZ
41.Op Fl O Ar fmt | Fl o Ar fmt
42.Op Fl G Ar gid Ns Op , Ns Ar gid Ns Ar ...
43.Op Fl J Ar jid Ns Op , Ns Ar jid Ns Ar ...
44.Op Fl M Ar core
45.Op Fl N Ar system
46.Op Fl p Ar pid Ns Op , Ns Ar pid Ns Ar ...
47.Op Fl t Ar tty Ns Op , Ns Ar tty Ns Ar ...
48.Op Fl U Ar user Ns Op , Ns Ar user Ns Ar ...
49.Nm
50.Op Fl L
51.Sh DESCRIPTION
52The
53.Nm
54utility
55displays a header line, followed by lines containing information about
56all of your
57processes that have controlling terminals.
58If the
59.Fl x
60options is specified,
61.Nm
62will also display processes that do not have controlling terminals.
63.Pp
64A different set of processes can be selected for display by using any
65combination of the
66.Fl a , G , J , p , T , t ,
67and
68.Fl U
69options.
70If more than one of these options are given, then
71.Nm
72will select all processes which are matched by at least one of the
73given options.
74.Pp
75For the processes which have been selected for display,
76.Nm
77will usually display one line per process.
78The
79.Fl H
80option may result in multiple output lines (one line per thread) for
81some processes.
82By default all of these output lines are sorted first by controlling
83terminal, then by process ID.
84The
85.Fl m , r , u ,
86and
87.Fl v
88options will change the sort order.
89If more than one sorting option was given, then the selected processes
90will be sorted by the last sorting option which was specified.
91.Pp
92For the processes which have been selected for display, the information
93to display is selected based on a set of keywords (see the
94.Fl L , O ,
95and
96.Fl o
97options).
98The default output format includes, for each process, the process' ID,
99controlling terminal, state, CPU time (including both user and system time)
100and associated command.
101.Pp
102The options are as follows:
103.Bl -tag -width indent
104.It Fl a
105Display information about other users' processes as well as your own.
106If the
107.Va security.bsd.see_other_uids
108sysctl is set to zero, this option is honored only if the UID of the user is 0.
109.It Fl c
110Change the
111.Dq command
112column output to just contain the executable name,
113rather than the full command line.
114.It Fl C
115Change the way the CPU percentage is calculated by using a
116.Dq raw
117CPU calculation that ignores
118.Dq resident
119time (this normally has
120no effect).
121.It Fl d
122Arrange processes into descendancy order and prefix each command with
123indentation text showing sibling and parent/child relationships.
124If either of the
125.Fl m
126and
127.Fl r
128options are also used, they control how sibling processes are sorted
129relative to each other.
130Note that this option has no effect if the
131.Dq command
132column is not the last column displayed.
133.It Fl e
134Display the environment as well.
135.It Fl f
136Show commandline and environment information about swapped out processes.
137This option is honored only if the UID of the user is 0.
138.It Fl G
139Display information about processes which are running with the specified
140real group IDs.
141.It Fl H
142Show all of the
143.Em kernel visible
144threads associated with each process.
145Depending on the threading package that
146is in use, this may show only the process, only the kernel scheduled entities,
147or all of the process threads.
148.It Fl h
149Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee one
150header per page of information.
151.It Fl j
152Print information associated with the following keywords:
153.Cm user , pid , ppid , pgid , sid , jobc , state , tt , time ,
154and
155.Cm command .
156.It Fl J
157Display information about processes which match the specified jail IDs.
158This may be either the
159.Cm jid
160or
161.Cm name
162of the jail.
163Use
164.Fl J
165.Sy 0
166to display only host processes.
167This flag implies
168.Fl x
169by default.
170.It Fl L
171List the set of keywords available for the
172.Fl O
173and
174.Fl o
175options.
176.It Fl l
177Display information associated with the following keywords:
178.Cm uid , pid , ppid , cpu , pri , nice , vsz , rss , mwchan , state ,
179.Cm tt , time ,
180and
181.Cm command .
182.It Fl M
183Extract values associated with the name list from the specified core
184instead of the currently running system.
185.It Fl m
186Sort by memory usage, instead of the combination of controlling
187terminal and process ID.
188.It Fl N
189Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the default,
190which is the kernel image the system has booted from.
191.It Fl O
192Add the information associated with the space or comma separated list
193of keywords specified, after the process ID,
194in the default information
195display.
196Keywords may be appended with an equals
197.Pq Ql =
198sign and a string.
199This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
200the standard header.
201.It Fl o
202Display information associated with the space or comma separated
203list of keywords specified.
204The last keyword in the list may be appended with an equals
205.Pq Ql =
206sign and a string that spans the rest of the argument, and can contain
207space and comma characters.
208This causes the printed header to use the specified string instead of
209the standard header.
210Multiple keywords may also be given in the form of more than one
211.Fl o
212option.
213So the header texts for multiple keywords can be changed.
214If all keywords have empty header texts, no header line is written.
215.It Fl p
216Display information about processes which match the specified process IDs.
217.It Fl r
218Sort by current CPU usage, instead of the combination of controlling
219terminal and process ID.
220.It Fl S
221Change the way the process times, namely cputime, systime, and usertime,
222are calculated by summing all exited children to their parent process.
223.It Fl T
224Display information about processes attached to the device associated
225with the standard input.
226.It Fl t
227Display information about processes attached to the specified terminal
228devices.
229Full pathnames, as well as abbreviations (see explanation of the
230.Cm tt
231keyword) can be specified.
232.It Fl U
233Display the processes belonging to the specified usernames.
234.It Fl u
235Display information associated with the following keywords:
236.Cm user , pid , %cpu , %mem , vsz , rss , tt , state , start , time ,
237and
238.Cm command .
239The
240.Fl u
241option implies the
242.Fl r
243option.
244.It Fl v
245Display information associated with the following keywords:
246.Cm pid , state , time , sl , re , pagein , vsz , rss , lim , tsiz ,
247.Cm %cpu , %mem ,
248and
249.Cm command .
250The
251.Fl v
252option implies the
253.Fl m
254option.
255.It Fl w
256Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default which
257is your window size.
258If the
259.Fl w
260option is specified more than once,
261.Nm
262will use as many columns as necessary without regard for your window size.
263Note that this option has no effect if the
264.Dq command
265column is not the last column displayed.
266.It Fl X
267When displaying processes matched by other options, skip any processes
268which do not have a controlling terminal.
269This is the default behaviour.
270.It Fl x
271When displaying processes matched by other options, include processes
272which do not have a controlling terminal.
273This is the opposite of the
274.Fl X
275option.
276If both
277.Fl X
278and
279.Fl x
280are specified in the same command, then
281.Nm
282will use the one which was specified last.
283.It Fl Z
284Add
285.Xr mac 4
286label to the list of keywords for which
287.Nm
288will display information.
289.El
290.Pp
291A complete list of the available keywords are listed below.
292Some of these keywords are further specified as follows:
293.Bl -tag -width lockname
294.It Cm %cpu
295The CPU utilization of the process; this is a decaying average over up to
296a minute of previous (real) time.
297Since the time base over which this is computed varies (since processes may
298be very young) it is possible for the sum of all
299.Cm %cpu
300fields to exceed 100%.
301.It Cm %mem
302The percentage of real memory used by this process.
303.It Cm class
304Login class associated with the process.
305.It Cm flags
306The flags associated with the process as in
307the include file
308.In sys/proc.h :
309.Bl -column P_SINGLE_BOUNDARY 0x40000000
310.It Dv "P_ADVLOCK" Ta No "0x00001" Ta "Process may hold a POSIX advisory lock"
311.It Dv "P_CONTROLT" Ta No "0x00002" Ta "Has a controlling terminal"
312.It Dv "P_KTHREAD" Ta No "0x00004" Ta "Kernel thread"
313.It Dv "P_FOLLOWFORK" Ta No "0x00008" Ta "Attach debugger to new children"
314.It Dv "P_PPWAIT" Ta No "0x00010" Ta "Parent is waiting for child to exec/exit"
315.It Dv "P_PROFIL" Ta No "0x00020" Ta "Has started profiling"
316.It Dv "P_STOPPROF" Ta No "0x00040" Ta "Has thread in requesting to stop prof"
317.It Dv "P_HADTHREADS" Ta No "0x00080" Ta "Has had threads (no cleanup shortcuts)"
318.It Dv "P_SUGID" Ta No "0x00100" Ta "Had set id privileges since last exec"
319.It Dv "P_SYSTEM" Ta No "0x00200" Ta "System proc: no sigs, stats or swapping"
320.It Dv "P_SINGLE_EXIT" Ta No "0x00400" Ta "Threads suspending should exit, not wait"
321.It Dv "P_TRACED" Ta No "0x00800" Ta "Debugged process being traced"
322.It Dv "P_WAITED" Ta No "0x01000" Ta "Someone is waiting for us"
323.It Dv "P_WEXIT" Ta No "0x02000" Ta "Working on exiting"
324.It Dv "P_EXEC" Ta No "0x04000" Ta "Process called exec"
325.It Dv "P_WKILLED" Ta No "0x08000" Ta "Killed, shall go to kernel/user boundary ASAP"
326.It Dv "P_CONTINUED" Ta No "0x10000" Ta "Proc has continued from a stopped state"
327.It Dv "P_STOPPED_SIG" Ta No "0x20000" Ta "Stopped due to SIGSTOP/SIGTSTP"
328.It Dv "P_STOPPED_TRACE" Ta No "0x40000" Ta "Stopped because of tracing"
329.It Dv "P_STOPPED_SINGLE" Ta No "0x80000" Ta "Only one thread can continue"
330.It Dv "P_PROTECTED" Ta No "0x100000" Ta "Do not kill on memory overcommit"
331.It Dv "P_SIGEVENT" Ta No "0x200000" Ta "Process pending signals changed"
332.It Dv "P_SINGLE_BOUNDARY" Ta No "0x400000" Ta "Threads should suspend at user boundary"
333.It Dv "P_HWPMC" Ta No "0x800000" Ta "Process is using HWPMCs"
334.It Dv "P_JAILED" Ta No "0x1000000" Ta "Process is in jail"
335.It Dv "P_INEXEC" Ta No "0x4000000" Ta "Process is in execve()"
336.It Dv "P_STATCHILD" Ta No "0x8000000" Ta "Child process stopped or exited"
337.It Dv "P_INMEM" Ta No "0x10000000" Ta "Loaded into memory"
338.It Dv "P_SWAPPINGOUT" Ta No "0x20000000" Ta "Process is being swapped out"
339.It Dv "P_SWAPPINGIN" Ta No "0x40000000" Ta "Process is being swapped in"
340.It Dv "P_PPTRACE" Ta No "0x80000000" Ta "Vforked child issued ptrace(PT_TRACEME)"
341.El
342.It Cm flags2
343The flags kept in
344.Va p_flag2
345associated with the process as in
346the include file
347.In sys/proc.h :
348.Bl -column P2_INHERIT_PROTECTED 0x00000001
349.It Dv "P2_INHERIT_PROTECTED" Ta No "0x00000001" Ta "New children get P_PROTECTED"
350.El
351.It Cm label
352The MAC label of the process.
353.It Cm lim
354The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
355.Xr setrlimit 2 .
356.It Cm lstart
357The exact time the command started, using the
358.Ql %c
359format described in
360.Xr strftime 3 .
361.It Cm lockname
362The name of the lock that the process is currently blocked on.
363If the name is invalid or unknown, then
364.Dq ???\&
365is displayed.
366.It Cm logname
367The login name associated with the session the process is in (see
368.Xr getlogin 2 ) .
369.It Cm mwchan
370The event name if the process is blocked normally, or the lock name if
371the process is blocked on a lock.
372See the wchan and lockname keywords
373for details.
374.It Cm nice
375The process scheduling increment (see
376.Xr setpriority 2 ) .
377.It Cm rss
378the real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte units).
379.It Cm start
380The time the command started.
381If the command started less than 24 hours ago, the start time is
382displayed using the
383.Dq Li %l:ps.1p
384format described in
385.Xr strftime 3 .
386If the command started less than 7 days ago, the start time is
387displayed using the
388.Dq Li %a6.15p
389format.
390Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the
391.Dq Li %e%b%y
392format.
393.It Cm state
394The state is given by a sequence of characters, for example,
395.Dq Li RWNA .
396The first character indicates the run state of the process:
397.Pp
398.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
399.It Li D
400Marks a process in disk (or other short term, uninterruptible) wait.
401.It Li I
402Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than about 20 seconds).
403.It Li L
404Marks a process that is waiting to acquire a lock.
405.It Li R
406Marks a runnable process.
407.It Li S
408Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20 seconds.
409.It Li T
410Marks a stopped process.
411.It Li W
412Marks an idle interrupt thread.
413.It Li Z
414Marks a dead process (a
415.Dq zombie ) .
416.El
417.Pp
418Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional state
419information:
420.Pp
421.Bl -tag -width indent -compact
422.It Li +
423The process is in the foreground process group of its control terminal.
424.It Li <
425The process has raised CPU scheduling priority.
426.It Li E
427The process is trying to exit.
428.It Li J
429Marks a process which is in
430.Xr jail 2 .
431The hostname of the prison can be found in
432.Pa /proc/ Ns Ao Ar pid Ac Ns Pa /status .
433.It Li L
434The process has pages locked in core (for example, for raw
435.Tn I/O ) .
436.It Li N
437The process has reduced CPU scheduling priority (see
438.Xr setpriority 2 ) .
439.It Li s
440The process is a session leader.
441.It Li V
442The process' parent is suspended during a
443.Xr vfork 2 ,
444waiting for the process to exec or exit.
445.It Li W
446The process is swapped out.
447.It Li X
448The process is being traced or debugged.
449.El
450.It Cm tt
451An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if any.
452The abbreviation consists of the three letters following
453.Pa /dev/tty ,
454or, for pseudo-terminals, the corresponding entry in
455.Pa /dev/pts .
456This is followed by a
457.Ql -
458if the process can no longer reach that
459controlling terminal (i.e., it has been revoked).
460A
461.Ql -
462without a preceding two letter abbreviation or pseudo-terminal device number
463indicates a process which never had a controlling terminal.
464The full pathname of the controlling terminal is available via the
465.Cm tty
466keyword.
467.It Cm wchan
468The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
469When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
470trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example, 0x80324000 prints
471as 324000.
472.El
473.Pp
474When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and
475has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a zombie)
476is listed as
477.Dq Li <defunct> ,
478and a process which is blocked while trying
479to exit is listed as
480.Dq Li <exiting> .
481If the arguments cannot be located (usually because it has not been set, as is
482the case of system processes and/or kernel threads) the command name is printed
483within square brackets.
484The
485.Nm
486utility first tries to obtain the arguments cached by the kernel (if they were
487shorter than the value of the
488.Va kern.ps_arg_cache_limit
489sysctl).
490The process can change the arguments shown with
491.Xr setproctitle 3 .
492Otherwise,
493.Nm
494makes an educated guess as to the file name and arguments given when the
495process was created by examining memory or the swap area.
496The method is inherently somewhat unreliable and in any event a process
497is entitled to destroy this information.
498The ucomm (accounting) keyword can, however, be depended on.
499If the arguments are unavailable or do not agree with the ucomm keyword,
500the value for the ucomm keyword is appended to the arguments in parentheses.
501.Sh KEYWORDS
502The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
503meanings.
504Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).
505.Pp
506.Bl -tag -width ".Cm sigignore" -compact
507.It Cm %cpu
508percentage CPU usage (alias
509.Cm pcpu )
510.It Cm %mem
511percentage memory usage (alias
512.Cm pmem )
513.It Cm acflag
514accounting flag (alias
515.Cm acflg )
516.It Cm args
517command and arguments
518.It Cm class
519login class
520.It Cm comm
521command
522.It Cm command
523command and arguments
524.It Cm cow
525number of copy-on-write faults
526.It Cm cpu
527short-term CPU usage factor (for scheduling)
528.It Cm dsiz
529data size (in Kbytes)
530.It Cm emul
531system-call emulation environment
532.It Cm etime
533elapsed running time, format
534.Op days- Ns
535.Op hours: Ns
536minutes:seconds.
537.It Cm etimes
538elapsed running time, in decimal integer seconds
539.It Cm fib
540default FIB number, see
541.Xr setfib 1
542.It Cm flags
543the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias
544.Cm f )
545.It Cm flags2
546the additional set of process flags, in hexadecimal (alias
547.Cm f2 )
548.It Cm gid
549effective group ID (alias
550.Cm egid )
551.It Cm group
552group name (from egid) (alias
553.Cm egroup )
554.It Cm inblk
555total blocks read (alias
556.Cm inblock )
557.It Cm jid
558jail ID
559.It Cm jobc
560job control count
561.It Cm ktrace
562tracing flags
563.It Cm label
564MAC label
565.It Cm lim
566memoryuse limit
567.It Cm lockname
568lock currently blocked on (as a symbolic name)
569.It Cm logname
570login name of user who started the session
571.It Cm lstart
572time started
573.It Cm lwp
574process thread-id
575.It Cm majflt
576total page faults
577.It Cm minflt
578total page reclaims
579.It Cm msgrcv
580total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
581.It Cm msgsnd
582total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
583.It Cm mwchan
584wait channel or lock currently blocked on
585.It Cm nice
586nice value (alias
587.Cm ni )
588.It Cm nivcsw
589total involuntary context switches
590.It Cm nlwp
591number of threads tied to a process
592.It Cm nsigs
593total signals taken (alias
594.Cm nsignals )
595.It Cm nswap
596total swaps in/out
597.It Cm nvcsw
598total voluntary context switches
599.It Cm nwchan
600wait channel (as an address)
601.It Cm oublk
602total blocks written (alias
603.Cm oublock )
604.It Cm paddr
605process pointer
606.It Cm pagein
607pageins (same as majflt)
608.It Cm pgid
609process group number
610.It Cm pid
611process ID
612.It Cm ppid
613parent process ID
614.It Cm pri
615scheduling priority
616.It Cm re
617core residency time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
618.It Cm rgid
619real group ID
620.It Cm rgroup
621group name (from rgid)
622.It Cm rss
623resident set size
624.It Cm rtprio
625realtime priority (101 = not a realtime process)
626.It Cm ruid
627real user ID
628.It Cm ruser
629user name (from ruid)
630.It Cm sid
631session ID
632.It Cm sig
633pending signals (alias
634.Cm pending )
635.It Cm sigcatch
636caught signals (alias
637.Cm caught )
638.It Cm sigignore
639ignored signals (alias
640.Cm ignored )
641.It Cm sigmask
642blocked signals (alias
643.Cm blocked )
644.It Cm sl
645sleep time (in seconds; 127 = infinity)
646.It Cm ssiz
647stack size (in Kbytes)
648.It Cm start
649time started
650.It Cm state
651symbolic process state (alias
652.Cm stat )
653.It Cm svgid
654saved gid from a setgid executable
655.It Cm svuid
656saved UID from a setuid executable
657.It Cm systime
658accumulated system CPU time
659.It Cm tdaddr
660thread address
661.It Cm tdev
662control terminal device number
663.It Cm time
664accumulated CPU time, user + system (alias
665.Cm cputime )
666.It Cm tpgid
667control terminal process group ID
668.It Cm tracer
669tracer process ID
670.\".It Cm trss
671.\"text resident set size (in Kbytes)
672.It Cm tsid
673control terminal session ID
674.It Cm tsiz
675text size (in Kbytes)
676.It Cm tt
677control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
678.It Cm tty
679full name of control terminal
680.It Cm ucomm
681name to be used for accounting
682.It Cm uid
683effective user ID (alias
684.Cm euid )
685.It Cm upr
686scheduling priority on return from system call (alias
687.Cm usrpri )
688.It Cm uprocp
689process pointer
690.It Cm user
691user name (from UID)
692.It Cm usertime
693accumulated user CPU time
694.It Cm vsz
695virtual size in Kbytes (alias
696.Cm vsize )
697.It Cm wchan
698wait channel (as a symbolic name)
699.It Cm xstat
700exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)
701.El
702.Pp
703Note that the
704.Cm pending
705column displays bitmask of signals pending in the process queue when
706.Fl H
707option is not specified, otherwise the per-thread queue of pending signals
708is shown.
709.Sh ENVIRONMENT
710The following environment variables affect the execution of
711.Nm :
712.Bl -tag -width ".Ev COLUMNS"
713.It Ev COLUMNS
714If set, specifies the user's preferred output width in column positions.
715By default,
716.Nm
717attempts to automatically determine the terminal width.
718.El
719.Sh FILES
720.Bl -tag -width ".Pa /boot/kernel/kernel" -compact
721.It Pa /boot/kernel/kernel
722default system namelist
723.El
724.Sh EXAMPLES
725Display information on all system processes:
726.Pp
727.Dl $ ps -auxw
728.Sh SEE ALSO
729.Xr kill 1 ,
730.Xr pgrep 1 ,
731.Xr pkill 1 ,
732.Xr procstat 1 ,
733.Xr w 1 ,
734.Xr kvm 3 ,
735.Xr strftime 3 ,
736.Xr mac 4 ,
737.Xr procfs 5 ,
738.Xr pstat 8 ,
739.Xr sysctl 8 ,
740.Xr mutex 9
741.Sh STANDARDS
742For historical reasons, the
743.Nm
744utility under
745.Fx
746supports a different set of options from what is described by
747.St -p1003.2 ,
748and what is supported on
749.No non- Ns Bx
750operating systems.
751.Sh HISTORY
752The
753.Nm
754command appeared in
755.At v4 .
756.Sh BUGS
757Since
758.Nm
759cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other scheduled
760process, the information it displays can never be exact.
761.Pp
762The
763.Nm
764utility does not correctly display argument lists containing multibyte
765characters.
766