xref: /freebsd/bin/ls/ls.1 (revision dd3603749cb7f20a628f04d595b105962b21a3d2)
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32.Dd January 16, 2025
33.Dt LS 1
34.Os
35.Sh NAME
36.Nm ls
37.Nd list directory contents
38.Sh SYNOPSIS
39.Nm
40.Op Fl ABCFGHILPRSTUWZabcdfghiklmnopqrstuvwxy1\&,
41.Op Fl -color Ns = Ns Ar when
42.Op Fl -group-directories Ns = Ns Ar order
43.Op Fl -group-directories-first
44.Op Fl D Ar format
45.Op Ar
46.Sh DESCRIPTION
47For each operand that names a
48.Ar file
49of a type other than
50directory,
51.Nm
52displays its name as well as any requested,
53associated information.
54For each operand that names a
55.Ar file
56of type directory,
57.Nm
58displays the names of files contained
59within that directory, as well as any requested, associated
60information.
61.Pp
62If no operands are given, the contents of the current
63directory are displayed.
64If more than one operand is given,
65non-directory operands are displayed first; directory
66and non-directory operands are sorted separately and in
67lexicographical order.
68.Pp
69The following options are available:
70.Bl -tag -width indent
71.It Fl A
72Include directory entries whose names begin with a
73dot
74.Pq Sq Pa \&.
75except for
76.Pa \&.
77and
78.Pa .. .
79Automatically set for the super-user unless
80.Fl I
81is specified.
82.It Fl B
83Force printing of non-printable characters (as defined by
84.Xr ctype 3
85and current locale settings) in file names as
86.Li \e Ns Va xxx ,
87where
88.Va xxx
89is the numeric value of the character in octal.
90This option is not defined in
91.St -p1003.1-2008 .
92.It Fl C
93Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to a terminal.
94.It Fl D Ar format
95When printing in the long
96.Pq Fl l
97format, use
98.Ar format
99to format the date and time output.
100The argument
101.Ar format
102is a string used by
103.Xr strftime 3 .
104Depending on the choice of format string, this may result in a
105different number of columns in the output.
106This option overrides the
107.Fl T
108option.
109This option is not defined in
110.St -p1003.1-2008 .
111.It Fl F
112Display a slash
113.Pq Ql /
114immediately after each pathname that is a directory,
115an asterisk
116.Pq Ql *
117after each that is executable,
118an at sign
119.Pq Ql @
120after each symbolic link,
121an equals sign
122.Pq Ql =
123after each socket,
124a percent sign
125.Pq Ql %
126after each whiteout,
127and a vertical bar
128.Pq Ql \&|
129after each that is a
130.Tn FIFO .
131.It Fl G
132Enable colorized output.
133This option is equivalent to defining
134.Ev CLICOLOR
135or
136.Ev COLORTERM
137in the environment and setting
138.Fl -color Ns = Ns Ar auto .
139(See below.)
140This functionality can be compiled out by removing the definition of
141.Ev COLORLS .
142This option is not defined in
143.St -p1003.1-2008 .
144.It Fl H
145Symbolic links on the command line are followed.
146This option is assumed if
147none of the
148.Fl F , d ,
149or
150.Fl l
151options are specified.
152.It Fl I
153Prevent
154.Fl A
155from being automatically set for the super-user.
156This option is not defined in
157.St -p1003.1-2008 .
158.It Fl L
159If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the link references
160rather than the link itself.
161This option cancels the
162.Fl P
163option.
164.It Fl P
165If argument is a symbolic link, list the link itself rather than the
166object the link references.
167This option cancels the
168.Fl H
169and
170.Fl L
171options.
172.It Fl R
173Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
174.It Fl S
175Sort by size (largest file first) before sorting the operands in
176lexicographical order.
177.It Fl T
178When printing in the long
179.Pq Fl l
180format, display complete time information for the file, including
181month, day, hour, minute, second, and year.
182The
183.Fl D
184option gives even more control over the output format.
185This option is not defined in
186.St -p1003.1-2008 .
187.It Fl U
188Use time when file was created for sorting or printing.
189This option is not defined in
190.St -p1003.1-2008 .
191.It Fl W
192Display whiteouts when scanning directories.
193This option is not defined in
194.St -p1003.1-2008 .
195.It Fl Z
196Display each file's MAC label; see
197.Xr maclabel 7 .
198This option is not defined in
199.St -p1003.1-2008 .
200.It Fl a
201Include directory entries whose names begin with a
202dot
203.Pq Sq Pa \&. .
204.It Fl b
205As
206.Fl B ,
207but use
208.Tn C
209escape codes whenever possible.
210This option is not defined in
211.St -p1003.1-2008 .
212.It Fl c
213Use time when file status was last changed for sorting or printing.
214.It Fl -color Ns = Ns Ar when
215Output colored escape sequences based on
216.Ar when ,
217which may be set to either
218.Cm always ,
219.Cm auto ,
220or
221.Cm never .
222.Pp
223.Cm always
224will make
225.Nm
226always output color.
227If
228.Ev TERM
229is unset or set to an invalid terminal, then
230.Nm
231will fall back to explicit
232.Tn ANSI
233escape sequences without the help of
234.Xr termcap 5 .
235.Cm always
236is the default if
237.Fl -color
238is specified without an argument.
239.Pp
240.Cm auto
241will make
242.Nm
243output escape sequences based on
244.Xr termcap 5 ,
245but only if
246.Dv stdout
247is a tty and either the
248.Fl G
249flag is specified or one of the environment variables
250.Ev COLORTERM
251or
252.Ev CLICOLOR
253is set and not empty.
254.Pp
255.Cm never
256will disable color regardless of environment variables.
257.Cm never
258is the default when neither
259.Fl -color
260nor
261.Fl G
262is specified.
263.Pp
264For compatibility with GNU coreutils,
265.Nm
266supports
267.Cm yes
268or
269.Cm force
270as equivalent to
271.Cm always ,
272.Cm no
273or
274.Cm none
275as equivalent to
276.Cm never ,
277and
278.Cm tty
279or
280.Cm if-tty
281as equivalent to
282.Cm auto .
283.It Fl d
284Directories are listed as plain files (not searched recursively).
285.It Fl f
286Output is not sorted.
287This option turns on
288.Fl a .
289It also negates the effect of the
290.Fl r ,
291.Fl S
292and
293.Fl t
294options.
295As allowed by
296.St -p1003.1-2008 ,
297this option has no effect on the
298.Fl d ,
299.Fl l ,
300.Fl R
301and
302.Fl s
303options.
304.It Fl g
305Display the long
306.Pq Fl l
307format output without the file owner's name or number.
308.It Fl -group-directories Ns = Ns Ar order
309Within results for each operand,
310group directories together and print them either
311.Cm first
312or
313.Cm last.
314.It Fl -group-directories-first
315Equivalent to
316.Fl -group-directories Ns = Ns Ar first .
317Implemented for compatibility with GNU coreutils.
318.It Fl h
319When used with the
320.Fl l
321option, use unit suffixes: Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte
322and Petabyte in order to reduce the number of digits to four or fewer
323using base 2 for sizes.
324This option is not defined in
325.St -p1003.1-2008 .
326.It Fl i
327For each file, print the file's file serial number (inode number).
328.It Fl k
329This has the same effect as setting environment variable
330.Ev BLOCKSIZE
331to 1024, except that it also nullifies any
332.Fl h
333options to its left.
334.It Fl l
335(The lowercase letter
336.Dq ell . )
337List files in the long format, as described in the
338.Sx The Long Format
339subsection below.
340.It Fl m
341Stream output format; list files across the page, separated by commas.
342.It Fl n
343Display user and group IDs numerically rather than converting to a user
344or group name in a long
345.Pq Fl l
346output.
347.It Fl o
348Include the file flags in a long
349.Pq Fl l
350output.
351This option is incompatible with
352.St -p1003.1-2008 .
353See
354.Xr chflags 1
355for a list of file flags and their meanings.
356.It Fl p
357Write a slash
358.Pq Ql /
359after each filename if that file is a directory.
360.It Fl q
361Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as
362the character
363.Ql \&? ;
364this is the default when output is to a terminal.
365.It Fl r
366Reverse the order of the sort.
367.It Fl s
368Display the number of blocks used in the file system by each file.
369Block sizes and directory totals are handled as described in
370.Sx The Long Format
371subsection below, except (if the long format is not also requested)
372the directory totals are not output when the output is in a
373single column, even if multi-column output is requested.
374.It Fl t
375Sort by descending time modified (most recently modified first).
376If two files have the same modification timestamp, sort their names
377in ascending lexicographical order.
378The
379.Fl r
380option reverses both of these sort orders.
381.Pp
382Note that these sort orders are contradictory: the time sequence is in
383descending order, the lexicographical sort is in ascending order.
384This behavior is mandated by
385.St -p1003.2 .
386This feature can cause problems listing files stored with sequential names on
387FAT file systems, such as from digital cameras, where it is possible to have
388more than one image with the same timestamp.
389In such a case, the photos cannot be listed in the sequence in which
390they were taken.
391To ensure the same sort order for time and for lexicographical sorting, set the
392environment variable
393.Ev LS_SAMESORT
394or use the
395.Fl y
396option.
397This causes
398.Nm
399to reverse the lexicographical sort order when sorting files with the
400same modification timestamp.
401.It Fl u
402Use time of last access,
403instead of time of last modification
404of the file for sorting
405.Pq Fl t
406or printing
407.Pq Fl l .
408.It Fl v
409Sort following a natural ordering, using
410.Xr strverscmp 3
411instead of
412.Xr strcoll 3
413as the comparison function.
414E.g., files lexicographically ordered
415"bloem1", "bloem10", and "bloem9" would instead be ordered
416"bloem1", "bloem9", and "bloem10", as one would perhaps expect.
417.It Fl w
418Force raw printing of non-printable characters.
419This is the default
420when output is not to a terminal.
421This option is not defined in
422.St -p1003.1-2001 .
423.It Fl x
424The same as
425.Fl C ,
426except that the multi-column output is produced with entries sorted
427across, rather than down, the columns.
428.It Fl y
429When the
430.Fl t
431option is set, sort the alphabetical output in the same order as the time output.
432This has the same effect as setting
433.Ev LS_SAMESORT .
434See the description of the
435.Fl t
436option for more details.
437This option is not defined in
438.St -p1003.1-2001 .
439.It Fl 1
440(The numeric digit
441.Dq one . )
442Force output to be
443one entry per line.
444This is the default when
445output is not to a terminal.
446.It Fl ,
447(Comma) When the
448.Fl l
449or
450.Fl s
451option is set, print file sizes grouped and separated by thousands using the
452non-monetary separator returned by
453.Xr localeconv 3 ,
454typically a comma or period.
455If no locale is set, or the locale does not have a non-monetary separator, this
456option has no effect.
457This option is not defined in
458.St -p1003.1-2001 .
459.El
460.Pp
461The
462.Fl 1 , C , x ,
463and
464.Fl l
465options all override each other; the last one specified determines
466the format used.
467.Pp
468The
469.Fl c , u ,
470and
471.Fl U
472options all override each other; the last one specified determines
473the file time used.
474.Pp
475The
476.Fl S , t
477and
478.Fl v
479options override each other; the last one specified determines
480the sort order used.
481.Pp
482The
483.Fl B , b , w ,
484and
485.Fl q
486options all override each other; the last one specified determines
487the format used for non-printable characters.
488.Pp
489The
490.Fl H , L
491and
492.Fl P
493options all override each other (either partially or fully); they
494are applied in the order specified.
495.Pp
496By default,
497.Nm
498lists one entry per line to standard
499output; the exceptions are to terminals or when the
500.Fl C
501or
502.Fl x
503options are specified.
504.Pp
505File information is displayed with one or more
506.Ao blank Ac Ns s
507separating the information associated with the
508.Fl i , s ,
509and
510.Fl l
511options.
512.Ss The Long Format
513If the
514.Fl l
515option is given, the following information
516is displayed for each file:
517file mode,
518number of links, owner name, group name,
519MAC label,
520number of bytes in the file, abbreviated
521month, day-of-month file was last modified,
522hour file last modified, minute file last
523modified, and the pathname.
524.Pp
525If the modification time of the file is more than 6 months
526in the past or future, and the
527.Fl D
528or
529.Fl T
530are not specified,
531then the year of the last modification
532is displayed in place of the hour and minute fields.
533.Pp
534If the owner or group names are not a known user or group name,
535or the
536.Fl n
537option is given,
538the numeric ID's are displayed.
539.Pp
540If the file is a character special or block special file,
541the device number for the file is displayed in the size field.
542If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the
543linked-to file is preceded by
544.Dq Li -> .
545.Pp
546The listing of a directory's contents is preceded
547by a labeled total number of blocks used in the file system by the files
548which are listed as the directory's contents
549(which may or may not include
550.Pa \&.
551and
552.Pa ..
553and other files which start with a dot, depending on other options).
554If the
555.Fl h
556option is given,
557the total size is displayed as the number of bytes.
558.Pp
559The default block size is 512 bytes.
560The block size may be set with option
561.Fl k
562or environment variable
563.Ev BLOCKSIZE .
564Numbers of blocks in the output will have been rounded up so the
565numbers of bytes is at least as many as used by the corresponding
566file system blocks (which might have a different size).
567.Pp
568The file mode printed under the
569.Fl l
570option consists of the
571entry type and the permissions.
572The entry type character describes the type of file, as
573follows:
574.Pp
575.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent -compact
576.It Sy \-
577Regular file.
578.It Sy b
579Block special file.
580.It Sy c
581Character special file.
582.It Sy d
583Directory.
584.It Sy l
585Symbolic link.
586.It Sy p
587.Tn FIFO .
588.It Sy s
589Socket.
590.It Sy w
591Whiteout.
592.El
593.Pp
594The next three fields
595are three characters each:
596owner permissions,
597group permissions, and
598other permissions.
599Each field has three character positions:
600.Bl -enum -offset indent
601.It
602If
603.Sy r ,
604the file is readable; if
605.Sy \- ,
606it is not readable.
607.It
608If
609.Sy w ,
610the file is writable; if
611.Sy \- ,
612it is not writable.
613.It
614The first of the following that applies:
615.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
616.It Sy S
617If in the owner permissions, the file is not executable and
618set-user-ID mode is set.
619If in the group permissions, the file is not executable
620and set-group-ID mode is set.
621.It Sy s
622If in the owner permissions, the file is executable
623and set-user-ID mode is set.
624If in the group permissions, the file is executable
625and setgroup-ID mode is set.
626.It Sy x
627The file is executable or the directory is
628searchable.
629.It Sy \-
630The file is neither readable, writable, executable,
631nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode, nor sticky.
632(See below.)
633.El
634.Pp
635These next two apply only to the third character in the last group
636(other permissions).
637.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
638.It Sy T
639The sticky bit is set
640(mode
641.Li 1000 ) ,
642but not execute or search permission.
643(See
644.Xr chmod 1
645or
646.Xr sticky 7 . )
647.It Sy t
648The sticky bit is set (mode
649.Li 1000 ) ,
650and is searchable or executable.
651(See
652.Xr chmod 1
653or
654.Xr sticky 7 . )
655.El
656.El
657.Pp
658The next field contains a
659plus
660.Pq Ql +
661character if the file has an ACL, or a
662space
663.Pq Ql " "
664if it does not.
665The
666.Nm
667utility does not show the actual ACL;
668use
669.Xr getfacl 1
670to do this.
671.Sh ENVIRONMENT
672The following environment variables affect the execution of
673.Nm :
674.Bl -tag -width ".Ev CLICOLOR_FORCE"
675.It Ev BLOCKSIZE
676If this is set, its value, rounded up to 512 or down to a
677multiple of 512, will be used as the block size in bytes by the
678.Fl l
679and
680.Fl s
681options.
682See
683.Sx The Long Format
684subsection for more information.
685.It Ev CLICOLOR
686Use
687.Tn ANSI
688color sequences to distinguish file types.
689See
690.Ev LSCOLORS
691below.
692In addition to the file types mentioned in the
693.Fl F
694option some extra attributes (setuid bit set, etc.) are also displayed.
695The colorization is dependent on a terminal type with the proper
696.Xr termcap 5
697capabilities.
698The default
699.Dq Li cons25
700console has the proper capabilities,
701but to display the colors in an
702.Xr xterm 1 Pq Pa ports/x11/xterm ,
703for example,
704the
705.Ev TERM
706variable must be set to
707.Dq Li xterm-color .
708Other terminal types may require similar adjustments.
709Colorization
710is silently disabled if the output is not directed to a terminal
711unless the
712.Ev CLICOLOR_FORCE
713variable is defined or
714.Fl -color
715is set to
716.Dq always .
717.It Ev CLICOLOR_FORCE
718Color sequences are normally disabled if the output is not directed to
719a terminal.
720This can be overridden by setting this variable.
721The
722.Ev TERM
723variable still needs to reference a color capable terminal however
724otherwise it is not possible to determine which color sequences to
725use.
726.It Ev COLORTERM
727See description for
728.Ev CLICOLOR
729above.
730.It Ev COLUMNS
731If this variable contains a string representing a
732decimal integer, it is used as the
733column position width for displaying
734multiple-text-column output.
735The
736.Nm
737utility calculates how
738many pathname text columns to display
739based on the width provided.
740(See
741.Fl C
742and
743.Fl x . )
744.It Ev LANG
745The locale to use when determining the order of day and month in the long
746.Fl l
747format output.
748See
749.Xr environ 7
750for more information.
751.It Ev LSCOLORS
752The value of this variable describes what color to use for which
753attribute when colors are enabled with
754.Ev CLICOLOR
755or
756.Ev COLORTERM .
757This string is a concatenation of pairs of the format
758.Ar f Ns Ar b ,
759where
760.Ar f
761is the foreground color and
762.Ar b
763is the background color.
764When the background color is capitalized, the text is underlined.
765.Pp
766The color designators are as follows:
767.Pp
768.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent -compact
769.It Sy a
770black
771.It Sy b
772red
773.It Sy c
774green
775.It Sy d
776brown
777.It Sy e
778blue
779.It Sy f
780magenta
781.It Sy g
782cyan
783.It Sy h
784light grey
785.It Sy A
786bold or underlined black, usually shows up as dark grey
787.It Sy B
788bold or underlined red
789.It Sy C
790bold or underlined green
791.It Sy D
792bold or underlined brown, usually shows up as yellow
793.It Sy E
794bold or underlined blue
795.It Sy F
796bold or underlined magenta
797.It Sy G
798bold or underlined cyan
799.It Sy H
800bold or underlined light grey; looks like bright white
801.It Sy x
802default foreground or background
803.It Sy X
804default foreground or background, with an underline or bold
805.El
806.Pp
807Note that the above are standard
808.Tn ANSI
809colors.
810The actual display may differ
811depending on the color capabilities of the terminal in use.
812.Pp
813The order of the attributes are as follows:
814.Pp
815.Bl -enum -offset indent -compact
816.It
817directory
818.It
819symbolic link
820.It
821socket
822.It
823pipe
824.It
825executable
826.It
827block special
828.It
829character special
830.It
831executable with setuid bit set
832.It
833executable with setgid bit set
834.It
835directory writable to others, with sticky bit
836.It
837directory writable to others, without sticky bit
838.El
839.Pp
840The default is
841.Qq "exfxcxdxbxegedabagacad" ,
842i.e., blue foreground and
843default background for regular directories, black foreground and red
844background for setuid executables, etc.
845.It Ev LS_COLWIDTHS
846If this variable is set, it is considered to be a
847colon-delimited list of minimum column widths.
848Unreasonable
849and insufficient widths are ignored (thus zero signifies
850a dynamically sized column).
851Not all columns have changeable widths.
852The fields are,
853in order: inode, block count, number of links, user name,
854group name, flags, file size, file name.
855.It Ev LS_SAMESORT
856If this variable is set, the
857.Fl t
858option sorts the names of files with the same modification timestamp in the same
859sense as the time sort.
860See the description of the
861.Fl t
862option for more details.
863.It Ev TERM
864The
865.Ev CLICOLOR
866and
867.Ev COLORTERM
868functionality depends on a terminal type with color capabilities.
869.It Ev TZ
870The timezone to use when displaying dates.
871See
872.Xr environ 7
873for more information.
874.El
875.Sh EXIT STATUS
876.Ex -std
877.Sh EXAMPLES
878List the contents of the current working directory in long format:
879.Pp
880.Dl $ ls -l
881.Pp
882In addition to listing the contents of the current working directory in
883long format, show inode numbers, file flags (see
884.Xr chflags 1 ) ,
885and suffix each filename with a symbol representing its file type:
886.Pp
887.Dl $ ls -lioF
888.Pp
889List the files in
890.Pa /var/log ,
891sorting the output such that the mostly recently modified entries are
892printed first:
893.Pp
894.Dl $ ls -lt /var/log
895.Sh COMPATIBILITY
896The group field is now automatically included in the long listing for
897files in order to be compatible with the
898.St -p1003.2
899specification.
900.Sh SEE ALSO
901.Xr chflags 1 ,
902.Xr chmod 1 ,
903.Xr getfacl 1 ,
904.Xr sort 1 ,
905.Xr xterm 1 Pq Pa ports/x11/xterm ,
906.Xr localeconv 3 ,
907.Xr strcoll 3 ,
908.Xr strftime 3 ,
909.Xr strmode 3 ,
910.Xr strverscmp 3 ,
911.Xr termcap 5 ,
912.Xr maclabel 7 ,
913.Xr sticky 7 ,
914.Xr symlink 7 ,
915.Xr getfmac 8
916.Sh STANDARDS
917With the exception of options
918.Fl g , n
919and
920.Fl o ,
921the
922.Nm
923utility conforms to
924.St -p1003.1-2001
925and
926.St -p1003.1-2008 .
927The options
928.Fl B , D , G , I , T , U , W , Z , b , h , v , w , y
929,
930.Fl ,
931.Fl -color
932and
933.Fl -group-directories Ns =
934(including
935.Fl -group-directories-first )
936are non-standard extensions.
937.Pp
938The ACL support is compatible with
939.Tn IEEE
940Std\~1003.2c
941.Pq Dq Tn POSIX Ns .2c
942Draft\~17
943(withdrawn).
944.Sh HISTORY
945An
946.Nm
947command appeared in
948.At v1 .
949.Pp
950The
951.Fl v
952option was added in
953.Fx 13.2 .
954.Sh BUGS
955To maintain backward compatibility, the relationships between the many
956options are quite complex.
957.Pp
958The exception mentioned in the
959.Fl s
960option description might be a feature that was
961based on the fact that single-column output
962usually goes to something other than a terminal.
963It is debatable whether this is a design bug.
964.Pp
965.St -p1003.2
966mandates opposite sort orders for files with the same timestamp when
967sorting with the
968.Fl t
969option.
970