1.\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1990, 1993 2.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 3.\" 4.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by 5.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 6.\" 7.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 8.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 9.\" are met: 10.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 11.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 12.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 13.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 14.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 15.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software 16.\" must display the following acknowledgement: 17.\" This product includes software developed by the University of 18.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. 19.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 20.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 21.\" without specific prior written permission. 22.\" 23.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 24.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 25.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 26.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 27.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 28.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 29.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 30.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 31.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 32.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 33.\" SUCH DAMAGE. 34.\" 35.\" @(#)cat.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/29/93 36.\" $Id$ 37.\" 38.Dd June 29, 1993 39.Dt CAT 1 40.Os BSD 3 41.Sh NAME 42.Nm cat 43.Nd concatenate and print files 44.Sh SYNOPSIS 45.Nm cat 46.Op Fl benstuv 47.Op Fl 48.Op Ar 49.Sh DESCRIPTION 50The 51.Nm cat 52utility reads files sequentially, writing them to the standard output. 53The 54.Ar file 55operands are processed in command line order. 56A single dash represents the standard input. 57.Pp 58The options are as follows: 59.Bl -tag -width Ds 60.It Fl b 61Implies the 62.Fl n 63option but doesn't number blank lines. 64.It Fl e 65Implies the 66.Fl v 67option, and displays a dollar sign 68.Pq Ql \&$ 69at the end of each line 70as well. 71.It Fl n 72Number the 73.Ar output 74lines, starting at 1. 75.It Fl s 76Squeeze multiple adjacent empty lines, causing the output to be 77single spaced. 78.It Fl t 79Implies the 80.Fl v 81option, and displays tab characters as 82.Pq Ql ^I 83as well. 84.It Fl u 85The 86.Fl u 87option guarantees that the output is unbuffered. 88.It Fl v 89Displays non-printing characters so they are visible. 90Control characters print as 91.Ql ^X 92for control-X; the delete 93character (octal 0177) prints as 94.Ql ^? 95Non-ascii characters (with the high bit set) are printed as 96.Ql M- 97(for meta) followed by the character for the low 7 bits. 98.El 99.Pp 100The 101.Nm cat 102utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs. 103.Sh BUGS 104Because of the shell language mechanism used to perform output 105redirection, the command 106.Dq Li cat file1 file 2 > file1 107will cause the original data in file1 to be destroyed! 108.Sh SEE ALSO 109.Xr head 1 , 110.Xr more 1 , 111.Xr pr 1 , 112.Xr tail 1 113.Rs 114.%A Rob Pike 115.%T "UNIX Style, or cat -v Considered Harmful" 116.%J "USENIX Summer Conference Proceedings" 117.%D 1983 118.Re 119.Sh HISTORY 120A 121.Nm 122command appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX. 123