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2 @c -*-texinfo-*-
24 * grub-install: (grub)Invoking grub-install. Install GRUB on your drive
25 * grub-md5-crypt: (grub)Invoking grub-md5-crypt. Encrypt a password
27 * grub-terminfo: (grub)Invoking grub-terminfo. Generate a terminfo
30 * grub-set-default: (grub)Invoking grub-set-default. Set a default boot
114 * Interface:: The menu and the command-line
118 * Invoking grub-install:: How to use the GRUB installer
119 * Invoking grub-md5-crypt:: How to generate a cryptic password
120 * Invoking grub-terminfo:: How to generate a terminfo command
121 * Invoking grub-set-default:: How to set a default boot entry
153 chain-loading@footnote{@dfn{chain-load} is the mechanism for loading
167 When booting with GRUB, you can use either a command-line interface
168 (@pxref{Command-line interface}), or a menu interface (@pxref{Menu
169 interface}). Using the command-line interface, you type the drive
174 command-line mode, and vice-versa. You can even edit menu entries
196 number of mutually-incompatible PC boot methods.
204 from keeping up with the demands of its quickly-expanding user base. In
222 Basic functions must be straightforward for end-users.
230 supported via a chain-loading function.
233 Except for specific compatibility modes (chain-loading and the Linux
249 @item Support non-Multiboot kernels
250 Support many of the various free 32-bit kernels that lack Multiboot
252 Linux). Chain-loading of other boot loaders is also supported.
258 Support a human-readable text configuration file with preset boot
262 command-line. An example configuration file is provided in
270 @item Have a flexible command-line interface
271 A fairly flexible command-line interface, accessible from the menu,
274 the command-line.
278 command-line (@pxref{Command Line Editing, Bash, Command Line Editing,
279 features, Bash Features}), with @key{TAB}-completion of commands,
299 compressed state, so a different module-loading command can be specified
313 GRUB can generally find all the installed @sc{ram} on a PC-compatible
331 GRUB is basically a disk-based boot loader but also has network
428 specifies a partition you want, the GRUB command-line
429 (@pxref{Command-line interface}) options have argument
441 Note that GRUB does @emph{not} distinguish IDE from SCSI - it simply
466 install the GRUB system and utilities under your UNIX-like operating
471 drive (floppy or hard disk). There are two ways of doing that - either
472 using the utility @command{grub-install} (@pxref{Invoking
473 grub-install}) on a UNIX-like OS, or by running GRUB itself from a
477 Also, if you install GRUB on a UNIX-like OS, please make sure that you
482 @file{/usr/lib/grub/i386-pc}. If you do not use grub-install, then
485 @command{grub-set-default} (@pxref{Invoking grub-set-default}) if you
488 initially placed (normally @file{/usr/lib/grub/i386-pc}) will be
496 * Installing GRUB using grub-install::
497 * Making a GRUB bootable CD-ROM::
511 On a UNIX-like operating system, that is done with the following
516 # @kbd{cd /usr/lib/grub/i386-pc}
534 normal boot-sector used by an OS.
547 grub-install}.
549 Once started, GRUB will show the command-line interface
550 (@pxref{Command-line interface}). First, set the GRUB's @dfn{root
587 one, you must chain-load GRUB from another boot loader. Refer to the
588 manual for the boot loader to know how to chain-load GRUB.
595 @node Installing GRUB using grub-install
596 @section Installing GRUB using grub-install
601 map BIOS drives to OS devices correctly---GRUB merely @dfn{guesses}
607 If you still do want to install GRUB under a UNIX-like OS (such
608 as @sc{gnu}), invoke the program @command{grub-install} (@pxref{Invoking
609 grub-install}) as the superuser (@dfn{root}).
618 # @kbd{grub-install /dev/hda}
624 # @kbd{grub-install /dev/hd0}
630 # @kbd{grub-install '(hd0)'}
636 # @kbd{grub-install hd0}
642 @option{--root-directory}. The typical usage is that you create a GRUB
648 # @kbd{mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /mnt}
649 # @kbd{grub-install --root-directory=/mnt fd0}
657 @command{grub-install} like this:
660 # @kbd{grub-install --root-directory=/boot /dev/hda}
664 correctly under a UNIX-like OS. Thus, @command{grub-install} will prompt
670 Note that @command{grub-install} is actually just a shell script and the
673 GRUB, without using @command{grub-install}. Don't do that, however,
678 @node Making a GRUB bootable CD-ROM
679 @section Making a GRUB bootable CD-ROM
683 using BIOS functions.}. This means that you can use the whole CD-ROM
687 For booting from a CD-ROM, GRUB uses a special Stage 2 called
689 bootable CD-ROM are this @file{stage2_eltorito} and optionally a config file
693 Here is an example of procedures to make a bootable CD-ROM
704 $ @kbd{mkdir -p iso/boot/grub}
710 $ @kbd{cp /usr/lib/grub/i386-pc/stage2_eltorito iso/boot/grub}
720 $ @kbd{mkisofs -R -b boot/grub/stage2_eltorito -no-emul-boot \
721 -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table -o grub.iso iso}
727 setup GRUB on the disc. (Note that the @kbd{-boot-load-size 4} bit is
730 You can use the device @samp{(cd)} to access a CD-ROM in your
732 to @samp{(cd)} when booted from a CD-ROM. It is only necessary to refer to
739 GRUB can load Multiboot-compliant kernels in a consistent way,
740 but for some free operating systems you need to use some OS-specific
745 * OS-specific notes:: Notes on some operating systems
754 operating system directly, and the other is to chain-load another boot
764 * Chain-loading::
775 will have to chain-load them (@pxref{Chain-loading}).
777 Generally, GRUB can boot any Multiboot-compliant OS in the following
800 file name of the kernel. Also, please refer to @ref{OS-specific notes},
801 for information on your OS-specific issues.
804 @node Chain-loading
808 chain-load a boot loader for the operating system. Normally, the boot
851 @node OS-specific notes
852 @section Some caveats on OS-specific issues
871 Since GNU/Hurd is Multiboot-compliant, it is easy to boot it; there is
900 resembles to boot a Multiboot-compliant OS.
974 append the ugly option @option{--type=netbsd}, if you want to load an
978 grub> @kbd{kernel --type=netbsd /netbsd-elf}
986 it may be better to chain-load it instead. For more information, please
987 see @ref{Chain-loading}.
1000 GRUB cannot boot DOS or Windows directly, so you must chain-load them
1001 (@pxref{Chain-loading}). However, their boot loaders have some critical
1002 deficiencies, so it may not work to just chain-load them. To overcome
1005 If you have installed DOS (or Windows) on a non-first hard disk, you
1053 wrong, so you will have to specify the option @option{--force} to
1059 grub> @kbd{chainloader --force +1}
1111 * Booting once-only::
1116 @node Booting once-only
1117 @subsection Booting once-only
1158 time. For this, execute @command{grub-set-default} (@pxref{Invoking
1159 grub-set-default}):
1162 # @kbd{grub-set-default 1}
1236 However, you need to run @command{grub-set-default} (@pxref{Invoking
1237 grub-set-default}) when @samp{A} starts correctly or you fix @samp{A}
1243 # @kbd{grub-set-default 0}
1251 some systems). Because this file is plain-text, you can just
1255 manner. Therefore, you should use @command{grub-set-default} when you
1263 OS. There's a solution to that - GRUB provides a menu interface
1272 related options. You can put these commands (@pxref{Menu-specific
1318 interface specific, can be found in @ref{Menu-specific
1395 This will boot OS/2, using a chain-loader (@pxref{Chain-loading}).
1425 color light-green/brown blink-red/blue
1430 because it can be used both in the command-line and in the menu. GRUB
1440 Although GRUB is a disk-based boot loader, it does provide network
1474 grub> @kbd{ifconfig --address=192.168.110.23 --server=192.168.110.14}
1565 you need to prepare a null-modem (cross) serial cable, and you may need
1573 @option{--disable-serial} to the configure script when you built your
1582 grub> @kbd{serial --unit=0 --speed=9600}
1589 you want to use COM2, you must specify @samp{--unit=1} instead. This
1601 emulators nowadays, but you should pass the option @option{--dumb} to
1602 the command if your terminal emulator is not VT100-compatible or
1618 start-up time.
1644 @option{--enable-preset-menu}. The file has the same semantics as
1661 serial --unit=0 --speed=19200
1662 terminal --timeout=0 serial
1679 and run arbitrary commands at run-time. For example, the user can even
1680 read @file{/etc/passwd} in the command-line interface by the command
1686 entering the command-line interface). To use this feature, you need to
1691 password --md5 PASSWORD
1696 @option{--md5} tells GRUB that @samp{PASSWORD} is in MD5 format. If it
1717 password PASSWORD /boot/grub/menu-admin.lst
1720 In this case, GRUB will load @file{/boot/grub/menu-admin.lst} as a
1757 called @dfn{Stage 1.5}, one image for bootable CD-ROM, and two network
1799 This is a boot image for CD-ROMs using the @dfn{no emulation mode} in
1839 @code{(@var{device}[,@var{part-num}][,@var{bsd-subpart-letter}])}
1853 @var{part-num} represents the partition number of @var{device}, starting
1855 and @var{bsd-subpart-letter} represents the BSD disklabel subpartition,
1859 @code{(@var{device},@var{bsd-subpart-letter})}, in this case, GRUB
1861 finds the subpartition @var{bsd-subpart-letter}. Here is an example:
1876 If you boot GRUB from a CD-ROM, @samp{(cd)} is available. @xref{Making
1877 a GRUB bootable CD-ROM}, for details.
1922 configuration file, and a highly flexible command-line for performing
1927 entries were found in the file. If you choose the @dfn{command-line} menu
1929 the command-line interface.
1932 * Command-line interface:: The flexible command-line interface
1939 @node Command-line interface
1940 @section The flexible command-line interface
1942 The command-line interface provides a prompt and after it an editable
1943 text area much like a command-line in Unix or DOS. Each command is
1945 behavior will be changed in the future version, in a user-invisible
1946 way.}. The commands (@pxref{Command-line and menu entry commands}) are a
1954 @item C-f
1958 @item C-b
1962 @item C-a
1966 @item C-e
1970 @item C-d
1974 @item C-h
1978 @item C-k
1981 @item C-u
1984 @item C-y
1987 @item C-p
1991 @item C-n
1997 the first word in the command-line, pressing the @key{TAB} key (or
1998 @key{C-i}) will display a listing of the available commands, and if the
2021 Commands are available to enter a bare command-line by pressing @key{c}
2022 (which operates exactly like the non-config-file version of GRUB, but
2042 special version of the GRUB command-line to edit that line. When the
2066 back to the command-line interface (@pxref{Command-line interface}).
2076 of them can be entered on the command-line and can be used either
2080 * Menu-specific commands::
2082 * Command-line and menu entry commands::
2086 @node Menu-specific commands
2093 The menu-specific commands have to be used before any others.
2096 The files @emph{must} be in plain-text format.
2107 must be preceded by @samp{0x}, and is case-insensitive.
2182 the line, starting with the first non-space character.
2189 Commands usable anywhere in the menu and in the command-line.
2215 @deffn Command bootp [@option{--with-configfile}]
2220 If you specify @option{--with-configfile} to this command, GRUB will
2262 light-gray
2267 dark-gray
2270 light-blue
2273 light-green
2276 light-cyan
2279 light-red
2282 light-magenta
2292 prefix @code{blink-} to @var{foreground} if you want a blinking
2301 color light-gray/blue black/light-gray
2304 title OS-BS like
2322 grub> @kbd{device (fd0) /floppy-image}
2335 @deffn Command dhcp [--with-configfile]
2341 If you specify @option{--with-configfile} to this command, GRUB will
2361 @deffn Command ifconfig [@option{--server=server}] [@option{--gateway=gateway}] [@option{--mask=mas…
2386 type and must be a number in the range @code{0-0xff}; @var{from} is
2397 is the new partition type and must be a number in the range 0-0xff.
2404 @deffn Command password [@option{--md5}] passwd [new-config-file]
2406 editing control (menu entry editor and command-line) and entries
2408 entered, it loads the @var{new-config-file} as a new config file and
2409 restarts the GRUB Stage 2, if @var{new-config-file} is
2413 @option{--md5} tells GRUB that @var{passwd} is encrypted with
2431 …on{--unit=unit}] [@option{--port=port}] [@option{--speed=speed}] [@option{--word=word}] [@option{-…
2432 Initialize a serial device. @var{unit} is a number in the range 0-3
2438 be in the range 5-8 and stop bits must be 1 or 2. Default is 8 data
2440 @samp{even} and defaults to @samp{no}. The option @option{--device}
2513 @samp{-}
2587 …d terminal [@option{--dumb}] [@option{--no-echo}] [@option{--no-edit}] [@option{--timeout=secs}] […
2589 VT100-compatible unless @option{--dumb} is specified. If both
2601 The option @option{--lines} defines the number of lines in your
2605 The option @option{--silent} suppresses the message to prompt you to
2609 The option @option{--no-echo} has GRUB not to echo back input
2610 characters. This implies the option @option{--no-edit}.
2612 The option @option{--no-edit} disables the BASH-like editing feature.
2619 … @option{--name=name} @option{--cursor-address=seq} [@option{--clear-screen=seq}] [@option{--enter…
2621 escape sequences, if it is not vt100-compatible. You may use @samp{\e}
2624 You can use the utility @command{grub-terminfo} to generate
2625 appropriate arguments to this command. @xref{Invoking grub-terminfo}.
2656 @node Command-line and menu entry commands
2657 @section The list of command-line and menu entry commands
2659 These commands are usable in the command-line and in menu entries. If
2667 * chainloader:: Chain-load another boot loader
2699 * testvbe:: Test VESA BIOS EXTENSION
2701 * vbeprobe:: Probe VESA BIOS EXTENSION
2718 Boot the OS or chain-loader which has been loaded. Only necessary if
2719 running the fully interactive command-line (it is implicit at the end of
2740 @deffn Command chainloader [@option{--force}] file
2741 Load @var{file} as a chain-loader. Like any other file loaded by the
2744 option @option{--force}, then load @var{file} forcibly, whether it has a
2844 all the device reads and what values are being sent to the low-level
2845 routines. The format is @samp{<@var{partition-offset-sector},
2846 @var{byte-offset}, @var{byte-length}>} for high-level reads inside a
2847 partition, and @samp{[@var{disk-offset-sector}]} for low-level sector
2870 @deffn Command halt @option{--no-apm}
2871 The command halts the computer. If the @option{--no-apm} option
2880 @deffn Command help @option{--all} [pattern @dots{}]
2883 available commands. If you specify the option @option{--all} to this
2915 @deffn Command install [@option{--force-lba}] [@option{--stage2=os_stage2_file}] stage1_file [@opti…
2960 ignore the wrong bitmap, that is, the option @option{--force-lba}. Don't
2963 @strong{Caution3:} You must specify the option @option{--stage2} in the
2982 @deffn Command kernel [@option{--type=type}] [@option{--no-mem-option}] file @dots{}
2986 command-line}. Any modules must be reloaded after using this command.
2988 This command also accepts the option @option{--type} so that you can
2996 The option @option{--no-mem-option} is effective only for Linux. If the
2998 kernel. This option is implied for Linux kernels 2.4.18 and newer.
3017 kernel /no-security-os
3039 necessary when you chain-load some operating systems, such as DOS, if
3040 such an OS resides at a non-first drive. Here is an example:
3071 line is passed as the @dfn{module command-line}, like the
3118 Read a 32-bit value from memory at address @var{addr} and display it in
3129 descriptor in @code{ES:ESI}, used by some chain-loaded boot loaders), the
3130 BSD drive-type (for booting BSD kernels using their native boot format),
3131 and correctly determine the PC partition where a BSD sub-partition is
3186 See also @ref{default} and @ref{Invoking grub-set-default}.
3193 @deffn Command setup [@option{--force-lba}] [@option{--stage2=os_stage2_file}] [@option{--prefix=di…
3203 The option @option{--prefix} specifies the directory under which GRUB
3207 The options @option{--force-lba} and @option{--stage2} are just passed
3231 Test the VESA BIOS EXTENSION mode @var{mode}. This command will switch
3255 Probe VESA BIOS EXTENSION information. If the mode @var{mode} is
3280 string and then halt. Pressing @kbd{@key{CTRL}-@key{ALT}-@key{DEL}} will
3315 @kbd{@key{CTRL}-@key{ALT}-@key{DEL}} will reboot.
3343 This error is returned if the run-length decompression code gets an
3411 @item 18 : Selected cylinder exceeds maximum supported by BIOS
3425 non-Multiboot-aware kernel.
3428 This error is returned if the device part of a device- or full file name
3434 a device- or full file name which isn't on the selected disk.
3456 command-line or in a boot sequence section of a configuration file and
3474 block-lists (e.g. the command @command{install}). In this case, you
3475 should mount the partition with the @samp{-o notail} option.
3489 used by EZ-BIOS.
3523 @item --help
3524 Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
3526 @item --version
3529 @item --verbose
3532 @item --device-map=@var{file}
3536 @item --no-floppy
3538 @option{--device-map} is specified (@pxref{Device map}).
3540 @item --probe-second-floppy
3546 @item --config-file=@var{file}
3551 @item --boot-drive=@var{drive}
3555 @item --install-partition=@var{par}
3559 @item --no-config-file
3562 @item --no-curses
3566 @item --batch
3567 This option has the same meaning as @samp{--no-config-file --no-curses}.
3569 @item --read-only
3572 @item --hold
3583 @command{grub}-specific information is described here.
3596 If a drive cannot be unmounted but can be mounted with the read-only
3597 flag, mount it in read-only mode. That should be secure.
3600 If a drive must be mounted with the read-write flag, make sure that no
3612 the buffer cache consistent. Do not push @key{C-c}.
3614 If you want to install GRUB non-interactively, specify @samp{--batch}
3615 option in the command-line. This is a simple example:
3622 /sbin/grub --batch <<EOT 1>/dev/null 2>/dev/null
3634 When you specify the option @option{--device-map} (@pxref{Basic usage}),
3659 @node Invoking grub-install
3660 @chapter Invoking grub-install
3662 The program @command{grub-install} installs GRUB on your drive using the
3667 grub-install @var{install_device}
3673 @command{grub-install} accepts the following options:
3676 @item --help
3677 Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
3679 @item --version
3682 @item --force-lba
3687 @item --root-directory=@var{dir}
3695 @kbd{grub-install --root-directory=/boot hd0}
3698 @item --grub-shell=@var{file}
3703 @kbd{grub-install --grub-shell="grub --read-only" /dev/fd0}
3706 @item --recheck
3713 @node Invoking grub-md5-crypt
3714 @chapter Invoking grub-md5-crypt
3716 The program @command{grub-md5-crypt} encrypts a password in MD5 format.
3721 @command{grub-md5-crypt} accepts the following options:
3724 @item --help
3725 Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
3727 @item --version
3730 @item --grub-shell=@var{file}
3735 @node Invoking grub-terminfo
3736 @chapter Invoking grub-terminfo
3738 The program @command{grub-terminfo} generates a terminfo command from
3741 that your terminal is vt100-compatible by default, this would be
3744 @command{grub-terminfo} accepts the following options:
3747 @item --help
3748 Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
3750 @item --version
3757 @kbd{grub-terminfo vt52}
3761 @node Invoking grub-set-default
3762 @chapter Invoking grub-set-default
3764 The program @command{grub-set-default} sets the default boot entry for
3773 @command{grub-set-default} accepts the following options:
3776 @item --help
3777 Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
3779 @item --version
3782 @item --root-directory=@var{dir}
3788 You must specify a single argument to @command{grub-set-default}. This
3811 @kbd{grub-set-default 1}
3833 @item --help
3834 Print a summary of the command-line options and exit.
3836 @item --version
3839 @item --quiet
3848 @strong{Caution:} GRUB requires binutils-2.9.1.0.23 or later because the
3857 will be named grub-version.tar.gz. The current version is
3860 @uref{ftp://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/grub/grub-@value{VERSION}.tar.gz}
3865 @kbd{zcat grub-@value{VERSION}.tar.gz | tar xvf -}
3868 which will create a directory called @file{grub-@value{VERSION}} with
3875 @kbd{cd grub-@value{VERSION}}
3898 see the @uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/grub-faq.html, GNU GRUB FAQ}.
3941 same thing---Don't forget that we cannot see your computer directly. If
3950 @email{bug-grub@@gnu.org}, but we strongly recommend that you use the
3951 Bug Tracking System, because e-mail can be passed over easily.