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56 system. The output of the compiler is interpreted and executed by
57 a collection of routines which can input, output, and do
71 A small collection of library functions is also available,
72 including sin, cos, arctan, log, exponential, and Bessel functions of
75 Some of the uses of this compiler are
81 conversion of numbers from one base to another base.
92 collection of routines (called DC [5]) which are capable of doing
93 arithmetic on integers of arbitrary size. The compiler
99 use of decimal point notation.
104 The actual limit on the number of digits that can
105 be handled depends on the amount of storage available on the machine.
106 Manipulation of numbers with many hundreds of digits
107 is possible even on the smallest versions of
110 The syntax of BC has been deliberately selected to agree
116 The simplest kind of statement is an arithmetic expression
132 exponentiation, respectively. Division of integers produces an
151 Contents of parentheses are evaluated before material
175 letter names. The value of an expression can be assigned to
182 has the effect of increasing by three the value of the contents of the
186 Only 26 of these named storage registers are available.
207 The contents of `ibase', initially set to 10,
223 Beware, however of trying to change the input base back
247 No mechanism has been provided for the input of arbitrary
250 The contents of `obase', initially set to 10, are used as the base for output
266 For example, large numbers can be output in groups of five digits
276 Non-decimal output conversion of
281 whatever on the course of internal computation or
282 on the evaluation of expressions, but only affect input and
288 used to determine the scale of calculated
291 up to a specific number of decimal digits after the decimal point.
293 We refer to the number of digits after the decimal point of
298 The original implementation allowed for a maximum scale of 99.
301 means of one of the arithmetic operations, the result
303 addition and subtraction, the scale of the result is the larger
304 of the scales of the two operands. In this case,
305 there is never any truncation of the result.
306 For multiplications, the scale of the result is never
307 less than the maximum of the two scales of the operands,
308 never more than the sum of the scales of the operands
310 the scale of the result is set equal to the contents of the internal
312 The scale of a quotient is the contents of the internal
313 quantity `scale'. The scale of a remainder is
314 the sum of the scales of the quotient and the divisor.
315 The result of an exponentiation is scaled as if
318 The scale of a square root is set to the maximum of the scale
319 of the argument and the contents of `scale'.
321 All of the internal operations are actually carried out in terms
326 The contents of
338 increases the value of `scale' by one, and the line
344 causes the current value of `scale' to be printed.
346 The value of `scale' retains its meaning as a
347 number of decimal digits to be retained in internal
350 regardless of the bases) are performed to the specified number
352 other kind of digits.
356 The name of a function is a single lower-case letter.
367 begins the definition of a function with one argument.
369 which make up the body of the function, ending
371 Return of control from a function occurs when a return
372 statement is executed or when the end of the function is reached.
381 In the first case, the value of the function is 0, and in
382 the second, the value of the expression in parentheses.
385 by a statement of the form
395 values of any variables with the same names outside the function
398 at each level of call are protected.
400 the same way as the automatic variables of that function
403 An example of a function definition is
413 The value of this function, when called, will be the
414 product of its
417 A function is called by the appearance of its name
418 followed by a string of arguments enclosed in
421 is unpredictable if the wrong number of arguments is used.
442 would cause the value of x to become 60.
452 permitted. The names of arrays are permitted to
453 collide with the names of simple variables and function names.
455 part of a subscript is discarded before use.
464 a function definition by the use of empty brackets:
472 When an array name is so used, the whole contents of the array
473 are copied for the use of the function, and thrown away on exit
482 The range of each of them is a statement or
483 a compound statement consisting of a collection of
504 A relation in one of the control statements is an expression of the form
510 where two expressions are related by one of the six relational
514 The meaning of the remaining relational operators is
517 BEWARE of using `=' instead of `==' in a relational. Unfortunately,
518 both of them are legal, so you will not get a diagnostic
521 The `if' statement causes execution of its range
528 The `while' statement causes execution of its range
537 and, if true, the statements in the range of the `for' are executed.
539 The typical use of the `for' statement is for a controlled iteration,
547 Here are some examples of the use of the control statements.
573 Here is the definition of a function which will
574 compute values of the binomial coefficient
586 The following function computes values of the exponential function
630 Here is an example of a use of the value of an
667 2. There is a comment convention identical to that of C and
671 The newline is not part of the comment.
673 3. There is a library of math functions which may be obtained by
680 This command will load a set of library functions
681 which, at the time of writing, consists of sine (named `s'),
683 exponential (`e') and Bessel functions of integer order (`j(n,x)'). Doubtless more functions will …
687 The design of these mathematical library routines
723 A Library of Reference Standard Mathematical Subroutines,
752 Tokens consist of keywords, identifiers, constants, operators,
763 The newline is not part of the comment.
767 There are three kinds of identifiers \- ordinary identifiers, array identifiers
769 All three types consist of single lower-case letters.
777 The three types of identifiers do not conflict;
779 an array named \fBx\fP and a function named \fBx\fP, all of which are separate and
802 Constants consist of arbitrarily long numbers
809 The value of an expression is printed unless the main
828 side of an assignment.
829 The value of a named expression is the value stored in the place named.
834 They have an initial value of zero.
839 They have an initial value of zero.
845 \fBscale\fP is the number of digits after the decimal point to be
847 \fBscale\fR has an initial value of zero.
850 Both \fBibase\fR and \fBobase\fR have initial values of 10.
856 A function call consists of a function name followed by parentheses
857 containing a comma-separated list of
866 statement, the value of the function is
867 the value of the expression in the parentheses of the return
873 The result is the square root of the expression.
875 The scale of the result is
876 the scale of the expression or the
877 value of
885 The result is the total number of significant decimal digits in the expression.
886 The scale of the result is zero.
890 The result is the scale of the expression.
891 The scale of the result is zero.
911 The result is the negative of the expression.
917 The result is the value of the named expression after
924 The result is the value of the named expression after
931 The result is the value of the named expression before
938 The result is the value of the named expression before
948 expression raised to the power of the
952 is the scale of the left expression
955 then the scale of the result is:
968 scales of the two expressions,
969 then the scale of the result is:
975 The result is the quotient of the two expressions.
976 The scale of the result is the value of \fBscale\fR.
980 The % operator produces the remainder of the division
985 The scale of the result is the sum of the scale of
986 the divisor and the value of
997 The result is the sum of the two expressions.
998 The scale of the result is
999 the maximum of the scales of the expressions.
1003 The result is the difference of the two expressions.
1004 The scale of the result is the
1005 maximum of the scales of the expressions.
1013 This expression results in assigning the value of the expression
1029 The result of the above expressions is equivalent
1036 are only valid as the object of an \fBif\fP, \fBwhile\fP,
1069 as in either C or PL/I. On entry to a function, the old values of
1118 The test occurs before each execution of the statement.
1142 \fBbreak\fP causes termination of a \fBfor\fP or \fBwhile\fP statement.
1148 \fBcontinue\fP causes the next iteration of a \fBfor\fP or \fBwhile\fP
1149 statement to start, skipping the remainder of the loop.
1152 For a \fBfor\fP statement, execution continues with evaluation of
1160 The \fBauto\fR statement causes the values of the identifiers to be pushed down.
1187 The \fBreturn\fR statement causes termination of a function,
1188 popping of its auto variables, and
1189 specifies the result of the function.
1191 The result of the function is the result of the expression
1199 The \fBprint\fR statement takes a list of comma-separated expressions.
1227 The \fBquit\fR statement stops execution of a BC program and returns