1 /*
2 * CDDL HEADER START
3 *
4 * This file and its contents are supplied under the terms of the
5 * Common Development and Distribution License ("CDDL"), version 1.0.
6 * You may only use this file in accordance with the terms of version
7 * 1.0 of the CDDL.
8 *
9 * A full copy of the text of the CDDL should have accompanied this
10 * source. A copy of the CDDL is also available via the Internet at
11 * http://www.illumos.org/license/CDDL.
12 *
13 * CDDL HEADER END
14 */
15 /*
16 * Copyright (c) 2017, 2018 by Delphix. All rights reserved.
17 */
18
19 #include <sys/zfs_context.h>
20 #include <sys/aggsum.h>
21
22 /*
23 * Aggregate-sum counters are a form of fanned-out counter, used when atomic
24 * instructions on a single field cause enough CPU cache line contention to
25 * slow system performance. Due to their increased overhead and the expense
26 * involved with precisely reading from them, they should only be used in cases
27 * where the write rate (increment/decrement) is much higher than the read rate
28 * (get value).
29 *
30 * Aggregate sum counters are comprised of two basic parts, the core and the
31 * buckets. The core counter contains a lock for the entire counter, as well
32 * as the current upper and lower bounds on the value of the counter. The
33 * aggsum_bucket structure contains a per-bucket lock to protect the contents of
34 * the bucket, the current amount that this bucket has changed from the global
35 * counter (called the delta), and the amount of increment and decrement we have
36 * "borrowed" from the core counter.
37 *
38 * The basic operation of an aggsum is simple. Threads that wish to modify the
39 * counter will modify one bucket's counter (determined by their current CPU, to
40 * help minimize lock and cache contention). If the bucket already has
41 * sufficient capacity borrowed from the core structure to handle their request,
42 * they simply modify the delta and return. If the bucket does not, we clear
43 * the bucket's current state (to prevent the borrowed amounts from getting too
44 * large), and borrow more from the core counter. Borrowing is done by adding to
45 * the upper bound (or subtracting from the lower bound) of the core counter,
46 * and setting the borrow value for the bucket to the amount added (or
47 * subtracted). Clearing the bucket is the opposite; we add the current delta
48 * to both the lower and upper bounds of the core counter, subtract the borrowed
49 * incremental from the upper bound, and add the borrowed decrement from the
50 * lower bound. Note that only borrowing and clearing require access to the
51 * core counter; since all other operations access CPU-local resources,
52 * performance can be much higher than a traditional counter.
53 *
54 * Threads that wish to read from the counter have a slightly more challenging
55 * task. It is fast to determine the upper and lower bounds of the aggum; this
56 * does not require grabbing any locks. This suffices for cases where an
57 * approximation of the aggsum's value is acceptable. However, if one needs to
58 * know whether some specific value is above or below the current value in the
59 * aggsum, they invoke aggsum_compare(). This function operates by repeatedly
60 * comparing the target value to the upper and lower bounds of the aggsum, and
61 * then clearing a bucket. This proceeds until the target is outside of the
62 * upper and lower bounds and we return a response, or the last bucket has been
63 * cleared and we know that the target is equal to the aggsum's value. Finally,
64 * the most expensive operation is determining the precise value of the aggsum.
65 * To do this, we clear every bucket and then return the upper bound (which must
66 * be equal to the lower bound). What makes aggsum_compare() and aggsum_value()
67 * expensive is clearing buckets. This involves grabbing the global lock
68 * (serializing against themselves and borrow operations), grabbing a bucket's
69 * lock (preventing threads on those CPUs from modifying their delta), and
70 * zeroing out the borrowed value (forcing that thread to borrow on its next
71 * request, which will also be expensive). This is what makes aggsums well
72 * suited for write-many read-rarely operations.
73 *
74 * Note that the aggsums do not expand if more CPUs are hot-added. In that
75 * case, we will have less fanout than boot_ncpus, but we don't want to always
76 * reserve the RAM necessary to create the extra slots for additional CPUs up
77 * front, and dynamically adding them is a complex task.
78 */
79
80 /*
81 * We will borrow 2^aggsum_borrow_shift times the current request, so we will
82 * have to get the as_lock approximately every 2^aggsum_borrow_shift calls to
83 * aggsum_add().
84 */
85 static uint_t aggsum_borrow_shift = 4;
86
87 void
aggsum_init(aggsum_t * as,uint64_t value)88 aggsum_init(aggsum_t *as, uint64_t value)
89 {
90 memset(as, 0, sizeof (*as));
91 as->as_lower_bound = as->as_upper_bound = value;
92 mutex_init(&as->as_lock, NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
93 /*
94 * Too many buckets may hurt read performance without improving
95 * write. From 12 CPUs use bucket per 2 CPUs, from 48 per 4, etc.
96 */
97 as->as_bucketshift = highbit64(boot_ncpus / 6) / 2;
98 as->as_numbuckets = ((boot_ncpus - 1) >> as->as_bucketshift) + 1;
99 as->as_buckets = kmem_zalloc(as->as_numbuckets *
100 sizeof (aggsum_bucket_t), KM_SLEEP);
101 for (int i = 0; i < as->as_numbuckets; i++) {
102 mutex_init(&as->as_buckets[i].asc_lock,
103 NULL, MUTEX_DEFAULT, NULL);
104 }
105 }
106
107 void
aggsum_fini(aggsum_t * as)108 aggsum_fini(aggsum_t *as)
109 {
110 for (int i = 0; i < as->as_numbuckets; i++)
111 mutex_destroy(&as->as_buckets[i].asc_lock);
112 kmem_free(as->as_buckets, as->as_numbuckets * sizeof (aggsum_bucket_t));
113 mutex_destroy(&as->as_lock);
114 }
115
116 int64_t
aggsum_lower_bound(aggsum_t * as)117 aggsum_lower_bound(aggsum_t *as)
118 {
119 return (atomic_load_64((volatile uint64_t *)&as->as_lower_bound));
120 }
121
122 uint64_t
aggsum_upper_bound(aggsum_t * as)123 aggsum_upper_bound(aggsum_t *as)
124 {
125 return (atomic_load_64(&as->as_upper_bound));
126 }
127
128 uint64_t
aggsum_value(aggsum_t * as)129 aggsum_value(aggsum_t *as)
130 {
131 int64_t lb;
132 uint64_t ub;
133
134 mutex_enter(&as->as_lock);
135 lb = as->as_lower_bound;
136 ub = as->as_upper_bound;
137 if (lb == ub) {
138 for (int i = 0; i < as->as_numbuckets; i++) {
139 ASSERT0(as->as_buckets[i].asc_delta);
140 ASSERT0(as->as_buckets[i].asc_borrowed);
141 }
142 mutex_exit(&as->as_lock);
143 return (lb);
144 }
145 for (int i = 0; i < as->as_numbuckets; i++) {
146 struct aggsum_bucket *asb = &as->as_buckets[i];
147 if (asb->asc_borrowed == 0)
148 continue;
149 mutex_enter(&asb->asc_lock);
150 lb += asb->asc_delta + asb->asc_borrowed;
151 ub += asb->asc_delta - asb->asc_borrowed;
152 asb->asc_delta = 0;
153 asb->asc_borrowed = 0;
154 mutex_exit(&asb->asc_lock);
155 }
156 ASSERT3U(lb, ==, ub);
157 atomic_store_64((volatile uint64_t *)&as->as_lower_bound, lb);
158 atomic_store_64(&as->as_upper_bound, lb);
159 mutex_exit(&as->as_lock);
160
161 return (lb);
162 }
163
164 void
aggsum_add(aggsum_t * as,int64_t delta)165 aggsum_add(aggsum_t *as, int64_t delta)
166 {
167 struct aggsum_bucket *asb;
168 int64_t borrow;
169
170 asb = &as->as_buckets[(CPU_SEQID_UNSTABLE >> as->as_bucketshift) %
171 as->as_numbuckets];
172
173 /* Try fast path if we already borrowed enough before. */
174 mutex_enter(&asb->asc_lock);
175 if (asb->asc_delta + delta <= (int64_t)asb->asc_borrowed &&
176 asb->asc_delta + delta >= -(int64_t)asb->asc_borrowed) {
177 asb->asc_delta += delta;
178 mutex_exit(&asb->asc_lock);
179 return;
180 }
181 mutex_exit(&asb->asc_lock);
182
183 /*
184 * We haven't borrowed enough. Take the global lock and borrow
185 * considering what is requested now and what we borrowed before.
186 */
187 borrow = (delta < 0 ? -delta : delta);
188 borrow <<= aggsum_borrow_shift + as->as_bucketshift;
189 mutex_enter(&as->as_lock);
190 if (borrow >= asb->asc_borrowed)
191 borrow -= asb->asc_borrowed;
192 else
193 borrow = (borrow - (int64_t)asb->asc_borrowed) / 4;
194 mutex_enter(&asb->asc_lock);
195 delta += asb->asc_delta;
196 asb->asc_delta = 0;
197 asb->asc_borrowed += borrow;
198 mutex_exit(&asb->asc_lock);
199 atomic_store_64((volatile uint64_t *)&as->as_lower_bound,
200 as->as_lower_bound + delta - borrow);
201 atomic_store_64(&as->as_upper_bound,
202 as->as_upper_bound + delta + borrow);
203 mutex_exit(&as->as_lock);
204 }
205
206 /*
207 * Compare the aggsum value to target efficiently. Returns -1 if the value
208 * represented by the aggsum is less than target, 1 if it's greater, and 0 if
209 * they are equal.
210 */
211 int
aggsum_compare(aggsum_t * as,uint64_t target)212 aggsum_compare(aggsum_t *as, uint64_t target)
213 {
214 int64_t lb;
215 uint64_t ub;
216 int i;
217
218 if (atomic_load_64(&as->as_upper_bound) < target)
219 return (-1);
220 lb = atomic_load_64((volatile uint64_t *)&as->as_lower_bound);
221 if (lb > 0 && (uint64_t)lb > target)
222 return (1);
223 mutex_enter(&as->as_lock);
224 lb = as->as_lower_bound;
225 ub = as->as_upper_bound;
226 for (i = 0; i < as->as_numbuckets; i++) {
227 struct aggsum_bucket *asb = &as->as_buckets[i];
228 if (asb->asc_borrowed == 0)
229 continue;
230 mutex_enter(&asb->asc_lock);
231 lb += asb->asc_delta + asb->asc_borrowed;
232 ub += asb->asc_delta - asb->asc_borrowed;
233 asb->asc_delta = 0;
234 asb->asc_borrowed = 0;
235 mutex_exit(&asb->asc_lock);
236 if (ub < target || (lb > 0 && (uint64_t)lb > target))
237 break;
238 }
239 if (i >= as->as_numbuckets)
240 ASSERT3U(lb, ==, ub);
241 atomic_store_64((volatile uint64_t *)&as->as_lower_bound, lb);
242 atomic_store_64(&as->as_upper_bound, ub);
243 mutex_exit(&as->as_lock);
244 return (ub < target ? -1 : (uint64_t)lb > target ? 1 : 0);
245 }
246