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3 .\" Copyright (C) Caldera International Inc. 2001-2002.
39 .EH 'USD:6-%''BC \- An Arbitrary Precision Desk-Calculator Language'
40 .OH 'BC \- An Arbitrary Precision Desk-Calculator Language''USD:6-%'
44 BC \- An Arbitrary Precision Desk-Calculator Language
53 on the PDP-11 under the
55 time-sharing
57 a collection of routines which can input, output, and do
58 arithmetic on indefinitely large integers and on scaled fixed-point
65 The language has a complete control structure as well as immediate-mode
68 Two five hundred-digit numbers can be multiplied to give a
76 .IP \-
78 .IP \-
80 .IP \-
90 time-sharing system [1].
100 Provision is made for input and output in bases other than
130 The operators \-, *, /, %, and ^ can also be used; they
142 7+\-3
145 is interpreted to mean that \-3 is to be added to 7.
150 power, then * and % and /, and finally + and \-.
154 performed from right to left and the other operators
155 from left to right.
174 Internal storage registers to hold numbers have single lower-case
188 There is a built-in square root function whose
223 Beware, however of trying to change the input base back
233 the characters A\-F are permitted in numbers
236 interpreted as digits having values 10\-15 respectively.
243 will change you back to decimal input base no matter what the
244 current input base is.
245 Negative and large positive input bases are
247 No mechanism has been provided for the input of arbitrary
264 which is to be interpreted as a 3-digit hexadecimal number.
272 Lines which are continued end with \\.
276 Non-decimal output conversion of
282 on the evaluation of expressions, but only affect input and
296 represented by a 32-bit unsigned number minus one.
297 This is a non-portable extension.
356 The name of a function is a single lower-case letter.
359 Twenty-six different defined functions are permitted
360 in addition to the twenty-six variable names.
372 statement is executed or when the end of the function is reached.
401 with the single exception that they are given a value
446 A single lower-case letter variable name
451 Only one-dimensional arrays are
526 The `else' keyword is a non-portable extension.
581 for(j=1; j<=m; j=j+1) x=x*(n\-j+1)/j
648 x \-= y x = x\-y
653 x++ (x=x+1)\-1
654 x\-\- (x=x\-1)+1
656 \-\-x x = x\-1
668 of PL/I. Comments begin with `/*' and end with `*/'.
669 As a non-portable extension, comments may also start with a `#' and end with
677 bc \-l
719 Prentice-Hall, 1978.
729 YACC \(em Yet Another Compiler-Compiler.
735 DC \- An Interactive Desk Calculator.
761 As a non-portable extension, comments may also start with a # and
767 There are three kinds of identifiers \- ordinary identifiers, array identifiers
769 All three types consist of single lower-case letters.
804 The hexadecimal digits \fBA\fP\-\fBF\fP are also recognized as digits with
805 values 10\-15, respectively.
812 A single dot may be used as a synonym for \fBlast\fP.
813 This is a non-portable extension.
816 Left or right associativity, where applicable, is
827 named expressions are legal on the left
836 \fIarray-name\fP\|[\|\fIexpression\fP\|]
848 \fBibase\fP and \fBobase\fP are the input and output number
854 \fIfunction-name\fB\|(\fR[\fIexpression\fR\|[\fB,\|\fIexpression\|\fR.\|.\|.\|]\|]\fB)
857 containing a comma-separated list of
907 bind right to left.
909 \-\|\fIexpression\fP
913 ++\|\fInamed-expression\fP
920 \-\-\|\fInamed-expression\fP
927 \fInamed-expression\fP\|++
934 \fInamed-expression\fP\|\-\-
943 The exponentiation operator binds right to left.
952 is the scale of the left expression
961 The operators *, /, % bind left to right.
983 \fIa\fP%\fIb\fP is \fIa\fP\-\fIa\fP/\fIb\fP*\fIb\fP.
993 The additive operators bind left to right.
1001 \fIexpression\fP \- \fIexpression\fP
1009 The assignment operators bind right to left.
1011 \fInamed-expression\fP = \fIexpression\fP
1015 to the named expression on the left.
1017 \fInamed-expression\fP += \fIexpression\fP
1019 \fInamed-expression\fP \-= \fIexpression\fP
1021 \fInamed-expression\fP *= \fIexpression\fP
1023 \fInamed-expression\fP /= \fIexpression\fP
1025 \fInamed-expression\fP %= \fIexpression\fP
1027 \fInamed-expression\fP ^= \fIexpression\fP
1104 If-else statements
1110 The \fBif-else\fR statement is a non-portable extension.
1127 first-expression
1130 last-expression
1135 All three expressions may be left out.
1136 This is a non-portable extension.
1153 the last-expression.
1154 The \fBcontinue\fP statement is a non-portable extension.
1178 As a non-portable extension, the opening brace may also appear on the
1195 As a non-portable extension, the parentheses may be left out.
1199 The \fBprint\fR statement takes a list of comma-separated expressions.
1223 The \fBprint\fR statement is a non-portable extension.