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6 .\" The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the Common Development and Distribution L…
27 The \fBsendmail\fR utility sends a message to one or more people, routing the
29 forwarding as necessary to deliver the message to the correct place.
33 provide user-friendly front ends. \fBsendmail\fR is used only to deliver
37 With no flags, \fBsendmail\fR reads its standard input up to an EOF, or a line
38 with a single dot, and sends a copy of the letter found there to all of the
39 addresses listed. It determines the network to use based on the syntax and
46 recipient's home directory, \fBsendmail\fR forwards a copy of each message to
47 the list of recipients that file contains. Refer to the \fBNOTES\fR section for
53 database to be either built or rebuilt. This cannot occur under any
54 circumstances unless root owns \fBand\fR has exclusive write permission to the
58 If a message is found to be undeliverable, it is returned to the sender with
90 For a service that uses \fBsendmail\fR to send mail, an optional dependency on
97 For a service that needs to receive mail in general, but does not depend on
105 For a service that needs to interact with sendmail in particular, such as a
114 .SS "Enabling Access to Remote Clients"
116 On an unmodified system, access to \fBsendmail\fR by remote clients is enabled
133 The following example shows the sequence of SMF commands used to enable
134 \fBsendmail\fR to allow access to remote systems:
155 See \fBsendmail\fR(5) for details on which service properties can be set to
159 \fBsendmail\fR uses TCP Wrappers to restrict access to hosts. It uses the
166 \fBsendmail\fR(5) for details on which service properties can be set to
179 Selects additional options to be used with the client daemon, which looks in
181 queue runner. No syntax checking is done, so be careful when making changes to
192 Similar to the \fBQUEUEINTERVAL\fR option, \fBCLIENTQUEUEINTERVAL\fR sets the
195 the master daemon. Typically, the master daemon is able to deliver all messages
209 Enables an SMTP client and server to interact immediately without waiting for
211 the portion of its queue that goes to the specified hosts. For more
212 information, refer to the \fBetrn\fR(8) man page.
222 Selects the mode to start \fBsendmail\fR with. Use the \fB-bd\fR option or
233 Selects additional options to be used with the master daemon. No syntax
234 checking is done, so be careful when making changes to this variable.
261 option to \fBp\fR, which is the only setting available. Otherwise, this option
334 exclusive write permission to the \fB/etc/mail/aliases*\fR files for successful
408 Verifies names only. Does not try to collect or deliver a message. Verify mode
439 Send debugging output to the indicated log file instead of \fBstdout\fR.
449 Sets debugging value to \fIX\fR.
493 Sets the hop count to \fIN\fR. The hop count is incremented every time the mail
505 Sets the identifier used in \fBsyslog\fR messages to the supplied \fItag\fR.
515 Sets macro \fIx\fR to the specified \fIvalue\fR.
548 Sets option \fIx\fR to the specified \fIvalue\fR. \fBProcessing\fR
559 Sets \fIoption\fR to the specified \fIvalue\fR (for long from names).
571 \fIprotocol\fR\fB:\fR\fIhost\fR to set both the sending protocol and the
573 to \fBUUCP\fR and the sending host to \fBuunet\fR. Some existing programs use
574 \fB-oM\fR to set the \fIr\fR and \fIs\fR macros; this is equivalent to using
589 both set the timeout to one hour thirty minutes.
602 Similar to \fB-q\fR[\fItime\fR], except that instead of periodically forking a
603 child to process the queue, \fBsendmail\fR forks a single persistent child for
605 time (\fItime\fR) is specified as the argument; it defaults to \fB1\fR second.
638 Limits processed jobs to those containing \fIsubstr\fR as a substring of the
649 Limits processed jobs to those quarantined jobs containing \fIsubstr\fR as a
660 Limits processed jobs to those containing \fIsubstr\fR as a substring of one of
671 Limits processed jobs to those containing \fIsubstr\fR as a substring of the
715 Reads message for recipients. \fBTo:\fR,\fBCc:\fR, and \fBBcc:\fR lines are
716 scanned for people to send to. The \fBBcc:\fR line is deleted before
718 \fBNoRecipientAction\fR Processing Option can be used to change the behavior
770 This sets option \fIx\fR to be \fIvalue\fR. Depending on the option,
786 This sets the option \fILongname\fR to be \fIargument\fR. The long names are
787 beneficial because they are easier to interpret than the single character
811 If set, waits up to \fIN\fR minutes for an "@:@" entry to exist in the
813 minutes, issues a warning. Defaults to 10 minutes.
845 Sets the blank substitution character to \fIc\fR. Unquoted spaces in addresses
846 are replaced by this character. Defaults to SPACE (that is, no change is made).
866 Path to directory with certs of CAs.
887 system crashes during delivery to a large list, this prevents retransmission to
901 higher \fBPriority:\fR are favored. Defaults to \fB1800\fR.
922 File containing the private key belonging to the client cert.
941 \fIAddress Mask\fR defaults to \fBINADDR_ANY\fR. The address mask can be a
952 Address family (defaults to INET).
962 Size of listen queue (defaults to 10).
972 Name/number of listening port (defaults to \fBsmtp\fR).
1013 If \fBh\fR is set, the name corresponding to the outgoing interface address
1028 they are treated as the introducer to the RFC 822 "group" syntax. This option
1039 The maximum number of open connections that are to be cached at a time. The
1041 this invocation of \fBsendmail\fR needs to connect to another host or it
1042 terminates. Setting it to \fB0\fR defaults to the old behavior, that is,
1053 The maximum amount of time a cached connection is permitted to idle without
1056 a cached connection, it always sends a \fBNOOP\fR (no operation) command to
1059 point of this option is to be a good network neighbor and avoid using up
1131 User-definable name for the daemon (defaults to "\fBDaemon#\fR"). Used for
1154 Address family (defaults to \fBINET).\fR
1174 Size of listen queue (defaults to \fB10\fR).
1202 Binds to interface through which mail has been received.
1274 User-definable name for the daemon (defaults to \fBDaemon#\fR). Used for error
1285 Name/number of listening port (defaults to \fBsmtp\fR).
1382 \fBsendmail\fR does not attempt to save to a system-wide \fBdead.letter\fR file
1383 in the event it cannot bounce the mail to the user or postmaster. Instead, it
1395 Sets the default character set to use when converting unlabeled 8 bit input to
1406 Sets the default group ID for mailers to run in to \fIgid\fR or set the default
1407 userid for mailers to \fIuid\fR. Defaults to \fB1\fR. The value can also be
1483 Defaults to \fBb\fR if no option is specified, \fBi\fR if it is specified but
1484 given no argument (that is, \fBOd\fR is equivalent to \fBOdi\fR).
1552 these addresses, otherwise mail to addresses in this list bounces with a
1563 If set, does not prune route-addr syntax addresses to the minimum possible.
1574 error message to this address.
1594 Does any necessary conversion of \fB8BITMIME\fR to 7-bit.
1627 it is assumed to be the pathname of a file containing a message (this is the
1630 could provide assistance to end users. If the option is missing or \fINULL\fR,
1703 host. This is intended to be used by sites with poor network connectivity.
1714 each host. This is intended to be used by sites with "fake internal DNS". That
1726 If set to a value greater than zero (the default is one), it suppresses the MX
1729 MX records are readily available in a local DNS cache. To enforce initial
1730 sorting based on MX records set \fBFastSplit\fR to zero. If the mail is
1732 of processes to deliver the envelopes; if more envelopes are created they are
1735 Submission Program [MSP]), the value of \fBFastSplit\fR is seldom used to limit
1736 the number of processes to deliver the envelopes.
1747 this option if you are short of memory, since the default tends to consume
1759 \fB$z/.forward\fR. Some sites that use the automounter may prefer to change
1760 this to \fB/var/forward/$u\fR to search a file with the same name as the user
1761 in a system directory. It can also be set to a sequence of paths separated by
1766 exist). Refer to the NOTES section for more information.
1776 Sets the name to be used for \fBHELO\fR/\fBEHLO\fR (instead of \fB$j\fR).
1807 Sets the file to use when doing "file" type access of host names.
1819 relative to the queue directory.
1840 Sets the default log level to \fIn\fR. Defaults to \fB9\fR.
1850 Sets the macro \fIx\fR to \fIvalue\fR. This is intended only for use from the
1861 Type of lookup to find information about local mail boxes, defaults to \fBpw\fR
1862 which uses \fBgetpwnam\fR(3C). Other types can be introduced by adding them to
1873 Tries to match recipient names using the GECOS field. This allows for mail to
1897 times are assumed to be in a loop and are rejected. Defaults to \fB25\fR.
1917 Sets the maximum length of certain MIME header field values to \fIM\fR
1919 of each parameter is set to \fIN\fR if specified. If \fB/\fR\fIN\fR is not
1941 When set, this limits the number of concurrent queue runner processes to
1942 \fIN\fR. This helps to control the amount of system resources used when
1958 If set, limits the maximum size of any given queue run to this number of
1970 This sets the default maximum number of queue runners for queue groups. Up to
1986 Sends to me too, even if I am in an alias expansion.
2010 \fBsendmail\fR gives a \fB452\fR response to the \fBMAIL\fR command. This
2011 invites the sender to try again later. The optional \fIM\fR is a maximum
2024 This allows you to set the queue run interval low for better responsiveness
2035 Specifies the characters to be quoted in a full name phrase. \fB&,;:\e()[]\fR
2061 \fB\fBadd-apparently-to\fR\fR
2065 Adds an \fBApparently-to:\fR header with all the known recipients (which may
2082 \fB\fBadd-to\fR\fR
2086 Adds a \fBTo:\fR header with all the known recipients (which may expose blind
2093 \fB\fBadd-to-undisclosed\fR\fR
2097 Adds a \fBTo: undisclosed-recipients:\fR header.
2133 Defines the list of characters that can be used to separate the components of
2156 If set, copies of error messages are sent to the named \fIpostmaster\fR. Only
2159 sorts of privacy violations, but it seems to be popular with certain operating
2171 just a way of insisting on stricter adherence to the SMTP protocol.
2178 \fBrestrict-expand\fR pseudo-flag instructs sendmail to drop privileges when
2181 adds the \fBNonRootSafeAddr\fR to the "DontBlame-Sendmail" option to prevent
2183 command line option to prevent information leakage. Authentication Warnings add
2184 warnings about various conditions that may indicate attempts to fool the mail
2369 Uses \fIfactor\fR as the multiplier in the map function to decide when to just
2371 between the current load average and the load average limit (\fBx\fR flag) to
2372 determine the maximum message priority to be sent. Defaults to \fB600000\fR.
2395 does not try to send them). Defaults to eight times the number of processors
2407 value is used. Legal values are \fBhost\fR (to order by the name of the first
2408 host name of the first recipient), \fBfilename\fR (to order by the name of the
2409 queue file name), \fBtime\fR (to order by the submission/creation time),
2410 \fBrandom\fR (to order randomly), \fBmodification\fR (to order by the
2411 modification time of the \fBqf\fR file (older entries first)), \fBnone\fR (to
2412 not order), and \fBpriority\fR (to order by message priority). Host ordering
2413 makes better use of the connection cache, but may tend to process low priority
2414 messages that go to a single host over high priority messages that go to
2418 almost always a bad idea, since it allows large, bulk mail to go out before
2421 which try to drain the same queue since odds are they are working on different
2432 Sets the queue timeout to \fIrtime\fR. After this interval, messages that have
2433 not been successfully sent are returned to the sender. Defaults to five days
2447 \fBrandom\fR(4D), so this does not need to be specified.
2457 The indicated factor \fIfact\fR is added to the priority (thus \fIlowering\fR
2459 with large numbers of recipients. Defaults to \fB30000\fR.
2470 connections. Defaults to 12 times the number of processors online when
2501 The indicated factor \fIfact\fR is added to the priority every time a job is
2504 are down are all too often down for a long time. Defaults to \fB90000\fR.
2514 If this option is set, a \fBReturn-Receipt-To\fR: header causes the request of
2515 a \fBDSN\fR, which is sent to the envelope sender as required by RFC 1891, not
2561 response to an \fBEHLO\fR and does not do Delivery Status Notification
2583 File containing the private key belonging to the server cert.
2593 Defines the path to the service-switch file. Since the service-switch file is
2604 Strips input to seven bits for compatibility with old systems. This should not
2615 Specifies key to use for shared memory segment. If not set (or \fB0\fR), shared
2619 efficient program execution, since only one process needs to update the data
2630 If \fBSharedMemoryKeyFile\fR is set to \fB-1\fR, the automatically selected
2653 single thread deliveries to other hosts.
2674 (\fB5xy\fR). This can be useful during testing of a new configuration to avoid
2686 \fB/etc/mail/sendmail.st\fR. As root, you must \fBtouch\fR(1) this file to
2697 This option can be set to \fBTrue\fR, \fBFalse\fR, \fBInteractive\fR, or
2698 \fBPostMilter\fR. If set to \fBTrue\fR, \fBsendmail\fR is set to super-safe
2700 are going to attempt immediate delivery. \fBsendmail\fR always instantiates the
2701 queue file before returning control to the client under any circumstances. This
2702 should really always be set to \fBTrue\fR. The \fBInteractive\fR value has been
2705 execution path for this mode. If set to \fBPostMilter\fR, \fBsendmail\fR defers
2729 \fIkeyword=value\fR pairs. All but \fIcommand\fR apply to client \fBSMTP\fR.
2790 reply to final \fB\&.\fR in data [1h, 10m]
2800 reply to \fBDATA\fR command [5m, 2m]
2820 reply to \fBHELO\fR or \fBEHLO\fR command [5m, none]
2840 first attempt to connect to a host [0, unspecified]
2870 wait for reply to an LMTP LHLO command [2m, unspecified]
2880 reply to \fBMAIL\fR command [10m, 5m]
2890 reply to \fBNOOP\fR and \fBVERB\fR commands [2m, none]
2920 reply to \fBQUIT\fR command [2m, none]
2930 reply to \fBRCPT\fR command [1h, 5m]
2951 Resolver's retransmission time interval (in seconds) for the first attempt to
2973 Number of times to retransmit a resolver query [varies]. Sets both
2984 Number of times to retransmit a resolver query for the first attempt to deliver
2995 Number of times to retransmit a resolver query for all look-ups except the
3006 reply to \fBRSET\fR command [5m, none]
3016 response to an \fBSMTP STARTTLS\fR command [1h]
3028 Sets the local time zone info to \fItzinfo\fR, for example, "PST8PDT".
3031 used, and if set and non-null, the \fBTZ\fR variable is set to this value.
3067 by forwarding the mail to a \fBUUCP\fR feed, treating it as local, or whatever.
3068 However, in some cases (such as Internet firewalls) you may want to try to
3069 connect directly to that host as though it had no \fBMX\fR records at all.
3070 Setting this option causes \fBsendmail\fR to try this. The downside is that
3071 errors in your configuration are likely to be diagnosed as "host unknown" or
3083 The "From " line used when sending to files or programs.
3104 If there is an \fBErrors-To\fR: header, sends error messages to the addresses
3105 listed there. They normally go to the envelope sender. Use of this option
3106 causes \fBsendmail\fR to violate \fBRFC\fR 1123. This option is not recommended
3159 name is used as the name of a program to pipe the mail to. It may be necessary
3160 to quote the name of the user to keep \fBsendmail\fR from suppressing the
3181 when encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2^31 bytes).
3284 \fIserver\fR is the name of the server to prod; a mail queue run is requested
3285 for each \fIclient\fR name. This is comparable to running:
3385 Lists users that are "trusted", that is, able to set their envelope from
3388 \fBsubmit.cf\fR, in which the line referring to \fB/etc/mail/trusted-users\fR
3389 is commented out. See \fBsendmail\fR(5) for instructions on making changes to
3430 Describes the steps needed to compile and run a filter
3480 A script has been included to help verify if the host name is defined properly
3485 order to increase security. In particular, access to \fB/etc/mail\fR and
3489 Security restrictions have been placed users using \fB\&.forward\fR files to
3490 pipe mail to a program or redirect mail to a file. The default shell (as listed
3492 restriction does not affect mail that is being redirected to another alias.
3500 If you have interfaces that map to domains that have MX records that point to
3501 non-local destinations, you might need to enable the \fBDontProbeInterfaces\fR
3502 option to enable delivery to those destinations. In its default startup
3504 addresses, as well as any domains that those addresses map to, to its list of
3506 local domains is equivalent to having a 0-preference MX record, with